Manuel Gamio, 1883-1960 Author(s): Miguel Len-Portilla Source: American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 64, No. 2 (Apr.

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MANUEL

GAMIO

1883-1960 THE 16th of July, 1960, Manuel Gamio died in Mexico City at the age of 77. He has rightly been called the father of Mexican anthropology. As an homage to his name and at the same time for the information of his numerous friends among North American anthropologists, I will offer in these pages a resume of his life and work. It was a life in which many important accomplishments certainly abounded. Manuel Gamio was born in Mexico, D. F., on March 2, 1883. He took his elementary studies there and later went to the National Preparatory School of San Ildefonso, where he obtained his bachelor's degree. After receiving his bachelor's, he enrolled in the School of Mines. But, not satisfied with this type of study, he interrupted them to go to work with his father on a rural ranch on the banks of the Rio Tonto, on the border between Veracruz and Oaxaca. Remaining there until the beginning of 1906, he had the opportunity of becoming acquainted at first hand with the life of the Indians. He learned the Nahuatl language and began to realize that his true work would be to investigate the past and the present of the native peoples of Mexico. On returning to Mexico City, he enrolled in the courses given in the Mu356 ON

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seumunder the direction of Dr.Nicolas Leon and Dr.Jesus Galindo y Villa. At he theend of 1908, was sent to Chalchihuites in Zacatecas where he did his first excavations. The publication of a work about this zone moved the archeological North American archeologist, Zelia Nuttall, to offer the young Gamio a scholarship which would permit him to continue his studies at Columbia University. From 1909to 1911he studied to obtain his M.A. at this university underthe direction of Dr. Franz Boas. During this time Gamio was able to accompany Dr. M. H. Saville on an archeological expedition to Ecuador, sponsoredby the Museum of the American Indian. On returning to Mexico in 1911, he worked in the Inspeccion General de Monumentos Arqueologicos, coming to occupy the position of General Inspector of this organization. It was when hehad completed various excavations in the zone of Azcapotzalco and in other regionsof the Valley of Mexico that he, together with Franz Boas, introduced inMexico the stratigraphic method in archeological excavations. From 1916to 1920 Gamio acted as director of the Escuela Internacional de Arqueologia y Etnograffa Americanas, of which Edward Seler, Franz Boas, and Alfred M. Tozzerhad been the directors. In January, 1916, Gamio presented an idea of exceptional importance in a paperread before the Second Pan American Scientific Congress held in Washington, D. C. The central idea of his paper consisted in demonstrating to the governments the advisability of creating divisions of anthropology in order to assess the work of various governmental departments, especially in those whosebusiness refers to what today we would call underdeveloped areas, where there are peoples culturally greatly different from the rest of the population. In 1917 Gamio achieved his aim, obtaining the new post as the first director of anthropology under the Secretaria de Agricultura de Mexico. As head of this department of anthropology, Gamio put into practice another of his great ideas, that which he called the method of "integral" investigation. He was fundamentally interested in studying two basic elements: the population and the environment in their living integration. This, in his thinking, ought to come ahead of the various sociological, economic, linguistic, sanitary, educational, or other points of view, and also take into account evolution through time-prehispanic, colonial, and modern-up to contemporary times. For this he divided the nation into 11 representative zones, the first of which included the states of Mexico, Hidalgo, Puebla, and Tlaxcala-in other words those regions closest to the City of Mexico. The site recognized as representative of this zone was Teotihuacan in the State of Mexico. There, better than in any other place, the evolution of the environment and of man could be studied with the perspective of millenniums. The results of the activities and studies of the team organized by Gamiowhich was working on this from 1918 to 1921-were published in his great work La Poblacion del Valle de Teotihuacan, which appeared in three volumes in 1922. Gamio emphasized in the general Introduction the two principal objectives of his work.

