This document

is

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Official

Use Only

Cross Cultural Rapport-Based Interrogation

Version

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INFOPXATION
IS

CONTAINED

EEREUJ DATE

TJJCLASSIFIEIv

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BY

55179

LNEJSBS

This document The

of contact
for this

is

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only
lof the

point

manual

is

Sutervisory Special

Agen4

FBIs Counterterrorism Divisioni

Version 01/18/2010 of this document was
registered
is

Io_____________________
with the United
States

h7C

Copyright

Office

on

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registration

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ACLURM036782

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Official

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Table of Contents
Introduction

In-Processing conduct
stations

Screening

and Detention

The purpose

of screening

Selecting

and

of screening personnel Detention

issues

Topics to collect

on during screening

Screening

Planning gambits

the Interrogation

Planning

considerations

Approach
checklist

techniques and

Developing

questioning

plan

Interrogation

plan

Working

with Interpreters

Categories

of civilian

Interpreters

Advantages

and

disadvantages of using an Interpreter

Positioning the Interpreter

in the

in the interrogation Interpreter

room Interacting
brief checklist

with your Interpreter

course of an interrogation

pre
17

Cultural
issues

and Motivational
subjects

Issues Impacting

on Interrogation

of

Arabs

Cultural

for Arab

Motivational issues

21

Conduct
deception

of the Interrogation

The structure

of the

interrogation

Rapport Detecting 26

Overcoming resistance The

Ws Map

tracking

Annex

This is an Handling Walk-Ins claiming to have Threat Information the Reid method applied the veracity to determining adaptation of of threat spec fically information provided by walk-in source 38

Annex

Conducting
Preamble

Law

Enforcement Interviews
Advice

Overseas

Planning 47

considerations

questionnaire

of rights

Annex
terrorist

Questioning Order of Battle

Quick Reference The

Ws and

Missions

Insurgent

and
57

OB

questions

Annex

Letter

from Major

Sherwood

Moran LJSMC

Interrogator

in

WW

II. .66

Suggested

Reading

75

Endnotes

76

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only

ACLURM036783

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Version dated 2/23/2011

Chapter
This
oriented in

Introduction

primer

is

oriented in overseas

on

conducting

custodial

rapport-based
also

intelligenceinterrogation learned

interrogations

environments

but can
It

apply to any
lessons in

cross-cultural

situation intelligence

while using an and law

Interpreter

combines

from

conducting
locations

both

enforcement

interrogations unclassified Security

numerous overseas on
is

with information drawn from numerous been reviewed

resources

interrogation in

This primer has with and

the dated

by

the

National
titled

Law

Branch

compliance Detainees

FBI

electronic

communication

Treatment

of Prisoners

and

05/19/2004

This
specifically interrogation addresses

primer designed
in

provides
to address cultural the

coherent

and

logical

interrogation associated

methodology conducting
It

multitude of issues while

utilizing

with

an

cross

situation

an an

Interpreter interrogation building

specifically

issues

such

as
and

detainee motivational

screening

planning

working
in that

with
cross-

interpreters cultural admissible

cultural

considerations
for
is

and

rapport

situation in

An
courts

annex and

on procedures
walk-ins

obtaining

statements

may

be

U.S

handling

also

included

This primer
start

is

not the

answer

to

all

the

issues

the

Interrogator

will

face but can

it

is

point

that

Interrogators

with varying set

levels

of experience

and

training

use to

enhance

his or

her current

skill

The methodology

presented in the document

obtain captures the the

places

emphasis source

on

using cultural from the

and rapport to intelligence Information Study Educina

cooperation essence

of your

This quote

of this entire document

creative

and
use

often

effective

strategy

for profiting

from

the

shock

of capture
anticipating the

phenomenon
mistreatment preparing

is

to

dislocation

of expectations infidels
to the

approach

For example

in the

hands
to

of the

detainee

may steel
abusive such

himseiffor

worst
blatant the

mentally

respond

harsh

approaches With

language

and

disregard for personal

detainee

and

cultural to

preferences

hardened

expectations

may be

ill

prepared

encounter someone who

affords

him

better

treatment and

demonstrates an

impressive

understanding

of his

culture

and language.1

Although
battlefield the

many

of the detainees presented

that

you

will

interrogate

will

not be adapted

fresh

off the

methodologies
as

in this

primer can

be readily

to deal

with

long term detainees

well

This Art

refers

to

374

page

report

on

interrogation

called

Educing

Information

Interrogation the

Science

and

Intelligence

Science

Board

Phase

Report

This study

was published by

National Defense

Intelligence

College

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only

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Version dated 2/23/2011

Chapter

In-Processing

Screening

and Detention

Screening
Currently process in

is

crucial

aspect

of

preparation

for detention

successful
facilities

interrogation the

most

U.S

Department

of Defense Dependent

DOD
cases

screening
in

has become working

the
at

very formalized long term

on the location

you

are

working or no

or

if

you

are

holding even

facility

you may

have

little

ability

to

influence information

process

However

in these

this chapter

identifies

key pieces of

you should know

before beginning

an interrogation

The
basic to select

screening

is

more formal process

of general
in addition established to

in

which

the

screener

attempts to obtain and

critical

biographic approach

data

areas

knowledge

source cooperation of

vulnerability intelligence

techniques
screener

identifing knowledge
the basics

tasks and

Once

the

has

source
to the

identification that

cooperation conduct
the

knowlede

he

normally

passes

the

source

personnel

questioning

The
about
the interrogatee different

second

and

related

purpose

of screening

is

to

permit

an

educated

guess
the

sources
will

probable be
are

attitude or

toward the interrogation

recalcitrant
is

An estimate
to

of whether because

cooperative

essential

planning

very

methods

used in dealing

with these

types
to

There are two purposes To determine

full

of screening

according

the

KUBARK

Manualt

if

the

detainee

is

likely to

possess

information of value which

requires

identification

of the subject

To determine

if

the

source

is

likely to

cooperate

Selection

and Conduct

of Screening

Personnel

Screening
subjects

should be

conducted

by interviewers not same personnel

Interrogators

or at least the

should not be screened

by

the

who

will interrogate

them later

The
the

task

of screening
in the

is

made

easier

by

the

fact

that

the

screener

is

interested

in

source

not

information have
events

which he
trained familial to

may

possess

Most

people--even speak with

many some

provocation freedom

agents

who

been and

recite legend--will

about childhood

relationships

The
patient.7

source

is

likeliest

to

talk

freely

if

the

screeners

manner

is

friendly

and

It
Persons

is

important that gross from

severe

abnormalities

be

spotted

during

the

screening process delusions

or

suffering

mental

illness will

show

major

distortions

tihe
the

KUBARK

Manual

is

the

CIAs
in

counterintelligence

interrogation

manual which

was

written

during

Cold

War and was

declassified

1997
Official

Unclassified/For

Use Only

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hallucinations

and

will usually

give bizarre
ill

explanations

for their will

behavior

Dismissal or

prompt referral of the mentally

to professional

specialists

save time and

money

Topics

to collect

on during

screening

or to

seek

from the formalized screening

process before

beginning

given

name name name

Fathers

given

Grandfathers given

Tribe

Sub-Tribe

Other names used

Abu name

or

Kunya

Date

and Place

of Birth

Places

the

detainee

has lived and

traveled

10

How Why

long has the detainee

been

in the

country

if he

is

foreigner

11

is

he

in

the

countryif

he

is

foreigner
foreign

Collection fighter
is

on

this topic to try

gives

the

Interrogator

an idea of what

cover

story

going

using

12

What

is

the

detainees

educational

level

Where

was he educated

13

What

is

the

detainees

current

job and

work history

14

What

languages

does the detainee

speak

15

Detainees

ethnic

and

religious

background

Sunni Shia Kurd Arab Persian

etc

16 Detainees

social

status

within the society

of the country of origin

17

Is

the detainee

married Does he have

children

How

old are they and

where

are

they

many many Muslims

issue unless
it

18

How

siblings will not

does he have want

to talk

how

old are they and female family

what sex

Be

aware

that

about

members Do

not push this

is

pertinent

to the

interrogation

19

Does

the detainee

have

any

health

issues

that

impact on interrogation

20 Has

the detainee

ever been

detained before

If so

who

what

when where

why

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Official

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21

Assessment

of detainees

level

of anxiety and

cooperation

22 What

explanation

does the detainee

provide

on

the

circumstances

of his capture

Screening

Stations

There through interview

that

are

four

general

screening

stations

that

incoming

detainees

should

go

Biometrics

Medical
taking the

exam
detainee

Clothing through

exchange
steps

and

Background
is

The value of
being
trained

these

before interrogation

he

is

to

comply and

answer

questions

when

asked which can

carry

over into the interrogation

room

Biometrics

The

detainee

should Tool
detainee

be
Set

processed

into

the takes

Department
retina to

of

Defense

DOD
and past

Biometric Automated
digital

BATS
and
if

BATS
the

scan

fingerprints

photos of the

compares
the

information has been

database

of previous
in the

detainees Assessments
this

BATs
can

should be
In

show

individual level

detained by and

DOD

made of some

the

detainees

of anxiety

cooperativeness been
incorporated

during
into

processing

locations FBI biometric systems have

the screening

process

You
front

should take showing

photograph only
his

of the detainee and placard

is

showing
containing

his entire the the

body from

the

and

another

head

information below detainees condition

The
upon with

purpose
arrival the

of the photo
at

of his entire body

to

memorialize
tactical in to

the

facility

if you
the

are
facility

at

forward

facility

You
do

should cheek
violate

authorities that prohibit

running

you

are

ensure you

not

any

policies

photography

DETAINEE PLACARD TEMPORARY

1ST

DETAINEE

GIVEN

NAME NAME
GIVEN

FATHERS GIVEN

GRANDFATHER
SUB TRIBE TRIBE

NAME

AKA Abu Name

AGE/DOB

POB
LOCATION DETAINED
DETAINED BY DTG OF DETENTION
Medical
that

Exam
on
the

The purpose
health

of the medical of detention

exam

is

to

determine personnel

if

there that

are

issues

impact

and

safety

facility

and

of other

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only

ACLURM036787

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Official

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detainees
interrogating

as

well
the

as

detennining
In

if there

are

health

issues

that

impact
the

on plans
will

for

detainee
before

most
after

DOD

detention

facilities

detainee pertinent

be

medically screened
issues that

and

each

interrogation

session

Any

medical

could should be documented

Clothing
the clothing

Exchange

For health

and

safety

reasons
subject

detainees

should not be
clothing

held in impact
in

they are captured in on

the health

Detaining of detention change

into

in his

own

could

negatively the facility

and

safety

facility hospital

personnel

and
or

other

detainees other

Having
flip

the

detainee

pajamas
This and

some

generic

clothing and

and

flops the

has the added

outside the

benefit detention

of removing
facility

potential
is

source of comfort

an anchor

to

world

an

important step in the

his

process

of detaching the detainee

his colleagues

from the outside concern

for his

world fate

replacing

concern

for his

cause and

with

own

Background
that

Interview
to

The background
routine

interview

should be conducted

in

manner
of this

makes

it

appear

be

and

clerical

manner
background

The

topics

on page

document

can

be used as

guide for developing

questionnaire reacts to

for this step the

of the process
information

Keep

in

mind
be

that

no

matter

how
if

the

detainee
is

questions
refuses that aids to in

of value

will

collected

Even

he

totally

resistant

and

answer
deciding

any questions

information on his resistance

interrogation

posture can and on

be he

gathered

how
that

to prioritize also

of the detainee
at

how

should be approached behavior of the

Information should
detainee

be

gathered of anxiety

this

point

the to

non-verbal

reflects his level

and

willingness

cooperate

Shock of Capture
immeasurable

There capture

is

an

advantage

for

the

Interrogator highest

immediately level

after

when

the

detainees

uncertainty as

and
as

fear

are at the
is

The

earlier the

interrogation anticipating

begins the better

the capture

long

time

taken

for

proper preparation
preparation

When
should

of particularly

high value detainees

starts

extensive

be made to ensure that the interrogation

as

quickly as possible

Detention

For the safety should be

detained

of other

detainees cells

in the facility until

detainees

fresh

from the battlefield can be

in individual

complete

assessment
decision

made

The

assessment
to release to

can
the

be considered to be
or

complete

when

the

has been

made whether
access

detainee the

send him to
level

long term detention of treatment

facility to
all

Additionally
detainees

anything

above

baseline

provided

should

be

strictly

controlled places

by

the

assigned Interrogator
in position

Granting of power

this authority that

and

control

to the

Interrogator

the

Interrogator strategy

can

provide

an

advantage

when

crafting

an approach

Isolation prevents the

of the detainee
individual

not only ensures the from

It

safety strength collusion

of other from

detainees
the

but also and

detainee

drawing prevents
Official

support

companionship

of other

detainees

also

on cover

stories

between

Unclassified/For

Use Only

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detainees
that

large

part

of the Interrogators

advantage
to

is

the

natural

fear

of the unknown
that

the detainee

will

be experiencing
position to

Exposure

other

detainees
is

will mitigate

fear

You may not

should know

be in
if

influence

how

your subject
cell

held

but at

minimum you

he has been

held in

communal

prior to

interrogation

In

order

to

create

the

optimum
having

conditions

for

productive placed
in

interview
individual

if

the

policy
several in

of the

facility

permits

consider

your

detainee are

an

cell

days before

you begin

interrogation

If

you

conducting

law enforcement
to isolate

interviews

DOD
request

facility

formal request

from the FBI must be

first

made

detainee

This

must be approved mind

by

the

0-6

in the

chain of

command
be

Keep
process

in

that

thorough
return returning to

interrogation

may
cell cell

multi-session
sessions pressure
is

multi-day completely

Having

your subject
subject the

communal
to

between

counterproductive
detainees will

communal
from

will feel

from fellow
that

based

on

duration

of his absence

the

cell

and

the

knowledge

he
this

be

questioned by his peers

but

upon

his

return from

Isolation

of your

subject

removes

intangible

extremely powerful

influence

your subject

In the

event

that

you cannot
in the

have

your

detainee

isolated policy

an alternative
that

is

to

work
in

with the chain-of-command

the interrogation refused the to area

facility to

establish

holds

all

detainees detainee

fora standard This

and
least the

minimum length
remove some Your

of time even

if the

has

cooperate

may at
from
is

pressure to

from the detainee

policy

based be

on

duration

of his absence

cell as

ability

influence that

may
viable

very based

limited however this option on the

facility

offered

possible

alternative

may

be

and

your relationship

with the chain of

command

Unclassified/For

Official

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Chapter

Planning

the Interrogation

The
First the psychological their

Interrogator

often

enters

the

interrogation the

with of capture
to

two

distinct

advantages
their against

subject

may

be

suffering stability

from

shock

that

undermines do
things

and

emotional

often long

causing them
serving

say and

own

interests

Second

while

intelligence
it

officer the

may
sources

have

the

experience of dozens voyage

into this

of interrogations
territory

behind him or her

is

often

maiden
these

uncertain

The
the

Interrogator

can

quickly
indecisive

surrender

advantages
false start

however
can

by approaching
avoided

source in

hesitant

manner

This

be

largely

through

careful planning.9

Planning

Considerations

The

Specific

Purpose
wants and
to
it

Before
learn

the

questioning
thinks
10

starts

the

Interrogator

has clearly

in

mind what
important clearly
it

he
is

why
needed

he

the

source
specific

has

the

information cannot

how

how

can best be obtained

is

If

goals

be discerned confusion shape and

further the

investigation

before

the

questioning
the to

starts

Any

concerning
after

purpose

of the questioning
is

or the belief that almost

certain

purpose
to

will take

the

questioning

under

way

is

lead

aimlessness

failure

...an Such around an

Interrogator will

must
serve as

establish

lucid less

and

unambiguous
fundamental

intended

outcome

outcome
all

nothing

than

organizing principle

which

planning and

execution of educing

strategies

will

resolve

12

Anecdotal
course

evidence

strongly
at

suggests

that

the

problems

encountered and

in

the

of interrogations

conducted part of an
resulted

Guantanamo
from
efforts

Bay Abu Ghraib

to

Bagram

Air

Base

have

at

least

in

educe

information defined

from

resistant to

sources

in the

absence
the

oerationallY

relevant

clearly

strategic

outcome

effectively

drive

process
intended
In the

well
thoughtful

designed plan

outcome

would enable
the

the

Interrogator

to

craft

approach functions

context of interrogation

intended outcome performs

two

vital

It
decisions

should provide

the

Interrogator

sufficient

focus to enable him to make and

rational

when presented with unexpected

challenges

It
have-and approach
defined

should ensure the

approach

plan

and

subsequent consistency

execution
refers to

of that plan an

will

maintain-internal

consistency.

