97.

315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

Lecture 29

TITLE

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

Theory
Transformer Transformer

core saturation application

Assignment References Summary

Maxwell, James (1831-1879)

Lecture 29 OUTLINE

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

CORE SATURATION
97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Transformer

HYSTERESIS

SOFT for transformers, small area

At a sufficiently high H the core saturates and B is essentially constant.

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Magnetization

Ferromagnetic
B
Hard

SOFT and HARD Ferromagnetic materials

Soft
Hc

HARD for permanent magnets large area

Lecture 28 THEORY

H (I )

Hysteresis loops of a soft magnetic material, which is easy to magnetize and demagnetize, and those of hard magnetic materials

H c , soft << H c , Hard Bs , Soft Bs , Hard

Soft ::: transformer cores, solenoids, . Hard :: permanent magnets

Lecture 23 TEXT

Area of hysteresis loop is equivalent to energy lost in one cycle.

Lecture 28

The usual design principle is to have B = Bsat at the voltage peaks in the primary
(minimizes the amount of iron needed in the core)

Recall the Hysteresis curve B versus H

Lecture 29 THEORY

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

CORE SATURATION
Recall for the primary that: Then at maximum

dF v =dt
1

1 , max

dF =dt

1 , max

Area of the core

1 , peak

= wB A
sat

Frequency
+ v
Lecture 29
1

Iron core cross-sectional area A

i
2

+ v 2

Primary, N1 turns

Secondary, N2 turns

THEORY

Load resistor

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

CORE SATURATION

1 , peak

= wB A
sat

If v1 goes beyond this range, however, H is above Hsat, and the effective inductance seen at the primary becomes small. The flux is also not well-confined to the core.

LFm
Because of the reduced inductance, the current in the primary becomes large in these peak parts of the cycle.

i
Lecture 29

THEORY

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

CORE SATURATION

1 , peak

= wB A
sat

If v1 goes beyond this range, however, H is above Hsat, and the effective inductance seen at the primary becomes small. The flux is also not well-confined to the core.

LFm
The voltage in the secondary also ceases to be a clean sine wave, and acquires harmonics.

v
Lecture 29

THEORY

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

CORE SATURATION
97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Transformer

HYSTERESIS

SOFT for transformers, small area

At a sufficiently high H the core saturates and B is essentially constant. The saturation problem is also the reason for not using very low frequencies. The impedance in the primary becomes small as the frequency becomes small, so that the current becomes large and the core saturates. Recall

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Magnetization

Ferromagnetic
B
Hard

SOFT and HARD Ferromagnetic materials

Soft
Hc

HARD for permanent magnets large area

Lecture 28 THEORY

H (I )

Hysteresis loops of a soft magnetic material, which is easy to magnetize and demagnetize, and those of hard magnetic materials

H c , soft << H c , Hard Bs , Soft Bs , Hard

Soft ::: transformer cores, solenoids, . Hard :: permanent magnets

Lecture 23 TEXT

Area of hysteresis loop is equivalent to energy lost in one cycle.

Lecture 28

Z = jwL
L

Lecture 29

THEORY

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

TRANSFORMER AND THE POWER GRID

Typical power requirement for a small city: 1000MW Maximum voltage provided by typical generator: 30 KV Thus need a current of 3.3*104 A Suppose generator is 100 km from city.
l = 100km
a = 2.5cm

Copper transmission line 2.5 cm in radius has resistivity

Lecture 29 THEORY

r = 1.7 mWcm

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

TRANSFORMER AND THE POWER GRID

l = 100km a = 2.5cm

Copper transmission line 2.5 cm in radius has resistivity

r = 1.7 mWcm
Resistance over length of transmission line length Power loss in wire conduit
R= rl rl = = 0.86W A pa
2

I R=
2

MW

Leaves about 50MW for city. Need very large core to handle this current without saturation.
Lecture 29 THEORY

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

TRANSFORMER AND THE POWER GRID

l = 100km a = 2.5cm

Solution is to step up the voltage and thus reduce the current and power loss in copper conduit. Typical AC high voltage line: 765 kV Current required: I = 1000 A Power loss in wire conduit

I R=
2

MW

Leaves about 999.14MW for city.