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and earlierin this work,and are going to be synthesized The studieswhichwere expounded of on commented here,weremadewith two principal objectives:1) To knowthe conditions ownerand included the in artificial ship, naturalproduction, production, the habitabilityof the territory Teotihuacan 2) valley and to deducemeansto betterthemefficiently. To investigatethe historical the antecedents, actualphysicalstate, and the diverseaspectsof civilizationor culturewhichthe populationof the said valley present, thus the adequateand feasiblemeanswhich ought to be appliedto bringabout its physical,intellectual,social, and economicbetterment(1922:xii).

The monumental work concerning the population of the Valley of Teotihuacan, guided by the idea that a definite geographic and human reality could be known only if it were studied integrally, constituted a contribution of the highest value, as has been recognized since that time by disinterested Mexican and foreign investigators. Subsequent to his work in Teotihuacan was the initiation of various projects which began to raise the living conditions of the modern Teotihuacanos. In this way, his Teotihuacan work was an example of a way of integrally joining theory and practice for the good of a group of people. The investigation in the Valley of Teotihuacan also served Gamio as a thesis in obtaining his Ph.D. in anthropology at Columbia University in 1921. Another demonstration of Gamio's interest in anthropology was the start in 1920 of the publication of a specialized journal called Ethnos. The journal appeared in three phases, from 1920 to 1925, bringing together in three volumes studies of authentic scientific value. In 1924, Gamio had to give up his post as Director of Anthropology, thus interrupting briefly his professional activities, to become the Subsecretary of Public Education. In this post Gamio lasted only a short time, having to renounce it because he did not wish to be identified with the somewhat doubtful intrigues which came to his attention. In 1925 Gamio left for the United States, working first under the auspices of the American Anthropological Association as head of an archeologicalethnological investigation in Guatemala. Later he studied Mexican immigration to the U. S. for the Social Science Research Council and the Mexican Government. The results of his study were published in the books, Mexican Immigration to the United States and The Mexican Immigrant, His Life Story, published by the University of Chicago Press (1931). On returning to Mexico, he occupied various positions related to his interests in social science and the betterment of the Indians. Thus, in 1934, he was General Director of Poblacion Rural y Colonizacion; and from 1938 to 1942 he was Chief of the Departamento Demografico of the Secretaria de Gobernacion. In 1942 he was elected Director of the Instituto Indigenista Interamericano, which post he occupied until his death. His activities at the head of this international organization permitted him to diffuse his ideas about integrated investigation on a much broader scale. Above all, he began to establish an adequate identification of the American Indian. This question, as he himself stated, "involves three questions which appear easily answered but which in reality are not: How many, who, and how are the American inhabitants who ought properly to be thought of as Indians?" (1948:103). Searching for this identification of the Indian, Dr. Gamio considered that

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neither racial nor linguistic criteria were sufficient or adequate to reach a definition of the Indian. It was necessary, he said, to consider the cultural traits of pre-Columbian origin. In his judgment, persons could be considered as Indian who, in their material or nonmaterial culture, retained a high percentage of elements and institutions of prehispanic origin. With the characteristic tendency of always guiding his thoughts with a feeling for the practical, Dr. Gamioformulated the principal characteristics of the Indian groups in relation to various evaluative and qualifying frameworks, both from the population censuses of the various American countries and from the research which he carriedout at the Instituto. Thanks to this work he was able to obtain a much more precise picture of the characteristics and extent of the Indian problem in America. Impelled to convert his ideas into actual reality in the inter-American Indian movement, Dr. Gamio took steps which culminated in the creation of various national Indian institutes in the great majority of American countries. In some of these Institutes affiliated with the Instituto Interamericano, men like Drs. Alfonso Caso and Aguirre Beltran, in the case of Mexico, saw how to apply Gamio's methods of integrated investigation and action, making use of modern techniques. In this sense it can be said that ideas such as the Centros CoordinadoresIndigenistas were a result of the original thought and conception of Gamio. It would be impossible to give in these brief lines all the activities developed by Gamio during his 18 years as head of the Instituto Indigenista Interamericano. It is enough to mention the work in sanitation which was done for the people in Chiapas and Guatemala who were victims of oncocercosis; his insistence on making and publishing a compilation of the Indian laws of various American countries; the project of raising the living conditions of the Indian women; the diffusion of new kinds of food, for example the soybean; the organization of the Congresos Indigenistas Interamericanos and the uninterrupted publication of the two information organs of the Institute, America Indigena and Boletin Indigenista, of which about a million copies have been distributed in all parts of the continent. Dr. Gamio was certainly a profound thinker and an originator of ideas, many of which were expressed with prophetic vision in 1916 in his book, Forjando Patria. This is considered a classic work and has recently been republished in Mexico. The inter-American Indian was his final concern. All during the last weeks of his life, lying ill in bed, he followed with interest the work and projects of the Instituto. The last lines which he wrote referred, in part, to the necessity of continuing the work of raising the living conditions of the millions of American Indians. Those of us who had the privilege of working with him over a long period are conscious of the irreparable loss which his death brings. But we also know that many of his fundamental ideas will continue to exercise a deep influence and will continue to be an incentive to action, as he would have wished
MIGUEL LEON-PORTILLA