.internal

interrogation

plan

and
14

questioning

methodology

that

progresses

logically

toward

pre

objective

Resistance
to

The
in

kind and

intensity the

of anticipated information

resistance desired

is

estimated

It

is

useful

recognize
in

advance
to

whether
the

would be
the

threatening

or

damaging
consider

anyway
the

interests

of the
or

interrogatee

If so

Interrogator

shOuld another

whether

same information

confirmation of it can
Official

be

gained from

Unclassified/For

Use Only

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Official

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source.15
screening to

You
assess

should
the

also

take

into

account

the will

information face on

gathered

during
to

the

likely resistance resistance

level

you

This allows
dealing

you

develop
is

plan

for

dealing

with

More

information

with

resistance

contained in the interrogation

chapter

The
be

Interrogation
to

Setting
the desired

Every

aspect of set-up
the

of the interrogation

booth
is

should

calculated

have

impact on
will
is

source

Your

intention

to

induce an
for

internal

discomfort in the of normalcy world and reset

source that

make

him dependent
the

on

the the

Interrogator

some

sense

Your
the that

goal

to

separate

source from
to those to

anchors

of the

outside world16 and

operative

value

system

of the
replace

interrogation
his

which

is

the

world

you control
for his

You own

are trying fate

concern

for

loyalty

to his

comrades

with concern

Consider placing

the

sources
foot

chair

facing the door with you directly

will

across

from
the

him with your knees about

knee and
or

apart
the

This

allow you to touch

the

source on

shoulder
is

at

key

times during

interrogation to

As

the

interrogation

progresses

rapport

established to

you
left

may want
the taker usually in to

move

closer

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placing
to

the right
listen

Interpreters

chair

your

and

note taker be

the second
outside the

FBI Agent
he
is

your

optimally and watch

policy

you would want the note on CCTV however this is

for interviews

room where
and with

could

not possible and

technically

violation

of of
is

FBI

conducted
protect

Iraq

Afghanistan

the

exception

polygraph

interviews

To

FBI Agents
times

from false accusations

of abuse which should

or

known
present four

Al Qaeda
in the

counter-interrogation

method

two

FBI Agents
to create

be

physically

interview

room
to

at

all

You want
the

circle

square with the

three

chairs as opposed
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set-up

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source

sits

alone facing

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of

you
in

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the

mind that you are trying

of

create guards running

an intimate collaborative environment

visitors against etc the to
sit

room Do
it

not permit observers gambit

in the

back

of the

room
the

unless source

is

part

you

are

source

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to

distract

and take

away

for the collaborative

environment

you

are trying

create

Social between Middle

space
is

is

also .culturally at

learned
three

Western
to four

society

teaches Individuals

that

interaction in the feet this

strangers

comfortable

about

feet

raised

East

and

South

Asia

will

interact

with an

strangers investigator
17

from between

one

and

two

away
closeness

Unaware
as

of cultural
or

differences of

may

easily

misinterpret

challenge

an indication

anger

Plan your entrance source Consider having

little

into

the

interrogation in the

room

to

have

maximum
and under
in

impact and

on

the

him placed

room

in restraints

guard
to

have

him wait
treat

while

When

you enter work

the to

out with the guard

advance

have

him

you with an
the

exaggerated

deference while you order the restraints removed

investigators

Aubry

emphasizes

importance
air

of even adds up

entrance confidence he

writing in

he
and

must enter
confidence
this
air

with an intangible
in

which

confidence

himself

his

ability

to

carry

out

successful

interrogation

must

exude

of

confidence.8

The
the

Participants
Interrogator

As
and

stated the

above note

you should have

taker
as

two FBI Agents

an
Interpreter

in the

room
to

as

lead

well

as

Try

match 10

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Official

Use Only

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characteristics Interrogator

of the source with the lead Interrogator

in to deal

i.e try not to

send
if

25

year old

with 55 year old

initial

former

Iraqi

Amiy

Colonel

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have

Interrogators

were

involved
in the

with the sources

other

screening

of the

source try not to

it

the

same person
based on

involved
rapport

interrogation

unless

you determine

will

be beneficial

or

some

factor

about

How much time are you willing to spend on the source given what you know Timing him vs the overall situation in the facility Have an idea of how long you are
to

willing terminate highly

spend
the

trying

to

work move

through

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resistance

of Here

source before
are

deciding

to are

interview

and

on

to

sources

some

quotes that

pertinent

when considering timing seemed

focus on

The
interrogation
literature

only confession factor

Consistent the

that

most agencies

to

is

length

of the

with
at in

Leos
the

empirical study

discussed above
that the length

the

FBI

training

and

instructors factor

FBI Academy noted

confession notes that
the

of interrogation information from confession

was
the

determinative
19

obtaining
literature

or incriminating

suspect

FBI

training

chances

of obtaining
20

increase

25 percent

for

every hour

up

to

four hours of interrogation

The
interrogation

only factor
factor

that

all

the to

texts

cite

as

prompting
the

confession and need

is

the

length

of
for

that
21

seems

apply

across

board

not be

adjusted

any particular

suspect
must
the

The
infinite

Interrogator so that

not

only be
believes or

patient the

but

also

be
will

capable go he on
is

patience

suspect

interrogation
tell

of conveying indefinitely and

that

Displaying impatience

frustration

anger

can

the

source that

winning

you

will give

up

if

he holds out

little

longer

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the

to

balance

the above with

several

factors

Is

the

information you think

source has worth the time innocent and

Can you
There handle

get the
is

information somewhere

else

Is

the

source

uninvolved
are likely to

no probable cause standard

detainees that

for detention

on

the battlefield at the

You

many

were

just in the

wrong place

wrong time

From
Afghanistan
detention contribute

the

detention

center

in

Guantanamo
in

Bay Cuba

to

Bagram

Air Base held in

factors

to various

interrogation at length

facilities

Iraq reports

abound of

prisoners Several

and
to

interrogated this unfortunate

because

of mistaken

identification in transcribing

situation

including difficulties
classic leads cross-cultural to err

names from
and
rather

Arabic

Pashto

and

Urdu

into

English
that

misunderstandings
the side

high-threat

operating
23

environment
challenge
is

many

on
are

of capture

than release which

The

determining

which ones
on about
to

legitimately

innocent

and
as to

ones are effective of the detainee

resisters

You
will

will

be called

make recommendations
case than anyone else

the fate

because
or

you

know more

his

The
in

choice will be release

shipment to long term detention counterinsurgency tenuous

When

making
false the

this

call

keep

mind

the

following

...from

perspective between

identification

and

internment can
the

inflame an already

relationship

occupying

power and

indigenous population.24 Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only

11

ACLURM036792

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Official

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When
what
it

you

are

dealing out to

with
obtain

source that from the

is

willing

to

talk

always

refer

back

to to

is

that

you
25

set

source

The

determinate
the interrogatee

whether
can

continue
readily

the

interrogation

remains what

we need

not what

most

provide

The
questioning

Termination
starts

The

end

of

the

interrogation the the

should

be

planned and
the

before
goals

The

kinds of questions

asked when

methods
is

sought
goal

may be

shaped by what will happen

as

end key

emplo1ed reached Is your

in

ultimate

recruitment

source and

cooperation
transfer to

identifying

locations

person

or

simply

informational

exploitation

long term

detention

Miscellaneous

Planning

Issues

If

at

all

possible

do key

not begin the interrogation

piece thing

before could be

complete missed
that

review

of the

sources

property

of

information
to

would have
Studies
is

otherwise given you the one

needed

gain the sources

in

cooperation confession

have

shown

that

one

of the strongest
is

facilitative

factors

inducing

the

sources

perception

that there

overwhelming

evidence

against

him
and
to

Thoroughly
source to

review on

documentation
the

from

the

in-processing already

screening develop

of the

capitalize

information

obtained

and

effective

approach

plans

Gather everything
near or

you could possibly need

sketch

and and

bring

it

into

the

room

or

have

it

by maps

satellite

photographs
that

paper

pens

laptop

for displaying

videos
to

photos

physical

evidence

can

be used against
at

the

source

etc

You

do

not want

break the tempo of the interrogation

key time while you search for something

Safety of his team

force to

Considerations Observe and

The

Interrogator pre-interrogation

is

ultimately

responsible

for the

safety

discuss

search procedures
requesting

with

the

guard search

determine your level of comfort

with

it

Consider

an

additional

the guards upon the detainees arrival in the interrogation members should not become involved in searching detainees

by

room
if

Interrogation

team
it

at

all

possible because
will

will to

impact negatively
the detainee there
is

on your
unshackled

ability to

establish

rapport

Most

facilities

permit you

have

without
safety in that subject

guard concern
that

present in the
that there

room

This
it

should be your
is

goal the
in

unless subject

some

driving

makes you
are subject

believe

best to

leave

shackled

Always keep

mind

multitude of weapons present could quickly turn cache

the

room pens pencils chairs

will likely in

determined

on you At
sites

times you

have

your

sketch diagrams purpose

of safe houses

etc

Consider bringing

stubby pencil

for just this

Approach

Techniques

and

Gambits
the factors

After

taking

into the

consideration

above
is

you
list

will

need

to

determine

how
or 2-

you

will

approach
that

detainee

The

following These

of

approach

techniques
that

gambits

you can

consider utilizing

are the

approach

techniques

FM

Unclassified/For

Official

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22.3

lists

as the

only authorized of these

techniques

that

can

be

used

in in

DOD

facility

For the

sake of brevity most

techniques will not be explained

any detail

The

18

DOD Approved

Approach

Techniciuest

Direct Incentive

10 11 Love
Hate Fear Fear
Pride Pride

We
File

Know
and

All

Dossier

Emotional Emotional Emotional Emotional Emotional Emotional Emotional

12 13

Establish Repetition

Your

Identity

Up Down
and and

14 Rapid 15
Silent

Fire

Ego Up Ego Down

16 Change
17 Mutt and 18
False

of Scenery
Jeff

0-6

approval

Futility

Flag

0-6

approval

Before
information
is

going

into

detail

on

several

approach and

techniques

the

following
in

being provided

on

direct

questioning

going
crafting

next

door

order to

provide

useful

information that should be considered when

an approach

Direct Questioning
direct

In

using the

direct

approach
administrative

the

HUMINT
The

collector

asks

questions

The

initial

questions

may
long
to

be

or non-pertinent

but the
collector in

HUMINT
will truthful

collector

quickly

begins

asking pertinent
as as the

questions source
is

HUMINT
the or falsely

continue to use direct questions

answering

questions

manner When
question

the

source

refuses

answer
will

avoids answering

answers

pertinent

the

HIJMINT

collector

begin an alternate

approach

strategy.27

Statistics

from

interrogation

operations

in

World War
in

II

show

that

the

direct

approach

was

effective Just

90 percent of the time In Vietnam and Cause

Operation and

Urgent Iraq

Fury

Grenada
the direct

1983

Panama

1989

and

Desert

Storm

Kuwait

1991

approach

Operations
unofficial dramatically

in The effectiveness of the direct approach was 95 percent effective Freedom and Iraqi Freedom are still being studied however Enduring indicate that in these

studies

operations

the

direct

approach

has

been

less successful.28

Going Next Door After spending

resistance posture
in

sufficient

time to establish wise

that

the

subjects asks

will

be with

significant the

hurdle

the

Interrogator

quickly

himself/herself else the

keeping

can need
to

obtain

the

information
skill

KUBARK Manual guidance quoted above Where need Such prudent Interrogators are not driven by
overcoming need
to
29

demonstrate their
are driven
is

in

particular obtain the

subjects
desired

line

of resistance from

rather

they

by

the give

intractable
it

information

whatever

source

liable to

up
of

.there directly correlated factors

is

tactical

error

assuming

that

sources
..Resistance

level
is

of

resistance direct

is

with

his level
life

of knowledgeability. experience and/or

the to

product deepat the

of several
seated

training
the

personality
his

commitment
of origin and

cause anger

feelings

about

Interrogator

country

even

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only

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ACLURM036794

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Official

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manner
truck

in

which

the

source has been

the already less-motivated

treated

since route

capture

Any

of these

can

lead

the

driver to protect fiercely

compromised
nuclear

he was to drive
the

during an operation key

to disabling

more

than

engineer will protect

radioactive

dispersal

device.30

The following
resistant

is

list

of non-coercive
to to

approaches or gambits
information of value
the best

to

be

utilized

on

sources that are deemed should help

the

possess
identify

Information obtained This

list is

during screening comprehensive

you

method
is

to

employ

not

number

of non-coercive

approaches of

limited

only by imagination
Militaiy

time

and

available

resources
as

Explanations

doctrinal

US
not

emotional
in this are

approaches primer
in

such

love

of family
listed

ego
below

up
that

etc
are

have

been

included

Any

approach

techniques

not authorized

by

FM

2-22.3

keeping

with FBI interrogation

policy

All
generating
is

non-coercive pressure
inside

questioning

techniques

are

based

on

the

principle force
is

of

the source without

the application
until

of outside
resistance

This

accomplished
his

by manipulating
is

him psychologically

his

sapped

and

urge

to yield

fortified.31

Joint

Suspects

or

Nobody
These
to

Loves

You

this method have been

is

not listed in

FM

2-2.33

as

an

authorized similar colleagues as well

technique This amounts

are already side

two approaches
the

combined

because

they are so
that his

leading

source to believe

through

various

methods

talking of the

and

providing
If

damning

information on
detainees

him
are

so

he

might
in the

tell

his

story

group

of associated

brought
create

together

consider

delaying

the

interrogation already

of the highest provided

priority

detainee

to

impression that his colleagues

have

information on

him
knows
is

The
the

All-Seeing Eye or
story explains the to

We
the

Know All The

that the

Interrogator

who
real

already

part to
test

of

source

purpose

of

the

questioning purpose

not
is

gain
the

information
sincerity to

Interrogator

knows

everything

already

His

to

reliability

which

he

honor ete of the source knows the answers If the

that

The

Interrogator lies

then asks
is

few

questions

source

he

informed
in

firmly

and with

dispassionately the the

he has lied.32 technique

This approach
or by itself
files

may
The
that

be employed and
lead dossier the

conjunction

file and dossier

file

method

reinforces believe are

we

know

all approach

with props like

you

source to

about

him
this method
to point out to the

Ivan

is

Dope

is

not

listed

in

FM

2-2.33
the

as

an authorized
story other

technique

It
that the

may
the

be useful

hostile

source
it

that

cover

was

ill-contrived to ignore

other

service
its

botched

job

that

is

typical

of the

service

welfare

of

agents.34

This approach

is

oriented

on

cold
the

war scenario
reality

but

it

may

apply to dealing
in Iraq verses

with young foreign

fighters

Contrasting

of what they found

what they expected

may
are

be

an effective ones

variation the

of this approach
Iraqi that

gambit
and

For

example al Qaeda
and used

terrorists

the

killing to the

innocent

women
he
is

children not the American soldiers

exploited

Emphasizing cadre

foreign

fighter

being
kill

by

the

terrorist safe in the

who

encourage

people an impact

like as

him

to

themselves

while remaining

background
Official

may

have

well 14

Unclassified/For

Use Only

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Official

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The

Need

to

Communicate

this method

is

not
lofty

listed in topics

FM

2-2.33

as

an

authorized nothing
that

technique about

...continued
the

questioning
for extraction are

about

that

the

source knows

may pave way knows nothing of such matters

to-

of information at lower levels...complaints

insistence his that

he

met by an

he does

know
.after

he would have
the

know

that

even

the

most
the

stupid
is

men
asked

in

position to

know.

process has
the

continued long enough

source

question

which he does know

the

answer
of relief

Numbers of former you knew

get

American

POWs
finally

have
asks

mentioned

tremendous

feeling
.1

when

the

Interrogator but

seems

strange

now

was

positively

grateful

you something you can answer. to them when they switched

know
topic

it

to

something about.35

Establish Your
detained source

Identity has been

In

using

this

approach
as

the

HUM1NT

collector

insists

the

correctly

identified

an

infamous

individual to

wanted

by higher
an effort to
effort to

authorities clear

on

serious

charges

and

he
the

is

not the person he purports

be

In

himself
or

of

this

allegation his true

source
In

makes
so doing

genuine he

and

detailed the

establish collector

substantiate

identity

may

provide

HUMINT

with information

and

leads

for further

development.36

Developing

questioning

plan

The HUMINT
the

Collector the

must develop
topics to

plan that be
exploited

will

guide his questioning

the

of

source

This

includes

general

and
in

sequence

in

which
and

they will be chronological

coveted.

.There are two general

sequences

used

questioning

topical

Topical
believed specific to

questioning key
or

is

used when

time

is

prime area

concern Focusing

and

when
the

the

source of

is

possess

information in
specific safe

limited

on

location

terrorist

leader

house

are

two examples

of topical

questions

Chronological
uncertain

questioning of source

normally

is

used

when
time
is

the
is

HUMINT

collector factor

is

of the

areas

knowledge when
the

when
source

not

primary

in

questioning
large

during

initial

questioning

believed to have

knowledge

on

number of topics.
and cover
in the

Select

prioritize

the

general
all

topics

you

intend

to

interrogation

session
close
at

Ensure hand
so

that

you have
do

the the

supporting flow

materials

you need

maps

photos

etc

you
in

not break
that
it

of the
take

interrogation to

looking thoroughly
cultural

for

supporting
topic so

materials

Keep

mind

will generally the

you longer

cover

than

you may expect

due

to

use

of an

Interpreter

and

issues

plan

accordingly

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only

15

ACLURM036796

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Official

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Interrogation

Plan Checklists checked

to

Have

databases for references you Have you identified the purpose of this interrogation session him Has an Interpreter been assigned and have you pre-briefed
filly identified the

source and

him

Has your

note

taker

been
all

identified

and

pre-briefed pocket
litter

Have you reviewed

physical aids

evidence collected of the

initial

etc associated

with the source

Do you
Has

have

all

debriefing

maps

photos

sketch paper etc

Have you reviewed

the source

the results

screening

had

been
the

through guards

interrogation to obtain their

before
impressions of the source
prior to this interrogation

Have you Has The

de-briefed

the source

been

in contact

with other

detainees

session

Opening OHave
tiHave you you determined what level of resistance
selected the rapport

you anticipate

topics

you

will utilize

The

Reconnaissance

UHave UHave The Detailed OHave

you determined what topics you selected Questioning you selected and
the prioritized

