INTRODUCTION

The Romanesque style is called that because it is a little like Roman

architecture, but it is made around 1000-1200 AD instead of during the
Roman Empire.
Mostly castles and churches are built in the Romanesque style. You can
see Romanesque buildings all over France, England, Italy, and
Germany, and in northern Spain.
The Romanesque cathedral at Vezelay (1100 AD)
This is where Bernard of Clairvaux preached the Second Crusade.

Romanesque buildings were made of stone, but often had wooden

roofs because people were still not very good at building stone roofs
yet. If they did have stone roofs, the walls had to be very thick in order
to hold up the roofs, and there couldn't be very many windows either,
so Romanesque buildings were often very heavy and dark inside.

They had round arches, like Roman buildings, and decorated column
capitals like the Romans too, only Romanesque capitals often have
carvings of people or animals on them instead of plants.

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE

9TH TO 12TH Century

The late middle ages was a time of great hardship for all Europeans.
Even those at the top were fearful of their tenuous positions. To lose
power was also to lose your life and the lives of all those around you.
There was no such thing as freedom from fear. People across Europe
looked back to the Roman times when there was a sense of order and
stability. In their search for an ordered existence, people sought
sanctuary in the church which became the spiritual focus of the
community as well as being the largest, most solidly built structure
that would offer a safe haven in the event of attack either from bands
of rogues and outlaws or organized onslaughts from neighboring city
states.

The principal Religious Order were:

1. Benedictine order(Black Monks)-founded by St. Benedict in South

Italy who decreed that architecture, painting, etc. are to be taught.

2. Cluniac order-founded by Abbot odo in 910 at Cluny in Burgundy.

3. Carthusian order- founded by St. Bruno in 1080 carthusian

architectrure is notably severe and unadorned.
4. Cistercian order (white monks)- founded in 1908 at Citeaux by St.
Stephen Harding and at Clairvaux by St. Bernard.

5. Secular Canons- principally cathedral and collegiate churches.

ORDERS OF CANONS Regular:

6. Augustinian canons (Black canons regular) established in 1050. they
undertook both monastic and postoral duties in houses.

7. Premonstratension canons (white canons regular) founded around

1100 by St. Norbert at Premontre in picardy.

8. Gilbertine canons- English order founded in the 20th century by St.

Gilbert of Sempringham.

MILITARY ORDER

9. The Knights Templer-founded in 1119 to protect the Holy Places in

Palestine and to safeguard the pilgrim routes to Jerusalem.

10. The Knights Hospitallers-organized in 1113 but develop no

characteristic architecture of its own

11. The Mendicant order of Friars- founded during 13th century and
headed by the Franciscans and Dominicans.

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

1. 10th-12thcenturies,deliberate articulation of structure.

2. General character is sober and dignified while formal massing
depends on the grouping of towers and the projection of transepts
and choir.
3. Character depends on the employment of vaulting.
4. Cross vaults were used throughout Europe, heavily and difficult to
construct. Rib and panel vaulting, framework of ribs supported thin
stone panels.
5. Groins settled naturally by the intersection of the vault.
6. Cross vaults were semi-cylindrical. In France and Germany. Vaulting
ribs of a square vaulting compartment, semicircular curvest. England
vaults, constructed with continuous level ridges. Square vaulting
compartment was equalized by”stilting”
7. Vaulting an oblong, produced an awkward waving line of the ribs on
plan.
8. Vaulting shaft, support a rib which altered the quadripartite vaulting
compartmentinto six parts known as “Sexpartite”.
9. Transepte and the prolongation of the sanctuary of chancel made
the church a well defined cross ton plan.
10. Transepts, same breadth as the nave twice the width of the aisles.
11. The hoir was often raised on piers above.
12. Towers, square an d octagonal or circular, sometimes arranged in
pairs.
13. Walls were often roughly built and were relieved externally by
shallow buttresses or pilaster strips.
*pilaster strips- is a rectangular feature in the shape of pillar,
but projecting only about one six of its breath from wall.
14. Attached columns, with rough capitals supporting semicircular
arches.
15. Arcades consisted of massive circular columns or piers.
16. Door and window openings are very characteristics, with jambs or
sides formed in a series of receding moulded planes known as orders.
17. A rose or wheel window was often placed over the west door.
18. Glass seems not to have come into general use till the ninth
century.
19. In Italy, traditional monolithic column was used but in the west.
Cylindrical and of massive proportions
20. Variations of Corinthians or Ionic capitals were used.
21. Capital was often of a cushion(cubiform shape).
22. Mouldings were often elaborately carved.
23. Ornament entered vegetable and animal forms