Instituto Indigenista Interamericano

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1. Restos de la CulturaTepaneca. Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico. Tercera Epoca,TomoI, pp. 233-253.Con8 laminas.Mexico. 1910 2. Los monumentosarqueol6gicos las inmediaciones Chalchihuites, de de Zacatecas. Analesdel Museo Nacionalde Mexico.TerceraEpoca, Tomo II, pp. 467-492. Con 8 laminasy 5 Croquis fuerade texto. Mexico. 1911 3. Informe sobreel reconocimiento algunosvestigiosde origenprehispanico de existentes en la Haciendade Zavaleta,distritode Chalco,Estadode Mexico.Boletindel Museo Nacionalde Mexico,pp. 83-85. Con ilustraciones. 1913 4. Arqueologia Azcapotzalco. de of Proceedings the XVIII InternationalCongressof Americanists, London,1912;pp. 180-187.London. 5. Los prejuiciosen la Arqueologia la Etnologia. Anales del Museo Nacional de y Mexico,TerceraEpoca,Tomo V, pp. 41-49. Mexico. 6. Unidad culturalde Teotihuacan.Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, Tercera Epoca,TomoV, pp. 153-160.Mexico. 1914 7. Los vestigiosprehispanicos la calle de Santa Teresa [hoy Guatemala]. de Boletin de TomoI, No. 1. Mexico. Educaci6n, 8. Metodologiasobre investigaci6n,exploraci6ny conservacionde monumentosarqueol6gicos. Programas metodosdel Museo Nacional.Mexico.58 pp. y 9. Unidad Cultural de Teotihuacan.Boletin del Museo Nacional de Arqueologia, Tomo II. Mexico.8 pp. y V laminas. 1916 10. ForjandoPatria. Pro-nacionalismo. PorruaHermanos. Mexico.328 pp. 1917 11. "El Instituto Antropologico Mexico"y "Revisionde las Constituciones de latinoamericanas." of Proceedings the Second Pan AmericanScientificCongress,Washington, 1916.SectionI, Vol. 1. Washington. 12. Organizaci6n tendenciasde la Secretariade Fomento. Talleres Graficosde la y Secretaria Fomento.Mexico.10 pp. Una terceraedici6nen 1923. de 13. El Gobierno, territorio, poblaci6n. el la de TalleresGraficos la Secretaria Fomento. de Mexico.11 pp. 14. Investigaciones en of arqueologicas Mexico:1914-15.Proceedings the XIX Session. International of Congress Americanists. 1915,pp. 125-133.Washington. Washington, 15. Teotihuacan. TalleresGraficos la Secretaria Fomento.Mexico.4 pp. de de 1918 16. Programade la Direcci6nde Estudios Arqueol6gicos Etnograficos. OficinaImy presorade la Sria. de Hacienda.Depto. de Fomento.Mexico.44 pp. Una segunda edici6nen 1919con el titulo de "Programa la Direcci6nde Antropologfa de para el estudioy mejoramiento las poblaciones de 51 de regionales la Repfiblica." pp. 1919 17. Empiricism Latin AmericanGovernments the Empiricism their relations of and of with the UnitedStates.Imprenta Nacional,S. A. Mexico.21 pp. La 18. "La geograffa arqueol6gica Mexico." Boletin de la Sociedadde Geografiay de Estadlstica,5 serie,Vol. III, No. 2. Mexico. 1920-25 19. Autor de todos los Editoriales,sin firma,aparecidosen ese periodoen la revista Ethnos,de la que fue creador, propietario director. y 1920 20. Teotihuacan.El Templo de Quetzalc6atl. Talleres Graficosde la Nacion. Mexico. 26 pp. y 1 plano. 21. Las excavaciones Pedregalde San Angely la culturaarcaicadel Vallede Mexico. del AmericanAnthropologist. Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 127-143.Lancaster,Pa. Tambienen XX Congreso de Internacional Americanistas, TomoII, pp. 107-117.ConIx l1minas fuerade texto. Rfo de Janeiro,1928. 22. Los ultimos descubrimientos en arqueol6gicos Teotihuacan.Ethnos, I, No. 1, pp. 7-14. 1 laminafuerade texto. Mexico. 23. El censo de la poblaci6nmexicanadesdeel punto de vista antropologico. Ethnos,I, No. 2, pp. 44-46. Mexico.