you

will

address in this phase

primary and

alternate

approach

methods

the topics resources

you
to

will

cover

in this

session
interview

Have you prepared

session

necessary

conduct

map-tracking

The

Conclusion

What

is

your tentative

end

state

with this source etc

Close Target Reconnaissance

long term detention

release source operation

Some of
following

the

issues

on

this checklist

have

not been

introduced

yet

and

are

addressed

in detail

in the

chapters

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only

16

ACLURM036797

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Official

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Chapter

Working

with

Interpreters

Team work
during an changes methods
the

between

the

Interpreter

and

the

Interrogator

is

critical

to

success

interrogation

Conducting of
the

an interrogation because

through
the

an Interpreter
is

significantly

dynamics

interrogation are

tempo
and
it

different

slower
for the

of detecting
to feel

deception he
is

degraded

or ineffective
in the

may

be

difficult

Interrogator

the

dominant

perscinality

interrogation

room
as

For these team

to

reasons
create

and

many

others
that

the
is

Interpreter to

and

the

Interrogator

must work

an environment

conducive

success

Categories
federal

of Civilian

Interpreters

Due
be

to

the

limited

number of

military

and

agency

Interpreters those

you

will

often

working

with

Interpreters in

provided
the
is

by

corporations to

andlor

hired

locally

The

Interrogator

should keep

mind

need
list

know

principle

when working

with

non-USG

Interpreters

The following

of

the different

categories

of Interpreters that

you may work with

with an of English clearance centers

CAT
used
at the Interpreters are

Locally hired
tactical

Interpreter

understanding
security detention

Commonly
Category

level

and

does
in

not

possess
military

not likely to be found

US

native usually

CAT II US commandof
the majority

Citizens

who

have
will

native

command
have

of the target
Secret level

language
clearance

and and

near
are

English

They

most

likely
at

of Interpreters

you
have

will find

US

Military

detention

centers

CAT
English
detentions

III

US

Citizens

who
Top

native

command

of the target found

language
in

and

of

They

will

possess

Secret

Clearance

but are rarely

US

Military

centers.38

Advantages

of using an

Interpreter

majority of your subjects without

will

not be

able to

speak English

so you will be ineffective

one
Interpreter will or

The

recognize
refute the

language
veracity

and

culturally

based

clues

that

can
the

help the source

is

Interrogator

confirm

of the

subjects

statements

ie

claiming to be an uneducated
or uses military

farmer

but speaks

like

someone with

university

education

terminology
can
detect the intent

The
that

Interpreter

and

emotion

of

statement

made by

the

source

may An Interpreter

be of help to the Interrogator can enhance

the stature

of the Interrogator

in the

eyes of the source by conducive

treating the to

Interrogator

with deference role playing to create

an environment

compliance

An
knowledge
outside

Interpreter

often

has
that
is

excellent invaluable

historical

political/tribal the

and

geographical

of the country
the

in facilitating

interrogation

Even when
about and
will

interrogation

booth
are usually

ask

your
to

Interpreter

questions

culture/country/religion appreciate

They
for their

eager and

provide

this

information

your respect

knowledge

contribution

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only

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Using

Interpreter

creates

additional

time in the interrogation response

that

the

Interrogator

can
adjust

use to evaluate the focus

the detainees

non-verbal
as

as well as time to reevaluate

and

of the interrogation

needed

Disadvantages

of using an Interpreters

It

takes

significantly
is

more time
in the

to

conduct

the

interview

There

person
increases

communication
especially

loop
if

the

potential

for

confusion
skills

or
are

misunderstanding not that strong

significantly

the

Interpreters

English

The
or

establishment

of rapport

and

the

use of some

approach

techniques

is

made

difficult

even

impossible
detection

The The

of deception

is

significantly cultural

more

difficult national

but not impossible and

religious to biases the into the to

Interpreter that the

may

introduce

linguistic

situation

Interrogator

may

not

understand

key

reason

take

time

understand the Interpreters background

The
difficult

Interpreter for

may be

significantly

more experienced than

under-confident room.39

the Interrogator to

making

it

an

inexperienced
control

and/or

Interrogator

establish

his/her

dominance

and

in the interrogation

Positioning

of the Interpreter

in

the Interrogation

Room40

You may
the will rear

see

some
with not given

interrogation the see the

resources

that

suggest placing
the

the

Interpreter the in

to

of the

source

Interrogator the fact

sitting to

front so

in

theory

source

only

hear

and but

Interpreter that large

it

This

may
this

be of

appropriate verbal

some

circumstances
involves

percentage

communication
to increased

observation

of non-verbal
establish

cues

is

likely that that

method

will lead

miscommunication
possibly increase the

an
takes

awkward
to

dynamic

may

hinder rapport

building

and

time

it

conduct

the interrogation

Consider

sitting

directly to

across left to

from This
at

the

source with your

knees eye

nearly contact

touching with
in the

his with the Interpreter source while also

that

your

allows
the

you

to

maintain

allowing him
at the

look

Interpreter

when
and

listening

Keep

mind when

you should look

question
is

source when This

asking questions arrangement building

observe
creates

his reaction

your

translated
is

seating to rapport

more

normal

environment

which

more conducive

Interacting

with your Interpreter

in

the Course of an Interrogation41

Mutual
successful

respect

teamwork
In

and

rapport

with

your
else

Interpreter

are
still

critical

to

interrogation

fact

you can
with

do much
your

wrong

and can

be

successful

However
ineffective

poor
If

working
are

relationship

with
the

Interpreter

render
Interpreter

you

nearly

you

dissatisfied

performance
outside the

of your

you must
to

make

corrections

but

do

so

one-on-one
to

interrogation front

room
to the

avoid
If the

embarrassing

the Interpreter

and

ensure you present

unified

source

This manual

is

specifically

designed

to

aid

the

Interrogator

in mitigating

the

disadvantages

discussed

here

Unclassified/For

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issues

are

serious

enough
are

do

not hesitate
that

to

take

break

and

leave

the

room with the

Interpreter

Here

some

indicators

you may have 20

to for

problem

Long-to-short
Interpreter takes

You

take

seconds
it

to

ask

the

question
to the

and

the

seconds he
talks

interpret

This also and

the

applies

answer

from

the

source

30

seconds

Interpreter

says

he

said

no
Short-to-long
Interpreter

You
seconds

take to

seconds
interpret
it

to

ask

the

question
the or

and

it

takes

the

20

could
each

indicate other

Interpreter

and
is

source are having

trouble

understanding

the

Interpreter

adding to the context of your question There

is

an
or

inappropriate
the

change on
the

in

the

body
context

language of the

of

the

Interpreter

source based

current the

interview

Stop and

ask the Interpreter

what caused
the

sudden
there

change
is

Unusual pauses
before sources the

You

ask

question

and

an

unusual

pause of the of

Interpreter

asks the question could

is

or provides
the

the

translation

answer

this

indicate

that

Interpreters

command

English could be poor or he There

before indicate other or are the

adding

context

to the

question
and
the

several

interchanges provides and

between
the

the to

Interpreter the

source

Interpreter Interpreter the

answer

Interrogator

this could each

the that

source are having

is

trouble

understanding question

Interpreter

asking the

next logical

or asking

clarifying

questions

The Interpreters mind

that the

performance
job

posture during

interest

etc decreases
is

keep

in

Interpreters

an

interview

exhausting
If will

and

periodic

breaks must be taken

relationship

Take

care

of your Interpreter mutual

respect

you have
perform

good
better

with

him based

on

he

Remember
are not establish

that

the

longer you allow the

difficult
it

Interpreter the

to

perform
It is

in

manner you
of

happy an

with the more understanding and

sense

is

to

make

correction needs
to

imperative that you

style

with your

Interpreter

He
to

understand your
his capabilities

interrogation subject will

your and

personality be
influenced

and

you need mind

understand
the respect

The
the
is

positively in that

by

displayed

towards

Interrogator

by

the Interpreter

Keep

much
that

of what occurs in the booth

obtaining find his

performance performance
positive

or theater
is

Briefing

your
In

Interpreter

and

buy

in

on

the

key

to

your

success with

the

event

you
do

you cannot
hesitate to

establish

working
until

relationship

an

Interpreter

not

cease

the

interrogation

you

can find

new

Interpreter

Unclassified/For

Official

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Interpreter
The
current are situation talking the to

Pre-Brief Checklist42

Ws

Who

are

we
did

talking the

to

and

about

whom
to to

What
about

we

him about When

did the events

events
are

we we

are talking talking

him about occur

these

Where

occur

Why

him

events
background
particulars

Provide

any other

information you have of the interrogation

length

on the source
as

The
held etc

administrative the

such

where

it

will

be

room

set

up

tentative

of interrogation

other

participants

The
taker

specific in the

positioning

of the source

Interrogator

Interpreter

and

note

room
use of

Anticipated

maps

photos or physical
potential

evidence approaches
to

The

selected special

approach
topic

and

alternative that

be used

Any
The
-I

or technical

language

may

be used in case the

Interpreter

needs to bring references

expectations

into the

interrogation

room

Interrogators in

of the Interpreter but cannot do

it

am

charge

of the interrogation

without

your help
etc

-translate

only what

say do not add context

not ask the next logical
to

nuances

clarification

wlo asking
if

me

Do

question or re-ask

the question

the

source appears

misunderstand

it

is

important for the Interrogator

it

to

know

when

the

source misunderstands

because

can

be an indicator

of

deception
-translate the question inflection
-let

in the

first

person

using the same content

to

tone

and

intent
if

ie
are

do

not say

he

wants

know
language
educational

me know me

there

any

inconsistencies

in the

used by the level etc

source in comparison
-advise

to his
if

professed background
the

immediately each
other

you and

source are having trouble

will

understanding
advise
-I

some
is

Interpreters

be very reluctant

to

of this due

to pride

or job security very difficult

understand that translating

that the

work Do

not hesitate

to

let

me know
If this his
is

you need

break worked with

religious the Interpreter etc

first

time you have

ethtiicity

ask him about

to assess his

background

dialect to

affiliation

command
into the

of English

and

determine what dynamics

the Interpreter

may

be

introduced

interrogation

room by

Interpreters

will

immediately
pre-brief

notice

that

you

are

different resent that it

than

other

Interrogators professionally

they have
it

worked with
help

when you conduct

their respect
It is

Some may
the

initially

but handled

will

you

earn

very
to

common
dominate

and understandable
interrogation

Interrogators

new

to

working

with

Interpreters

allow

the

Interpreter

booth Official

Unclassified/For

Use Only

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ACLURM036801

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Chapter

Cultural and Motivational

Issues

This chapter
points

provides
chapter

some
are

basic

information but

on

interacting

with
in

Arabs

The

made

in

this

generalizations

may
the

be

helpful

establishing

rapport crafting
the

approaches

and

finding

weak some

points insight

for exploitation

These

quotes from

Educing

Information Study of your source

provide

on

importance

of understanding

the culture

Establishing with
the process

an

accord even
to

rapport

of this nature

can

be

extraordinarily

difficult

made
seeks

more problematic
an
operational the

by

the

linguistic/cultural

barrier

The

Interrogator faces

who

create

accord

but

who

harbors cultural
are

myopia by

difficult

path been

Conversely

Interrogator

whose

efforts

supplemented

what
bridge

has

recently

termed cultural
incorporates

intelligence

will conscientiously the

seek to build

that

systematically

knowledge of

sources

culture

Whether
psychologically not orchestrated

the

Interrogators

objective

is

to

establish the the

operational

accord
fail if
it

intimidate
in

emotionally provoke or infer guilt

that
is

attempt
target

will

is

manner
the

culturally

meaningful
the

to

of these

efforts

One cannot

know

enemy

without

understanding

culture.44

Cultural

Issues

for

Iraqi

and

most

Arab Subjects45

DOs
Shake
hand hands gently
in greeting

and

departure

but only with your right hand

no

two

clasps an open
right

Placing

hand

over your heart

is

gesture

of respect
first

sincerity

or thanks
others in

Learn and use your subjects

the

name and
and

provide him your establishment

name

Introduce

room

It

conveys

respect

facilitates

of

relationship

DONTs
Never
use your
left

hand

for contact

with others

eating

or gestures

Your

left

hand

is

considered unclean

Do

not point

with your finger

it

is

sign

of contempt

Instead

point with your entire

hand

Dont

slouch

lean or appear
the soles

disinterested

when

conversing

with Iraqi
It is

men
of contempt
is

Do

not expose back

of your feet or shoes to the source

Iraqi

sign

Dont Dont
may

away from an
distance

during conversation

Close personal interaction

customary and

make

the

OK
to

is

considered rude

or
all

thumbs

up

sign these

gestures that

are
it

considered obscene

this

not be universal

Arabs but

common enough

should be

avoided

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Official

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The

following

points

on cultural

issues

when

dealing

with

Arabs are drawn

from

handout from the FBI Behavioral

these cultural issues

Analysis Program
resistance in

BAP.46

Suggestions for using

in italics

as themes for reducing

source are provided

persons

dignity honor

and

reputation especially rapport

are

of paramount
Pride

importance
is

and

no

effort

should be spared to protect

them

ones honor
with an
in his

one

of the mainstays of of the fact

Arab
that

character

To

establish
is

good

Arab one must be aware view of himself

It is

his self-esteem

of foremost

importance
his

important to

pay tribute to this and

avoid offending

self-esteem

To Arabs honor
acceptable truth the
in

is

more important than facts

culture to

Lying

to

avoid

dishonor
that

may

be

more

Arab

The

challenge

is

to craft

an approach

makes

telling the

honorable thing

do
will

An

Arab

will rarely

admit to an

error

openly
into

if

it

cause him to destroy

lose

face

Always

leave

the subject

an out backing

him

corner

could

rapport and shut him

down

Everyone
Religious atheists or

believes
affiliation

in
is

God
In

acknowledges
for

essential

power and has every person in Arab society

his
all

religious there
is

affiliation

no

place

for

agnostics
is

Arab culture

religions

and

their

practices that

are

treated

with by

respect

This

an

underlying tenet

of Islam and Arab culture

actually

has been

obscured

the violent use

intolerance

of Islamic extremists Extremists of Islamic

text to

believe that

the opposite

and

selective

interpretation they believe

justfj killing

anyone

does

not believe

exactly

what

Piety

love

of family
in

charity

and

respect in

to

elders

are

some

of the

most admirable

characteristics

person

Sharing

limited

sense

can

aid in obtaining rapport with the subject as well as many

other

as Christians

your own beliefs in these areas and Muslims share the same

God
There

commonalities

should be and
the

no

separation

between

church

and

state

religion

should
is

be

taught

in

schools

promoted American

by governments
concept

potential

discussion

topic

the

differences

between

of governance

versus Islamic concepts

In

Western
culture the

culture

actions oral

are

far

more important and

its

more valued than words

response
for If

In

the

Arab

an
other

promise

has be

own

value

as

an

action

does
in

not

follow
that

aflat

out

no

person cannot
in

held entirely

responsible

failure

Keep

mind

answer

to

request from your source could

If you are concerned

be viewed

as rude and promise

disrespeqful answer of

will try

damaging rapport my best may be more useful some

about

carrying out

an

Humans
This

cannot

control
iffe

all

events

things

depend

on God i.e fate

but also

en
as

s/ia

Allah
to give

outlook on an

could be
his

used as an excuse

by the subject

way

the subject

out for

actions

making

it

easier

for him to discuss

his

actions

Unclassified/For

Official

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Loyalty

to

ones
take

family takes

precedence
to

over
friends

personal
or the

needs

Family
the

loyalty

and

obligations

precedent over loyalty with children

demands of

job

Potential

theme for

subject

You have

selfishly

abandoned your
participating

children

for the

self satisfaction will

and adventure you could obtain through

in the

jihad

Who

care for them

now
Arabs consider too personal
if

Questions which family especially

rather

include

those pertaining

to

woman

in the

asked

by

man

It

is

best

to ask about

the family

in general

terms

than

persons

wife

sister or

grown daughter
closer

In

general Arabs tend to

Sitting his

sit

and

stand

to

one

another and
to

touch

people more than

to

Westerners out and touch

that

directly

across from and close leg

etc at

your

subject

allows you

reach

arm hand

key
Is

times the

and enhances

rapport

An

indicator the

some rapport has been established when making Interrogator point Good

when

source reaches

out and touches

manners cursing as

constitute etc will

the

most important

factor

in evaluating the

persons
subject to

character dismiss the

Yelling

be counterproductive

and may allow

Interrogator

person of low class

and culture

It

is

important to
carelessly

sit is

properly

Slouching
insult

draping

the

legs

over the

chair

or otherwise

sitting

considered an

When

standing

during

conversation
is

with someone

leaning

against

the

wall or keeping

your hands in your pockets

considered disrespectful

Sitting insult

in

manner

that

allows the soles

of ones

shoes to face

another person

is

also

an

It

is

important to Presenting approach

behave

at

all

times in

way

that

will

create

good impression
courteous

on and

others
friendly first

neat and professional

is

appearance rapport based

combined with

essential

to

building

on mutual respect
the

Remember and
think

impressions

are lasting

impressions

Put yourself
that

in

subjects

shoes

about

how you

will

be perceived

in that first instant

you meet
as you drinks

As

the

person

in

control

the

Interrogator Proffer

should

consider such

treating

the

subject soft

would
snacks
the

guest in your
etc

house

comfort

items

as

tea

coffee

as you would any

This
is

subject

cultural

awareness

level of cooperation fron guest once you have obtained and will convey level of much in keeping with Arab culture very and sophistication that the subject not expect may

Motivational

Issues

key

part

of preparation
in the

for

any

interrogation

is

to

understand of

your

subjects

motivation for involvement Colonel from

the

insurgency
will

The

motivation
different

former of

Iraqi

Army

Mujahideen

Army

be

much

than that

21

year old 23

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212312011

Saudi

affiliated

with the Islamic

oriented

State

of Iraq

al Qaeda
drives the

in Iraq

AQIZ

Your approach

method should be

on what you think

from

person to fight

These

quotes below

Terror in the
in

Name why

of

God Why
and

Religious Militants
in

by

Jessica

Stem

are helpful

understanding

people get involved

terrorism
insight

The author
into their

traveled

throughout Overall

Pakistan those that

interviewing jihadists choose

terrorism as

obtained great

mindset

course of action because

gives

while
as

claiming to be motivated religiously

air

by Islam are given too Labeling

their

much

credit

we

define

them

driven

terrorists in

them

religiously

driven

them underserved
of Islam
is

of credibility cover
sanctify highly

when
for their

reality

shallow

and

selective

knowledge
...different texts.

