Ü - .Sêetsêe: (Dü - Üôet Uû Ett)

+< j>T\T
(d|eT u>eTT)
s#s TT
& _.seTsE
us |uT + Hwq dsY b|ds Y
V <su<T
2011 nsY
195
$wjTd
1. u>e<eqTE\T
(1017 `1137)
1
2. |V &w |t uuws B H (1178 `1279)
17
3. +usT\T
(12e XeTT)
25
4. d+V] we #sT\T (13, 14 XeTT\T) 32
5. b nqeTjT (1424 `1503)
43
6. l e\u #sT\T
(1478 `1532)
56
7. eT~eqT >Ts| k$T (15e X+)
69
8. yTsbq
(15e X+ s s+ ) 77
9. u <#\+ seT<dT (1620 `1687)
88
10.s >sk$T (1767 `1847)
101
11.+ eTV|sTw s+>jT (18e X+) 118
12.+<sT s+>e< (1880 `1905)
128
13.\< ] qseT<dT (1902 `1947)
135
14. VqTeT=+& d<q+< k+eT] k$T
(1909`1979)
149
15.UJ| eu + <k$T (1950`1988)
167
16. V+<|s+ qsV ] d<T sZ T |s+ |s
(1859 - 2003)
183
d
<Xd + d| q n_eq+, < esZqTs
ke <s + |> \
|T<\
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>T\ #]
s#q s+_+#{ sD+. |{ sTu>\T>
300 eT+~ j>T\ #]\T y\Te&q$. nHs>
d+ #jT eTT d]+q 16 eT+~ j>T\
de#s d|e T u>eT |sT |{H sT. s+s
|]X<q n< jTH d++~+q Cd <s q+
e] u>+. sT u>\T #~$q < $TT\T
+= d+|+ m| &T edT+ < d> n&> ysT.
#<T esT\ bVyT seTsE>] s#q |sD.
y] J$< jT+ |#T sD. &{| #dq leT
lV]>], z|> n_eq+ eTT~+q z+ ksTT
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T.
T+duT\T.
n++
lll u> y H d ksTT uuy]
+< j>T\T (d|e T u>eTT)

b |d s Y _. seTsE
1-8-117/2, &|* , V<su<T - 500 020.
bqT: (040) 27661034
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y\ s. 100/k &d sY
qy<j
T TV dt
3-3-865, sde+ m<TsTM~,
>&, V<su<T - 500 027
bqT : (040) 24652387
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d : 9866245797
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z+ ksTT >|
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bqT: (040) 2756 4141.
1. u>e<eqTE\T (1017`1137)
< n< $c< eTT\T eT&TqT y< deTeTTq
eTeTT\T. M{H eTjT eT+{sT. < eT k|H #sT\T
eT<#sT\T q&>\ T (1199`1303). n< eT k|H
#sT\T X+s#sT\T (684`716) sjTT\T, $c<
eTk|H #sT\T u> e <eqTC#sT\T (1017`1137)
+<T \T. jT |se jT n< eT y<eTT. V
d+, ><, Jy Ve H|s' VyTTf deTT,
>T ds eTT $T< , Je&T VyT. VeTT +f ysT <T
n B seTT. $XwD jTTy T q n< eTT $c< eTT.
|sVeTT $XwDjTTeTT. nq> >TDeTT\T \<,
leTHsjTDT&=& |s VeT $c< T\ y<eTT.
(Jy) ysT , |se ys , leTV$wy |se jT
1
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
|b~+#Tq~ < eTT. eT&T eTeTT\y] y<e TT\T,

|wT \ T, |sDeTT\T <seTT.
|q |s=q eT&T eT\ $c<eT |c|H
#sT\T u> e <eqTC#sT\T. #q|{ dMTbq>\
l |sT+T<sT (u|]) d] sTT+{|sT>\
Xek$TjTH +<ywe uVDT\T+&ysT. nH
jTj ><T\T w #dH sT qT jTqqT XejT
nHysT. sT| sTeT\ eqede, e<e de\qT s s
jTeT+ #dT+&q sTeT\ q+_ (lX\|PsT\)
sTesT #+&T |< #\T +eT XejT,
q#\ T l<$ eT\ye T+>\+ eT\qjTq u
s T
|+& #dH sT. XejT +eT ]d+ eTs=sT
+qysT. y] Bs \+< d+q+ \T>b ysT
#+< >VD+H&T #q|+ deTT<kq+ #d
sTe[D bsks~ \jT+ |yTw k$T
Hs~+HsT. bsks~ |T& HH MT |T&H
|&Tq es$TH&T. nqf +eT >s + <] +q~.
.X. 1017 d+ # X< |+#MT >TsTys+ sq
s\>+ ~eu\T&T |{H&T. ys $q
sTeT\ q+_ sT| qT+& e yTq\T #TT y\T>TTq
+eT+&\+ # lseT#+<T |jTeTk<sT&q
\DT $w\D\T >T]+ seqTE\ HeTsD+
#dH sT. nq\+H +eT #\ T l<$ |d$ +
=&TqT +f >$+<T& HeTsD+ #dHsT. l
|sT+T<sT yw e \+<s e ~eu\T n+<+,
2
u>e<eqTE\T
dT # Xsq+<\T b+~ B$+bsTTHsT.

eq y] sTq+_ nH yX &T d+|<jT |]s &T
sT . seqTE\ <ejT ns udeTT, >swe TTq
|qjTqeTT #d Xy#sT eT eq deTd$ <\T
H] 16e jT +eT |+& #dH sT. =&T &\T
eTT<Te TT#\T #& +&H XejT |se T|~+HsT.
=+ \eTT *e <H j
T T+& yT qs&+ seqTE\T
y<+ eTud+#T |qeT=&T >$+<T &T=
+N|seTTq qTq H{ >=| y<+ |+&T &T j<e
|X\qT XsTT+H&T. j<e |X&T >=| |+&T &
TTEesqT&T &T, MT<T $T* $w<w. H
seqTE\T >$+<T&T j<e|X\qT d$d y<+
$< quddT+&HsT.
H&T j<e|X\T d+ CqeTq++ V
nH j|wT y yUd Xs+
|se <eT $e]d, seqTE\T esd n$
VeTTq $XwDeTT\T eyT n s|+HsT.
j<e|X\T |T seqTE\qT y[beTHsT.
seqTE\T >TsTe\ y~+# L&< XsTT+#T=
$<ud+ =qk+HsT. +=H&T seqTE\T
>TsTe\ \+TT+&> jTq d jT< bd+ |+&
yTe eTD nH #+<>|w< yUd VeTT
(leTHsjTDT) qT\T |w+e mi> +{jT
$e]d seqTE\T <T'T bdeT+f dsT# *
eT ns+ #| y u>e+T H\T ds $d
3
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
|<\ e+{e |U+HsT. j<e|X\T |+

| seqTE\qT y[ beTHsT. seqTE\f
eTTqTeTT+<T + jTT& n< |\ $s~
W& qT seqTE\qT m{>H &seq
XsTT+#TH&T. T+&> +N|s+ se]
Vsd T &yd j<e |X\T $&|+ # bsTTH&T.
seqTE\T > V eTTqT bs <* sE>s T
>TsTw\qT sTe] d]+HsT. ~ L& j<e
|X\ seqTE\| s |s>{ eTs= sDyTq ~.
j<e|X\T eT qeTyTq w\ d+|~+
oj$Tw seqTE\qT eT y+ rdTbsTT esZ
eT<+ m& n&$ #+| XsTT+#THsT.
seqTE\ |q* esT&q >$+<T& $wjT + |d {
qT> & oj j T \T< ] H& T . n< q T#
seqTE\qT V#]+#e#T qqTH&T. $+<|s
b+\T #]q sT y >$+<T&T nq>] $wjT + #| ,
V#]+H&T. seqTE +<+qT+& yqT&qT
q{+ +N|s+ u|{H sT. qqT nqTe+#+&
>$+<T&T e+ >TsTe\y+ oj bsTTH&T.
j<e|X\T seqTE\ d+ y< + @< LseT>+
y&jTT+{& d+s|&sT.
u>e+T| us+yd seqTE\T <s+ <TsZ
esD\T <T sT\T nqTyq # $X$Td s sTT
n\dbsTT u> e +T d]d, <bsTT #e s , m<T
y<<+|T\T q&sT. ysT seqTE\qT $#]+
4
u>e<eqTE\T
$wjT eTT\T *d= eTT syTXs bTqT #|