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de 99. La producci6n agricolay la industrializaci6n los ejidatarios.AmericaIndfgena, V, pp. 303-308.Mexico. en 1946 100. Exploraci6necon6mico-cultural la regi6n oncocercosade Chiapas, Mexico. AmericaIndigena,VI, pp. 199-246.Mexico. 101. La arqueologfa el estudio de la culturaindigenaactual. MexicoPrehispanico, y pp. 847-851. EditorialEmmaHurtado.Mexico. 102. El laborismo urbanoy el rural.Obrascompletasde MiguelO. de Mendiz,bal,Tomo I, pp. 159-167.Mecico. 1947 103. The Consumption level of the Rural Indo-MestizoGroups.The Social Sciencesin Mexicoand Southand CentralAmerica, No. 2, pp. 17-24. Mexico. I, 1948 104. Consideraciones sobre el problemaindigena. Ediciones del Instituto Indigenista Interamericano. Mexico. 136 pp. Recopilaci6nde los Editorialespublicados en America Indfgenay BoletinIndigenista(1942-1948). 1948-56 105. Autorde todoslos Editoriales, firma,aparecidos ese periodo,en las revistas en sin America Indigenay BoletinIndigenista. 1948 106. Foreworda la obra de N. L. Whetten, titulada Rural Mexico, pp. XII-XIX. The Universityof ChicagoPress.Chicago. 1949 107. Alrededorde nuestro problemahist6rico. Memoriade la AcademiaNacional de Historiay Geografia, Ano V, BoletinNo. 10, pp. 9-13. Mexico. 108. Las necesidades las aspiraciones America y indlgenasy los mediosde satisfacerlas. Indigena,IX, pp. 105-112. Mexico. 1950 109. Ibero-Indian Countries. Interplayof Indianand EuropeanCultures.The YearBook of Education,1949,pp. 251-266.The Universityof London.Institute of Education. London. 1951 110. Aculturaci6n espontanea.Volumende Homenajeal Dr. AlfonsoCaso, pp. 175-179. Mexico. 1952 111. Consideraciones sobre problemasdel Valle del Mezquital.AmericaIndigena,XII, pp. 217-223.Mexico. 112. Poblaci6nIndo-mestiza.Proceedings and SelectedPapersof the XXIXth International Congressof Americanists. New York, 1949. Acculturation the Americas, in pp. 267-270.The Universityof ChicagoPress.Chicago. 1953 113. Indigenismo. Memoriadel CongresoCientificoMexicano,Tomo XII, pp. 371-381. Universidad NacionalAutonoma. Mexico. 1954 114. Quelques sur de CivilisaApercus l'Orientation l'Institut IndigenisteInteramericain. tions, Vol. IV, No. 2, pp. 207-211.Bruxelles. 115. Dialogosobrecuestionesindigenistas.Cuadernos Congreso la Libertadde la del por Cultura,No. 6, pp. 91-93. Paris. 1955 116. El InstitutoIndigenista Interamericano el problema las comunidades. de y Nicaragua Indigena,2~l~poca,Nums, 5-6, pp. 34. Managua. 117. Discursode Introducci6n Dr. ManuelGamio,en el Seminario, del sobreProblemas celebrado San Salvador 1955.BoletinIndigenista. en en Indigenasde Centroamerica, Vol XV, pp. 216-227. Mexico. 118. Economia,Culturay Nacionalidad.Quinto CongresoNacional de Sociologia,pp. 191-97.Mexico. 1956 119. Orientacionesdel Instituto Indigenista Interamericano.Nouvelles du Mexique, No. 5. Paris. 120. El desarrollo biologicode la poblacionindigena.Volumende Homenajeal Dr. Paul Rivet. Mexico. 121. "Escasoconocimiento problema del indigena,"BoletinIndigenista,Vol. XVI, No. 4 pp. (Mexico,Instituto IndigenistaInteramericano), 250 y 252. 122. La futurainmigracion La europeaen el ContinenteAmericano, Habana, 1956. 123. "El incrementodel consumo,"Boletin Indigenista,Vol. XVI, No. 1, (Mexico,In stituto IndigenistaInteramericano), 2 y 4. pp.