Lecture 29 THEORY

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

CORE SATURATION
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/AlanSharp/xformer.htm

http://svt.ee.tut.fi/transformer/tra351.htm ..\97315\course notes\week 10\exp4.pdf http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/sechtml/storm4.html

http://www.geolab.emr.ca/geomag/e_power.html

Lecture 29

THEORY

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

1989 http://www.geolab.emr.ca/geomag/e_gic_history.html - year1989 A great magnetic storm occurred on 13 March 1989, that caused a nine-hour blackout of the 21,000 MV Hydro Qubec, power system. A vivid description of that failure has been provided by G. Blais and P. Metsa (1993) of Hydro Qubec: "Telluric currents induced by the storm created harmonic voltages and currents of considerable intensity on the La Grande network. Voltage asymmetry on the 735-kV network reached 15%. Within less than a minute, the seven La Grande network static var compensators on line tripped one after the other....With the loss of the last static var compensator, voltage dropped so drastically on the La Grande network (0.2 p.u.) that all five lines to Montral tripped through loss of synchronism (virtual fault), and the entire network separated. The loss of 9,450 MV of generation provoked a very rapid drop in frequency at load-centre substations. Automatic underfrequency load-shedding controls functioned properly, but they are not designed for recovery from a generation loss equivalent to about half system load. The rest of the grid collapsed piece by piece in 25 seconds." Many other power utilities in North America experienced problems ranging from minor voltage fluctuations to tripping out of lines and capacitors. A summary of these effects and the times of their occurrence is given by Cucchi and Ponder (1991). Lecture 29 THEORY

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

Auroral electrojet 106 A

Lecture 29

THEORY

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

Auroral electrojet fluctuates by 105 A in one minute

m DI m (10 A) DB @ = = 6.6 * 10 T 2pr 2p (150 * 10 m )
5 o o -6 3

Change in flux through circuit

DF = (6.6 * 10 T )(100 * 10 m * 1000 * 10 m )
-6 3 3

emf =

DF = 110V Dt

v B

Auroral electrojet 106 A

High voltage line

Generating station Consuming station

Lecture 29 THEORY

100km

1000km

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

Auroral electrojet fluctuates by 105 A in one minute

emf = DF = 110V Dt At this frequency transformer coils look like short circuits R @ 1W

A DC current of 100 A is produced

Auroral electrojet 106 A

v B

High voltage line

Generating station Consuming station

Lecture 29 THEORY

100km

1000km

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

Geomagnetic Effects on Power Systems - English Geomagnetic Storms

Sun article Sun

Lecture 29 THEORY

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

TRANSFORMER APPLICATIONS
The transformer is usually the most efficient way to convert AC voltages. This can be done by impedance matching. Impedance matching is the term used for achieving maximum power transfer to a given load from a generator. Quite often the generator is set as is the load. For maximum power transfer we can use a transformer to convert the power from the generator to the load as shown below.

Consider:

+ v
1

+ v
2

THEORY

Lecture 29

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

TRANSFORMER APPLICATIONS
Consider:

N v We have v = N
2 2 1 1

v N v = R N R
2 2 L 1 1 L

and

i =
2

Assuming large self inductance, we can write

We also know that from Ohms law equate

N v N i = i = N R N
2 2 1 2 1 1

1 L

v -v i = R
G 1 G

Lecture 29

THEORY

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

TRANSFORMER APPLICATIONS
Consider:

R
N N

2 1

Thus

v v -v R = R
1 G L G

vR v = N R +R N
1 G 2 L 2 G 1

N N

2 1

1 1 v R + R v = R
2 1 L G

G G

In terms of

this is

Lecture 29

THEORY

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

TRANSFORMER APPLICATIONS
Consider:

R
v
G

In terms of

this is
L 1

v =
2

N v N
2 1

v =
2

vR
2 G 1

N N R R + N N
2

We want to design a transformer to have a maximum power transfer to the load. Thus:

v P = maximum 2R
2 2 L L

Lecture 29

THEORY

and .

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

TRANSFORMER APPLICATIONS
Consider:

G
2

R
2

v maximum P = 2R
L L

vR 1 P = 2R N R + N R N N
G L L L 2 1 G L 1 2

1 kR v P = 2 k R + 2kR R + R
2 L G L 2 2 G
2

with

Lecture 29

THEORY

N k = N

2 1

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

TRANSFORMER APPLICATIONS
Consider:

Differentiating with respect to k and setting to zero will give the condition for maximum transfer to the load.