merely groups

deviant

actions

and
pious and

unrealistic references

goals
to

extremist

their

action in

through
their texts

Islamic

.They

are

however
...accept

selective

choice

interpretation to

of

sacred texts

They
their

or reject

even

sacred

according

whether

they support or contradict

own

dogmatic

and

militant

positions.47

Some
adventure. under

operatives operative

will

admit that they got involved

in terrorism living

out of

desire

for

.One

told

me
kind

about

the

appeal of

outside
48

normal
Potential

society

extreme conditions on Muslims

that

of permanent involved
in

Outward

Bound

theme
admit

Some younger
that they

become and
that

insurgent/terrorist

activity

will

were
exciting

simply bored

becoming
the

involved

in insurgent/terrorist

activity

sounded

and fun

especially

when

convenient

cover

of doing

it

for religious
individuals
is

reasons was easily assumed extremely shallow sympathy butchery have

left

The level of knowledge

ofIslam amongst such

that

not non-existent

An

approach

combines

an understanding
the

and

for their choices of thousands

combined with imposition of guilt or shame for

resulting

of Muslims behind

may
be

be

effective

An

additional

angle for those

selfishly

who
their

young

children

may

an imposition of guilt for

adventure

leaving

children

tofendfor

themselves while they pursue

Some
Once
part

get

involved

in violent the that

groups
feel find

out of
strong

sense and and

of alienation perhaps

and

anomie
first

of

well-armed

group
admit

weak
they

powerful violence
to

for the

time in their lives

individuals there

Some
are clear
strict

guns

appealing groups.49
outside

For

such

emotional

benefits

to

belonging

violent in the feel

People
either

most

likely to join

sects are those with the least to lose

world

because confused

they have

limited

economic

or

social

prospects

deeply

humiliated
in

and they

about their future

Potential

path or
This

are

frustrated

with the political regime

is

which

live world

50

theme among
the

mindset

of marginalization
due
their in to

common
economic
This

in the

Muslim

especially

oppressive

governments
to

younger generation and the unraveling of

turn to

limited

opportunity

societies the

mindset

may

be

comparable
individual

people

that

criminal

activity

US
may be
the

Approaching such
effective

an

with sympathy

and an understanding

of his

plight

The
is

bottom

line

now
for

understand
the

is

that

purifying

world and

through

holy war
the

addictive

Holy war
of bliss5

intensifies

boundaries
identity

between
definite

us

them
in

satisfying creating

inherently seductive the

human
state

longing

clear

and
in

purpose

life

Potential the

theme

Keep

mind

that just like

yourself people in can obtain from

Muslim world are seeking

sense ofpride and accomplishment

Official

one

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Use Only

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dated

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being
military

member of
in

the

most

respected
in their

law

enforcement
these

agency

or

the

most

capable because looked

at

the

world

However
forces

world

options

are not available

their police

and

military

are largely

corrupt and incompetent group

in

When
is

from

this

perspective

thefr

choice to join

committed
that to

to

jihad view

understandable as
terrorist

and possibly even

commendable

Keep
them

mind

we

them
the

organizations while Arabs

may

view

as committed

defending for
their

Islamic faith

An

approach

incorporating

an understanding

and

respect these

choices

may

be

effective

especially

when combined with

the reality

that

groups

are actually

killing

thousands

of innocent Muslims

Although
Lahore
for live
its

they claimed

to

care as

about

the

Kashmiris

plight the jihadis

interested

met
in

in

seemed focused

on Kashmir
their

symbol

They seemed more

interests

jihad

own

sake

or

on

conception

of Pakistans

than on the people

desire the

who

in

Kashmir.52

Potential the

theme

Most foreign
been
Iraqi

fighters that

profess
the

help the

Iraqi people fight

occupation
civilians

and have
raping

told

Americans The
reality

are wantonly
is

murdering

innocent

and

woman
the

that

the

insurgent/terrorists

are the
truth

ones

murdering
to

fellow even

Muslims en-masse
densest and most

After

short

period
fighter

in

Iraq

this

becomes apparent

ignorant foreign
in terrorist

which

creates

an

opportunity to capitalize

on

his guilt

for involvement

activities

Over time
much
as

in

some cases

cynicism be
for

takes

hold

Terrorism becomes

career

as

passion.
possibly This

.operatives including
is

may
money

influenced themselves
to the

simultaneously
or for their

by more pragmatic
Potential ofjihadist

incentives

families
class

theme
cadre

quote

directly

applicable
to

professional mercenary
the

that

travel

from hot spot

hot

spot

in

name

of defending

Muslims from
similar

oppression

Seeking

common ground
what
it

with such

an

individual

as someone in Another

profession with same level of commitment to your cause

may
the

be possible Russians
in

angle for

may

be

to in

ask

the jihadist

was

like

fighting

Chechnya

example

order to get him talking

The
subjects involved family and

quotes above

are

very

helpful

as

guide to
in

dissecting

the

motivation for person become

to

involvement
in the there

in the

insurgency
for

Keep

mind

that

very often

insurgency
is little

purely financial do to make

reasons

They

simply need

feed

else

they can

money

in their

depressed

economies

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Chapter
The
structure

The
of

Interrogation

the

interrogation54 that incorporates

The

KUBARK
methods
that

Manual
are

provides from

simple
the

interrogation

structure

many
the

familiar

Reid

Technique questioning

The
and

four the

phases conclusion

are

opening

reconnaissance

detailed

The
achieve
screening individual55 deception in

Opening

Phase

there

are

three the

principal personality

goals

that

you

are

seeking to

during the opening and

to

...to confirm
to

assessment

obtained through of the source as an

for detection

allow the Interrogator

includes

gain
or

deeper

understanding
his

this
later

base
to

lining

norming

behavior with
the

of
to

phases
to

begin establishing

rapport

source

and

allow the investigator During

personal the this

establish

question-and-answer takin2
taking

pattern

for the

interaction.56

phase

consider

not

notes
is

in

order to put
the

establish subject

more normal on guard

and and

interaction establish

dynamic
rapport

Note
appear

likely to

make

effort to

insincere and

If technically

possible

permissible

by policy

the note

taker

should watch

listen to the entire

interrogation

remotely

Keep

in

mind

these

quotes from

the

KUBARK
made
to

Manual

in the

opening of
that

phase
foreign

Most
power

people confronted
will get

by an officialand
cases

dimly powerfulrepresentative
if feel

down

to

much

faster

from

the

start

they are asks of

being treated

as individuals.57

...the

initial

question
to

which the Interrogator

tell

himself should than

be

How

can

make him want

force

me

what
he

he

knows

rather

How

can

trap him

or

him

into

disclosing

what

knows.58

Rapport One of
on

What

is it

and how do you obtain

of rapport
suspects

it

the

simplest

explanations

is

the

following

...rapport

is

based

mutual respect

and

is

fostered

by

treating

with dignity

and

humanity.59

The on

following
obtaining

information

drawn from

numerous sources may help provide

some

ideas

rapport

People have values and

is

like

people that

are

like

themselves
etc that are

this

is

why we
to

all

pick friends that Given

the

likes

dislikes

professions
that exist

similar

our own.60 source

cultural rapport the

linguistic

divides

between

you

and

your

establishing

obviously of

difficult

Research

has uncovered sometimes

theorize

increasing called that

empirical

evidence

for

importance
or
it

complementary

style

mirroring
subtle the

mimicry
is

pacing
because
these

matching.1
an

Some psychologists
psychological posture

mimicry brain

effective to

illicits

unconscious

response

in

According

findings

mirroring

someones
an

movements

voice

tone pitch

etc during
Effective

an interchange
mirroring

may

create
in

immediate

social

bond

even

between

strangers

must be done

non-obvious

way.61

Given
in think

how

difficult as

it

is

likely

to

be to establish

rapport

in the

manner noted
primary

of rapport

establishing

operational

accord

One

of the

This method

is

also

called

Neuro

Linguistic

Processing

NLP
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objectives

is

to establish as

level

of operational
orchestrated

accord

with

source

Operational

accord
is

can

be

defined

relationship

by an

Interrogator

with based

source that

marked

by

degree

of

conformity even

and/or guarded

affinity

and

is

on

sense

of

understanding
intentions

of

and

perhaps

appreciation

for

respective

concerns accord
to

and

desired

outcomes.62

Here

are some

aspects of operational

consider63

Based
like like

on

studies are

of persuasion
attractive

conducted neatness behave

by

social

scientists

people tend to appear

to

people

who

physically

of dress
in

and

grooming
and
positive

us directly appear

and

indirectly positive

communicated
traits

friendly

manner
honesty

and
etc.

to possess

such

as intelligence

competence

kindness

Authority
based determinant be influenced
especially

An
by
the

agents

perceived
science

authority research

is

another

major

relationshipare

of influence

Social

suggests that

people
as

more

likely to or

arguments
topic

of

person

whom
or

they perceive they are

an authority
likely to

an

expert

on

the

of discussion
status

Similarly

more

comply with requests

made by someone who has

authority..

Appearance

Matters

Research
clothing

has demonstrated that can

in often

symbols authority

including

titles

such

as

Dr

and

the

people wear working

the

enhance

group

of intelligence
clear

interviewing

professionals

Guantanamo Bay Cuba received

team

demonstration and Hawaiian

of this
shirts

Some

members of

interviewing

dressed
analyst

down
wearing

in shorts

during their interactions one

intelligence

with detainees
professional

An
to

business suit accompanied

foreign detainee instantly

interviewing attentive this

an

interview

The
the

appeared

more Is

and

cooperative

when

they entered

room

and
since

soon asked the he

interviewer than
the

your had

boss
many
talk.64

The

interviewer

was taken

aback Yet he

was

older

analyst so
alert

and and

more years of experience

had

never

seen the

detainee

ready to

Reciprocity
variously scratch received

There

is

powerful-often

unspoken-social

norm of

reciprocity

known

as

give and
are

take
more

two way
to

street and
to are those in

yours
to

People

likely

give

from

you whom

scratch

my

back

and

Ill

they have
position

already as

or expect to receive
grant to

something
such
as extra

You

uniquely drinks

powerful blankets

an

Interrogator granting

perks

food

cold

etc

Consider

privilege to

resistant

source as
that

way
will

of creating
likely

debt to you in his mind as

opposed

imposing

some

sanction

most

amount

to

no

more than an
in

annoyance
reciprocity applies to

make you look petty and

applies to

destroy
granting

any chance of privileges

for

rapport

Keep

mind
it

that also

more than

the

tangible
is

rewards etc
likely to feel

how
to

the

Interrogator

and

source interact
to

source has

more

some
and

obligation

provide

information

someone who

treated

him with

dignity

respect

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Core Concerns
to

Planning

carefully

to

understand and could help an

respond

appropriately interviewing

detainees needs persuade

in

each

of the five core areas

to

intelligence

professional

detainee

provide

information.65

Appreciation

People
of view

often

feel

appreciated this

when
an

they

learn

someone understands
interviewing professional

their

point

To
through

enhance
actions

feeling words
that

intelligence

can communicate experiences

and

he empathizes

with many

of the detainees

thoughts

and

feelings.66

Affiliation

Feeling more

connected and

to

others

can

be

emotionally they have and

the the

comforting something emphasizing detainees

Interrogator

An
in the

accord

can

result In

easily

quickly when
the

people believe
as

common

some

cases

treating

detainee task

collegue
also

shared nature

of the intelligence The

interviewing
affiliation
is

may
of
the

enhance

sense

of affiliation.67
subject

need for

one

advantages

has

has been

isolatedfrom fellow detainees

Autonomy
control

.almost

all

people

wish

to

feel

they
for

possess

some
are

over some part

detention told

of their lives
particularly to

Detainees disagreeable

who
and

have

strong

need

autonomy
if

likely to find are constantly detainee detainee

become

even
to

more

resentful

they
the the also their

what

think

what

to

talk

about and

how

behave..

Allowing

to feel

he has some say in small matters

to

may ease

this

resentment and make

research to

more open

working

with the Interrogator

Psychological

has

demonstrated another key

beliefs
if

element of autonomy

people are more on

their

likely

change

they feel that

into accepting

they reached anothers

new

conclusion

own..

.rather

than being

browbeaten

opinion.68

Status leader
to gain

Acknowledging

detainees
for to as
it

status

as

professional

person

parent
respect that

etc

may

provide

way

an

intelligence

interviewing professional
all

and

possibly respected

some
and

leverage

persuade important
often

almost

individuals

enjoy
the

feeling

they

are

viewed
detainee
If

No
to

matter
discern will

how much
the qualities
tell

interviewer capacities

may
the

dislike

particular values in

is

easy

and

detainee

himself

asked many

detainees to

in fact

what

they

are

most

proud

of

or

how

important they were sources of status

professional or

prior

detention

The

interviewer or social

might
skills

look for and

educational

acknowledge achievement
capacity

related

to family background expertise

life

technical

or business
insight

experience standing

intellectual

such

as

big

picture

thinking emotional
on.69

moral

physical

strength

or athletic

ability

and

so

Role
hard to give up these
role ofjihadist or

People

are

used to playing many while detained

If

roles detainee

in life
is

and

may

find

it

roles particularly
is

used to playing the

persist

and
in
all

then treated

in detention beliefs the

only as ajihadist he will probably

that

even

grow

of the behaviors and can reduce

accompany

this

role The

intelligence

interviewing

professional

detainees has played or father

resistance

by understanding
this detainee also sports

and

drawing

out the other

roles that

the detainee father

Perhaps

enjoys

his roles as

an educator can

student

figure or
to

member of

team
the

The

interviewer

therefore

enhance

his

ability

persuade

by acknowledging

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Official

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detainees himself and

more

desirable

roles as well as by thinking

the intelligence

careflully

about

the

roles

that

he

the other

members of

interviewing team might convey.70

Have

tentative
this

plan for is have

how you
all

intend

to

establish

rapport

and

keep

in
fail

mind
for

how

important given

phase

nearly
actually

interrogations during the

which
first

eventually

whatever
questioning

reason

failed

few

moments

of the

procedure.7

The
items

following
exactly

list

is

provided
still

as

guide

for

establishing

rapport

some

of the

dont

apply

but

have

value72
goes by and

Identify

yourself

and

your team and

ask the source what name he

use it

Begin source

the

discussion

by commenting

on

topic

of apparent

interest

to

the

The

screening

process

may
and

help you identif topics

you can

use
period about everyday

Establish

confidence

friendliness visit

by

talking

for

subjects

In

other

words have

friendly

Keep
elevate

conversation

informal and

easy

stay away

from

sensitive

topics

that

will

the sources

anxiety

Appear ask
if he

interested
like

and

sympathetic
to eat

to

his

problems

Ask

after

his health

and

would

something

or drink he

If he

something Empathize

he refuses

ask again later

accepts
Listen

accepts you you know you have

to his

have

accomplished

made progress
it

with his predicament use to deepen

and needs
rapport

complaints

will

identify

problems you can

by

resolving

them
until the

Do
friendly later

not begin the interview

or interrogation
this

source appears

to

be quite

and

cooperative

Be patient

could

take

hours time spent here

will

pay

off

Possible should be

rapport avoided

topics but due ground

Some
to are the

of these
cultural

issues

are

controversial barriers

and

some

would say
options

and

language

you face

your

for finding

common

limited

Collection interest

of basic

biographic

information
etc.

can

lead

to

discussions

on

topics

of

such as family education experience

Discussion of concern been

of the sources capture and emotional

and

experience

up

to this point

under

the

guise just

for his physical

well being

...enemy

soldiers

who
The

have

captured
is

have
for

experienced

significant to talk

stress-producing
this

episode

natural

inclination Prisoner collector

people to

want

about

sort

of experience and
talk

If the the

Enemy
tool

of
will

War
to

EPW
first

has

been

properly

segregated chance
to

silenced

HUM1NT

be the

person the

BPW

has

to

This

is

powerful

for the collector

use to get the source talking.73 UnclassifiedfFor

Official

Use Only

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Discussion of his treatment be to brush off such

talking discussion as

food

cell

bedding etc

While

your

first

instinct

may

waste
at all

of time and

possibly to

counter-interrogation build

technique

about
believe

anything he
is

The

detainee

may
later

wasting
truth

you are trying time but you are your

style baseline

when

rapport
collecting

is

good on
his

actually

mannerisms psychological
will help in

state

telling

behavior

etc

all

of which

phases

of the interrogation

For obviously
will to the

Iraqi

sources

how
topic

do

you

feel that
is

about
likely

the to

U.S
evoke

presence
passionate

here

This

is

controversial

but one

response

that

provide some insight into either motivation

how

he

lies

or into

how

he really feels which speaks with the topic

in

his

To make
are others

the

source more comfortable

the

you could ask

should
or

subject

what

saying about

U.S

presence

Iraq
it

This topic

be used with caution impassion the subject

especially

by

the

novice

Interrogator

because

could embolden

and

make him more

resistant

For foreign

fighters

what brought
or because

you here
that
it

to

Iraq

Afghanistan
or others

Somalia
are

etc

They may
fellow

bring

up

Abu

Ghraib

belief

the

Americans

oppressing
outlets

Muslims

They

believe leaders the

this

is

fed to them by some This topic

it

Arab media
should be
or

and

extremist

religious

in their

home

countries because

used with impassion

caution

especially

by

novice

Interrogator

could

embolden

the subject

and

make him more

resistant

For the what

led

devout
to

Muslim
such
it

discussion

about
life

his

life

before
subject

becoming
should be

devout

and

him
to

make

change devolve

in his into into

This on on

approached

carefully beliefs

avoid having

discussion discussion

the merits

or legitimacy of his subjects family feels

actions

This approach which family

could evolve

how

the

about his beliefs have had on

his

could lead into him considering

the

impact his beliefs and

The Reconnaissance

Phase

If
the

the

interrogatee

is

cooperative source proceeds period

is

at the

outset

or

if

rapport the

is

established

during
stage
if is

opening
the

phase

and

the

becomes cooperative
directly to detailed
is

reconnaissance

needless
interrogatee

Interrogator

questioning necessary. .At

But
any

the the

is

withholding

of

exploration

rate

purpose
is

of the reconnaissance

to

provide
to

quick testing probe

the

of the assumption extent and

on why
intensity

he of

resisting

and

more

importantly

causes

resistance.74

The
talk the the

ultimate

goal strong
is

of this phase
his resistance

is

to to

determine
discussing

what
the

the

source does not want to

about and

how
The

is

topic

The
that

basic will

purpose needed what he

of
in
is

reconnaissance
third

to

determine the kind

and

degree
his

of pressure

be

stage

Interrogator

should reserve

fire-power until he knows

topic the

up

against
do

When

you

determine

you
on

are to

on
the

source

is

resistant

to

discussing plan as

not get bogged

down

move

next topic

using your

questioning

guide Unclassified/For
Official

Use Only

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The

end of the reconnaissance

have
If identified the

phase topics

is

decision

point in the interrogation

discuss

process because you

his resistance

the that

source will not willingly

the

and

posture
the

you have

determined of time

information that

the

source

may
or
get

possess

is

worth

investment
in the

gambits
the source

discussed to

planning you
the

chapter
as

techniques you employ the approach The goal of approach techniques is to opposed
to trying to force

want

to

tell

truth

him

to

tell

you

These

paragraphs from the Educing

Information study provide

some

useful

guidance

Saving

Face

Helping

the

Source
is

to the

Concede
internal the

Another

key

to

the

successful for

interrogation yielding.

of the resisting
all

source
feel

provision of an

acceptable that

rationalization results

.almost to

resistors

the

growing
.to

stress

from

wanting

simultaneously
grasp his at

conceal

and

divulge.

escape

mounting

tension

the

source

may
both he
is

any face-saving conscience

to

reason for compliance

the possible
It 76 is

any explanation of former

superiors

which
and

will placate
if

own

and

wrath
the

associates to

returned

his place

of origin

business of the

Interrogator

provide

the right

rationalization

at the right

time

Rationalizing
cultures describes

compliance

is

particularly part

critical

when
identity

dealing .the

with

sources

from manual

where
it

face

is

critical

of

their for

KUBARK

as

an acceptable

rationalization

yielding

Make
authors destiny sincerity

Submission suggest
into the

Tolerable
the

The

suspect will be of

more
being

likely to

confess

which
will

the

involves

surrender

his very
if

and

his

own

free

and

hands

of the Interrogator

the

Interrogator

has conveyed

objectivity

and

sympathy77

The Detailed

Questioning

Phase

This phase
source
in

begins when
to

you

have

obtained based on

some
your

level

of cooperation
list

with the

and
that

are
it

ready
is

begin questioning
to

prioritized

of topics

Keep

mind

important

continue efforts to develop

and

maintain

rapport

during this

phase

Detecting

Deception
of detecting
to

An
primer
deception nullified

in

depth
it

discussion
is

deception
that

goes

beyond

the

scope

of this

However
that are

important on

be

aware

some
to

of the
specific

techniques question

of detecting

based

reading the

reactions
is

are

somewhat
that

by

the

use of an Interpreter on do not

This

not to

say

the

classic

techniques
in

you

have

been

trained
in

work

but they
the

may

be

less

dependable
the

this situation

Additionally
his actions justified

combat environment

source

may

not have

sense of guilt about

as

makes deception easier to detect because he may view his actions fully combat environment may also be aware that U.S Forces have Sources in
that and
in

Chapters
provide

of

the Essentials information in

of

the

Reid Technique
detecting

Criminal This

Interrogation

and

Confessions
the best

excellent that

depth

on

deception
detection

book provides some of

and

information

can

be found

one

resource

on

of deception

many

other

topics

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limited

ability

to

freely

conduct

the

investigation

required the fear

to

uncover

lies in

This takes
lie

away

significant

internal

pressure

induced

by

of being
in the

caught

that

Interrogators

count

on to betray

sources

effort to

deceive

U.S.