eTy+ &TbsTTHsT. eT< s y<T us
<V+ yd seqTE\T dMTbq>\ u$qT+& sT
sTTHsT. <+|T \T d+w+ < bsTTHsT. \y ]
seqTE\T yT #d s <+|T \T sT . seqTE
\TsTTT #d eTT + jT qT \TdT=
+es<T&T drdyT+> e qqT eT+> +
#]H& |se q+<+ b+~HsT. seqTE\T \T#]
* +eT $wj \ #| HsT. H $wj \
sV d+>H +HsT. m|T seqTE\T =+\+
j<e|X\qT XXSw+HsT. *> ] <X+ |s+
seqTE\T +N |PsT\ H XS<yw e j HXsTT+#>
jTq y<s|+ eq~ +es<T&, qT e
|{qT+& + jTqTq u$qT+& sT
+es<T sTeT+q+ s + #jT T eTHsT. e+<sT
sTy seqTE\ HjT+ yweeT u$wT
dTs + > +&>\ < +N |PsT\ T $Xd+HsT.
\+ ls+>+ jeTTH#sT\T (e+<sT\T),
l ywe \|T\T. ysT $c< d<+ |#s
Xw \ T. eTV|PsT\ T (|]jTq+_), lX\ |PsT\ T (sTeT\
q+_), +N|PsT\ T (sTq+_) e+{ |eTTKT\+<s
y]e<H $c< d<+>+<eTT\qT $wueTTqT
nu d+HsT. e+<sT\T seqTE\ >] $ k]
+ eq|&T <s+qT+& # eTTqTeTT+<jTH
yw e C |*+| Cd deTsT && XsTT+HsT.
5
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
sTq+_ seqTE\T wq ys $ seqTE\qT

&s |]jTq+_ |+|HsT. n|{ e+<sT\T
&Te<T\T, J$#se++ HsT. |]jTq+_ s
+ s + #dT q seqTE\qT <s+qT+& # y] s
yuy eTT>T e+<sT\ ks+ _>Zs> >q+
#dHsT. seqTE >q+ $ w $#]d eT
>TsTe\T, +N|PsT\ >TsTe\ s#qeT eTVq+<+
nqTu$ +HsT. e+<sT\T eTTeTTK+ Hs, y]
<X+ |s+ eTqT y] d~ rdTbe{ e
HeT #| >H seqTE\T VQTVQ{> |]jTq+_ y+
jT\T<]HsT. ysT ls+>+ |y dT+ &> e+<sT\T
|seT|~+Hs y] n+eT d+ks+ #jT{
lywe\+<s n& #]qT *d <T'+HsT.
e+<sT\ s+ #dT+f &#sTT eT&T y
eTT&jTTqT >eT+q seqTE\T <q+ ly]
eT&T ]\T+&e >V+HsT. eT&T 1) yd
|sXsT \ XXd V+ @sT #jT +, 2) $T
eTVe\ n>dsTq qesT\ |eT >sy\T
deT]+#+, 3) Vd\ $c< |s + > yUq+
yjTeT *d y{ eTT rsTeT X|< + #dH sT.
e+<sT\ n+jT \ sT y seqTE\T ls+>+
b+& + ]e eTT #dq |\ k<q
s+s<jTqo\Ts jTT+ +q #dT+&ysT.
+ y] * +eT>sT |se T|~+q~. * |s
jT \T #d seqTE\T +H +N|PsT\ qT d$d
+q #dT+&HsT. seqTE\ us +eT
6
u>e<eqTE\T
sTq+_ uVDs T \H q#| y]jT& esTd>

eT&TksT | #dq ~. seqTE+ #| H, V#]+H
$q<T. seqTE\T yTqT @< k |{+{
|+|HsT.
seqTE\T d+ \TdTe{ sTq+_
XsTTd eTVqTue&T es<s |sTe <X+ >
X
nVyTe |s V >sDsD'
js<d< @e eTVeT,
ybj Hd @e HH+ eTT$ T# +
eT< H+ HH+ # H+eTd]w
|Ps#s+ eTVq+ deXjT >TDXjT yT.
nH X |]+ $e]+ nsw

b| *+HsT.
lseqTE\T ls+>+ |]jTq+_qT+& Hse\dq
<+ q~ qT ls+>+ |jTqyTHsT. n< deTjT+
ls+>+ yweeT+&*ysT seqTE\y] &=
se\d+~> |]jTq+_H +N|s+ |+|HsT. |]jTq+_
usdVT + jT\T<] e eT<Ts++
<+&seT k$T d$+HsT. &usTTq rsyT<T
sqT |s++ seqTE\T |]jTq+_ \TdT
HsT. |]jTq+_ b+#s>eTb B|<q$~
qqTd]+ seqTE\ |+#d+kseTT\T s]+
nc eT+ $T e +<s T \ | s e qT> V
n+~+HsT. n& j (|eD, |yT jT, |e\T)
$e]+HsT. seqTE\ y+ +bsTT n& sT
7
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
H\\T+& <$&y< + 4000 eT+\ 3000 eT+\T,

yd Vd\T seqTE\ |<+HsT.
seqTE\T usqT +, jeTTH#sT\ b<\T
<d + es<s k$Ty]qT+&jT dHkXeT+
d]+ cjTeTT\T <+&eTT eT+&\eTT <] +HsT.
es < s k$T < X + +N| P s T \ T d e Td > s e
+#H \ seqTE\ k$Td~ ns eTTK+>
jTsE\H |Xd *+ eT+~s+H u>+
y] eTs+ @sT #dH sT. n+ q ejTdT, n+<yT q
s+ ~es#T\T yT jTsE\qT |\T|<X\
ywe\T, u\T, keqT\T e <]+ bjTysT.
jTsE\ ] <Xe T+ bq~. eTT+<T> jTsE\
yTq\T&T |sTw eT+>>Vs yd <Xs~, Ls >eTyd
LsX\T seqTE\ w y]#+ deTd$<\T
H]HsT. sTTsTesT jTsE\ & jT&eT uT eTT\
e+{ysT. nT sT y eTqT #+| jT+q n<
#sT\T, |Ps>TsTe\T, j<e|X\T eTqX+
\TbsTT *> ] <X+ , sT q+_ <X+ |s+
seqTE\qT XsTT+ wH sT. n|{qT+& n< T\
sTT+& L& jTsE\ |Xd b m+<s e <]+
bjTysT. jTsE\ |qeT l<$ =&T Xe &T> e]
lVd +Tq >$+<T&T e seqTE\ w
&H&T. q\T>TsT nT sTy lywe eTeTTq
d++~+q nHs # q \T #dH sT.
e+<sT\ |< q+<+ ls+>+. n& yw e \T jT
sE\qT ls+>+ \T|eq XsTT+ bjT+
8
u>e<eqTE\T
+ e+<sT\ eTTKw\T u> e <qT>V bTq

eTV >jT\T sTes+>+ |sTejTsT\qT +
|+|HsT. jTq eT ny|T yTq ~e|+< k>q+
seqTE\qT yT|+, es+ b+~, seqTE\qT ls+>+
se{ |+HsT. seqTE\ ls+>+ >=|
k>+ \_++~. e+<sT\ s ~]> jTsE\T
ls+>+ <e+ ~ed q = |<X \qT u>T
#sTT+ |wy{\ T H{+ \jT|P = TuT
#sTT+HsT. yw e eT+ e\+ |+&# s \es |]$T+
+& \jT+ y\T, u>e |sD><\ d+^
s|\T, ~e|+< >H\T @sT #sTT+ ywe+
keqqT\ s Dj
T + #dH sT. |]jTq+_ <X+
<jTeT+eTVs+ \TdTe{ >w| P s He+s+ >\
sTwj
T sTq+_ d~ bsTTHsT. jTq jTsE\
X<qT |+#{ 18 |sj\T eT >e
|+#T=, jTq |T<\ u d+d+ e]k]>
+]> seTHsT. e]k] jTsE\T Ls X<Xs< T \qT
&= b >w| P sT\ T +]> seT+f sTe] &=
eHyeT |d <Xs~ H <+&+, Ls X\T H <
eTHsT. >w| P sT\ V<jT + <$++~. eT+s+ u~+
B sV d+> <#TeTHsT. y+ |k~+# ~e eT+s+
=~eT+~ |]$T+ e+ jTsE*w|& eTsTH
&T<jT + sT={j
T sY \jT>|syT n+<] eT+s+
#{HsT. ys $ >w| P sT\ T |+ seqTE\qT
s|+#T= de<qeT& eT+s+ y\& #dq+<T
qs+ be+f seqTE\T HH=D qs+ bqT
9
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
eT eT+ssVd+ $q +q+ eTTsHsT.

