Quality Of Service

Quality of Service Models

Best Effort: No QoS are Implemented Integrated Services (IntServ): Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) is used to reserve bandwidth per-flow across all nodes in path Differentiated Services (DiffServ): Packets are individually classified and marked; policy decisions are made by each node in path

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Binary 111000 (56) 110000 (48) 101110 (46) 100000 (32) 100010 (34) 100100 (36) 100110 (38) 011000 (24) 011010 (26) 011100 (28) 011110 (30) 010000 (16) 010010 (18) 010100 (20) 010110 (22) 001000 (8) 001010 (10) 001100 (12) 001110 (14) 000000 (00) DSCP Reserved Reserved EF CS4 AF41 AF42 AF43 CS3 AF31 AF32 AF33 CS2 AF21 AF22 AF23 CS1 AF11 AF12 AF13 BE Prec 7 6 5 4

Layer 2 Qos Marking

Medium Ethernet Frame-Relay ATM MPLS Name Class of Service (CoS) Discard Eligibility (DE) Cell Loss Priority (CLP) Traffic Class (TC) Type 3-bit 802.1p field in 802.1Q Header 1-bit drop eligibility flag 1-bit drop eligibility flag 3-bit field compatible with 802.1p

IP QoS Markings
IP Precedence: The first three bits of the IP TOS field; limited to 8 traffic classes Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP): The first six bits of the IP TOS are evaluated to provide more granular classification; backward-compatible with the IP Precedence

1 0

QoS FlowChart

IP Type of Service (TOS)

Terminology
Per-Hop Behavior (PHB): The individual QoS action performed at each independent DiffServ node Trust Boundary: Beyond this, inbound QoS markings are not trusted Tail Drop: Occurs when a packet is dropped because a queue is full Policing: Imposes an artificial ceiling on the amount of bandwidth that may be consumed; traffic exceeding the policer rate is reclassified or dropped Shaping: Similar to policing but buffers excess traffic for delayed transmission;makes more efficient use of bandwidth but introduces a delay TCP Synchronization: Flows adjust TCP window sizes in synch, making inefficient use of a link

Congestion Avoidance
Random Early Detection (RED) Packets are randomly dropped before a queue is full to prevent tail drop; mitigates TCP synchronization Weighted RED (WRED) RED with the added capability of recognizing prioritized traffic based on its marking Class-Based WRED (CBWRED) WRED employed inside a classbased WFQ (CBWFQ) queue

Queuing Comparison
Default on Interfaces Number of Queues Configurable Classes Bandwidth Allocation Provides for Minimal Delay Modern Implementation FIFO > 2 Mbps 1 No Automatic No Yes PQ No 4 Yes Automatic Yes No CQ No Configured Yes Configured No No WFQ <= 2 Mbps Dynamic No Automatic No No Layer 2 CoS 6 5 4 4 3 2 2 1 0 CBWFQ No Configured Yes Configured No Yes LLQ No Configured Yes Configured Yes Yes

Guidelines for various types of network traffic

Application Routing RTP Videoconferencing Streaming video Call Signaling Transactional data Network Managem. Scavenger Best Effort Layer 3 Classification IP Precedence PHB 6 CS6 5 EF 4 AF41 4 CS4 3 CS3 2 AF21 2 CS2 1 CS1 0 0 DSCP 48 46 34 32 24 18 16 8 0

LLQ Config
! Match packets by DSCP value class-map match-all Voice match dscp ef ! class-map match-all Call-Signaling match dscp cs3 ! class-map match-any Critical-Apps match dscp af21 af22 ! ! Match packets by access list class-map match-all Scavenger match access-group name Other

DSCP Per-Hop Behavior

Class Selector(CS): Backward-compatible with IP Precedence values Assured Forwarding(AF): Four classes with variable drop preferences Expedited Forwarding(EF): Priority queuing for delay-sensitive traffic

Quality Of Service
First In First Out (FIFO) Priority Queue (PQ)

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Policy Creation
policy-map FOO class Voice ! Priority queue policed to 33% priority percent 33 class CALL-SIGNALING ! Allocate 5% of bandwidth bandwidth percent 5 class CRITICAL-APPS bandwidth percent 20 ! Extend queue size to 96 packets queue-limit 96 class SCAVENGER ! Police to 64 kbps police cir 64000 conform-action transmit exceed-action drop class class-default ! Enable WFQ fair-queue ! Enable WRED random-detect

:: Packets are transmitted in the order they are processed :: No prioritization is provided :: Default queuing method on highspeed (>2 Mbps) interfaces :: Configurable with the tx-ring-limit interface config command

Custom Queuing (CQ)

:: Provides four static queues which cannot be reconfigured :: Higher-priority queues are always emptied before lowerpriority queues :: Lower-priority queues are at risk of bandwidth starvation

Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ)

Policy Application
:: Rotates through queues using Weighted Round Robin (WRR) :: Processes a configurable number of bytes from each queue per turn :: Prevents queue starvation but does not provide for delay-sensitive traffic :: Queues are dynamically created per flow to ensure fair processing :: Statistically drops packets from aggressive flows more often :: No support for delay-sensitive traffic
interface Serial0 ! Very important specify port speed bandwidth 2048 ! Apply the policy in or out service-policy output Foo

LLQ Config View

show policy-map [interface] Show interface show queue <interface> Show mls qos

Class-Based WFQ (CBWFQ)

Low Latency Queuing (LLQ)