Rv (k R + 2kR R + R ) - (kR v dP =00= 2 (kR + R ) dk

2 L G 2 2 2 G G L L L L 4 G L

)(kR

+R R
G

with
Lecture 29 THEORY

N k = N

2 1

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

TRANSFORMER APPLICATIONS
Consider:

R
2

R
N R = N R
2 1

Simplifying

Rv (kR + R ) - (kR v 0= 2 Rv kR R v = 2 2
L G G L L
2 2 2 G L G
L

)(R )
G

R k= R
Lecture 29

THEORY

N with k = N

2 1

gives

This is the transformer turns ratio which gives maximum power transfer to the load.

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

TRANSFORMER APPLICATIONS
Consider:

R
97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Transformer

POWER TRANSFORMATION
Input admittance

If we convert the load resistance to the apparent generator side resistance, we get:

P =

v R
2 L

rms

P =
2

v 2 R
2 1 L

N R = R N
2 2 1 L L 2
2 L G

Gives

N v N P = N 2 N R
2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 L 2

Equivalent circuit for the primary

P =
Lecture 27

v =P 2R
2 2 L

jwL

L N R = R = R L N
2 2 1 1 L L L 2 2

THEORY

R R R =R
G L

Maximum power transfer condition to load

Lecture 27

R = R
L

Lecture 29

THEORY

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

TRANSFORMER APPLICATIONS
N
1

5V DC

20 : 1

In order to convert AC line power to low voltage DC, a step down transformer is used first, followed by a rectifier bridge, followed by coarse filtering, followed by limiting.

Lecture 29

THEORY

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

A Thin Film Piezoelectric Transformer for Microelectronic Applications

With the onset of miniaturization, many applications in the electronics industry now require small, low profile components with a high efficiency of operation. Electromagnetic transformers, having thousands of wire turns around a ferrite core, have become an obstacle to the progress of miniaturization, as they are among the most bulky devices on a circuit board. Piezoelectric transformers have recently received some attention as a possible alternative. A piezoelectric transformer essentially consists of two mechanically coupled and electrically insulated piezoelectric resonators (Fig. 1). When an electrical signal near the frequency of mechanical resonance is applied to the input section of the transformer, strong mechanical vibration occurs due to the piezoelectric converse effect. This vibration is transferred to the output section, inducing a voltage on its electrodes due to the piezoelectric direct effect, with a consequent voltage gain.

Lecture 29

THEORY

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

A Thin Film Piezoelectric Transformer for Microelectronic Applications

It is now possible to manufacture piezoelectric films of sufficient thickness and quality to make thin film piezoelectric transformers through the use of a composite film technology developed here at Queen's University. A ring transformer with vibrational motion in the radial direction has been established as the best candidate for a transformer through use of Mason's model for piezoelectric transformers, predicting a operating range of 1-10 MHz with voltage gains of 0.1-100 and a maximum efficiency of operation of 90% (depending on the dimensions and quality of the film). Current work has been focused on optimizing the material parameters and the poling procedure of the piezoelectric composite films, as well as developing a method of characterization for the piezoelectric parameters.

Lecture 29

THEORY

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

TRANSFORMER APPLICATIONS

Lecture 29

THEORY

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

These questions are straight forward. Plug in the numbers and get your answer. Being able to solve this type of question ensures you of at least a grade of 25% on a quiz or final exam containing questions related to this lecture. These questions require a few manipulations of equations or numbers before the answer can be obtained. Being able to solve this type of question ensures you of at least a grade of 50% on a quiz or final exam containing questions related to this lecture. These question are quite involved and requires a thorough understanding of the topic material. Being able to solve this type of question ensures you of at least a grade of 75% on a quiz or final exam containing questions related to this lecture. These questions are the most difficult and require a thorough understanding of the topic material and also pull in topics from other lectures and disciplines. Being able to solve this type of question ensures you an A grade on a quiz or final exam containing questions related to this lecture. 100 These form excellent review questions when preparing for the quiz and final exam.
50 100

25

50

75

100

75
25

75

Lecture 29

ASSIGNMENT

SELL EVALUATION SCALE

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

You should know how to obtain the condition for maximum power transfer of the transformer. You should be able to discuss in detail core saturation and its effect on the power grid. You should seek out an additional application of the transformer and discuss its operation based on the lecture notes related to Ideal and Real transformers.

Lecture 29

ASSIGNMENT

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

Lecture 29

REFERENCES

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

CORE SATURATION

R
N R = R N
2 2 1 L L 2

Maximum power transfer

Lecture 29 SUMMARY

97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Core Saturation

Lecture 29

END