Keep
response
to

in

mind

the

three

channels

of

communication

when

observing

the

your questions78

Verbal channel

word choice and

arrangement

of words

to

send

message

Omissive evasive and

Lying

deceptive

responses

by

referral

Qualified

response
qualifiers

Memory
Paralinguistic

channel

Characteristics

of speech

falling outside

of the spoken

word
Response latency
the

pause

between

the question and

the

the
is

answer

Early responses Response Response length

response
Truthful Truthful

comes before
subjects subjects

question

completed

provide provide

longer answers forceful

clear

delivery

responses

Nonverbal

channel

posture

arm and

leg

movements

eye contact

and

facial

expressions

Observation
significantly

of the

verbal

and

paralinguistic Interpreter

channels but are

the
still

of communication
effective

can

be

impacted

by the use of an

when

combined known
as

with observation

of the nonverbal your subject

channel during
the

Taking opening

time to
will

norm also
enhance

truth telling style

detect

phase

your ability to

deception

You you were

culmination

in

may know the U.S

of months few

significantly stateside or

less

about

your

subject

overseas
nature

than you would

usually

if

interrogation

of this
In
is

would

be

the

even

years

of investigation

combat zone you may have you may not have

lies the

only minutes or knowledge

issue

hours to prepare allows

extent

The
to

point

that

depth

of

on

the

source that
to

can be addressed
history gives

some

immediately recognize you by obtaining an extensive general

However

this the

knowledge of in This
or
in

insurgency knowledge answers

to

and you

geography an enhanced

of the country
ability to

you

will

be operating
unrealistic

depth

recognize

implausible

your questions

You
source and
criminal

may be more
the

dependent and

on cross checking
repeat questions

of information than
is

provided
typically the

by
be

the

use

of control
in the

you would
that

in to the for

interrogation

U.S
repeat
in

control question
slightly

question
is

one

you know

answer
that

from

another resource
already in his

simply asking

about

something

source has
inconsistency

provided

different

way

which allows

you

to

look

answer

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You
detail in

can

also

look
is

for

the

level to

of

detail

that

you

would expect
substantial

given

the

circumstances the source

describing

you

There

should be
into

amount of
events

any truthful recounting

later

of an

event

Going

micro-detail on

on

specific

can be used
earlier
in

to

look for consistency

Collection bridge in

with repeat

question
also

micro-details

collected

the

interview People

of micro-details

can
to

be

used to uncover

bridging and

by

the

source
fear

order to avoid lying

the interrogator
is

out of instinct

natural

of being caught
states subject

An
came

example

of bridging

when

subject

who

killed his

wife after breakfast

downstairs

my

wife made

me

breakfast
that

and

then

went
want
reveal

to to

work
talk

The

has not lied he

the the

has

bridged

over an second

event

he does not
will
later

about

Dissecting

subjects
to
lie

morning

by second
that

quickly be used

this

omission

and

force

subject

or fabricate

details

can

against

him
Resistance

Overcoming

Throughout
discussing desired

the

interrogation

you
to

will

run into topics

in

that

the

source will
the

resist

with

you
be

It

is

useful

recognize
in

advance

whether
to the

information of
the

would

threatening in

or

damaging

any

way

interests

interrogatee.8
plan there

Always keep
if
it is

mind where you

the topics

are

in the

course of your corner before

interrogation

and

determine valuable

time to risk forcing

less

source into can cover

In

Ask

yourself is

other

but

provocative

addressing

this
and

This

requires that

shrewd
the

questioning

by

the

Interrogator

essence

shrewd of

questioning answers

demands
responses

Interrogator

carefully

consider
it

the

possible selectively

range

question

may

elicit

before

is

asked

and

postpone

asking the

most provocative

questions

until later in the

process.3

You
order
.to

should

avoid

pushing

the

source too

early

in

the

interrogation

process in
to

avoid creating
posture that

situation either the

where

the

source has the

If

opportunity
to

formally Cialdinis

assume
research

resistance

by word

or deed be under

allowed

do

so

would suggest

source

miht

additional

self-induced to

pressure

to

remain consistent
posture
it

in his or

her defiance
difficult or

Once

source has committed

his

resistant

may be
to

extremely

impossible to get him to reverse

position

Seek he has
protecting

understand family

why
in

the

subiect

is

resistant
Is

to

talking

about
or

certain

topic

Is

his

friends

or himself

he

embarrassed
this

ashamed of what you

are
left

he

done

Has been

coerced

some

way

Without around

understanding

with

blindly

probing at possible

ways of working
emotional
as In

the

subjects

resistance

There

are

two
is

distinct

experiences

relevant

to

confessions and

guilt
it

and
often or

shame

Shame

best

viewed

degrading contrast

humiliating guilt the

is

experience with

accompanies

sense

of exposure
that
is

associated

some

real

imagined past transgression standards

the reverse as the future

inconsistent

with

persons

internalized feeling

values and

Whereas
effect

feeling

of guilt motivates
suspects

people to confess experience

of shame has
relief

After confessing
is lifted

may

sense of emotional about

their

immediate pressure

and

they have
the

greater role in or

certainty in

immediate crime
will

However

as the feeling

prospect that

subjects
sets

or commission

of

become

known

of shame sometimes

becomes exacerbated.83
33

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In collect

the the

event

the

source becomes resistant information

Studies
is

on
to in

topic
in

that

is

essential

for

you

to

on

following
the

provided

assist

understanding

how you

can

break

through

resistance in

presented

Educing

Information mention

three

facilitative

factors

obtaining confessions84

External
interrogation

pressure
police

to

confess and

is

associated

with

persuasive

police

techniques
or

behavior here

fear

of

confinement

The

approach

methods

gambit you select applies

Internal
the

pressure

to

confess
to

is

associated

with the suspects

feelings

about

crime

and

the

consequent
guilt in

need

relieve

himself/herself

of the guilt by confessing

civilians

Capitalizing

on

the

associated

with

the

butchery

of

by

insurgents

may

apply

here

But keep

mind

that

committed jihadist captured

may

not feel

any

guilt

for his

actions

much as an American

soldier

by the enemy would feel

Perception
factor

of

proof

is

noted

as

the

third

and

most powerful
that
is

facilitative the

This
It

proof

can

be physical

or testimonial

evidence

used to confront

suspect

can also be the perception

of proof that you create through

gambit

In
intelligence

pondering
interviewing

how

to

foster

discussion

that

leads

to

useful

information

an

professional

might derive
in the

consider some

of the tried and

social

true

tactics

of

persuasion

and

influence

that

from
context

extensive

science

research

although
principles

this research underlie

was not done

of interrogation

At

least six basic

potentially

successful

tactics.85

Liking
like including

People
those

tend to be more they

easily as

and

strongly

influenced to

by people they
friendly and

whom

view

attractive

similar

them

appreciative

Authority person

People
as

are

more

likely

to

be

influenced

by

the

arguments
the topic

of under

whom

they perceive

an

authority

or an

expert

especially

on

discussion

Reciprocity they have

already received

People
or

are

predisposed

to

give

something

to

those from
or

whom

expect to receive

something whether

tangible

intangible

Commitment and
statements
effect detainee

Consistency

People

like

to

think

that

their

beliefs greater the the they

and

actions as

are

mutually consistent Persuasive with detainees

overtures

may

have

when presented
has
stated

harmonizing The

beliefs

especially

beliefs that
lies

aloud

power
in all

of commitment and consistency

to

in

ingrained social have with

pressure present

people

be

consistent to

with

commitment

made or verbalized

The power

ofgetting
should

subject

make

promise

to

be honest

you

at

the

start

of an interview

not

be

underestimated

This promise

Some of

the

material

below

has been

covered

in

more

detail

elsewhere

in this

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though

small

is

foot
it

in

the

door

that

can

lead

to

progressively

escalating

commitments

because

creates

momentum of compliance.8
Proof
that like are

Social take particular

Validation
action
if

or Social they very

People
other

more

likely

to

be

influenced

to

know much

people have

especially chosen
to

large take

number
that

of

people or people Suggesting

incentive
It

who
the

are

them
are

also

action

that

subjects

colleagues
effective

already

cooperating

can
to

be

powerful

would be even

more

to to

arrange for the subject cause him to conclude

see his colleagues

or

superior receiving

special

incentives

on

his

own

that

others

are cooperating

Scarcity
less

People

tend to view something

scarce or

that

is

plentiful

or easily attainable

as
if

desirable

than something
offered to or
if

rare

Incentives for

may

appear

more

attractive

only
subject

few
that

are

they

are

available

only
his

short

time do
in

Convincing

the

he needs

provide

information before

colleagues
receive

order to receive

some

incentive

because

only the first or

to

few

can

sOme reward may be

an

effective

way

to

use scarcity

your advantage and Adapting

sources and

The Feedback

Cycle/Learning

You
methods
conversation

must

constantly

assess

the

reaction

to

Always be

asking

yourself

Is

he

with

me

your and

questions

approach
in to the

or just riding

out his time in the interrogation

to

Is he engaged booth The ability

learn

and

adapt requires

the Interrogator

possess

two

critical

qualities

The
interpersonal

first

is

sensory
to

acuity

This

implies

having

sufficient contextual

situational

and
is

awareness

recognize
it

understand
ability to

and

make
rapid

sense of what

occurring

More

specifically

is

the

make

and

accurate

assessments of stresstopics

of cause and induced

effect

This

may

take

the the

fonn of
source

noticing
is

rise in the questions

intensity

grooming
location

behaviors of
training

when

asked

about

certain

e.g
and

the

base about which the source claims to have

no knowledge about
other

an

absence

of those

same behaviors

when

he/she

is

asked

questions

matters

The second
choice of physical
successful source

critical

quality

is

flexibility

Flexibility ability to

in

behavior

in strategy
is

in

setting

ultimately

means an

change an

what one
approach

doing

The
the

Interrogator

can

quickly

and

purposefully change

plan to

fit

rather

than the other

way

around.87

Always keep
you must say and
stay

in

mind

that

your

source

is

observing

and

learning to

from

everything
Interrogator

do

which

immediately
subject or

impacts
risk

on how he

reacts

you
losing

The

ahead

of the

being

manipulated

and

control

of the

interrogation

related the

yet

slightly

different

skill

set

is

knowing
of this

where
is

you are going

following

or are

employment of set
driver for

up questions

An

example

the to

You
the

interrogating

high value terrorist leader Unclassified/For

Official

You want

know where

safe

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house
is

is

located

in

particular

town you he

You
etc

could just ask the subject

where

the

safe

house

and

most
driving

likely

he

will

tell

does not and

or

know

Instead

employ

set

up

questions to this

about
safe safe

habits type of vehicle

If

then ask

how many
answer he
the

times he has been

house
house

he

answers
If

five times
he answers he

comparable not

you now
stupid that

ask where the

or

is

located
create

does
that

know

appears chances

deceptive
will

both of which
tell

an

internal

anxiety

increases

the

subject

the truth

The

Ws

and

How
cultural differences to
it it

Due
to

to

is

important to fully determine

how

the

source came compelled

or

know

what

he

is

talking as
it

you about
first

An
third

Arab

subject

may

feel

culturally

to relate information to

if

was

hand be

knowledge

possibly

out of

sense of pride ask

save

face

when where

what

when
to learned

may actually why and how

whether
or the

hand information
issue that
is

Remember to
to

who
It
is first

of any sources

of

importance
topic If the

you

important

determine
indirectly the

knowledge an

of any

was acquired

hand
obtained

represents

merely

assumption and
related the

information was about

the the

indirectly are

identities statements

of

sub-sources
rest

information
facts

channel
conclusions

needed
are

If are

on assumptions
88

upon

which

based

necessary to evaluation

Map

Tracking89

Map
all

tracking
It is

is vital

specific
skill

questioning supporting

skill

that

the and

HUMINT
operational the

collector

uses in

operations

in

targeting

planning

Map aid

tracking
activities

identifies within

and

verifies area

key

information by tracking
fixed

sources

movement and

specified

over

period using

map

or similar graphic

Map

tracking

is

four

step

process

Determine the sources

map

reading skills

Establish

and

exploit

common

points

of reference

CPRs

CPRs

can

be

geographic locations

or points

of time

Establish

routes

of travel

between

CPRs
caches
on key
safe

Identif leaders
buildings

and

exploit
all

key

dispositions

houses
to

residences

of key of Date

etc by

Obtain
the

possible

information
the basis

locations or

include

sketches

source

Identif

hearsay

personal

experience

and

Time Group

DTG

of the sources

knowledge of each

key location

The

Conclusion

At
positive finds

the

end

of the interrogation
to leave the

session

it

is

important to cement
interrogations

the relationship

in

manner
that

door open have covered

for future as

You
write

will

inevitably

issues

you should

you complete Use Only

your

up

Consider 36

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giving

some perk

to

the

source to create
in for

need

to

reciprocate

within the source that

you

can capitalize

on when

you go back

follow-up questions

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Annex

Handling Walk-Ins

Claiming

to

have Threat Information

Investigators threat

are often

placed in

position

where they
Unites
report States

are

handling

walk-ins with

information that relates to the Continental

interests In the current

CONTJS
threat

or other

American
trigger walk-ins resources threats

environment

of such

information will
if mishandled

multi-agency

resource-intensive

investigative

activity

Therefore

with false information can waste and

distract the

tremendous

amount of

investigative

US

Intelligence
is

Community
provide

USIC
for

from

addressing legitimate walk-ins to of fabrication

if

The purpose

of this annex

to

protocol

handling

determine the veracity

their information
is

of their information and to obtain

an admission

false

b7E

An
intelligence services are

Investigator

must

also

keep

in

mind

that

foreign

known

to collect cases

aggressively

on

the activities

of

US

diplomatic

personnel
to collect

There on
its

are

documented
sources

of individuals

being sent into

US

establishments

personnel

and

methods

Actions

Prior to Beginning

the Interview

You
representative

will often

be conducting
It

an interview of
is

walk-in with an
the interview

OGA

and/or

RSO

and and

an interpreter
establish

imperative

that

team reach

agreement

on

its

approach

an

interview

plan prior to the interview

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Official

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The Interview

77

The

Opening Phase

Your

goal

in the

opening

phase

is

to

establish

rapport obtain

identifiersI

b7E

___________________IA
necessarily

previous history
the

of providing false information does not information the source

in
is

mean you can discount

the

current merits

providing

You
that

must
the

evaluate

information on

its

own

conjunction information

with the knowledge

source has

history on providing non-credible

777

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only

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Official

Use Only
Version dated 2123t2011

The

Reconnaissance
storyl

Phase

The

goal

during

this

phase

is

to

allow the source to

tell

his entire

During account
statements

this

phase you should allow the source to provide

complete

and

open

of his story such as

general

Do

not interrupt

other

than to encourage etc Assess

him to go on with
the

go

on

then what happened

statement using the

following

guidelines

Indications

of truthfulness9
Similar

amount of

detail

throughout

the

account

Out-of-sequence

information and emotions

Expressions of thoughts

Indications

of deception91 Varying
Perfect levels

of detail within the account

or

chronology

Absence of thoughts
Phrases
indicating

emotions

time gap

Implied-action

phrases

lb

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only

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ACLURM036821

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h7E

b7E

The following
walk-in scenario

five

questions

are

provided

as

examples

that

apply specifically

to

lb

b7E

b7E

b7E

lb

UnclassifiedfFor

Official

Use Only

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ACLURM036822

FBI036342

UnclassifiedlFor

Official

Use Only
Version dated 2123/2011

The Detailed
Questions to

Questioning
specific

Phase

The goal of

this

phase

is

to

ask clarifying

obtain

detail

from the sources

open

accounti

There

are three

types

of clarifying

questions93

Questions designed account

the

to

elicit

further

information within

section for

of an of

Ask

who

what when
Collect color

where

why

and

how

every aspect

sources

account

micro-details

on what he was eating

what
source
if

he was wearing
is

what

were

the

walls in the
able to
in

room
his

etc

If the

fabricating

these

details

you may

be

detect

deception of the

you

established

solid behavioral

baseline

the

opening

phase

interview Questions seeking an explanation doing in that neighborhood

particular

of events

For example

what

were

you

or

why

did you decide to eat in that

restaurant
to

Questions designed thoughts at

develop

information about

the

subjects

feelings

or

particular

time or during particular

events

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only

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ACLURM036823

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Official

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Version dated 2/232011

7E

h7

Fl

If

you

believe

the If

source

you continue

the detailed

questioning
to the

and

thenmove phase

into the closing

phase

you do not believe

him you move

interrogation

b7E

Interrogation

Step direct cthtme.nt

Direct

Positive

Confrontation The
crthintv
in

interrogation ciisneits
oiiilt

should beam

with k7E

inditincrhc1iife

th

IAn example purpose of the discussion

is

of

transition
is

statement

is

saying that the

to

establish

why

the suspect

lying.95

Step

Theme development
sources

involves

presenting

moral excuse

for the

sources
reinforce

offense the

or minimizing the implications

of the offense

The theme should

offense and
to the

own
tell

rationalization

and justification
delivering the

for the

provide
is

face-saving highly

excuse to

the truth.96

When

theme

source it

recommended
to the suspect

that

the interrogator

be prepared to present
the

at least five

reasons and

excuses

as to

why

he committed

crime

and

at least five

additional

ways
43

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only

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FBI036344

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Official

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Version dated 2/23/2011

to

minimize

the

suspects
relates

criminal

behavior
interrogator

Once
might

the

interrogator interest

presents

the

reason of the

that

the suspect

most

to

the

observe

on

the part

suspect97

The following

list

provides

some examples

of potential

themes98

You You

are

doing this for the good of your family in order

to the

to

make money

obtain

visas

US

obtain

medical care

etc

are

doing this because

is

because your economy

so

living in your country you cant make bad America should be doing more to help that the

Blame

the stress

and

pressure

source under

is

under

from

home

family

job etc Anyone

would have
for

done

this

the

same circumstances you

did

You You
you

were just looking

excitement

and

attention

not mean to

harm anyone
were just trying to help by testing the system with this information
did

not intend nothing

to

hurt

anyone
guilty

You
thing

have
for

to feel

about you were

trying

to

do

the right

your family

Step
starts

Handling Denials
it there before are three

Once

the

theme

is

introduced and
to

the investigator

to

develop
denials fl

primary objectives

with respect

handling from

denials

Anticipate yflj.pjttt

they are voiced

thit

Discourage

weak

denials

being

F.vi1irnte

deni1

ir vnieM

Step
to

Overcoming
is

Objections

Objections
will
fall

will take far short

the

form of reasons as of 17

why

the accusation

wrong An

objection

of presenting evidence
guilty to

innocence.. example

Objections

are heard almost exclusively like

from

suspects.10 or

For an

would never do something

Objections can
often

this

have

too much

lose

am

honest person..

be built into the theme

Step important

Procurement and Retention

to to

of the Suspects Attention

It

is

for the investigator

recognize
the

symptoms of psychological
attention

withdrawal

and

to

employ

specific
is

techniques
as

keep

suspects

on the

theme

Psychological
the the

withdrawal tendency
to

defined

emotional detachment
efforts

from the situation

including

abandon

verbal

and

avoid eye contact

to the the

To counter withdrawal

investigator line

should move

his chair

closer

suspect place
attention

himself in the suspects

or

of sight use visual

101

aids

to recapture

suspects

ask

rhetorical

question

Step have

Handling the Suspects Passive

very
reticent

Mood The
in the

suspect

if

guilty will
this

become

and

quiet

by

this

point
the

interrogation

At

stage the

investigator investigator

should begin to concentrate should continue presenting

on

central

core of the selected

to

theme The
tell

reasons and

urging the suspect

the truth

Unclassified/For

Official

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until the suspect

shows

some

physical

sign

of

Step

Presenting

an Alternative

Question

Once

the suspect the

exhibits to central the

symptoms of resignation
elements and
guilty suspect alternative introduces the

in step

the investigator

condenses

theme down
question
single

the alternative
start

question

The

alternative

offers

opportunity to
usually

telling the truth

by making
the suspect

admission
the

The

question

focuses on the reason

why

committed
clear

act

The

investigator opposite

must phrase the alternative choices

or

question in the form of with

leading

contrast

between
for

Supporting

statements close head

in

question that calls of the two

in the

one-word

answer

nod of

the

acceptance statement
is

of the less offensive

to

options

An

important part
that
if

of the supporting
the

develop
alternative

concern
others

suspects mind
believe

he does not accept

one.103

understandable

may

the reprehensible

b7E

b7E

that

Having the Suspect Relate the Details of the Offense Once you have it is critical that the investigator immediately proceed to having the suspect yes further commit himself to discussion of the details of the crime actions The
Step investigator

should follow

with

statement of reinforcement

such

as

Good

thou uht

that

was

the case.104

ib

The

Closing

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only

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Additionally
relationship false

you

should keep

in

mind throughout
even
if

the his

process that

long term out to be

could be established

with the walk-in

information turns

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only

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ACLURM036827

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Official

Use Only
Version dated 2/2312011

Annex

Conducting
This annex
is

Custodial

Law
planning United

Enforcement

Interviews

Overseas

meant

to

provide
in

guidance

for

conducting

custodial

law

enforcement

interviews

of detainees

States

U.S

Department

of Defense

DOD
on
one
that
all

or foreign

custody

You must
aspects of obtaining defending your work have not yet been
or for in the