ROMANESQUE ARCHITACTURE IN ITALY

INFLUENCES

GEOGRAPHICAL
The long narrow peninsula of Italy. Accompsnied by over
differences which influenced architecture.

a. Central Italy- Lies between Florence, rich in ancient pagan

monuments and Early Christian churches

b. North Italy- Milan , fertile plains of Lombardy, Venice and Ravenna.

c. South Italy and Sicily- Influence from the East and after passing
under Greek and Roman rule.

GEOLOGICAL

a. Central Italy-Abundance used of stone.

b. North Italy-clay for making bricks
c. South Italy and Sicily- calcareous
CLIMATIC

a. Central Italy-brilliant sunshine.

b. North Italy-varies between heat and cold
c. South Italy and Sicily-almost sub-tropical

HISTORICAL, SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS

a. Central Italy-The Pisans captured and defeated the moslems in wars.

Use of strip marbles
b. North Italy-Raised glorious buildings.
c. South Italy and Sicily- church facades, ornamented with geometrical
patterns.

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

a. Central Italy-basilican type of church, were slow to adopt a new

system of construction and preferred to concentrate on beauty and
delicacy of ornamented detail, architectural character was governed by
classic traditions. Pisans, as a decorative feature and sometimes even
entirely covered the western façade Use of marble for facing walls.
Simple open timber roofs ornamente with bright colouring.

Brilliant climate, while arcades sure universal, doors and windows are
small and unimportant with “jambs” in rectangular recesses or
“orders”. Crowned with semi-circular arches.

Window tracery and even wheel windows are only rudimentary in

pattern.Timber roofs over naves are of the simple, open basilican type
with rafter and tie beams often effectively decorated in colour. While
aisles occasionally have groined vaults of small span, divided into
compartments by transverse arches.

A vast number of columns from ancient roman temples where utilize a

new churches

The monogram of Christ, the emblems of evangelist and saints, and

the whole system of symbolism, represented by trees, birds, fishes and
animals, are all worked into the decorative scheme.

PISA CATHEDRAL with baptistery, campanile and campo santo,

together form one of the most famous building groups of the word.

The campanile is a circular tower. This world famous leaning tower of

pisa.
Towers are straight shafts, often detach and as at Verona. Without
buttresses or spire.
The composition of facades usually relies upon simple pilaster strip
decoration running from the ground and ending in small arches under
the eaves.

The baptistery – was designed by Dioti Salvi on a circular plan with a

central nave, connected by semi circular arches, under one of which is
the door with above, an open of small detached shafts.

NORTH ITALY
Most important development took place
The churches are basilican in type nave as well as side aisles are
vaulted and have external wooden roofs.

EXAMPLES of NORTH ITALY

St Ambrogio, Milan-founded by the great St. Ambose in the 14th

century, raised on its present plan and partly rebuilt with vault and
dome in the 12th century.

*narthex- a long arcaded entrance porch to a Christian basilican.

Pulpit which is built over a 6th century sarcophagus consists of an

arcade with characteristic Lombard ornamentation of carved birds and
animals.

*pulpit- an elevated enclosed stand in a church in which the preacher

stands

St. Zeno Maggiore (Verona)-has a façade which is stern in its simplicity.

Above is a great wheel window which lights the nave, and the whole
façade is relieved by pilaster strips connected by corbel tables under
the slopes of the centre gable and side roofs.

Baptisteries- a special feature of Italian architecture and represent a

period of Christianity when the baptismal rite was carried out only
three times a year.

Campanili(bell towe)- product of the period and generally stand alone.

c. South Italy and Sicily

EXAMPLES of SOUTH ITALY AND SICILY

Cefalu Cathedral-1131-1240, founded by Count Roger as a royal
pantheon, was served by Augustinian canons. It is externally the most
distinctly Romanesque church in Sicily, and has a basilican nave with
groined aisle vaults, columnar arcades a high transept and a tri-apsidal
East end with later ribbed vaulting over presbytery and South transept.