>w| P sT\ V<jT + <$++~. ysT jTsE\ sTD,
u yT d\qjTH\ *+>q+ #dT = m+usT eH
n d+u~+HsT. e e |uTe n ns+.
|qsTJ$ ywy HjT&qe. e<sT\T,
e +<s T \ eTTK ' qes T \ s T ysTTy T T[
n<jTq+ #dqysT. n{ e<sT\qT XsTT+
sTysTTyTT[ ($Ty<+) HsT=eT seqTE\qT
>w|PsT<+HsT. jTsE\T e<sT\ #+
eT+\T HsT+T+f y] = ns\T q$.
eTT+<T> |TH jTsE\ e >Vq
e< s T \T d + w + > T s T e\ > T s T y H e
n_q+~+HsT.
jTsE\ $<]<X eTTdq~. y] ywe y<+
u<q m+<s s d<+eTT\ysT |u $TH sT.
deTjT+H s < X + ~jTj eTT+ d<X
]eq jTeT] nH n< y< + e seqTE\
18 ~H\T y~+ b<+T $c< + |#THsT.
jTsEq seqTE\ ] <Xe T+{ esTy+~.
ysT ls+> <y\j ds~| + eV+ yw y <e
< +<+> eT\HsT. n\+&H #keT+sE
<y\jT sVD+ n|+HsT. jTq eTV\X*
<q TsdT , n+>s &T. jTqus bH $X\H\T>\
eT+. <+|T\T #y eHsT. M~
q&TdT+ f yT m+& >T \+& <q TsdT >=&T>T |&
10
u>e<eqTE\T
jTsE\ w\T jTsE\ D #|+ e+<T

&HsT. seqTE&T >=| |$T&HsT. |eTJe\T
+> u>e<qT>V bTs eTsTH&T<jT+
++f dT+<syTq H\T #|kq seqTE\T
<q TsdT qT >s > T & rdTbsTT ls+>H<T H\T
#|+HsT. <qTsdT nybsTTH&T. usus*sTesT
jTsE\ w eT ds d+ eTs deT]+HsT.
ys *dq n\+&T seqTE\ w& yw e \
n>dsT &H &T. <uT q k~+qy] >TDeTT\
\eTTq seqTE\T b<qMTjT<T .
seqTE\ qXj \L \jT |PCsT\ d+
eTqd d]|& < T . s+>$* uVDs T &T. esHs +_
ndX&T. seqTE\T y] >=|> d+u$+#+ w\
> \js\ w+ <T . seqTE\T y]
W<seTT, || , dyueeTT\T |\ <s w\sT
|s qT$| *+HsT. \jT|PC] es+Z |
k] $cq+ k] $w+ *|q rs$ THsT. ~Xw
nes y T q j T sE > + & e TT\T ls + > H < T
nqT>V + >& HsT. \, $<, <q , eT<eTT\Tq w\
# sT \ +& <d+ #sTT+ k d+|qT\qT
#dH sT. jTsE\T eT yTqeeT sTeT\q+_ #+
sejTD<jTq+ #jT{ wdyT+> sT|
|jT qyTH sT. e nwd V d >eT+ es<s jT\H
sT|< w us, >TsTe\ deTsq deT{q
>eTTq eTVq+< u] TH sT. ||+ # u kV+
11
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
{ eTVs dyX+ nsT<T. es<sjT<+|T\qT

os~+, jTeT eqeTT <#T =q>]q es
w> d]+, <q>s+<T&q jTCX u\T
>TsTe\HT >s$+#eH u~+HsT.
sT y seqTE\T |$yT q sTeT\=+&\T
> y| q& | m q w&T u>ee
|+#TTq seqT |wy{ s |$ \qT
<]+, es ly+fXsk$T eT+>Xdq+ #d
yTqeeT sTeT\q+_ #+ d+es+ $c<
<<+ sejTD< jTq+ #dH sT. l y+fX sk$T
y] ~eX+K#\T deT]+HsT. sTeT\=+& ~
lX\ |PsT\ sTT+ eT&T~H\T+& eT |qeT =&T
>$+<T y+>= ls+>+ #] luws#q |P
#dH sT. ~X+sT \T eT uw+ |X+ d+q u<jTq
e #&{ eTTK w\T Ls X |u T\ jT\T<]
m+ X$T+ os+ Xs<|s+ qTq u<jTq e
d+b~+HsT. sT>T |j D+ b>=T q >+<
k] eyT #~$ +sd + #dT q Ls X\ C| X
VdeTT\ $c<|s+> uw+ s+HsT.
< luweT |sT. XsT&T ksT&, $w&,
dseTTq eT\eT |b~+# $c< d<+
luw+ deT>+> $e]dT+~. seqTE\T #| T+f
luc ydqysT Ls X. +q Ls X\T >TsTe\T
# | T +& > y < + B | e TT, y < + k s e TT, y < s
d+>VeTT, ûweTT\qT L& ydHsT. seqT
12
u>e<eqTE\T
*' |PsyT >< jT eTTqT, eTqT u> e <s<q eTeTTqT

s+jTT+&]. >+<\ eT\+> leTHsjTDT ds|
s|>T D $u <T\T + |+|#j
T +# lysT
u> e <eqTE\ |sT |d< T H sT. lysT e+<sT\
y+#q T |P]#d q ysH sT.
u> e <eqTE\T wdyT +> eTT+<T> <D
<X+
~e \T sT y s u s \T d$+ |sy <T\qT
|sd+ #d $c<eT |c|H#sT y*HsT.
ly] j sT|], s+>q>], os Xs<, <s,
o, +<eq+, >H<+ , lLs+, d+V#\+, nVA_\+
~e<Xe TT\T+&q$. j |<X nH u\ n<T
><\T lywe yvjT+ q$. $T<X + H&T
|\+> q n< , $c< Xe d<+\ nVeTV$T
+&~. #sC~| |<e T T+ >T&T (1070`1118)
|seTXe&T. jTsE\# e +f |s<e+ &
\e+q |+#{ u
T\qT |+| sujT |e<+
*d uwsT\T =\~eT+~ w\ ls+>+ $& yTd sT
s+ bsTTHsT. seqTE\ wq LsX\qT,
|]jTq+_ suT\T rdTbsTT <sTD+> +q
<\ T, >TsTe\d+ w\T #dq >\T &\T \<]+|
Cd$ . e<Tq |]jTq+_ u<H |seT|~+HsT.
n+<Tq LsX\T ls+>+ #]HsT. lseqTE\T
yTdsTs+ \] eH\ $\, =qsT
b*+# VQjTd\ $s\ <e&H Cq T $c< B\ T
|k~+ MTq |w]D |&y d j
T Tq k$Ty] $>V
13
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
|q'|w+ HsT. =+ n& e us\qT XTe\T