confer

extensively with
as

the your

U.S

Attorney be the

an admissible statement
courtroom

he or she will ultimately

At times
Attorney

agents

may
cases

be working

on cases
to

assigned to an end

U.S
up

These
judicial

may be

heading
that

foreign

court

could potentially

in the

U.S

system

In cases

have

the potential

U.S

prosecution
the

you should confer with media coverage

facilities

the

FBI National

Security at

Branch Ubraib

NSLB
that

Given

extensive

of interrogation
is

activities

Law Abu

Guantanamo
any

Bagram

and

other

the threshold

particularly in

high for

establishing

statement you obtained overseas

was not coerced

some

way
b7E

LEhe

assumption of the court

to obtain

may be

that

you used

prior

knowledge
is

of the
if

subjects you
in did

statements not

statement which you are asserting

admissible even

confront

the subject

with information he previously provided

Always keep

mind that you may one day be on the stand swearing

previous statements during
intelligence to

that you had no knowledge interviews

If

of the subjects
opportunity

provided
police to

an

review the results of law enforcement

interviews

by

foreign

agency

prior to

your interview you should confer with your attorney yourself

before hand

ensure that you are not tainting

Ic

There
or foreign that

is

one

overriding facility

issue

that

you must keep

in

mind when

working with

in

DOD
you

detention

You

are

guest with limited

foreign

or no authority

mission

diverts resources yourself that will

from

DODs

or the

agencys primary mission

mission

How

conduct Agent

not only impact on

your current

but also that of every FBI

comes behind you

consider
for
all

There are several other

facilities

issues

to

Many

DOD

or foreign

detention

have

mandatory
or foreign

video taping policies

representative

interviews

You

will

most

likely

have
via

DOD CCTV

observing anything have

your interview
that

from within the room or

to offer

You

must pre-coordinate

you
or no

intend control or

or provide

to the

detainee conditions

during your interview of your subject

You
will

limited

over the detention

You

be using
facility

modified

standard advice of rights

interview

form
write

and

pre-amble form and

The

may

ask for

copy of your

up
in

Videotaping
policy in

DOD

and foreign detention

facilities is

facilities

For various reasons the This

DOD
47

long term detention

to

video tape
Official

interviews

may

also

be the

Unclassified/For

Use Only

ACLURM036828

FBI036348

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only
Version dated 2/2312011

policy

in

any foreign

detention

facility will

you

are

in

This creates
that the

tremendous

suppression

hearing issue because the defense taped the interview retained but the tape
accusation

become

aware

U.S Government
if

USG
that

cannot
will

be provided be that
the

to the

defense

copy

was not

The obvious

tape was destroyed to hide the fact policy

for

the confession
facility

was coerced
in

Seek

out information on the videotaping

it

any

you work

and

document
will

There

are several

steps to

preparing

for the

possibility that

your interview

be taped

Pre-coordinate

with the

facility

you

will

be conducting

your interview

in to

determine their taping policy

Discuss the taping

policy with your chain of

command

and

U.S

Attorney

or

NSLB

to

determine

how

to

best

handle

the

situation

Immediately

upon your

arrival at the

facility pre-coordinate

with authorities

to

ensure mutual understanding

on videotaping

procedures

If

you

are

unable to pre-coordinate
that

with the
will
it

facility

to

determine
all

their taping

policy

assume

your

interview

be taped
unlikely policy

and
that

do

the

above

This

is

your best course of action

negotiate facility

because

is

you

will

be able to

an exception to the video taping Additionally seeking any

special

after

your arrival at the exceptions to policy with the

etc

treatment

upon your

arrival at the facility will likely

is

damage

the rapport

facility

personnel that

essential

to

your success

Seek

to

obtain

copy

of the video or
it

if

this

is

not possible

request

that

it

be

preserved to allow time to obtain

through

official

channels

DOD
room
that or

Personnel from

or foreign personnel monitoring

will

observe

your interview from within

reasons
to

the

CCTV
is

room
to

This occurs for several

Intelligence

ensure
foreign

the detainee to write

not mistreated
report

allow Military

personnel and and

officials

on

the

information obtained during your interview

Interrogator or

because

you are not

policy

certified

DOD

an official of the foreign

govermnent
intelligence

may require
are

the participation

of observers
in

FBI law enforcement

facilities

vs

interviews

exempt from monitoring

and

US

DOD

If

you can

influence

it

if

it

is

technically

possible

you should
to

try to his

have

the

DOD

or foreign

observer watch
the detaineei

from

CCTV
In

monitoring room

prevent

presence

from influencing

the

event

that

the

DOD
to the in

Observer
subject

must
and
that

sit

in

the

room with you

to

it

is critical

that

he be completely of the room and

unknown

he

be pre-briefed

remain in the back

uninvolved

anyway

Unclassified/For

Official

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Official

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b7E

Obtain the document

name
Given

identifiers

and

contact

information of the
sitting in the interview

DOD

observer and
in the

his role in the interview

ie
on

was he

room or

monitoring
official

room

that

this individual this

is

may

be

military

or foreign
facility

intelligence

you can expect

resistance

issue

Try

explaining to the
the

commander

and

the

observer that this information

important because
that the

absence
existence will

of this information to create the impression of person

may later use the government is hiding the

In the

defense

who

could testify that

the

statement was coerced

end

you
be

have

to accept

the

militarysposition

on this issue although

the

simply noting that the

likely

interview

was observed
to locate

by Sergeant Smith of
at later

lithe

MI Brigade would

adequate

the individual

date

h7E

You must
detainee
facility

pre-coordinate

anything

that you intend

first

to offer

or provide
facility

to

the

during

your interview

Your

stop

upon

arrival at the in detail

should be

commander
to

You

should explain your mission of this

is

and

discuss

how you
with an advice
to the

intend
facility

go about
It

it

The purpose
to

to

identify

where your needs conflict

that

policy

is critical

advise the commander because

to this

you

will

be offering
detrimental

of rights and pre-amble to the subject

facilitys

can

be directly

mission Being

if

they are
at

still

working

obtain actionable because

intelligence

from

your
If

subject

flexible

this

time

is critical

you

are

guest

at the facility

you have
foreseen mitigate

concerns you
the

about the impact of any your

DOD

or foreign

policies to

that

you have

not
to

should contact issue

If

U.S

Attorney

JAG

or

NSLB

determine

how

you cannot

reach the attorney

document

the

issuemake
drinks

decision

and your

move on
subject

You

should also discuss of your rapport

facility policies

on offering

and

snacks

to

as part

building

plan to avoid violating

any policies

in this

area

You have
document
the

no

control over the detention

conditions

of your subject can

so

you need
this

to

his condition questions interview

every time you interview provided

him You

accomplish

by using every
at the the the

preamble

below and by
preamble

taking

photograph

of our subject

day that you

start

him The
will

questions should be read to the subject should be noted

in

of each

day of interviewing

The answers
in

handwriting
notes

on
and

preamble
advice to
list

document

which

go

1A envelope

with you interview

of rights form
the

Dependent and

on the preference of your

the

U.S

Attorney of your

preamble

questions

subjects

answers

at

the

start

you may want FD-302

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only

49

ACLURM036830

FBI036350

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Official

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Version dated 2123/2011

1o7E

You
start

will

be reading

the subject

form of advice of you

are in

rights

and pre-amble
environment of the

at

the
will

of each

day of interviews

Because

an overseas
at the

you

most

likely use the modified

if

advice of rights with

include

end

annex
to

However

you
is

are

working

US

Attorney
District

you may be required

If

use an advice of
the interview

right form that

unique

to that

particular
it

you
the

are

conducting everyday

over the course of several have no

control

days

is

wise to re-advise This

subject in

because

you

over him between

interviews or foreign

is

done

case your subject

was

interrogated

for intelligence

by

DOD

personnel between
is

your law enforcement

interviews
versions that

An
this

English

version

of this advice of rights

available will

provided
Intranet access to

below
Since
to

There
there
is

are

of

in several in

languages

on

the

FBI

no way

detainee the

DOD

or foreign

custody

be allowed

an American defense

attorney
if

advice of rights form

to

essentially

allows the subject

terminate the interview

he refuses

waive

his right to

an attorney

Read
translated

the

advice of rights form to your subject

to

in

English

while having

it

verbally

him

Sign and and

the

date the

the

copy

you read to him and and preserve

preserve
in his in

it

in

your

1A envelope
have
the

Have him
interviewers

read sign

sign

advice of rights form written

date
it

language

two

witness blocks

your

1A

envelope

The
maintain
for

facility will likely

ask for

copy of your interview write

detainees

up
and

In

order to
will

complete

record of information obtained from

write

the military

ask

copy

of your interview

up

After approval

of your FD-302
to

LHM

by the FBI

Chain-of-Command you should disseminate the

detention facility Getting the

LHM ASAP
quickly
service

personnel

at the

LHMs

to the military

will

help maintain the

FBIs
of

relationship protocols

with the facility

If dealing

with
foreign

foreign

you

must follow FBI

copy

for releasing write

information to
to the facility

government

before providing

your

interview

up

based on 542

line

of cases

stemming from Missouri

mid-interrogation

Seibert

U.S

600

2004

which

found

that

Miranda warnings
is

were
first

ineffective

because the warned statement

merely

continuation

of the invalid

statement
discussed statements

The Court
the

in Seibert

cited

Oregon
as

Elstad
to

470

U.S 298

1985

which of
that

use of curative

measures

necessity

preventing

exclusion

obtained by

two-step1

interview

process
Official

The Court suggested

Unclassified/For

Use Only

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Official

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substantial

break

in

time and

circumstances

or an additional

warning

explaining the likely others

that

inadmissibility help to

of the pre-warning
reasonable

statement are curative

measures among

ensure that

person would clearly understand the Miranda warning

steps cases are

and

waiver

Where

no

curative several

taken

the

post-warning
Seibert

statement will likely be

continuity findings

excluded
interviewers casesi

Additionally and

stemming from
of previous

discuss

of
in these

interviewers

knowledge

statements

The

b7E

b7E

b7E

Recommended

practices

b7E

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only

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ACLURM036832

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Official

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Version dated 2/2312011

lb

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only

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ACLURM036833

FBI036353

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Official

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Version doted 2/23/2011

Preamble Questionnaire The following

interviews cases to mitigate for

is

list

of questions
that
It

that

should be
is

asked at the

start

of each

day of

the fact

the detainee
is

in

DOD

custody this applies format that

only to

destined

U.S Courts
that

typed in
in

suggested

create you own form Use of this form should be discussed

should be retained

1-A and

documented

you can use to in your FD-302

in detail

with your

U.S

Attorney

Detainee

Name
ISN
or

Detainee

identifing

number
Location

Date

Interviewers

Translator

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only

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ACLURM036834

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Official

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07E

Note etc

appearance Note
if

of the subject

in

your notes

and

FD-302
before the

Healthy
interview

injured rested calm It

is

the subject

was screened
to

medically

customary

in

DOD
Note

facilities

for the detainees

be medically screened

before and

after

an interview

breaks provided

for

meals water prayer

etc in

your notesand

your

FD-302

Read

the appropriate verbally to

advice of rights form to him in English

from the form

having
it

it

translated

him

Sign and

date the

the

1A

envelope
the

Have him read and

interviewers sign the

sign

preserve your copy advice of rights form written in his language date

you read to him and

and

in

have

two

witness blocks

preserve

it

in

your 1A

envelope

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only

54

ACLURM036835

FBI036355

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only
Version dated 212312011

THIS

IS

THE MODIFIED ADVICE OF RIGHTS FOR OVERSEAS

USE

ADVICE OF RIGHTS We
are representatives

of the United

States

Government
certain

Even though
rights in

we

are

not in the with

United

States United States

laws provide

you with

your dealings

us

Before

we

ask you any questions

you must understand your

rights

You

have

the right to

remain silent

Anything

you

be used against say can

you

in

court

You

have

right to talk to

lawyer for advice before

we

ask you any questions

You have

right to

have

lawyer with you during

questioning

If

you

cannot

afford

lawyer

one

will

be appointed

for

you before any questioning

if

you wish Our

with counsel at this time however
or the

ability to

provide

you

may be

limited

by the

decisions

of local authorities

availability of an American or qualified

attorney

If

you

decide to answer
at

questions

now

without

lawyer

present

you hive

the right to

stop

answering

any time

Acknowledgement

of Rights and

Waiver

of Rights

to

an Attorney

and

to

Remain

Silent

Name___________________________________________

Signature________

Witness

Name
Signature

Witness

Date

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only

55

ACLURM036836

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Official

Use Only
Version dated 2/2312011

THIS

IS

THE STANDARD ADVICE OF RIGHTS

ADVICE OF RIGHTS
Place Date

Time

YOUR RIGHTS
Before

we

ask you any

questions

you must understand your

rights

You

have

the

right to

remain silent

Anything

you

say can be used against

you

in

court

You have

right to talk to

lawyer for advice before

we

ask you any questions

You

have

right to

have

lawyer with you during questioning

questioning

you cannot afford if you wish you decide

lawyer

one

will

be appointed

for

you before any

to

answer
at

questions

now

without

lawyer

present

you have

the

right to stop

answering

any time

CONSENT
have
this

read

this

statement to

of

my rights

and

understand what lawyer present

my rights

are

At

time

am

willing

answer

questions

without

Signed_______________________________

Witness________________________________________

Witness________________________________________

Time

_____________

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only

56

ACLURM036837

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Official

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Version

dated

2/23/2011

Annex

Questioning

Quick Reference
of Appendix Operations
It

This annex
2-22.3

is

modified
Intelligence

version

Questioning
It

Quick
to

Reference

of

FM

Human
to

Collector

was modified
be used as

make

it

more
of topics topics

applicable that

counterinsurgency
to

interrogation to

can

reminder

you

may want
offers

cover

and

help in help you in thoroughly

covering these

This annex

quick reference
in

for the trained

HUMINT
Battle

collector

It

is

not meant to

be all-inclusive

nor instructive

proper questioning

technique

but lays out frequently

used requirements grouped

logically

by Order of

OB

factor

Always keep

in

mind

What
they keep

did

they

tell

the Ws you When

and
did

Hon
they

any topic
tell

of importance did they

in

Who
tell

you Where
the

told you you Why did

tell

you
mind

and

How
to

did

they

tell

you

over

phone

an e-mail

etc

Also

in

that

you should have

and

the

source sketch any location

verbal

he discusses

Sketches
operational

are easier

understand than can

description provide

good

basis

for

planning
to
satellite

be used to help vet the sources through

the

statement through Earth

comparison

images maps or even

consists

use of Google

Missions

Mission

questioning

of three

areas

and

covers the

initial

topics

you

may

consider

covering with
are

source

Time of Capture Mission

supported commander of the

Future Mission and

is

Past collected

Mission Missions
in the

questioned in that order to ensure that the information

to the into

order of importance
lead the collector to

Logical

follow-up

questioning questioning

may

any

OB

factors

at

any time during

in order

provide complete

information

Offensive

Missions

lED

attack

VBIED

attack

Kidnapping

Ambush etc

When
Where What What What

will the will

is

enemy attack
of the attack
in the

they attack

the

main

objective

units will participate tactics will

attack

be employed

Defensive Factories

Missions Insurgent
Training

Support
facilities

Facilities

Safe Houses

lED

Areas and

Where Where What What

traps

does the unit have

will the units

such facilities
the facility

enemy
been have

establish

have

assigned to the facility been emplaced

to protect the
facility

obstacles

mines IEDs Booby-

etc

Composition What What What What

is is

the the

units name

and professed
control

goals

command

and

element of the target

to

unit unit unit from

57

types
is

of units are directly of each

subordinate

the

target

the designation units

of the subordinate

units
to are

How
What

many

of that

type are directly

subordinate

target

units are

attached

When Why

What

units

they detached

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only

ACLURM036838

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What What

units are other

detached

When Why

What

units

are

they attached

to

now

insurgent

organizations unit
ties

does the target

unit

cc operate

with

How
What

does the target

is

cooperate with other

the target unit

insurgent

organizations

the basis

that

together

Family

Town
Tribe Ethnic background
Professional

background

military

intelligence

service

police etc

Religious tied to

particular

mosque

Criminally/Economically

driven

Operations
Contingency Response

Plans
of
unit

to the capture

member safe houses

and

vacated

caches

moved

communications Loss

plans altered etc

of communications
to the

plan link up plans

safe

locations
facility or

Response

compromise of

house

training

cache
clandestinely words phones

Communications Use of
cell

How
and

does the unit maintain

communications

phones

satellite

phones

How

long are they used are code

or

and phrases

used on phones not in

Are sim

cards

switched

removed

Are

the

dis-assembled when

use
What
is

Does Does Does

the unit the unit the unit the

use messengers use clandestine

the

SOP

for

messenger dead

use
drops

communications

marking

etc
draft

use any type of Handy Talkies

HTs
single

Use of

Internet

I-Cafes e-mail chat pages use of

e-mail account

system
Facilities Security

safe

houses training

sites

bomb

factories

caches

etc

methods

used at facilities

Are

facilities

booby-trapped
facility

How
Who

long

is

used before being abandoned

selects

facilities

Movement procedures
Convoy procedures Use of
scouts

SOP

for

handling

checkpoints

Media

Operations
it

Does

the unit
is

have

media cell
of it

How
Are

is all

organized

Who

in

charge

operations

videoed
it

How How
Does

does the video make long does

the
it

to the

Internet

take

to

get the

video on the Internet

operatives that

unit contract for

out to independent

provide

media product

in return

payment
does the unit use to disseminate
the unit are currently
its

What website Hostages

If so

media products

Does Where

hold any hostages

Who
often

they When

where they seized

Why

were they seized

How

are the

hostages

moved
Official

Unclassified/For

Use Only

58

ACLURM036839

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Official

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Version

dated

2/23/2011

What

security

measures

are utilized to protect or financial

the

hostages

from rescue

Are they held for propaganda

reasons

How How
Does

are

hostages

treated hostages identified

are potential the unit

buy hostages

Intelligence

Does

the
is
it

unit

have

full

time committed

intelligence

element

How
What

organized and

who

leads

it
duties

are the intelligence are targets selects

is

elements
sites

and

responsibilities

How Who How

those

or attack

selected

them
reconnaissance

target

conducted
the

Is

it

conducted

by

specialists

or by

who

will ultimately

conduct

attack vetting of

How

does the unit maintain

internal

security

members

selection

of

recruits

compartmentalization

of operations

use of cellular

organization etc

Organizational
Is Is

Characteristics
hierarchical or

the organization the organization

non-hierarchical or unsystematic
or

highly structured
specialists

Are movement members

generalists
or

Do

leaders

exercise

centralized

control

do they allow autonomous

action

and

initiative

Are there
leadership

few

leaders

promotes

rapid

decision

making

or

is

there

redundant

promotes survivability movement

and
operate

Does

the

independently

or does

it

have

links

to

other

organizations

networks

such

as

criminal

religious

and

political

organizations

Does

the

movement place more weight on

political

action

or violent

action

Weapons

and Equipment Strength

Individual

Weapons AK-47s RPGs

weapons
are there in

Sniper Rifles Hand

Guns

What

individual

target

unit

How many
What Where
is

the

distribution

of the

weapons
machine guns
recoilless

are the

weapons obtained
rifles

Crew-Served Weapons mortars heavy What

crew-served weapons are in target

unit

How many
What
is

the

distribution

of the

weapons
missiles chemical
in

Other Weapons What What

other

anti-aircraft are there

weapons

weapons

target

unit

types
are

How many
vehicles are in

How

they distributed

Vehicles

What

unit

How many
What
nomenclature UnclassifiedIFor

Official

Use Only

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ACLURM036840

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Version dated 2/23/2911

IEDs

IEDs

Explosively Formed Penetrators

EFPs \TBTEDs

What type

How many
Where
are

they

Dispositions
Disposition questioning
is

ideally

done

with the aid of

map

Where Show

is

the
the

target

disposition
the location

on

map

of the target

disposition
at that that

What enemy units activities or equipment are What security measures are being employed at
Additionally
specific