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124."Los indigenasy sus antecedenteshistoricos,"AmericaIndigena,Vol. XVI, No. 1 pp. 1-2. Instituto IndigenistaInteramericano), (Mexico, 125."La inmigraci6nen America,"Boletin Indigenista,Vol. XVI, No. 2-3 (Mexico, y Instituto pp. IndigenistaInteramericano), 106 108. AmericaIndigena,Vol. XVI, 126."La Legislaci6n Indigenistaen los paisesde America," pp. No.4 (Mexico,Instituto IndigenistaInteramericano), 247-249. de discurso ... en la Universidad 127."Mexico,Paladinde la causaindigenista. Ejemplar de de y de Nacional Aut6noma Mexico,"Boletin Bibliografico la Secretaria Hacienda Credito Publico,No. 65 (Mexico),pp. 1-2. 128."El problemalingtiisticocultural,"AmericaIndigena, Vol. XVI, No. 2 (Mexico, Instituto pp. IndigenistaInteramericano), 79-80. integral,"AmericaIndigena,Vol. XVI, No.3 (Mexico, 129."Proyectode investigacion Instituto pp. Indigenista Interamericano), 167-168. por 1957 130. "El analfabetismo el Congreso la Libertadde la Cultura,"America Indigena, y pp. IndigenistaInteramericano), 115-116. Vol.XVII, No. 2 (Mexico, Instituto 131."Las artes menoresindigenas,"Boletin Indigenista,Vol. XVII, No. 3 (Mexico, Interamericano), 198. pp. Instituto Indigenista Vol. XVII,No. 4 America Indigena, IndigenistaInteramericano," 132."El IV Congreso p. Instituto IndigenistaInteramericano), 291. (Mexico, 133."La cultura del indio," Boletin Indigenista,Vol. XVII, No. 1 (Mexico, Instituto pp. IndigenistaInteramericano), 2 y 4. de 134."El indio y la propiedad la tierra,"AmericaIndigena,Vol. XVII, No. 1(Mexico, Instituto pp. IndigenistaInteramericano), 3-5. 135."El indio y los prejuiciossociales,"Boletin Indigenista,Vol. XVII, No. 4 (Mexico, Interamericano), 278 y 280. pp. InstitutoIndigenista 136."El problemaindigena,la cienciay el arte," AmericaIndigena,Vol. XVII, No. 3 Interamericano), 203-204. pp. Instituto Indigenista (Mexico, 137."La salud del indio," Boletin Indigenista, Vol. XVII, No. 2 (Mexico, Instituto Interamericano), 98 y 100. pp. Indigenista 138. "Underdeveloped countries," Indigena,Vol. XVII, No. 4 (Mexico,Instituto America pp, IndigenistaInteramericano), 335-340. 1958 139. "El cambiode vida en los gruposindigenas," BoletinIndigenista,Vol. XVIII, No. 1 Instituto IndigenistaInteramericano), 2. p. (Mexico, 140. "La conquistaarmada,"Boletin Indigenista,Vol. XVIII, No. 4 (Mexico,Instituto Interamericano), 254. p. Indigenista PaulRivet,Octogenario de 141. "El desarrollo Miscellanea biol6gico la poblacionindigena," Dicata, Vol.I Mexico, U.N.A.M.),pp. 83-85. frames,"Actes du the 142. "Heterogeneous populations: scientificand the conventional de Beyrouth23-29, September1957,Vol. I XVIIe CongresInternational Sociologie, pp. (Beyrouth), 431-434. 143. "El indio de ayer y el de hoy," Boletin Indigenista,Vol. XVIII, No. 3 (Mexico, InstitutoIndigenistaInteramericano), 178y 180. pp. 144. "Medicos, curanderos brujos,"AmericaIndigena,Vol. XVIII, No. 2 (Mexico, y InstitutoIndigenista pp. Interamericano), 91-92. culturalesde origen prey 145. "El rapido incrementodemografico las supervivencias Boletin Indigenista,Vol. XVIII, No. 2 (Mexico,Instituto Indigenista colombino," Interamericano), 90 y 92. pp. del 146. "Lasituaci6n Interamericano," econ6mica InstitutoIndigenista America Indigena Interamericano), 163-164. pp. Vol.XVIII, No. 3 (Mexico,InstitutoIndigenista en 147. "Lassupervivencias precolombinas lo relativoa alimentaci6n," Indigena, America pp. Vol. XVIII, No. 4 (Mexico,Instituto IndigenistaInteramericano), 3-4. 1959 148. "Las actuales supervivenciasprecolombinasen America," Boletin Indigenista, p. Vol. XIX, No. 1 (Mexico,Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), 2.