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE IN FRANCE

19TH -12TH Century

INFLUENCES

GEOGRAPHICAL

France has a great natural highways along the valleys of the Rhone,
Saone, Seine and Geronne which connect the Mediterranean with
Atlantic Ocean and the English channel.

GEOLOGICAL

France has an abundance of good stone, easily quarried and freely

used for all types of buildings. Caen stone was available throughout
Normandy in the North.

CLIMATIC

The climatic variation between North and South regulate door and
window openings. It also determines the pitch of roofs.

HISTORICAL, SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS

Caesar’s conquest of Gaul (58-49AD) is the beginning of the making of

road system centered upon lyons, and the development of thriving
commercial colonies which adopted the Roman social system in their
independent municipalities. The PAX ROMANA was established and by
the early third century. Christianity was first established in the Rhone
valley. Where Lyons contributed martyrs to the cause. The Moslems
overran Southern France but Charles Martel defeated them and
changed the future of Western Europe.

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

In the south churches were usually cruciform in plan and frequently

had naves covered with barrel vaults. Buttresses are internal and form
divisions between thechapels. Towers are sometimes detached and
cloisters are treated with the utmost elaboration.

*Cloisters-covered passages round an open space connecting the

church to the chapter houses, refectory and other parts of the
monastery

Use of high nave vaults changed the setting –out of the bays, which
were brought to a square by making one nave vaulting compartment
equal to the length of two bays of the aisles until the introduction of
the pointed arch solved the problem of vaulting oblong compartments
with ribbed vaults. The south is remarkable for richly decorated church
facades and graceful cloisters . In Aquitaine and Anjou the aisles naves
covered with domes.

The development of vaulting progressed, and naves were often

covered with barrel vaults. Cloister arcades are elaborated with
coupled columns in the depth of the walls, ad with carved capitals
which support the semicircular arches of the narrow bays, which were
left unglazed. Narrow windows with semicircular head and wide
splays.Nave were first covered by barrel vaults over aisles. Southern
climatic conditions required that roofs need only below pitch, but other
factors entered into the nature of their construction. Piers were derived
from there Roman square pier with attached columns.

In the north , were mains were less abundant . two flanking towers,
while plain, massive massive side walls with flat buttresses emphasize
the richness of the facedes. Windows with semi circular heads are
sometimes grouped together and enclosed in a larger arch. The vaults
were usually covered by wooden framed roofs, finished with slates and
of steep pitch throw off snow and water.

Massive walls characteristic were of rubble faced with squared stone,

sculptured and moulded ornament contrast to the general simplicity of
the external wall treatment. Facades were often divided by string
courses or horizontal mouldings into storeys. Buttresses were wide
strips of slight projection or half round shafts. While flying buttresses,
admitting of high clear storey windows to light the nave. Towers were
generally square with pyramidal or conical roofs.
Cylindrical piers were frequent, surmounted with carved capitals of
Corinthianesque type and square abacus. In North, jambs are formed in
receding planes, with recesses filled with nook shafts fluted or carved
with zigzag ornament. Capitals are frequently cubiform blocks,
sometimes carved with animal subjects. Corbel tables of great
richness, supported by grotesquely carved heads, often form the wall.
Facades of churches have elaborate carved ornament representing
foliage, or figures of men and animals. And capitals of columns on the
ground storey are often continued as a rich, broad frieze across the
building. The diaper work in the spandrels of arches is supposed to be
an imitation in carving of the colour-pattern work or stuff draperies that
originally occupied the same position, while the period is rich in caving
of zigzags, rosettes and billets. Carved tympana, dealing with Biblical
subjects, are frequently of considerable distinction.