<=+*+# |jTd n& ndX\T seqTE\
dV jT|& XTe\qT ]$THsT. seqTE\T ndX\
B* \jT |yX s *+HsT. ndX\ <y\jT
|yX + V+< eT#] < yTT<{k ]. jTsE\T
y] sT\sY ` |$ <e \HysT. |u eyT
>+BeTVT# y] V]qT\|+q~.
u>e<eqTE\T sTHsjTD|s+ q| &
lyw e eT+ $|y yT q d+dsDH |yX |{H sT.
yTd sT s+ lysT 12 @+&TH sT. |<e T T+ >T
b\q+ eTTjT>H ls+>+ #] eTT+<T> Ls X\ sTT+{
bsTT jTqqT *+#T= ds# HqT |$T&HH
qHsT. qT\T b>=T q Ls X\qT + &=bsTT
es<s k$T d~ *|HsT. Ls X\T es<s de +
b& +es<T&T es+ sT=eTH&T. qT#|
sT+{& n+<sqTHsT. LsX\T qqT
#sE |{sTT q +&T |+#{ s&q
q\sHqT $ T+ nqT>V +#e\d+~> ]HsT. yw e
eT+ e >TD d yX+ |s+{. +{ e <j
>TDeTT\T Jddt |uT eH q&T$. |sTw\ bT
|eq d\, us+& u>e<eqTE\T
kq+ *+HsT. Ls X\ #se T<X jTq =&T,
k{ |+&T&T, ||qT&q |sXsT \| u>e
<eqTE\T |w+ |{ B$+HsT. |jTw&T
q+f eTT+< be+ lseqTE\T u] +# b sTTHsT.
14
u>e<eqTE\T
LsX\ n+eTd+ks+ yrs+ ]|+

<T'K+ eTs\ ls+>+ $&b<T . sTHsjTD |s+
\jT+qT n& yw e qT u> e <eqTE\T |yX |{q
d+dsD\T, ls+>+ |yX | bsTTHsT. w\+<s
s=s |se T|~dT+ f y]+<] lseTqTE yu e +>
n+eTd+ks\T ]|+HsT. y] $$< b+\ysT
<]+ bjTysT. e+<sT\ eT&T ]\T 1) V
d\ luw+ s+#+ 2) LsX\ |<=&T
|sXsus |sT |+ 3) qesT\ >
e T < y s d T & q q+_ qT qes T \
d+u~+#+ <s |P]> r]HsT. eT nq+s+
lyw e eT |#s+ deT+> k>{ 74 eT+~ w\qT
j T $T+ d T o# \ | s + + ly w e < +
s |s |&+HsT. 120 @+&T J$+q u> e <eqTE\T
eT n++ dMT|+#>H |sXsu
s T qT ls+>H< <d
keC |+ { m+sT & \, e&T>q+_ &
# eT n+eT d+<X $|+ b\u< q +
#dT = |se T|<+ #]HsT. y] b]eXs y] w\T
ls+>+ <y\jT+H |jT H eTMT\ #dq { @<
skjT |jT #d u<|]HsT. y] $>V
sTeT\, +, l|sT+T<sT |w+HsT.
sTyq ly] u<\T us<X+ \|&q
nHe T\qT, +us, eT<#s, le\u #s, seq+<,
lw#q, HeT<e, Ts+, >TsTHq, MTs, ds<dt
e+{ eTVT\qT, <T \+ >+B eTVT |u $+
#dq$.
15
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
<seTT\T :
1) seqTC#sT\T, +^w sY. bsk s~, National Book
Trust, India. 1991
2) u> e <eqT #] ` >T~yT seqTC#sT\T.
16
2. |V&w|t uuwsBH
(1178`1279)
K+&+s\qT+& us<X k+ eT|es\T
se+ = e+<\ jT+&T |PsyT bs+uyTq~.
eqys T eTTb+~q d < T \ qT, eTV eT\qT
|<] +#+ <s |\qT n<TeVQ\qT #d, ]+
eT eT d]+#T #dHsT. y VY\T>
uu\T> |\ V<jT |s \ q~ed+ s jTT\T>
* bsTTHsT. n{ eTVqTue\ s qT+&
eTq<X eq wsBH sT. jTqqT uuwsBH
n |+>q VY djT~H uu wsBH kVu,
u kVe n Bs+ >q |s=+{sT.
ws B H s 586 VJ (1175 AD) 16 cuHH&T
<jT+ +H&T. jTq +& VY djT<
17
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
eTVeT<kVu. djT < e+X+ jTq 12e s+ y&T.

n+<Te\ |dT < HjT&q ws B H |<e T&e s
#+~qy&T. ws B H b<$ T $<ud+ +&<> sZ ]q~.
b|+ T\qT ne>Vq #d=H keTs+ n_q~.
sT y jTq < $<Cd n+]+q~.
>< wKTwU (>TsTe\ >TsTyq) wU wVTBH
kVe w&H&T. $ks >+<|sq+ <s
$<bs+>, s+su<q\ <s < $<
bse k~+H&T.
|>+sT eTVeT<TqT+& s+uyTq >TsT|s+|s
ws B H 20e y&T. n&T dseZ T<T su w, s>o*.
u>e<qeTT, C>sD jTq X\ J]+#TbsTTq
$wj \T. c|s T q eTVeTBjTT\qT |+#Y qeJ\
+ eeV]dTq~. ~q+ <TksT qeE (bsq)
#dy < ns+ . ws B H V E< (se qeE`
s 1`2 >+\eT<) L& b{+#y&T. jTeT+
jTq nkeq c|s <s q+. <jT bsH
q+s+ jTq q >TsTe *d $TT\qT, s>T\qT
|seT]+#{ yy &T. >TsTw\ |seTs $TT\
V , s> T \ kk | k ~+# ~ . j T q
nHjsq |\ es. HjT+> ]+q< q
J$ d]bqT $T*q~ ;<\ |+#y&T. jTq
b{+q ne d+jTeTq+ nT jTq |PsT\ >
sTy y]> +#<T. s&+s jTq
18
|V&w|t uuwsBH
J$+ |<y<VsD+. $<sT\| jTq q|sq

y\+, y] u$ qT >]q jTq Xj \T #
deT~ |sDq$. >TsqT#sT & y[q |# jTq
H Jeq Hs >T]+, |s|s |]De >T]+
#dq |e#H\T X\qT m+ |u $T\qT $+q$.
* +> m+<s LsT\T, #sT\T eT esZ\qT $&H&
dHsZ>eTTHsT.
H{s \ wsBH eTVeT< |e +
us< X + <D b+ y[ |u<+ k+#e\dq<
<+HsT. ws B H < yT d|e+ q
n+s |u<+> u$+ qk| eTVeT<
d+q se +> skeV+ us< X >eTHqTKT&H &T.
631 VJ (dTH weTTBH n\eTwt\+) (1223AD)
ws B H us <X eH&T. eT|#syT >T]> |T=
=$T~ d+es\bT nses+ $$<b+\
|s {+, |e+ < qT |su $T eTVeT<T <XqT
ks+ qT #| q Tq <e e\dq u$TqT d<+
#d=H&T. 640 VJ <qT |y+ (1232 AD)
|{ V<su<T q>s Hs~X> |~yT <s+
q >T MT< $&~ #dT H&T. ~H b+eT+
Ls eT>\ +&eq equ$T, qd+#s+ #
e. =~b{ qT\TL& $>V s< \T. >T|q Tq
$>V L\<d, n~ q eV+> #T=
19
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
ws B H q keTqd+, eyTq , desq n#{

qT\qT eT #d= y] dVyk, kqTu
d+b~+H&T. qT $&~ #d =q >T| >TV
=$T~ d+es\T |dT (w) #d d~b+~ q
s eTTU<XyTq k+ eT |#s k+H&T.
uu #|q eV\T nHe TT\T. uuqT qeTTq
>T&y&T =+ <H b>T #d=H&T. eT
H| & u<+> +# y&T. H&T >T&y&T eTqT
<>Zs |T= <bsTTH&T. uu |<y
eTqT #| n~ rd= b]b. n+<T e\dq
&Tq~ n |u~+H&T. uu #|q~ ;<y&T
#dH &T. n+ >T&y \ + &T rd=
|sT>TH&e&, yD |T, |sT>T n #|H&T.
>T&y &T nsTd q eT rd= |sT > y
y+&+ <s+<+ \ * |&b sTTH&T. n| &T>
y q <w b| >] *jT<T .
uu #|q eTs= eTVeT. m<T | bsTT+~.
s +&T H\\T> y< y < yk] uuqT XsTT+ m<T
qT, q T++ m+ +~ |&T THs #| =
$\|+H&T. uu n z<], ueTqT ^d n
# d+d s+ ueTqT n&|{
seTH&T. n&T uu #| qT> #d ]edT+ f q
m<T q m<TsTed+&> #H&T. uu ysTT
qeTks\T n]+H&T. >\=+& yde&T y+s&
20
|V&w|t uuwsBH
b*|. n =&T. u\T&T y~

