The Internet

Brighter areas represent

larger bandwidth
networks; branches
represent subnetworks
branching off

Graphical
representation of the A presentation
networks that make up by Artagnon
the Internet today
 Evolution of the Internet

● ARPANET developed by DARPA, NSFNet

independently by NSF; merge
● National Center for Supercomputing
Applications (NCSA) built web browser
Mosiac 1.0
● Today's “Internet”: Fusion of WWW project
and other networks
● Before WWW: Usenet, BITNET, Telnet, JANET
#
#
Tim Berners-Lee, the
father of the Internet

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Who owns the Internet? 1958 1989 1995 Now
NSFNet
Owning the Internet refers to
ARPANET
shut down ?
owning the infrastructure that NSFNet
powers it. Protocols aren't owned
by anyone.
Giant ISPs known as Tier 1
ISPs are the real owners of
The nine Tier 1 ISPs are the Internet. Tier 2 and 3
1. AOL ISPs purchase lines from
2. AT&T Tier 1 ISPs and build up
3. Global Crossing subnetwork infrastructure
4. Level 3
5. Verizon Business
6. NTT Communications
7. Qwest
8. SAVVIS
9. Sprint Nextel Corporation

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 KEY
Networking concepts Approximate bandwidth
indicator, encoded data
Encoded data
Internal communication
signals
Decoded data

Dial-up/ DSL/ ISDN

distribution through
RJ11 cable

Single
Data from big ISP GSM/ 3G computer
via optic fiber wireless
distribution

Modem decodes
data

Ethernet distribution
through RJ45 cable Network

Gateway (router)
manages network
Individual computers
Cable distribution on a LAN cannot view
Small ISP's through coaxial cable anything beyond
enterprise router gateway

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How do you locate something on the Internet?
Every computer connected to
Connect 59.92.453.159
the Internet is identified by a
unique number assigned to it Tim Bob
called IP address# 59.92.857.146 59.92.453.159
tim.com bob.com

DNS servers have a list of Connect bob.com

mappings of URLs to
Connect 59.92.453.159
numbers which allows users
to access computers like
bob.com without worrying
DNS server
about the IP 87.93.82.1 bob.com -> 59.92.453.159
tim.com -> 59.92.857.146
google.com -> 38.281.2
An IP can be static or dynamic
hotmail.com -> 39.2.1.0
Dynamic IPs are used for computers which aren't
connected to the Internet all the time. A random IP is
assigned to it from a pool by the ISP every time
it connects

IPv4 [ 59.92.47.232 ]: 232 (4.3b) addresses

IPv6 [ 2001:0db8:85a3:08d3:1319:8a2e:0370:7334 ]: 2128 addresses
#
Computers on LAN are an exception. Computers behind a gateway
cannot see beyond the gateway and computers outside the gateway
cannot look into the LAN.^ The gateway identifies computers behind
it using its own mechanism

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 Transfer Control
Protocol/ Internet Every protocol is built
Hypertext Protocol for a specific purpose
transfer
protocol

Internet Message
Access Protocol

Postal Office Protocol/

File Transfer Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol Protocol

Secure Shell

Dynamic Host Protocol can be thought of

Control
Protocol
as a language or a set of
rules for communication
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 Notes
Resources
● English wikipedia [ en.wikipedia.org/ ]
Internet, Router, Protocol, IMAP, SMTP, Fiber optic, Coaxial cable, POP3, Residential gateway,
Switch, Hub, Tier 1 network
● ARPA/DARPA [ darpa.mil/body/arpa_darpa.html ]
● Tier 1 Company websites
AT&T; Verizon; AOL; Global Crossing; Level 3; NTT Group; Qwest; Sprint; SAVVIS
● RFCs [ faqs.org/rfcs/ ]
2616 (HTTP), 959 (FTP), 854 (Telnet), 3501 (IMAP), 1939 (POP3), 2821 (SMTP), 1930
(Autonomous system)
● HowStuffWorks [ computer.howstuffworks.com/; electronics.howstuffworks.com/ ]
Router ( computer.howstuffworks.com/router.htm), DSL
(electronics.howstuffworks.com/dsl3.htm)
● Google image search [ images.google.com/ ]
● Wikimedia commons [ commons.wikimedia.org/ ]
● TED talks: Larry Page and Sergey Brin [ ted.com/index.php/speakers/view/id/109 ]

Tools
● The GIMP image editor [ gimp.org/ ]

● OpenOffice suite [ openoffice.org/ ]

OpenOffice Draw, OpenOffice Impress

● VLC media player [ videolan.org/vlc/ ]
● SSH tools [ chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/; winscp.net/ ]
PuTTY and WinSCP

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