Examples:
1. Ecclesiastical Architecture
a. St. Sernin, Toulouse is cruciform with nave, double aisles and
transepts. The nave has a round-arched barrel vaults, with plain square
ribs, supporting and roofing slab direct, and the high triforium chamber
has external windows which light the nave, for there is no clear-storey.
b. St. Madeleine, Vezelay in Burgundy has a most remarkable
narthex with nave and aisles crowned by one of the earliest pointed
cross vaults in France. This leads into the church, which also has nave
and aisles, the transepts, choir and chevet being completed in 1170.
The nave has no triforium, but a clear-storey with small windows
between the immense transverse arches of the highly domical groined
intersecting vaults.
c. The central portal with two square-headed doorways, separated
by a Corinthianesque column is spanned by a large semicircular arch
containing a relief of the last judgement left and right are side portals,
and in the upper part of the façade is a large five-light window richly
sculptured and flanked by towers, that on the left rising only to the
height of the nave.

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE IN CENTRAL EUROPE

GEOGRAPHICAL

Germany, first of various tribes fighting amongst themselves and then

of various independent state, principalities and powers occupying the
great central district of Europe.

GEOLOGICAL
Stone from the mountains along the Rhine valley was the materials
used for buildings in the plains of the north and brick was used almost
exclusively in the district east of the Elber.

CLIMATIC

The average temperature of Central Germany is much the same as in

Southern England, but in summer is higher and in winter lower.

HISTORICAL, SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS

Christianity took root in Southern Germany and in Rhineland while the

rest f the country remained pagan.
Charmagne – (800)first Frankish king who became Roman
Emperor. Ruled over Franks and restored civilization in the great
measure to western Europe. Patron of architecture and force people of
Saxony to embrace Christianity.

Social development of these districts; feudal lords were intolerant of

kingly authority and oppressive towards the people, became freemen
or fill back as serfs.

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

Exhibits a continuous combination of Carolingian tradition and Lombard

influence. Western choir was commonly built over a crypt in the
Lombardic high choir.

Crypt- a space entirely or partly under a building, in church generally

beneath the chancel and used for burial in early times.

A distinctive characteristic of the architechture of the lower Rhineland

and a valleys of the moselle and main during the later 11th and 12th
centuries.
A three-apse plan of trefoil for. This appears to be an idea imported
from early Christian Lombardy.

Nave arcades are frequently unmoulded and the semicircular

archesspring from piers.

Cloisters often have small columns supporting arches in groups of

three.
Arcaded eaves galleries to apses, towers, and aisles are very common.

HELM ROOF – type of roof in which four faces rest diagonally between
the gables and converge at the top.
The plain wall surface is relieved by pilaster strips, connected
horizontally at the different stages by ranges of arches on corbels
which, owning to the smallness of scale, have the appearance of
moulded string courses.

Doorways are frequently in the side aisles and have recesses with
shafts.

Windows are usually single burt occasionally grouped and sometimes

have a mid wall shaft.
In the nave arcades square piers with attached half-columns were
usual.

The shafts and capitals in doorways were frequently elaborately carved

with figures of men, birds and animals.

There is a general absence of mouldings in nave arcades.

The flat wall surfaces may have been painted originally.

Characteristics’ carving in bands was employed and in the North, lines
of coloured bricks were used externally.

The sculpture is often well executed and the craftsmanship of this

period.

EXAMPLES

1. Aix-la-chapelle(Aachen) cathedral- built by the Emperor

Charlemagne as his tombs-house. The entrance, flanked by staircase
turrets, leads into a polygon of sixteen sides,32m in diameter.

2. The church of the Apostles, Cologne- is one of the series of trefoil

churches in that city.

3. Worms Cathedral - the plan is apsidal at both ends, with eastern and
western octagons, while one vaulting bay of the nave corresponds with
two of the aisles, and cross-vaults are employed in both cases.

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE IN SPAIN, PORTUGAL AND THE HOLY

LAND

INFLUENCES
GEOGRAPHICAL

1. Spain and Portugal

The Iberian is divided into distinct natural regions. The principal
mountain ranges which cross it from east to west. In the middle Ages,
the natural divisions provided boundaries for rival races and kingdoms.
Portugal is divided from Spain by the western limits of these high table
lands and by the steep gorges of four great rivers

2. The Holy Land

The most influential single geographical characteristics of Latin
kingdom of the crusaders were its shape.

GEOLOGICAL

1. Spain and Portugal

Peninsula itself is a great rock massif. Building stone include granite in
the north; limestone in the South and the Ebro basin; red sandstone in
the Pyrenees and Andalucia, and both eruptive rock and semi-marbles
everywhere, which is used for rubble walling with brick.