>dT&H&T. q e+X+s s+#Te+ =s n&T
XsTT+# y< T \T sT . #jT |P\T e. es uu
ws B H XsD
T y&H &T. b*| H<] uu u\T
Xs k] eTd b <+ $T]H&T. u\T eTsMT
ujT+<T rd= beTH&T. +& esT rdT
bsTTH&T. |\y &T yT D \T= d+|Ps kk
b+~H&T. y+s& q+< ne<T\Te. uu|
\T y*TH&T. <e&=& n s|+#{
uuws B H J$+ yT q |T q ]+~. H&=
k<Te (|sT) uuqT *d=, e\ d+<s+
<e&=&, nH ? n n&H&T. < uu &
#|{ ys ||T \qeds+ nH&T. #T
$wj s|+#>\ <? n k<T e |X . d+<V +>
n uu de<q+. y<$wj b&T+# +& #T
\T <d eT uu k<T e #| H&T. k<T e <d
H&T. uu \qT s +&Ts +&T> |TeTH&T.
k<T ef #dH &T. es $T*+~. nH\sTT
s+&\ d]bsTT +&~. & {
$T*+~ n * #| H&T. k<T e sTs T &H &T.
uuwsBH yd+> #d=q >T |Ps+ @
|sT+&< *jT<T. jTq \<s + #+~q sT y
n~ |V &w |>t |d~ b +~q~. >TMT< | ;; e
nH esZ >] V+ |#s+ q~. |Ps+
21
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
n~ $ksy T q ~. ne*y| beqqT=q u \

< #T{ be+ w+ > +&~. n{ be+ XeT
L&q |H \+L& e< njT~. ~qT uu q
#s s+&T> N*bjTT #dH&. u
$wj jTq eTVeT\ {> #| +{sT.
uuwsBH bsq\ |]|Ps|ue+ +&~. s>T\T,
s>Tq _&\ \T\T jTq <s q+ #d = eT, eT|\\
sT>\qT y~+#THysT. jTq y]=s b]+
y]<V eqdy <T \qT <s+ #dy&T.
>+T\ s\qT ysT #|+&H *d= rs+
uuwsBH |. H{ u\T eT s\qT
#| = jTq de~eTT+<T kc+>|&TT+{sT. n$
| +& rsTjT y] $Xd+. |V &w |t nH >T|
y { 312 yTTHsTT. nyTT mbe+ n+<]
n+dT \u+ <T. |\\ T, e<T\ TL& nHjd+>,
V+ mbe+ eTq nqT~q+ |eTTq
<X+. ByqT uuws B H \+ q< n+{sT. jTq
eTVeT\T m+ b#Ts+ b+~q$. y{ >T]+ jTq
J$\+H H&T L& }ss y&y&
u\>b\+ ^\T b&T+ +{sT.
eT|#s+ eTTU<X y T H eqeD+ n+d +>
J$+ >&| q sT y q XjT k<q nsTq w\
D
101 d+es\T J$+q ws B H u u 19cuH
22
|V&w|t uuwsBH
687VJ (1279 AD) s b+#uyTq Xs

|]+ n + #+~H&T. q k<sT &q djT <
eTk kVT esT, djT < | <TBHq T ysdT &T>
|{ + H&T. |V & w|t | uu ws B H de~ q#H
| <TBH de~L & q~.
uuwsBH J$Xj\qT eTqkeT+q $sD
o\Tsq u \ T jTq de~MT<qT, >TMT<qT eT
q = sD\T $+HsT. 1288 VJ eTTqesY
UH esT&q <\YUH uuwsBH de~MT<
eT+|+ {+H&T. 1317 |d qyu KT< C
V<sY n&= b\s y~ {+H&T. |V&w|t |
y | &T nsTT<T <s\T |ksTT. yTT<{ <s+ u
#<] {+ H&T. sC s+wH s +&e <s, qyu
kHC V<sT eT&e<s sDs\T. <s
\{ q<q H\T>e <s nV<c cJ #sY
]+|CdH&T. <e<s+ V]eTT. eTTdMT n
J nH s \T es &=&T B {+ H&T.
deTq eqe\qT eT desq#qT, eqy
ryTq eTVeT\#qT >=q eTVeTBjTj>T\T
eTsD+q # de<T\T+&+ dV+. y{#TT
#T sbs| &sD+ |yX < sjT T+ > q&TT+~.
< <sZ (<s >Vt) n+{sT. >Vt nq> d\ + (de~
nsTTq#T) <sY nq> <s+. n{ <sZ\ <>sZ |jT
23
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
Cs (sY)\T sT>TT+{sTT. n$ = @~q|s +eTT\T

> eT]= |+#d| ~ q|s +eTT\T. @&TsE\T ]>
C s j # bsTTq~q+ q& $ T< +T+~.
#s { |V & w|Mt T< 16 cuH qT+& 22
cuH es wsBH uu de~ <>Zs | d+es+
Cs sT>TT+~. y\=\~ u \ T e bV (Hy <
|PsyT q bsq \T) deT]dT+ {sT. uu ws B H de~,
j T q ys d T & T uu | < T B H d e ~ , j T q
dV <s #]D | ;; de~ |c+\T\T |T {+ eT
u | j\qT #T+{sT.
<s+ :
1. dyHVt eTTus (VY uu ws B H sV T*j)
s#q : eTVeT<UH eTT< BqU+B.
2. dTqT s|H (djT~H uu wsBH)
s#q: djT< eTV< <d^sY bc
24
3. +usT\T (12e XeTT)

u>e<eqTE\e $wbse, leTV$we
|Ps esyTq lw|seT u de\<s b+<
e#Tq |u~+qysT +usT\T +<T\T. jTq
~X+sT \+f bNqT\ =+<s+ f eT<#sT\+f
sT yys =+<sH sT. leTV$we dT<s HjTT<+
n+X |{q \T>T uVDT& <eqB (><e) rsq
|{H s =+<s+ f, jTeTTH rs+ | P ]eTH&T
|{q *+>uVDT& =+<sHsT. jTq +&
nsTDT& * jT+ n, +& >H<T & * dsd
jT +<eq+ >esq ] dMTbq +>eT+ |{q
q V#], <+& d+HdjT _qy<eTT\Tq$.
n+<s jTq \T>T uVDT& e+ n+^]+HsT.
25
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
jTq eTV |+&T &q Cq d+Hd y<+ z&+Hs.