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Latina o AmericaIndoiberica?", AmErica 149. "~America Indigena, Vol. XIX, No. 2 Interamericano), 83. p. (Mexico,InstitutoIndigenista 150. Comentariosobre la poblaci6nindigena de America. (Ponenciapresentadaal IV celebradoen la Ciudad de Guatemala, de 2 CongresoIndigenistaInteramericano, mayo de 1959.)Mime6grafo. 151. "Conmemoraci6n Dfa del Indio,"BoletinIndigenista,Vol.XIX, No. 2 (Mexico, del Instituto IndigenistaInteramericano), 62. p. 152. "~Cu,ntosindfgenas en America?", America hay Indigena,Vol. XIX, No. 3 (Mexico, Instituto IndigenistaInteramericano), 167. p. de 153. "Enfermedades los indfgenas,"AmericaIndigena, Vol. XIX, No. 1 (Mexico, InstitutoIndigenista Interamericano), 3. pp. 154. "Grupos en America Vol. XIX, No. 4 (Mexico, indigenas vias de extinci6n," Indfgena, Instituto IndigenistaInteramericano), 243. p. 155. "Isidro Fabela, Polftico inmaculado," Homenajea Isidro Fabela, T. II (Mexico, U.N.A.M.), pp. 255-256. 156. "La poblaci6n AmericaIndigena,Vol. XIX, indigenay la carretera Panamericana," No. 4 (Mexico,Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), 182. p. 1960 157. "Laaculturaci6n indfgena," del America Indigena,Vol. XX, No. 1 (Mexico,Instituto Interamericano), 3-4. Indigenista pp. 158. "Conmemoraci6n Dia del Indio," Boletin Indigenista,Vol. XX, No. 2 (Mexico, del Instituto IndigenistaInteramericano), 82 y 84. pp. 159. ForjandoPatria. 2a ed. Pr61ogo Justino Fern,ndez. EditorialPorrua.Mexico. de 160. "La revoluci6nagraria,"Boletfn Indigenista,Vol. XX, No. 1 (Mexico, Instituto p. IndigenistaInteramericano), 2.