2. The Holy Land

Stone materials of eminent suitability for great castles and small
churches were abundant.

CLIMATIC

1. Spain and Portugal

In the provinces along the North and Northern sea-coast, the climate is
mild, equable and rainy. In the basin of the Ebro, the climate is great
extremes of temperature. The moddle climate along the Mediterranean
is moderate and the Southern in Andalucia is sub-tropical, with the
greatest heat in Cordoba.

2. The Holy Land

Climatic conditions vary from the harsh and semi-desert of the South
and in the Eastern fringes. The oppressive summers of the Jordan
valley to the rocky highlands of Syria are under snow.

HISTORICAL, SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS

1. Spain and Portugal

The Moorish incursions in South-west Europe brought an end by
Charles Martel at Poiters and subsequent medieval Spanish History is
dominated by successive extensions of Christian influence.
Spain has connection with France and also with England, Italy,
Angevins in Naples and Sicily. Social life in Spain was dominated by the
grandees and the clergy.
Christianity had reached the Iberian peninsula in the 2nd century and
flourished for 200 years. The Catholic Church forces the struggle
against the Moors.

2. The Latin kingdom in the Holy Land was established as a direct

consequence of the reaction in Christian Europe. The characteristics of
the magnificent military architecture resulted from the necessity for
security as much against internal revolt.

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

1. Spain and Portugal

The tangible remains of this period are scarce, but are sufficient to
show that visigothic art provided a link between eastern and western
Mediterranean cultures long before the Moorish influences were
introduced.

Church planning, was carried, nd and includes instances both basilican

and Greek-cross
Forms, with chapels attached to the eastern arm as PROTHESIS and
DIACONICON
Decorative devices include cable mouldings and some Syrian motifs
(rosettes, circumscribed stars)

The most typical plan form for these asturian churches is basilican
With a beina, or lateral chapel projections providing a kind of transept.
The demands of the support of vaults brought about the use of
rectangular piers instead
Of columns in aisled churches, and from the of the 11 century,
transverse arches were introduced.

The finest achievement of the Spanish high Romanesque is the great

church which marked the goal of the pilgrimage to Santiago de
compostela.

Spain is well-endowed with mediaeval military architecture, and grand

castles are particularly numerous in castle.
Christian work of early date is very similar, except that stone work was
in rubble. This presented diffuculty with quoins.
EXAMPLE OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL

1. Religious buildings
St. Maria Ripoll-is the finest of the 11th century early Romanesque
churches.

St. Tirso, Sahagun-one of the earliest brick Mudejar churches, has

much of the 11th century of Catalan Romanesque though with Moorish
overtones.

La Lugareja, Arevalo-13th century. A Cistercian church, it has many

lombardic devices, and a bold central tower enclosing a lantern cupola
on pendentives.

St. Martin de Fromista- Example of Spanish pilgrimage style with four-

bay nave, shallow transept, and three parallel apses.

*absidole or apsidoles- a small apsidal chapel one projecting from an

apse.

ROMANESQUE ARCH’RE IN THE BRITISH ISLES AND SCANDINAVIA

1st to 12th CENTURY

GEOGRAPHICAL

Northern Europe depended largely upon a common concern with sea

and river routes. Natural resources in Scandinavia provided for
principally agrarian products in the south and east, and for forestry and
fur-trading in the north. The export of copper and iron ores led to
strong mercantile connections with continent.

GEOLOGICAL

Most of the indigenous building stones contributed to the materials of

the more mature military and religious buildings and local
characteristics in masonry developed at an early stage.

CLIMATIC

Low northern light. It deals with the more severe northern European
climate.

THE BRITISH ISLE

During the claudian invasion of a.d. 43 progress was made in
developing natural resources such as tin, iron and lead.
Christianity first made its way into Britain during the roman
occupation.

SCANDINAVIA

The kingdoms were first in Denmark and Norway. The earliest domestic
building customs were based upon timber techniques allied to forms
probably derived from Greek cultures.