dsde TjT+ q+<Tq uq+ #jT qq |+& d+Hd
eT sTT+{ eTT+<Tq +e+ |q nsT nq> dsT
#|+ uq+ #dT n+^]+|Cd q +<Tq jTq
+us, +u~ nH |sT @s&jT . Vw X+ k$T
yq+<T\T +<< X + ><ers+ y& s|D + * +>
uVDT\T jT+r nsTDeTT <+|T \ d+qyTq jTq
11.12e Xu +&q y& jTqqT +us, jTe
q+<#s, V]|j #sT\H eT&T |s | ys
nHsT. |qjTq+ sTy *<+&T jTqqT y<
y<+>eTT\T deTdX geTT\T HsT e+ d+ TTw X+
|+|Hs, leTV$we n+XesyTq jTq. q
ejTdTH deTd $<\TH] V#]>H +&H&,
yweeT+ y|+|CdH& nHsT.
+usT\T d\ d<TZD d+|qT\T <jT, sTD+,
b$+, |eT eTu$+q eTVT\T, +>eT+
re|dT #d leTV$weqT k]+|CdTq
eTVqTue\T, + >eT+H jTq nH eTVeT\T
|<]+ yweeT+ |#s+ #dHsT. eT+y]
+>eT+ |< q +<+, s +&e |< +<+ sCkH
keu<T, n& jTq eT+~s+ L& q~.
eT+y] q+<>eT+, sH, >esq+, + >eT+
|<q+<\T +qT eu$T, s, usY|PsY, C|PsY,
C<|PsY, >esY, TsH, eT<us+, _VsY, ]k,
26
+usT\T
|eT u+>\ eTqTjjTT \~d + U\T. M]

s<w jTT>eTsTs<T\T. u>e+ |<q>+<+.
eu $T #TT 168 yT |]eT+ #jT + +>eT+
<]+#+ |<q seeTT\T. X+sT\T e<+,
seqTE\T $c<+, eT<#sT\T <+, e\u
#sT\T X<< +, +usT\T < < + d<+eTT\qT
k|+ q eTVT\T. Ms+<s >=|ys. sT me sT
e n #| + | . = s== esZ j
\ nqT>TD+> k|+ |#s+#d |\qT # q
e+T\T> ~~r]q eTV|sTw\T. _\| >eT+ #TTq
_$ e _\|\ n]+ <+ yqT>V +
b+~q q\TZsT esT\ nqT>V + V$< bs>T q
eTVT\T +usT\T. qTH y]~ es d+|<jT
eTHsT. seqT<s q+e +us<s q+qT T,
nT, XsT&T eT&T eTT\T. +usT\T, le\uT \T
\T>TysH MsT k|+ q eT\ +<< X + |#s+
<T. u>eeT+ |sT |U#+~q eT
+usT\T Vd\| ydq y<+ b]C ksu+ ,
< < d<+ |e+# lw de s+ nH 25 X\T,
18 X\Tq eT+ sV dc&o (>b\ nc<X s e T+
yUq+), d<+ |b<e TTq <X 10 X\T, eTT+<
XsD eT+sV d+ #| ||q \e, ^ ys+ , d<#s
|X+ eTTKyTq >+<\T. >b\ eT+, eTT+<
eT+ Hs<e TVsT +usT\ | <+Hs.
27
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
+usT\ w eTTKT\T lyk#sT\T, W<T+s

#sT\T, >seTTU#sT\T, \ D u{ #sT\T. eT+
|d<#s |sTw\T |sTce#sT\T, <y#sT\T,
dT+<s u{ #sT\T, Xeo. Xe o>] w
n+ |d<T&T, eT<Tsuybd&T lu|+&T&T.
jTq lw |se T sdk+<s nqTu$ +q
<q T&T +us d+|<jT+ |uw nHs # q \T#dq
eTV|+& $ . +us d+|<j #+~q lV]<d
k$T e<T suy b<q+ >|u e+<s k<H
esZ @ssq |D|sTw&T. eTV>jT&T u&
q V]<dk$T y] w& d+^de{ HdH
d+|<jT+ d+ks<X HHyT q Je, @
yTq V u< + +~. eTT< X # H e\q
s +&+{ u< + <T . n+<T B u< u< d<+eT+{sT.
u<sjTDT\ |PsyT u< u< d<+ W&T$T,
nXs<T \T |e]+|Cd H s. nXs< #sT\T sDH
JeV\ @ eTTq<, sH nH eTTq<
d<+r]+HsT. sDH +>s usD\
@+, ss|+ nH+. ss|D HH+,
nu< ' sDH VeH jT< -u< ' , +&<H
_< V d>TD ds|&T, b<wsVT&T, deTd
D >TDd+|qT&T, jTH eTD T&T, lw& T , lV].
+us d+|<jT+ jTT>eTsTbdq $wkq+
q~. s<sD ds XsT&q lw V~ X |s j
T <T.
28
+usT\T
due -bdd e Td< w eTXw D>TD s yT

ePV+q+ V|s+ esD+ <jTeT w+ eTD + V]yT
n+>T yyT ewu qTC+ eTT<, $seH eTqTs|ku> yT
dFdV d' |]d$+ d<, ds eT <M+ d w eT<yT
|sTw d+ lX \X | nH <
l s<<$>qT, \<$ sTD>qT ne]+HsT. yw e
d+|<j\+{ XsD> n~ b<q+ q~.
<XX { V]yk#sT\T kY w @e |s <e',
+ <jTY, + sdY, + uC ,Y + jTC,Y z+ ~
nHsT. lw b| ujT nTeT k<q+. eqe\
1) X+ 2) <d 3) dK 4) y\, \ uy\T> u
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qT+& k$TysT >Ts|>]|, s&={\, s+>deTT<+,
|sTkVu|, k$X{| yTT<q >e\qT b&T
THsT. 1955 d+es |Ps+ u\T @{eT&T>T
bsTT Hy<+ deT]+#ysT. 1956 d+ k$T
dsT bC eTTbsTTHsT. 1958 d+ k$T
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75
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z+s e TT, | + # bD> T \ V Q T \ $es e TT\T,
nqbXq+, d + bs >$T s \T y T T< q
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1. #+<T&T 2. X+ 3. >* 4. u$T 5. q\T
6. &. M]H |+#u\ k n+{sT. M >eT+
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|syD e+~. b\eT+&* <ss Hs&
Mss&, duT\T =+&& q >T]$s& }TL] seTDeT,
~usTTq q=+&jT, <\T qy+jT.
<s+ :`
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jTq qd\+ |PsT\yd+ L&. |sD+ VjTê
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Msu<$jT+ bq |P]\T sTs\ y]
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78
yTsbq
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4) njT\T |>& 5) e<jT. <T>Tsq<eTT\
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1) |q 2) u>es bq, jTq u>e+ |s=q
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80
yTsbq
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bq u>e+ |] le\|<+T CsTH yTT<{
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>T]+#e#T. u> e <sq #d d+<s + bq |se X&
eT $T+q esq\T #dH&T. u>e+ X+>s+
L& # $wyTq~. jTq s#q ue$ d]
me. ><+ |<+ bq |j+q rsTrsT
nqTbd\T X|Tq\T eT<+> <qT\T>, eT<TseT+E\
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\T>Tbs\qT sdbseX+ z\&ksTT. n+<T
e\qH u>e+ ksqyTq~ |+& beTs HqT
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e >|^\T, jTTejTdH |+& &|\\
sTT+& sTDD+ |]+#+ \T>TH #syT
bsTTq~.
u>yH ldksTTuu s#T> bq u>e+
# |<\T eT |Hk <V]dT+{sT. dTjTC
82
yTsbq
bUq+ qT+& eT M]\ VQeeTT #<eTT

<V|T#T+, #T#TqT+& p#<sT #e eH&Ty]
u+, #qy &<sT #eq=\ &>e#TH, jT#
Tf q#{ H>T HeTT bD{H (VII-46) |<+
<V]+ u>e+ #~$ u>e+ n #eT
]dT+{sT. <|~ >=|<q+ #T <+TqssT
Xg<sT jTT<eH sT =&T\{ #+|q |eTT
H=+<<T (I-162, 168) |<\T<V]ksT. +r<M
lwde+ qT+& lcjT<TuwD qsdU X+>s
ss (I`200), ;w lwde+ qT+&
dsT+&T deTdJe\ <H==&#T (I `226),
V ]eTj T eTT $X eT+ j T T II`17, + T\T
| $ + T\T u e \\$ + T\T d + T\T
eTTqeq #+T\T $w<e #]+T (VII`6),
|V< #] qT+& qjT+<T q\ ueTT\+<TH=
u + d e TV +Tq s T > T y& T bj T +T\T
<e#T+>T&T#T#TH uw+#T#TH eT+<seTs+<
e< T s eTTq< \ T eT< T | + T yeH eT< q eTT\
eTq]+#T qT\T qT\T +{s eTqysT.......
e y<=qT <=&T~ +<T>\&+<T& d+<VeTT
e\< T ( VII `115, 123, 150, 169, 214, 275)
>C+<y+ qT+& me# +#T >yTe |\
qT+&T qyT y=+jTT<T <seTT $ \+jT
d]+C|&T X+K#jTT>eTTH yeTq #]eTTqT+&
83
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
s sE\T seTT >\T>y ++ eT&+jT