location

location
additional

types of dispositions Staging

the

require

follow-up

Area-Type Dispositions Show on Where Where What What What

the

Areas Assembly Areas Trains

perimeter of the disposition within it

etc

map or

describe

are units or activities are the unit

is

located

approaches/entrance

in

charge
or

vehicles
is

equipment

are located

within the disposition

the date

of information

Tactics Offensive

What

offensive

tactics

are

being employed

by

unit

lED VBIED

SVBIED
What

Ambush Kidnapping etc

units are

other did

involved
these

When
What

unit begin employing

major objectives

tactics

are the

Defensive

What

defensive tactics are being employed by involved these tactics

operations tactics are

unit

What

other did

units are

When

unit begin employing What

special

Special Operations

being employed by

unit
What
are the did designations

of the units employing

special

special

operations

tactics

When

unit begin employing

are these tactics

operations

tactics

Where/Why

being employed

Trainin2
Individual

Training

What

individual

training

is

being conducted

by

unit

Who How
What

is

being trained
is

effective
is

the

training

Where

the training

conducted
standards
unit training
is

are the training

Unit Training

What

being conducted

by

unit

Who How
What

is

being trained
is

effective
is

the

training

Where

the training

conducted
standards

are the training

Specialized

Training

What

specialized

training

is

being conducted

by

unit
60

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only

ACLURM036841

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Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only
Version

dated

2/23/2011

Who

is

being trained
is

How
Where What What Does

effective
is

the

training

the training

conducted
standards
is

are the training specialized the unit

equipment

used in the conduct

of the training

provide

counter-interrogation

training

Combat
Losses

Effectiveness

Personnel What

personnel losses

have

been

incurred

by

unit

When

Where
the

How
duty positions/ranks of the have
lost

What were

personnel
sustained

losses Equipment What equipment What type of equipment was lost

been

by

unit

When Where How many How were they lost

Replacements

Personnel What

discern

between

indigenous

and foreign

Received What

replacements have
to

been

received by

unit

replacements are available

unit

How many
From where
Available were the replacements received

What
are

personnel replacements are available replacements available

to

unit

From where

How many What How long would

Replacements

ranks
it

take

for

replacements to arrive once

requested

Equipment
What
equipment replacements have been received by

Received

unit

How many
From where
were the replacements received equipment compare
to that

How
What

does the quality

of the replacement

of the

original
is

equipment
the level

of confidence

in the

replacement

equipment compared

to the

original Available

What
are

equipment

replacements are available

to

unit
requested

From where

replacements available
it

many Reinforcements Received What What What

type
is

How How

long does

take

to

receive

replacement
are

equipment

once

of each

type of equipment

available

What was

reinforcements
the reinforcing

have

been

received by

unit

unit unit bring

assigned

the designation

of the reinforcing
unit unit

equipment
unit

did the reinforcing

the reinforcing receive

To which

was

further

Why How

did

receiving unit

reinforcements be assigned as reinforcement

to to

long will the reinforcing

unit

unit

Available

What

reinforcements
unit/location

are available are

unit
available 61

From where

parent

reinforcements

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Official

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Official

Use Oniy
Version

dated

212312011

What

types

of units are available

it

to

reinforce

unit
once requested

How
Suicide

long does

take

for

reinforcements

to arrive

operatives

Where

do they come

from

Who How

recruits are

them
from the fighters obtain

they prepared for their operation

isolated to

Are they

Are they easy

Morale
Describe the morale of the members of

unit

How
What What

long has the morale

is

been..
doing to maintain/improve the morale morale had on the behavior or performance of the unit

the unit

leadership

effect

has high/low

members

Logistics

Weapons

What

is

the condition in that

of the specific condition

weapons

in

the unit

Why
What

are
is

the weapons
being done
is

to

improve the condition of the

weapons

How Who
Is

often

maintenance

performed

By

whom
If

inspects

weapons

How

often
on maintenance

there
is

an increased done

emphasis

so

why

What What What

to prevent/alleviate are there for

shortage while weapons are being maintained

spare

parts

shortages

of spare
are there

parts

weapons in are there

unit
quality
fit

What problems

Ammunition What
system
in the

types

with spare parts of ammunition

delays

etc
weapon/weapon

are available

for the

unit
are

What problems
systems
in

being experienced

with ammunition for

weapon

or

weapon

unit

Why

Since

when
for

What What What

is

being done

to correct

the

shortages
is

of ammunition
to correct issue

problems weapon or weapon

shortage
for the

system

are there

in

unit
in the

being done
the
Last

the

When was

of ammunition

weapon

or

weapon

system

unit How much

When For
is

was issued
next issue of ammunition planned

the

insurgents/irregulars

Where

is

funding

obtained for ammunition/explosive

purchases Where
are

ammunition/explosives

obtained
transported/delivered of the specific vehicle
in

How Why
What

are

ammunition/explosives

Vehicles
are
is

What

is

the

condition in that

the unit

the vehicles
being done
is

condition

to

improve the condition of the vehicles

How
Who

often

maintenance vehicles

inspects

performed How often

By

whom
Use Only
62

Unclassified/For

Official

ACLURM036843

FBI036363

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only
Version dated 2123/2011

Is

there
is

an increased done

emphasis

on maintenance

If

so

why
are

What What
there

to prevent/alleviate are there

shortage while vehicles

in

being maintained of spare

parts are

spare

parts

for vehicles

unit

What

shortages fit

What problems

are there

with spare parts kind

quality

delays

eto

Communications Equipment What

communications cell phones communications
Satellite

of equipment
I-caf

does the unit use for

phones

usage

etc

Where

are the obtains

devices obtained

from

Who How Who

Do
and

them
does the unit draw money

long are they used before disposal

Finance

Where
the

from

controls

money
If so are unit

Are unit members paid

the families

they paid regularly

of martyred
it

members

receive

compensation

If so

how much

how

does

get to

them
operations

Does

the unit finance activity

through

criminal

activity

If

so what kind of

criminal

Medical Equipment What What What What

is

What

individual

medical equipment

is

in

unit How many unit

the distribution

are the contents

is

of individual

medical

kits in the

the

quality
are

shortages

there
with the individual medical equipment/supplies
in

What problems

are there

unit
What What What What What
vehicular
is

medical equipment

is

in

unit How many unit

the distribution

are the contents

is

of vehicular

medical kits in

the

quality
are

shortages

there
with the vehicular medical equipment/supplies
are

What problems

are there

Personnel What medical personnel

assigned

What medical personnel are available to treat What are the duty positions of the medical personnel What
of
level

unit unit members of unit How many

in to able to

of medical care

are the

medical personnel

provide

to

members

unit
What medical
facilities

Facilities

are available

to

members of

unit

Where What What

are the level

medical facilities
is

of care

available

there
care are

higher echelons Evacuation

to

of medical

available

Medical

MEDEVAC
unit

Procedures

What

MEDEVAC

procedures

are available

members of

Where What

are

different

MEDEVAC collection points MEDEVAC procedures are

compared
rations to are lightly

used for more seriously

wounded

personnel

wounded

Food What
What

members of unit eating

of

shortages

are there

food
Official

Unclassified/For

Use Only

63

ACLURM036844

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Official

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Version dated 2123/2011

What

is

the

quality been encountered with the rations provided

to

What problems have

unit

When was the last issue When is the next issue

What
reserve stocks
is

of rations to members of

unit

of field rations are there

in

unit unit
or contamination

Water What

the

source of drinking water for members of been encountered

What problems have of drinking water What

with quality shortages

water purification

methods
will

are available

to

members of

unit

Under what circumstances

If

they be

used
color are

water purification

tablets are

used what

they

Obstacles

Enemy
What
type

What

obstacles

have

the

enemy

forces

emplaced
obstacles

Where when

what

type of obstacles through

or

safe lanes

are there

around

the

If mine

fields

collect

pattern quantity and

are the obstacles

method of emplacement of mines mortars ambush

where

How Why

being covered been

etc
of terrain

have

the obstacles into

fire

emplaced

they are denial

canalization

sack

etc
have

Friendly

What

friendly

obstacles

enemy

forces

encountered

Where

When
Have What
those effect obstacles

been

breached

or otherwise had

neutralized

have

the friendly

obstacles

on enemy maneuver

PSYOP
Enemy
What
is is

What

PSYOP

are

being conducted

by

unit

the text the target

of the messages

Who
Where Where What

audience

are the

and
is

PSYOP materials prepared how are they delivered

hoped-for effect have

the

Friendly

What
of

PSYOP

members of unit encountered

Where

When

What What What

form
effect
is

PSYOP
the

was encountered

have

PSYOP had
of unit

on the officersfNCOsfenlisted of

unit

the leadership

doing to counter the effects

of friendly

PSYOP

Miscellaneous Personalities leaders

Collect identifying characteristics facial hair

Question for

name rank
such

unit duty position

and

unit

of key

as

age height
and

weight build

hair

and

eye

color writing Obtain contact

fax

hand

and

teeth

information such as work and email address

home

addresses telephone numbers

number

Key Leader
Role

Traits

in the organization
activities

Known

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only

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ACLURM036845

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Official

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Version

dated

2/23/2011

Known

associates

Background

and

personal history and ideology

Beliefs motivations Education and

training

Temperament for example careful impulsive thoughtful

Importance in the organization
Popularity outside the organization
is

violent

Code

Names

What

the

code

name of each

unit What
for

code

names

are

being

used for specific

operations
is

Passwords

What
it

the current

challenge/password

unit

When When
What What

did will

go

into

effect

it

change
next challenge/password

will the other

be
are in

infonnal run
do group

in passwords
for

use

What methods

members use

authentication

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only

65

ACLURM036846

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Official

Use Only
Version dated 2/23/2011

Annex

Letter

from Major

Moran USMC

Interrogator

During

WW

II

The

foLlowing

article

was written

by Major Sherwood
against the

Moran

the most
during

successful
Prior

USMC
II

Interrogator

working
in

Japanese

World War
of

II

to

WW

he was

missionary

Japan
After

for 20 years being

Upon

declaration

war

he became

Marine Interrogator

extremely successfuL
Interrogators

during

the battle for Guadalcanal he became

trainer of Marine

and

wrote

this

brief guide

based on

his

experiences

SUGGESTIONS FOR JAPANESE INTERPRETERS by Sherwood Moran Major USMC

REPRINT
Division

BASED ON

WORK

IN

THE

FIELD

Intelligence
First

Section Marine Division

Headquarters

Fleet Marine Force

C/O

Fleet Post Office 17

San

Francisco

Calif

168/292

July 1943

SUGGESTIONS FOR JAPANESE INTERPRETERS BASED ON

selections

WORK

IN

THE
his

FIELD

Being

from

letter to an interpreter

just entering

upon

work

First

of all

wish

to say that

every interpreter
interpreter
is

Like

the

word

interviewer

better for any be himself He

in

really

efficient not

first

and

Last

an interviewer must

shouLd

the

words of the Japanese

catching
fish

and cannot try to copy or imitate somebody else or proverb he will be Like the crow trying to imitate and drowning
it

the

cormorant mizu
ni

in

the

attempt

no mane
that

suru

karasu

oboreru

But of course

goes

without saying

the

interpreter should

methods

But his

student of best be open to suggestions and should be work will be based primarily upon his own character his own

experience importance
the

and

his

strange

own temperament as it may seem to

three
of his

These
say

three

things

are of prime

so

think the first and the last are three

most important of the out

to technique

Based on these
his
is

things

he

will in

gradualLy

work
love

own

very not

own
merely

just as
fLip

man does
bon

making

woman
be
reaL

The

comparison

mot

the

interviewer

should

wooer
divided into two
His

What

have to say concretely towards

his

is

sections

The

attitude

of

the interpreter

prisoner

knowLedge

and use of the

Language
the first one his ATTITUDE more important than his knowledge ways Let us take

This

is

of prime importance

in

many
it that

of the

language had nothing

Many

peopLe

suppose
all

would on
is

first

thought

think

attitude

to do with

one needs

knowledge

of the language

then shoot out questions and Use Only

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expect and demand

of

reply Of course

that

is

very

unthinking

and naive

point

view
tell

can simply
start

you what
is

my
in

attitude

is

often

tell

prisoner

right

at the

what

my

attitude

consider

prisoner safe

i.e
place This

man who

has

been

captured the

and disarmed and and thus

in

perfectly not

as out of the
is

war

out of

picture

way

an

enemy
if

doubly so
or starving

psychologically self-appointed sentimental

and physically

speaking

he

is

wounded
people
will

Some
this
is

critics self-styled

hard-boiled

will

sneer that

attitude

opportunity
Notice that
in

reply
the

and say Dont Of course do

part of this safe

you know he wouldnt

try to escape
is

at first

you

But that

not

first

paragraph

used the word

safe
there

the point That is the

is

point get the prisoner to

of escape the that
it is all

place

where even he knows

no hope and

prisoner stuff
being to

over Then forget as it were the tell them to forget it telling them
ningen
the to

enemy
am

stuff as

taLking

human When

human being

shite And they respond

tired for the

to this

it

comes to the wounded

that since they

sick

the

sleepy the

starving

consider

are out of the

combat

good they

are simply

needy

human beings needing our help physical and spiritual This is the standpoint But in addition it is hard of one human being thinking of another human being from the Intelligence business common sense and yields rich dividends
standpoint
to be pitied rather

consider consider

that

the

Japanese
tell

soLdier

is

person

than hated

and

often

them so
do not

that

they have been led around by the nose and have on

in

by their leaders that they

over 10 years what has

know

not

been allowed

to

know

for

really taikai

been going shirazu

is

the

world etc etc The

bottom

proverb
is

Ida no naka no kawazu

not acquainted with the

The

frog in the
telling

of the well

ocean

sometimes

phrase to emphasize
such

your by

point But one must be carefuL

giving

not

to antagonize

them by

statements

them

the

idea that

you have

superiority standpoint

etc etc

But in relation

to

alL

the

above

this

is

where character

comes

in that

on the preceding mean that page One must be absolutely sincere one must not just assume the above attitudes in order to gain the prisoners mentioned
confidence to

and get him to talk He

the that expression

will

know
the

the

difference

know by
voice

on your face
that

glance of the

You must get him of your eye the tone of

seas are brothers to

your

you do think

the men
was

four

quote

Japanese

and Chinese
that

proverb

Shikai

keiteL

remarked to
think

me

he thought meaning

fine gentleman

One Japanese prisoner rippana shinshi

as

that what sincere

he was

to convey

was that
it

he instinctively sensed that

in in

was

was

trying to be fair did not have has already

for the Japanese the

article

such

My

general

attitude of the

been brought

out

The

Psychology

Japanese

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In

regard has

to

all

the

above

person

who
tell

has

lived

in

Japan

for

number

of

years

big advantage

One can

the prisoner how pleasant

his life in

Japan places versa

infinite

was how many

students

fine Japanese

he

knew

even

mentioning
in his

names and

and their schools

alone
If

how he had Japanese

Japanese about Japanese
eating could

home

and vice
has

etc

etc That
famous

will

make

homesick

This line history

possibilities

you know

anything

art politics

athletics

places

department

stores

places
write

etc etc
two or three
with

conversation

may be

relatively

interminable

pages

on

this

atone

personally

have

had to break off conversations

Japanese had quite

prisoners
talk

so willing

were

they to talk on and

on
four

remember how
his

with

one of our prisoners

whom

had asked what

hobbies

were
here

He

mentioned

swimming
that

He
being

had swum

miles to shore

shumi etc before we

Right being

captured
alL

him We
this

talked

about the crawl stroke

and about the Olympics

is

goes type

to prove

an interpreter
should

not

simpLy

Cooks

tourist

of interpreter
real

He

be

man

of culture insight

resourcefulness

and with

conversational

ability

He must have

gags

he But
as

must have above

aLl

tine He
harmless

must be alive

he must be

warm

he must be vivid

he must have integrity sympathy yet he must be firm wise

but as

Wise
of

serpents

doves

He must have Two

dignity and

proper sense have not

values

but withal

friendly

specifically

mentioned

open and frank and tact patience

characteristics

From the above sense

you

wilt

realize that

most of these

ideas

are based

on common

man should have sympathetic might sum it alL up by saying that common sense There may be some who read the above paragraphs or rather
just glance through enlightened

them who

say

it

is

just sentiment

But careful

reading

will

show

it

is

hard-boiLed-ness

Now

in

regard

to the

second

point Notice

have mentioned
that say

on

the

knowLedge

and the
different

use of the

and yet not

knowledge and use They are man may have perfect knowledge as linguist of language be skilLful and resourceful in its use Questioning people even in
language
is

ones own language

interpreter

an art

in

itseLf just as

is

selling

goods

In

fact

the

good

must

in

essence

be

salesman

and

good

one
terms are
general

But first in regard

to the

knowledge

of the language itself Technical as important as Large

important vocabulary
person After achieve

but

do not feel they are nearly

in

and freedom
little

the

real idiomatic

language of the Japanese

lists

Even

who knows
first

Japanese

can memorize

of technical

phrases

aLt the
is

and most important victory mind and into the

for the interviewer of the person

to try to being

to get into the This as

is

heart

interviewed Corps
right in

particularly

so in the kind at Guadalcanal

of work

so typical of our Marine

such the

we

experienced
of things

slam-bang

methods where
while
stilL

midst

we

had what might be called battLe-field

prisoners right off the battlefield

interpretation

where

we

snatched
still

bleeding and the snipers were

they

sniping
the

and interviewed

them

as soon as

were

able

to talk But even

in

interviewing
Official

of prisoners Later

an

after 68

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they

were

removed base and

from Guadalcanal
far

first

at the thing

advanced

bases

and then at

some
will

central

back The fundamental

en rapport with the

would be to get an back bases

intelLectual

spiritual

prisoner At the

doubtless

have

specific of times
his

assignment to question before

prisoner

who

has

you been

questioned

number

on some particular and highly technical

problem
range not

something about bombsights terms

submarine

equipment
at such

something about radar

finders

etc etc Of
wilt

course

time

man who does

know
also

technicaL

be almost out of it But he must have both phrases

Large

general

vocabulary

with idiomatic

compact and

pithy

phrases

and

technical

words and phrases Often

Now down away

then

in

regard

to the with

use the

of the

language

it

is

not

advisable

to get

right

to business
in

prisoner at the start

statisticaL

seldom him
his

do

To begin

right

business-like

and

way
is

to ask

name age etc

and

pump
his

him

for

military information

neither

good psychology

nor very

interesting

for him or for troubles the

you

Begin

by asking stage

him things about himself Make

not

him and

center

of the or tired

you and your questions

of

war

problems
getting

If

he

is

not

wounded

musingLy as

enough to eat if he likes it were This war is

out you can ask him if he has been food You can go on to say Western-style mess
isnt it Its the too

bad

war
like

isnt it Arent peopLe

funny

scrapping

pack of dogs

scrapping

at each

way they other And so on Notice

his
if

we had to go to do The world seems

there
is

yet no

word

of condemnation

or praise towards

or his countrys attitude

if

simply being to talk

broad human approach

treated
all

You can ask he

is

he has had cigarettes

rare has

he

is

right

etc
Ask

If

wounded you have

doctor or corpsman
will like

chance

Begin to

about show

his

wounds
his

if

the

attended

him

Have

him

you

wounds

or burns

They

to do

this
shot

The

bombardier

of one of the Japanese

his

bombing

planes

down over
in sitting

Guadatcanal had He
appreciated

whole backside

burned and had

difficuLty

down
at having

my

genuine sympathy He was

and desire to have him fundamentally and friendly

of interviews

made comfortable
been taken
nothing dropping brought prisoner

most affable

though very with

sad

We

had

number

him

There was

he was not willing to talk about

bombs on
in

us just the

day before

And this was On another

man who had been

occasion soldier was

considerable

chunk

of his shinbone
in

had been shot

away
it

In

such
his

bad shape was

leg

he that

we
all

broke off
interested to note
in

the
in

middle of the interview

redressing
in his

to have

redressed
affair

We
And

were

the

leg

was almost
not

social

the point

is

that

we

really

were interested and

pretending the

to be interested

prisoner

who

called out to

Wont

you please
asking

continually

information out of him This was me when was leaving after that first interview come and talk to me every day And yet people are us Are the Japanese prisoners really willing to talk order to get