ARCH’L CHARACTER
THE BRITISH ISLES

a. ROMAN PERIOD
The characteristic roman architecture was so virile that they inevitably
influenced subsequent Anglo-Saxon and Romanesque architecture in
Britain.

b. ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD
Domestic building was largely dependent upon the use of timber. The
masonry of church buildings from about the middle of the 7th century
shows signs of dependence on timber prototypes.

Pilaster strips derived from the “liesenen of the Carolingian Rhineland

and blind arcading.

Triangular-headed openings
Turned balusters and mid-wall shafts

The olatory of gallerus is rectangular in plan, in the form of a corbel

vault, smooth worked internally and with a pointed extrados.

The two main imported characteristics were the claustral plan of which
the archetype was that of st. gallen in Switzerland, and the basilican
aisled hall for the body of the church, which had been anticipated in
England only in the work of st. Wilfred. Aisled naves were not common
in lesser churches, but they did occasionally occur in examples such as
those at wing. Buckinghamshire

Central and western oxial church towers appeared commonly during

the 10th century.
Saxon cathedral at north elmham had two oxial towers, an eatern
apse, and fully developed transepts either developed from
pastaphories or derived from Carolingian germany from the bema of
the early church in rome.

10th and 11th century towers were occasionally terminated in a form of

short hipped spire springing from each apex of the four gabled on the
tower faces.

Helin roof- roof having four faces, each of which is steeply pitched so
that they form a spire, the four ridges rise to the point of the spire from
a base of four gables on the tower
Faces. This is patently a devise imported from the high Romanesque
churches of the Rhineland abd an English example of this Rhenish
Spire or Saxon Helm is that of that of the sompting in essex.
HELIN ROOF-roof having four faces, each of which is steepy pitched so
that they form a shire, the four ridges rise to the point of the spire from
a base of four gables.

Most sophisticated of Angle-Saxon masonry building includes the

decorative devices of Carolingian Germany probably based on timber
forms but associated with ashlar facings.

Most advance from, the dependence on adaption of timber building

characteristics disappears in favour of arcading in shallow relief. Wilt
shire, a two-cell church with one projecting hood mould to internal
arcades, as in wing and in St. Benet at-Cambridge.

C. NORMAN PERIOD

Last three decades of the 11th century there was an enormous surge of
military and church building centered particularly upon the great
Benedictine Abbeys. In greater church architecture, the characteristics
directly or in directly inherited from cluny were the long nave
exemplified in Norwich(14 bays).

St. Albans (13Bays) and Winchester (12 bays0 and also double
transepts and (The patriarchal plan) as seen in Conrad’s work at
Canterbury of about 1100. Typical Benedictine plan having three
eastern apses, such as those in Durham and Peterborough.
Transept apses (absidoles) introduced by archbishop Lanfrane.
Common in both secular and monastery churches.
Groined arch vaults were built in the nave at Ely after 1087, but no
groin vault was even attempted in Norman England.
Durham Cathedral- earliest great church designed initially and entirely
with a rib vaulting system. The choir aisle vaults with depressed
segmental diagonal ribs, wre finshed in 1096. The difference between
the quadripartitevaults of Durham is that the English version of
combines the ribbed vauly with single nave bays, having alternating
cylindrical and comound piers from the shafts of which spring heavy
transverse pointed arches. Mouldings are generallyenriched by
comentional carving with increased vigour through the late 11th and
12th centuries. Doorways and windows have jambs in square recesses
or orders enclosing nook shafts.Orders are frequently carved with
zigzag and beak-head ornament. Windows are small and the internal
jambs are deeply splayed.

Double windows with a central shaft occur (often in towers) while three
openings, the middle being the largest, are group together.

DURHAM LOZENGE, CHEVRON AND VERTICAL CHANNELINGS –worked

in the cylindrical piers. Compound piers, with rectangular recesses
containing shafts which they supported. The small shafts in the
recessed orders of doorways and windows were sometimes richly
carved and scalloped, but some such as cionic capital in the tower of
London, are reminiscent of Roman architecture.

Arcading of intersecting arches along aisle walls is frequent and is

often piled up in storeys yo ornament the whole wall.

Stained glass was used,though sparingly in small pieces, leaded

together in mosaic like patterns. Glass panels in the choir at
Canterburry represents biblical subjects, set in a blue or ruby ground
and framed in brilliantly colored scrollwork.