:: WFQ with administratively configured queues :: Each queue is allocated an amount/percentage of bandwidth :: No support for delay-sensitive traffic WAN Technology Leased Lines

:: CBWFQ with the addition of a policed strict-priority queue :: Highly configurable while still supporting delay-sensitive traffic

Qos Features and Tools Required to ToIP in WAN Networks

Link Speed: 56 to 768 Kbps Link Speed: > 768 Kbps Multilink Point-to-Point Protocol (MLP) LLQ MLP Link Fragmentation and Interleaving (LFI) Low Latency Queuing (LLQ) Traffic Shaping Traffic Shaping LFI (FRF.12) LLQ LLQ Optional: VATS Optional: cRTP Optional: Voice-Adaptive Traffic Shaping (VATS) Optional: Voice-Adaptive Fragmentation (VAF) TX-ring buffer changes TX-ring buffer changes MLP over ATM LLQ MLP LFI LLQ Optional: cRTP (requires MLP) TX-ring buffer changes TX-ring buffer changes MLP over ATM and FR MLP over ATM and FR MLP FI LLQ LLQ Optional: cRTP (requires MLP) Same as above, according to the interface technology. Class-based marking is generally required to remark flows according to service provider specifications.

Frame Relay (FR)

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Frame Relay and ATM Service Inter-Working (SIW)

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)

Quality Of Service
RSVP Resource Reservation Protocol Protocol Number in the IP Header set to 46
IntServ that do Admission control and Resource Reservation Reservation per flow (same source/destination) with IP/Port/Proto ID Messages: Request, Path, Error and confirmation, Teardown RSVP Session are simplex (bidirectional exchange constitutes two RSVP)

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RSVP Levels of Service guaranteed-qos: rate sensitive like H323 constant bandwidth

RSVP Filters (reservation classes / scope) WF Wildcard Filter: shared reservation / wildcard scope

FF Fixed Filter: distinct reservation / explicit scope controlled-load: delay sensitive like MPEG variable rate by key SE Shared Explicit: shared reservation / explicit scope frames best-effort: no qos are implemented

RSVP data flow process

Global Configs
! Sync H323 with RSVP call rsvp-sync ! Criteria for Priority Queue ip rsvp pq-profile voice-like ! Set max reservation ip rsvp bandwidth [total] [per-resv]

Dial Peer
dial peer voice 100 voip ! QoS requested req-qos guaranteed-delay ! QoS acceptable acc-qos controlled-load

Interface enable
Interface serial 0/1/0 Ip rsvp bandwidth [total] [per-resv] ! fair queue need to be enabled fair-queue

PATH Message Session: Dest IP, Proto ID, UDP/TCP Ports Sender T-Spec: AverageBitRate (Kbps), BurstSize (bytes), PeakRate (Kbps) P Hop: previous hop IP address (interface) RESV Message Session: Dest IP, Proto ID, UDP/TCP Ports N Hop: next hop IP address (interface)

DSBM
Interface ethernet2 Ip rsvp bandwidth [total] [per-resv] ! Candidate to be master high win Ip rsvp dsbm candidate 100 ! value in Kbps Ip rsvp dsbm no-resv-send-limit rate 500 ! value in KB Ip rsvp dsbm no-resv-send-limit burst 1000 ! value in Kbps Ip rsvp dsbm no-resv-send-limit peak 500

Common Open Policy Service

Monitor/Troubleshoot
Show ip rsvp * Show call rsvp-sync conf Show call rsvp-sync stats Show ip rsvp installed detail

Router: Policy Enforcement Point (PEP) Server: Policy Decision Point (PDP)

Subnet Bandwidth Management SBM

Desginated Subnet Bandwidth Manager (DSBM)

Quality Of Service
Jitter
Tools that affect jitter: - Queuing - Link Fragmentation and interleaving - Compression - Traffic Shapping Types of delay Delay Component Serialization delay (fixed) Propagation delay (fixed)

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Loss
Tools that affect Loss: - Queuing - RED (Random Early Detection)

Bandwidth
Tools that affect bandwidth: - More Bandwidth - Compression - Call Admission Control - Queuing Tools

Delay
Definition Where it Occurs Time taken to place all bits of a frame onto the physical medium. Outbound on every physical interface; Function of frame size and physical link speed. typically negligible on T3 and faster links. Time taken for a single bit to traverse the physical medium from Every physical link. Typically negligible on one end to the other. Based on the speed of light over that LAN links and shorter WAN links. medium, and the length of the link. Queuing delay Time spent in a queue awaiting the opportunity to be forwarded Possible on every output interface. Input (variable) (output queuing), or awaiting a chance to cross the switch fabric queuing unlikely in routers, more likely in (input queuing). LAN switches. Forwarding or Time required from receipt of the incoming frame, until the On every piece of switching equipment, processing delay frame/packet has been queued for transmission. including routers, LAN switches, Frame (variable) Relay switches, and ATM switches. Shaping delay Shaping (if configured) delays transmission of packets to avoid Anywhere that shaping is configured, (variable) packet loss in the middle of a Frame Relay or ATM network. which is most likely on a router, when sending packets to a Frame Relay or ATM network. Network delay Delays created by the components of the carriers network when Inside the service providers network. (variable) using a service. For instance, the delay of a Frame Relay frame as it traverses the Frame Relay network. Accumulation Delay Packetization Delay Playout Delay Jitter Coder Delay Varies with the voice coder that is used and processor speed (variable)