score of illustrations
is

such

as the preceding later on

could

be cited However on

all

this

of course

preliminary

But even

when
it is

you have started

weLL

questioning

him

for strictly

war information

not to be too

systematic
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Wander when

off

into deughtful
it is

channels to be too

of things

of interest to him and to

you

But

say

well

not

systematic

mean

in

the outward

approach
of your

and presentation

from

conversational

standpoint

But in the

workings

mind you must be model of system You must know exactly what information and come back to ft repeatedLy Dont let your warm human interest you want
your

genuine interest be hard-boiled

in

the

prisoner

cause you to be sidetracked Deep

by

him

You

should

but

not

half-baked

human sympathy can go

approach

with

business-Like

systematic

and ruthlessly persistent

now
visitor

wish

to take

difference

up an important matter concerning which there is some of opinion At certain bases where prisoners are kept when some over the where equipment
is is

comes to Look
cell

and general

Layout
is

as he

comes
to

to

each individual

prisoner
if

kept the
asleep

prisoner

required

jump
his

stand

even up and stand at attention attention Again stiffly at

or interpreters

he

they prod him and make

is

when

prisoner

being

interviewed purpose

as the the

interpreter

come

into the room

used

for that

prisoner must stand not asked to sit

at attention Later

and for the

is

first

part of the

questioning gracious

he

is

down
is

on he

allowed

to

sit is

down

as

concession
mistreat prisoner

He

treated the

well

and no attempt
the

made

to threaten
is

him or he
is

him and we my own

but

whole attitude

whoLe

emphasis

that

are his to-be-respected

and august enemies and conquerors

Now

for

standpoint

think all this are trying to

is

is

not

acts exactly

against

what we
that the
in

do

but that only unnecessary To emphasize that we are

his

it

enemies
he
is

to emphasize

he

in

the

presence of on the

conqueror
has

etc

puts

him psychologically
talking to

position

of being

defensive

and that because no

right

most-patient
is if

enemy and conqueror he

the attitude
patriotic

and desire

to tell anything That

most certainty

should scruples

take

under similar
giving at

circumstances

even

had no especially concrete

against

information Let
certain

me

give

illustration prisoner
is

One

of our interpreters

base was told that when in with

military personnel

to be interviewed

he should
flag

be
of

marched
the

on either side of

him

the

national

to give the prisoner sense of the dignity conqueror should be on display and majesty of the conquerors country and that he should stand at attention etc In this atmosphere the interpreter according to instructions attempted to interrogate
citizen

the

prisoner

The
will

prisoner
teLL

replied

courteously

but firmly
to

am

of

Japan As such
life

you anything cannot

tell

you wish

know about my
about military
position

own

personal
In

and the

like

but

you anything
that
this

matters
that into his took

other

he was

captured

words he was made so soldier vs enemy

that

conscious Intelligence But

of his present

and

they played

right

hands Well

was

zero

in

results
in

later

same

interpreter

this

prisoner and talked

with him

friendLy and informal

manner
up

giving

him cigarettes
perfectly

and some tea or coffee

with the result that

that

he opened

naturally and told everything

was wanted
available

so far as his

intelligence

and knowledge

made

information

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Of course
take

alt

this

dignity emphasis

is

based on the
the

fear that

the

prisoner WiLL

advantage

of you and your friendship

his

must swear at
there always
is

construction

gang

in

order

to get

same idea as work out

take

that of

foreman Of course

them

the
is

danger that some types

true
in

will

advantage

of your

teacher any phase of life whether you are But judge an athletic trainer parent But there is some risk in any method this is where the interpreters character have so emphasized comes in that
friendliness This
earlier in this

articLe

You cant
fingers

fool with

man

of reaL character

without

eventually

getting

your

burned
one to do with
it yet

The

concrete

question

comes up What
conscientious

is

prisoner

who
military very

recognizes

your

friendliness and reaLly

appreciates

wont

give

information through
Like

scruples On Guadatcanal

we

had

few

that One prisoner said to

the

me

You

know
what

Japanese

point

of

view Therefore value

in

any information he should

is
if

of military

Japan long cannot give you you know that admired him for it for he said Inwardly
Last

have

been

in

time You

have said and

are pretending

the

analysis you cannot

do anything
regulations

about

it that

we

to abide the

by the internationaL
dictates of

regarding
this

prisoners of

war

or even

human decency
as sentimental

reported as

conversation

to the head of our

MP

man about

bulldozer just the

machine He said much to my surprise right answer He knows his stuff

alt

with admiration

He

gave

But even this

In

granting case

the

above
he
is

there

is

something that

can be done about emphatic

or

the

of

salesman

selling

goods from door to door the aluminum

beginning

No
not
yet

of the should

lady to not

whom
as
it

trying to sell stockings but

in

ware

what

be the end of the conversation

the

have not

begun to fight
try like

were

As for myself

such

situation with

prisoners

to

shame them and have succeeded

quite kind

well

tell

them
Ive
Lived

something
in

this

You know
Like

you

are an interesting very

of person

Japan many years

the Japanese

the

Japanese

much

have many good friends

or other the

among
aLways
all

men women
never quite
prisoner

boys

girls

Somehow

Japanese

open up to etc

me

have had most intimate

conversations

with

them about
and on your and
little

kinds

of problems

guard

etc One

met person Like you seemed hurt He said with

so offish surprise

sometimes say That is funny am offish Again pain you realty are not willing to talk to me about these things PracticaLly aLL the other you extend prisoners and we have hundreds of them do talk You seem different to you my friendship we have treated you welt far better probably than we would be treated and you dont respond etc etc telL him that we purposely well that if to him You know perfectly were try to be human prisoner say of the Japanese they wouldnt treat me the way am treating you meaning my
think general act to attitude

Do

me

and

and approach then say will show you the way they would stand up and imitate the stern severe attitude of Japanese an inferior and the prisoner smiles and even
bursts out

military officer toward laughing situation at the

show

am

putting
is

on

and agrees

that

that

is

actually

the

and what

describe

the

truth
Official

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Now

in

all

this

the

interpreter

back at one of the

bases

has

big advantage

in

one respect He

wilt

have plenty
while

of time for interrogations

in

and can interview

front must But on the great

them time and time again

interview other

many cases we out

and oftentimes
front at

at the

them

more or

less

rapidly

only

once

hand

those

of us right out at the

first

have what

is

sometimes

advantage

we

get absolutely

whack

them

and talk to them when

talk as
it

they

have not had time to develop

technique

of sates resistance

were

It

may be

advisable to

to give of

one

illustration

of

how
such

concretely
as this

to question did you lose

according
this

my

point

view

Take

question

Why

battle

question

we

asked on more than one occasion

question affair

regarding

some
is

definite battle on GuadalcanaL

presented
interpreter

in this

bare way be given

most wooden and uninteresting

to phrase
his

The

should

leeway

own questions and to elaborate

particuLar prisoner should
is

them

as he sees

fit as he sizes His

up the situation and the

superior officer

he may be interviewing

merely give word

him
for

statement

of the information

he
of

wants

man who

simply

word

interpreter

in the
verbal

UteraL sense

superior officers questions is after all nothing

but

cuspidor the
the

whole proceeding
prisoner

is

rather

dreary

affair

for

aLL

concerned

including

The

conversation the
the

phrasing

of the

questions should

be interesting
question

and should

capture

prisoners
this

imagination

To come back

to the

above

Why

did you

interpret

in the

battle That was the question put to me to broad sense to prisoner who had been captured the day
Lose

after one of the

fighting

terrific

defeats

of the

Japanese

in

the

earlier days

of the

on GuadaLcanal

Here

is

the

soldier is of the bravery captured

way put the question AU the world knows and

armies
all

We
has

all

know how brave

the

Japanese
progress their

been startled at the remarkable

Their fortitude their skilL

Japanese

in

the

Far East

are famous

over

the

world You captured

through Malaya

the Philippines
the

you
so-called

Hong

Kong you
has

ran right

and captured

impregnable Singapore
the Imperial armies

been

you took Java and many other places The success of But you come to stupendous and remarkable
stone
is

GuadalcanaL
practically

and run into

wall You

and are not only defeated see that

this
is

but

annihilated wish

Why

it

really

built-up as

question end he

you could
such

see the interest on the

question
his

prisoners
telling

face

am

dramatically
15

asking

as that

Its

like

story and at the

interested

in telling

part of it

There

is

problem of what questions

there are simply for curiosity such

to ask

prisoner

What
like

kinds

of
if

questions Of course
the

time
to go

many questions as What do you

one would
think

to ask

he had

of the

want

questions the

back to Japan Can you ever go back to Japan more than once when we had time and discoursed
of the

Do you have asked these

at great length

war

on

philosophy getting

Japanese

soldier

also on the

sneak-punch
But of course

at Pearl questions

Harbor
such

their point often

of view of this and that

as these

are not

asked by us for they are more or

Official

less

what

might
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term

curiosity

questions our

i.e questions

the answers to which

as
it

know
time

just to satisfy
for

own

curiosity

were
too

But

usually

we we

should

tike

to

do not have
to question

such

questions
vital

prisoner information

may be
is

tired or

wounded

him long and only

question tired

prisoner for so tong

lose

before

with Then too you can onty and you get stale and more or less he
dealt

and you

your

brilliance

and ingenuity

In

the

case

of our

own Marine Corps

primarily

front line

Intelligence often

with

which

this

particuLar discussion prisoners out such

in

deals where we

had our interviews bombing

with
raid

with

the

side-shows
In

by open under palm trees interrupted we must usually stick to questions dealing
particular situation on Guadatcanal the

and

imperative

information
questions

our

here are some rank

the

we

nearly always

asked

after getting

name age
entering
tess

and unit

where forces

from

in

The
is

before Japan and previous occupation six items mentioned above are more or of the order to
his

armed

statistical But by rank

we

can judge the value

of value
in

mans

question

many instances The last the man has judge how much of background
replies in

which helps one to evaluate

are routine questions

answers
is

But of course
in its

though these questions

each one

of value

own

particular

way
right

After

these but

six

questions

are disposed other

of

and

often

do not ask them

things

away

amble along discussing

questions such as these

things so that
did you

wont be

too

stiff

we

asked

When

arrive at Guadalcanal

Where

ship Very important How many landed with you What kind of come in Dont ask Leading questions dont say Did you come on warship Let him say Ask the name of the ship How many troops were on the destroyer ask how many troops ship If for instance he says he came on did you land did you usually travel on

destroyer
with on other

Of

course

you have At
this

many

opportunities

to check

on such

question

prisoners

point

was sea-sick while

sick

the

destroyer
its

Did you throw

rotten feeling

you might ask him if he upIve been terribly sea

myself

number

of times that

isnt

it

deep feeling
ask

Be

sure

you distinguish
destroyer

between

crew

you can add with and troops when you

in

him how many troops

the

carried Dont be fuzzy

with

your
kind of

questions be clear-cut

How many

other ships were

yours

What

ships Where did you sail from and when Were there many ships in that harbor When did you Leave Japan Where were you between the time you

left

were any Japan and the time you landed on Guadatcanal When you Landed Food supplies medicaL supplies After you Landed munitions Landed ArtiLlery where
did you

go Where
battalion

were

you between
in

the time you landed

and the time

you were

captured

What experience
or regiment the objective
in

actual
is

combat warfare have you had

the present
last

your company
contact used

How

food

supply

in

your

unit Sickness What was keep

in

of your attack jungle

night
the

How

do you and

with against

one another

the

at night Of all our methods

weapons

and deadly
artiLLery

i.e

We

you what want to know

mortars

has

been the most efficient

effectiveness
for

most

terrific

the

mortars trench
shelL fire

machine

guns

strafing

from the sea etc etc

Unclassified/For

We

example of our bombing airplane found out that what we had

airplane

Official

Use Only

73

ACLURM036854

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Official

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thought was thought troops

in

probably

the

most devastating Of course

and most feared

was not what they

of

some instances
in

and

our particular situation pieces

we always we aLways

asked about numbers

number

of artillery

and their caliber

We

asked most eagerly about had personal reasons

Well

many more such

the case

questions nature

could of the

be cited
questions

but these

are enough

to desired
in

illustrate

immediate

and the information

If

the

of our Marine Corps

amphibious
the

forces

the

prisoner

is

an aviator
If

and

we

had many such of course

is

questions for

would be quite
the far

different

the
still

prisoner different

one of the destroyer Our experience

crew
that

was

soldiers

example seemed

questions

would be

more ready

to talk than

saiLors aviators talked

very

readily

Sherwood

Moran

SHERWOOD
Major

MORAN
Interpreter

U.S.M.C.R

Japanese OFFICIAL

Buckley

BUCKLEY Lt Cal USMCR D-2

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Oniy

74

ACLURM036855

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Official

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Version dated 223I2O11

Recommended

Reading

Essentials

of the Reid

Technique

Criminal Interrogation

Confessions

by Fred Inbau

Influence

Science

Practice

5th Edition by Robert

Cialdini

The

Interrogators

Task Force 500

Miller

Americas

Secret

War

Against

Al Qaeda

by

Chris

Mackey

and

Greg

Educing

Information 2006

Interrogation

Science

and Art by

the Intelligence

Science

Board

December

Intelligence

Interviewing Information

Teaching

Papers and Science

Case

Studies

Report From The

Study

On

Educing

by Intelligence

Board April

2009

Slow

Bum

The Rise and

Fall

of American Intelligence

in

Vietnam by Orrin DeForest

and David

Chanoff

Kubark
1997

Counterintelligence

Interrogation

July 1963

Approved

for

Release

January

Understanding

Arabs

Guide

for

Modern Times by Margaret

Nydell

Islam for

Dummies by Malcolm

Clark

Unclassified/For

Official

Use 0niy

75

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Endnotes

Educing

Information

Intermgation

Science

and

Art

Intelligence

Science

Board 6-9

Phase

Report

Page

134

2FM
CIA

2-22.3

Human

Intelligence

Collector

Operations

September Page

2006
32-33

Page

KUBARK
Page 37 Page 30 Page Page Page 31 32 32

Counterintelligence

Interrogation

Manual

4Id 5Id 6Id 71d 81d

9Educing

Information Page 44

Page

111

KIJBARK
11

CIA Human Resource

Information

Exploitation

Training

Manual-1983

Paragraph

11-18

Page 253

13

Id

Page

253 253 and 254

41d Pages KUBARK

Essentials

Page 44 Page 119 Criminal Page

Interrogation

Information of
the

Reid Technique and Brian Page

and

Confessions

Fred

Inbau

John

Reid

Joseph

Buckley

Jayne 181

113

Information
19

Id

Page Page Page Page

227 206 201 177 107 107 Page 61

20Id
21

22 23

Id Id

Id Page 24 Id Page 25KUBARK

26

Id Id Id

Page 50 Paragraph 8-19

21222.3
28 29

8-20 Information page 124

30 31

page

125
Exploitation

Human Resource
page

Training

Manual-1983

Paragraph

K-i

32KUBARK 34KUBARK Id Page

371d
Page Pages Pages Page Pages Pages

67 8-14 72

2-22.3 page page 75

2-22.3 pages 7-12

8-15 and 8-16

Id
39

11-4 and
11-1 11-6

11-5 11-2

Id Id Id Id Id
Iraq

and

11-7 and
11-5

11-8 11-6

42

and

Information Page 246 Smart

Page

244

Culture

Card

Guide

for

Communication

and

Cultural

Awareness

by

the

Marine

Corp

Intelligence

Activity from
the

An
FBI

extract

book

Understanding

Arabs

by Margaret

Nydell

was prepared by SA Joe Navarro 138

and

Behavioral Analysis
Crisis

Program of Islam Holy War and Unholy

Tenor
Militants

by Bernard Kill by

Lewis page
Jessica

48Tenor

in the

Name

of

God Why

Religions

Stein Pages

49Id.Page5
50

Id Id

Page Page

69 137

51

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only

76

ACLURM036857

FBI036377

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only
Version dated 2/2312011

52Id

Page

133

531d.Page5and6

KUBARK
Id Id Id Id
61

Pages 54

53

65

Page

56Educing Page Page Page

Information
11

Page

180

58

12 208 of Analytic Interviewing Interviewing

April

60lnstitute

Training

Program
Case

Page

12 Report from
the

Intelligence

Teaching
the

Papers and

Studies

Study

on Educing

Information
62

2009

by

Intelligence

Science

Board

Information

Page 244

Id
651d

Pages

23-24 Interviewing Page 16

Intelligence

Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Pages

19
19

MId
67

Id Id

20 21 21 22 180 180-181
8-2

68

691d 701d
71

72

Id Id

73FM

2-22.3 Page Page 60

74KUBARK
76

59

Id Id

Page

Page 41 Information
information

Page
is

191 which
from

is

discussion

of

the

Reid
the

Technique Technique Criminal

Interrogation

below Pages on 77

drawn

the

boolc

Essentials

of

Reid

and Confession

to

103
and Page
control questions

information

repeat

can

be found

in

2-22.3

Human

Intelligence

Collector

Operations

September Page 60

2006

9-3

80KIJBAJK
81

Educing
82

Information 112 Information

facilitative

Page

112

Id
The

Page

83

Educing
three

Page
factors six

157
are

drawn
are

from Educing drawn from

Information

Pages

170 and Page

171

85This paragraph 86jnfluence

87

and

the

below

Intelligence

Interviewing Cialdini Page

79

Science

and

Practice

5th Edition

by Robert

63

Id Page 88KUBARK
89All Essentials

258 Page 62
in the

information

map

tracking

is

drawn

from

FM

2-22.3

Page

9-13

to

9-16
Fred

of

Reid

Technique

Criminal Page

Interrogation

and Confessions

Inbau John

Reid

Joseph

Buckley

and Brian

Jayne

73
is

Id
92The

Page

73
information

following

on

behavior-provoking and from

notes

questions

drawn

from

Anatomy of
attending

Interrogation

Themes
entitled

Louis

Senese

Chapter of

taken by Sean Brennan

while

seminar

The

Reid Technique of
the

Interviewing

and

Interrogation

Essentials

Reid Technique and Brian

Criminal Page

Interrogation

and

Confessions

Fred

Inbau John

Reid

Joseph

Buckley

Jayne

73

4Id

Page Page Pages

127 128
137-13 of
Interrogation

Id
96

Id

Themes

The Reid Technique

of Interviewing

and

Interrogation

Louis

Senese

Page

29

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only

77

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Official

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98The

following

information

on themes of

is

drawn Reid

from

Anatomy of

Interrogation Interrogation

Themes

Louis

Senese Fred

Chapters Inbau John

and

and

the

Essentials

the

Technique Jayne

Criminal Chapter and

and Confessions

Reid Joseph
of
the

Buckley

and Brian

11
Fred

Essentials

Reid

Technique

Criminal page

Interrogation

Confessions

Inbau John

Reid

Joseph

Buckley Page Page Page

and Brian

Jayne

180

Id
101

186 193
20.1 entire

Id 21d
103

Id

Id The

paragraph and

is

drawn

from

the

key

points

on Page

211

Pages

214

220

Unclassified/For

Official

Use Only

78

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