(VIII`73,90,96, 590, 622), \j ywe ejTj
seTTqTT +Te, seTTqqe~u+<T seTTq
C&TH q\y&T |<qjTq+T\y&T b<eT\
dej T T, b<s \& H j T eTTqT, ( X `342,
884,1010, 1269) e+{ |<\T <V]ksT. uuy]
bq Xu\+s |j>\T #dq = |<\T L&
w+. n+<T <VsD+. |sTws+ |*+#
>C+<T dsdXsD>T& leTV$weqT b]d
>C+<TyTTs\+ leTV$we >=|d+s+u+
=+< s > j T \T< ] \ < $ d + s + u y T $T{
\ Td T e q n& > < q & T e& qT, q& q q T
eT>T&qT&T>& H&qT&T>TH, y&y& &TeTT& &&,
q&T&T q&T&<T &eT q&T&T H&\H (VIII`103)
nH |<+ <V]ksT. uu |Hk\T nqTe~+#
y] H eT\T|&T$. X\+ >=\TeT+{sT.
d+<s+ bsTTH bq>] Xu\+s |j>
|ue+ HH]q~ +={ eTq$#kqT. dT|d< y+{
dt Hs yDTe<y du <qqTsD bMD+
|<sdTH&T. X HH=&qT. H |q +<sT
&TH&T. yDTe<y u>e+ qsd+Ves $se+
|T+ s+&T|\ Bs e#q+ T <qy+<T+&T...
d u eT+& | d + u + T y d q y T & q < X ~ X \ qT
$T&T+>TiT\T #<s+ {* |{*|&+u eq+>T
84
yTsbq
qeTVd+u+T e\q |jTy d+u d|d+<

+<Ts dMTsD d+|T{|Ts C|TTweDeTVeV
esZsZ_&ws <TdV s d+|T sw X+T
q # # d d < |eTTK uj
T +sse |++T\T
+qeq+T\sTT (VIII`285) yT|T >sq e $|+H&T.
H |qTq X ~ +>H qsd+Ves $se+
e q< n_q+~+H&T. { >T+&\<]+# esq
eT<TseT+E\ Xu\T >T]|+q |<\T><eTT\T bq
>] u>e+ # q$.
|{ |] &T\ n\T, >TD+\T, msTdT\
sTy yeTq, dTeT, w, qsd+V XeTT\ |<\
bT u>e+ = eT+ eT+ |<\T n+<yTq
|T{\T +sd+ #sTT+#ysT. n+{H #<Te\T
eTT+qysT @ e ne\+_+H eT d+ks
n_sT nqTd]+ sejTD us u>e\T $HysT
#<TeHysT. { $qysT #<TeqysT d |sTw\T
m+<s u>e+ |<\T |{ d]dT+{sT.
*<+&T\ qT+& H]q |\\T |<ysq sTy >&
eTsb |<\T u>e+ eT]=.
>eTeTT\T yjT T #~$q |+ jT>dq +&\+T\
+ eTqks~ eTq de&T (I`140, 222, 358),
V] eTjTeTT $XeT+jTT, eTjTu$T u>eTT\T
qy |yd e (II`17,21,214), y+s
85
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
>| s\Tse |\\ >*++_ qq+Te\

bjT+T\T <e#TH >T&T#T#TH eTT\jTT+
>&jTq +<T>\&+<T& < jTe] q&T>qT
+~+|sT\Hq&T (VII`18, 63, 90, 123, 267,
275, 439, 440),me# +#T >yT e|\ qT+&T,
n\y+s|s+T d]+ C|&T X bXeTT <
&T&Te y]C\+<T yyVeTT \+<T ++
eT&+jT (VIII`73,95, 96, 575, 585, 622) e+{
|<\T n| &| &T eydT+{sT. <XeTd+<+
|Psu>+ lw|seT $se+, q+<e+
d+s\T, jTq \\T e]d |] u\>b\+
d\T, e<T\T u>e skeT+ nqTu$ksT.
nqe e #* >TsTbqeTy |+eTT
&qT d#+T b+>\sX&TqT b&]
>+<seTT&] nq X$T+|eTq @$THeTT|\yTT
C C eT\ <D u\Ts b\Te zjTeT
esT&T neeTqT~q+>H \jywe ejTj
&T d]{ m+&HeTZ s+|& @
V|<+T {#\+T _+ e e e\Te\T
eTT q\y&T |<qjTq+T\y&T nLsT+&
|sT|T= jTMT< H \| u wDeTT\T de\
T<wDeTT\T \>+u* $yVeTT+>~d |TqT&
udTsT&>H eT>H_ jT\<<T eT>s eT<eT s
u>+ esTp#TH V]p#T ueT |+&+&
86
yTsbq
+Bes XeTT e+~dTeTT @$T |+T ddH==

e+{ |<\T |] q+ H Hq+ eTV u&T,
|seT u>eT&T yTsbq>sT \T>Ty] |{q _.
zjTeT esT&T, esTT+&q T b\T|sT>T eTq&e,
bjT<yT& qqT, ejTq\ dTsuTq eT+E\yD
CC eT\<D , CC eT>sE eT< CCc
C C |\es| < , CC |Ps+<T e<q CC jTqT
#TH b| qH \jT+{ |dT |d, usT
&+ V] s beT+#T, \eTT= #T{
s* =, qT B$+ b& sjT T$<\
eTT\T <Tsye>, C=T#T <Tsy dTu>T&T
seTDT, C={b& <Ts+ >=qT jT qs
+& qT<sejTTH e+{ |<\T \T>T \T\T
b&q+\+ bq>] u>e+ \T>T kVX+

<Tes> y\T>TT+~.
H yT\T>s Hu\ >, uqT\q |seT>jTT
u&+<Tq i+T yqTy+, >ey+ <>T\T
&u+ IX`120
lw|seT&T #dq y>q+ eTsb+& +<eTT.
<s+: `
leT<+eeTT ` y$y] |#TsD.
87
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
9. u<#\+ seT<dT
(1620`1687)
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$ n eT&T rsT\T> #s u&\ seTjT>sT
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deTk' dTH ue qT n +# TTw\T eTTqT\T s+#~
XeT $. n~ dV$. < n+s |yTjT
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deTq k+|T_ sT#T\ nqT>TD+> |+&e\T
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XjT$. +<T T~|yTjTyTe. j e\
yjT dTK<T'U\T, s><c\T, |eTd+c\ deTk
qTuy\qT |_+_+#~ nqTue$. B V<jT
88
|yTjT+ me. ~ deTq sjT k+|T eT

eed\qT ~]+ ydq~ e#T < eT n_eT
yTq <e+, eT+, |eT, u yTT<q$ <s+> y\Te&q
<H e#T. deTqdeC d+d]+# eq eT+
#&T>T\qT #| dHsZ|<X+ #dqy] bT\]
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nqeTjT, u<#\+ seT<dT, >sk$T e+{
u\T #sTsT. eT&T rsT\ $\ nqTue$
me $y<d<yTq~. sD+ me] nqTuT\T y]$.
{ $\T ydq yse &>+& bHsT. qT q$Tq
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n~ yTT>sTT |uT+ |s+{ n+<Tq\+.
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s~ >TsT >$+<d+>T, <D~ #| yJbT,
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V+<eT+ $$< XK\y, u\T, k<Td+T\T
| \qT C> + # d T q \+. T s+, d e Ts
89
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
seT<dk$T eTVsh+qT, <d LeTT\y q&