Examples;
1. Cathedral Chuches
a.The old foundation-served by secular clergy
b. Monastic foundation-originally served by regular clergy or monks,
and were constituted at the dissolution of the monasteries as chapters
of secular canons.
c. New foundation-the cathedrals of the new foundation are those to
which bishops have been more recently appointed.

Peterborough Cathedral-fine Norman interior, original nave timber

ceiling, choir apse enclosed by late 15th century work.
2. Monastic Building
A representative example of mature largely Romanesque monastic
architecture is Fountains Abbey Yorkshire.

Refectory-a hall in a convent, monastery or public secular institution

where meals are eaten.

3. Castles
a. Anglo-Saxon Period-Forts or burhs built at this time were for
community use; privately castles were private strongholds for kind or
lord, and were an outcome of the feudal system.
b. Norman Period-majority began as “motte and Bailey” earthworks.
The flat-topped crest something was broad enough to accommodate a
timber dwelling.

*motte-a steep mound of earth surrounded by a ditch and tower; the

main feature of a Norman castle.
*bailey-the open area within a medieval fortification; the outer wall of
a feudal castle.
*rampart-earthen or masonry defense wall of a fortified site.
*palisade-a series of stout poles, pointed on top and driven into the
earth,used as a fence of fortification
*baulks-a squared timber used in building construction or a low ridge
of earth trhat marks a boundary line

Stone curtain walls soon began to replace the perishable timber

palisades,and in the 12th century,mottes assumed that form known as
the “shell iceop” because of the empty looking clowning ring of the
high walls. The bailey stone walls rode up the mound to join those of
the shell-keep.

The greatest castles of the period had stone “donjons” now a days
known as keeps rather than mottes and similarly had baileys related to
them. The earliest type was the rectangular “hall-keep”.

Tower of London-a hall-keep assumed its form as a “concentric castle

with successive lines of fortification.

4. Manor Houses
One of the earliest types of dwelling in England was the isled hall
known well before Roman times.

*Manor House-the most important house in a country or village

neighborhood.
Norman period the aisled timber building definitely emerged as a
manorial type of residential hall. Manor houses was non-military in
purpose,it for long needed defences against forays and disturbances
and robbers.

*undercoft-a vaulted basement f a church or secret passage, often

wholly or partly below ground level. Also a crypt.
*cellar- a storey having half or more of its clear height below grade.
*solar- a room or apartment on an upper floor, as in early English
dwellings house.

SCANDINAVIA
Truly Romanesque characteristics did not appear in the architecture of
Scandinavia until both British and continental European influences
upon church building in stone became of festival toward the 11th
country.
The most highly developed form of a stave church section with a
(blind) clear-storey, and a steep scissors-trussed roof. The contrast
between internal decorative simplicity and the extraordinary vigour of
external carved decoration, particularly of the west Font and entrance
doorway, is very marked.
Medieval dwellings in Scandivania show a continuous tradition of
timber building, particularly in Norway. The customary technique was a
form of “Lefting” making use of logs lapped at their ends.

*lapped-a joint formed by placing one piece partly over another and
uniting the overlapped portions.

Masonry techniques in church building readily revealed an early

dependence particularly upon English and Norman models churches at
Husaby.

Church at Signatuna, has oxial towers and eastern apses, with either
continuous or crossing vaults.

A series of round churches on Boenholm represent an incident in

Danish progress towards a mature Romanesque architecture. It has
central vault piers, apsidal projections and bold plan buttresses.
12th century churches in Scandinavia show a progressively were mature
Romanesque character, incorporating the effects of Norman and
German development in masonry techniques and structural design
aimed at fully-vaulted composition. Earlier precedents at Roskildae in
Denmark were based upon a simple aisled nave with an aisles choir
and a square west end projecting between two towers.
EXAMPLES

1. Religious Buildings
The stave churches represent a most distinctive indigenous
architectural phenomenon of the early middle ages in Scadinavia

*stave church-a Scandinavian wooden church with vertical planks

forming the walls

2.Secular Buildings
Early medieval minor domestic architecture in Scandinavia generally
conformed to the strong tradition of timber construction, and little
original work survives.