<X+qT, z&<X+ #q eTV|uTe\T, $T<X+
Xeywe u\T, u <e\ <s |\qT yT\TTq
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jTq |{q~ KeT+ H\=+&|*. eTVT
#]+ jTq s#q\<s =~> eyT \TdTq~.
jTq s+q <XsB X { +#s> |q jT d
>T&T |<eTXK j>T\T *+>qeT+, sq\ |s+
eTeT <+|T \ |T&T, s|T TH|q e+ s|TTH<
us#sT\ e< ywe+ |#TH&T, seT<dH&T.
seT<dT>] #]+ sTy ue\T V]<\T jT
>H\T> L] |#s+ #dHsT. n{y] j<e<dT
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u<#\ _e~ w#d lseT|PC~\T ~
90
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>jT eT yTqeeT MD VdjT +>\
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seTcq+<k$T HXsTT+ Hs<bdq eT++
|<X+ b+~ |+#qBXs eT+~s+ u X<\
eT++ =H |+H&T. Hs<TH&T dHd
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s+&T d+^Xg >+<* sVT&H&T. >jT
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sq Hs<T >TsTe> |{+#TH&T. jT&
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eT+ eTT| < +H& T . j T & seTV +>s T
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106
s >sk$T
eTs T+u #&|sT dTH&T. s+&e =&T

=+#+ eTT+<T>H #bsTTH&T. q e+X+ ]+|Cd~
>jT n \\T+, >jT 20e jT +&
seTV+>sT \+ #dHsT. H\T><+&T |s+#d
nqTL\ejTq us bseT #b lseTT\
+s u+>+ \T>>&< |<\T & #d >jT
bseT #\T eT\eTqT |+&&H&T. >jT 36e
jT * de T>sT ~e+>T sq ~. >jT V<jT +
lseT#+<T\T d+|Ps+> +&T=HsT. jTq
yTq \+|{\ <>\T #d &T d+b~+#
eqH ] <T. # +Ts #+ C ]<sT
w\T eT<\ \T ysTTdT+f seTsq\T b&T
eT&TH\TZ M<T\T ] >VdT*# _ J$+#y&T.
n~ jTq ~q#s B +#e n+{sT. |XjT
>jT y\+ d]|& \T |+#TH&T. sTeT+q+
M~ +{ sTy{ |XjT rdTH&T. <D
|y{ >jT H&T. *<+&T\T |PdT+&q
lseT |+#jTq eT+~s+ >jT>] y{H
+&+~. |X| y\e< +& u$T s+&T y{\T>
|+#THsT. ysT&q s +{ _jT+ | || \
+&T+f >jT<+|T\T +d |ydeTT+&>
+{T <+|T\ + eq~. ysT _jT+
s e+H\ e+ #sTT+#+&HsT. s
11`30 >+\|&T lseTT Hy<+ |{ n+<s
107
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
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#d eq <+|T\T +{T qs<T. dse+
HjTT\T $<+> e qqT nqT>V+ Hs >jT
s+&T sq dT+HsT.
eTTD @<H <q d+b<qes+Z |eq |XjT
|jT+ $|\T& |+ H&T >jT n]+#
eTsT\qT sVd+> y] bsydH&T. \y] eT
nseTsT\T q|&b >jT <T'+ m+<T
<H& nH q |]b e+ #dH&T. {
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lseTT&T q& y q~ eTTd\+ Hq
#|H&T. >jT bsTT y< q nseTsT\T
\_ + q$. n| &j T q @qT > q+ d + s +
qT>=+{ lseTT ss e sTT+{<, s|TTMs
m{ <=]y n |]|] $<eTT\ b&T |\
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k] T|& >jT mH |\T #dqy]
sq e uHe nH b b& y&T+f |XjT
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#]bsTTH&T.
>sE\ d+^>TsTe X+] y+seTDjT>sT
w | d+w+ sTyjsT d+^du |{+
>sE\qT b&TeTHsT. jTq <=sTH Te+{
108
s >sk$T
de sq n<T+> b& n+<] yT|d |seXq

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q +CePsT eTVsE*q VQeTT\ d ]+
H&T. y+seTDjT >] +& y+ dTjT>sT
+CePsT @sT#dq d+^du eT] eT] H
yTTs*& nH sq @<{> m$T~ >+\T b& n&
d+Ê\+<] q+<Xs\ z\&+HsT.
d+> $ XsuJ eTVsE eT du q| b\T
b& u$T +>seTT kq ys |+| >jT
(Ds>+`| +) ~ #\dTKe seTT
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jTq <sXS\ q~. q | \TdTq sE
y>sT\qT |+|+ eTT+<T> |+|q <\qT yqT
s|+H&T. XsuJeTVsE n|{qT+& sTyjsT
H bsTT >jT + @< y bZ
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k$Ty] n|]>VB.
>jT lseTcq+<k$T q yTT<{ eT++
eT\+> Hs<T\ nqT>V+ *+~. s+&e~ s
eT++. >jT |+#qBXs\jT eT+|+ |~q+
109
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
w eT 38 jT+&T |P] njTH{ 125000 ksT

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n| &T #|q< u\, qeTjT#\, dTq|]b\,
lse\, $<XXsC\, Xu<, sTD\y\, |Tq\,
qee*usD, @ <jTs<T! nH sq. >s
k$T d+^kV\T s+& y] usd+ \T>T
uwqT \T>T C |+ #dq$.
>jT >] d+> *d y]e< d+^+ HsT e{
#]q w+<s! +#e \_+# _jT+ yTT<q
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y] d+^>TsT\+ u>H k>~. $$<uy\ yX+
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w&T nqT |\$, += w&T #sD+ yd >TsTe>]
#|ysT. eT+f |PsTq y>ZjTsT\ s#q\T
w\ u~d eTT @ $<+> d+|<j m{
|+| #jT>\s s|d >jT>s= >TsTw
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jTq w\e+{ w\T d+^ kV #] #
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w\T n_eqT\T qT\T HsT. |\$ m\jT nH
w&T d\DdyT <+&seTT |+ d
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110
s >sk$T
ey H bDH< nH s+HsT. >jT>]

50e @ eT\eT >sT Xs+ #*++~. >TsT\+
w\T nj u>eT\T, dTseT u>eT\Te+{ysT
e+ ysT, |s{ Ls>jT\ b<T\T yTT<qy{
>eTd uX<\ >TsTe\ de >TsT\de #dysT.
H{ + |s~|T\T |w<V+<keTT\ysT
>jT |sT |UT\T $ +N|s+ se\d+~>
ys |+| >jT >sT =\~eT+~ w\ jT\T<]
e \T <]d, =# *q nqTuy\T
sq\T> L]HsT. n|{jTq ejTdT 67 @+&T.
y] yTT<{ eT sTy=jTsT. n& |sdT+<]|
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sq\T s+HsT. dT+<sX yTT<*jsT ]|
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eP] |+#s\T s+HsT. eP]qT+& H>T|s+
MT<T> sT| jT\T<]HsT. k$Ty] *jT+&
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+s $j+#+& dT+<sX yTT<*jsY k$T
y] w\ #|H&T. H>T|s+ <]<| |\
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jT+& #| T+&> <+&bDTq seT\DT\T e
<=+>\qT bs<*Hs. k$TysT eTT+<T, yqT,
sT|\ & nH sq b& seT\DT\ ks+
111
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
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sT nqTcH<T\T eTT+ y+fXs k$T <sH
b |PCsT\T syd |\ @< nsq\T #dTHsT.
n| &T s+qy dT|d< sq\T srjT>s< H
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u$ j&T |& #b >jT H JeH<s.
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d ~ rd T b sTT < s q+ # s TT+Hs T . n| & T
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112
s >sk$T
b& =~H\ H>|D+ MT<T> \TZ& #] |+#

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#]HsT.
>sk$T <D<Xj j |<X\
d+sq >w\T sV+q+<Tq n& d+^>w\T
bs+uyT |Ps ue\ sq\bT >jT>sT
r]q s>\T = n+<\T ~<T= sd+^+
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k+~. u y>ZjTsT >jT>] T\T d+^
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qT # q j T > H\q& d + ^ s | \e+{ $
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u$jTeTT 2) H#]eTT 3) dseT$jTeTT
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B+f me |d~ b+~q~ H #]+ @+.
B eT\+ u>e+ <T. < u+> me
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113
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
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#d sd&\T d\+, >*yq H *|& sT
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+<T w&T e+ seTT&T <T > seTTe
>sC|&T, >sdTT&T. HeTTq edsyTq
d+|Tq\T ysTysT sduy\ b{ +<T u>
neT]+~. dseT $jT+ \_+#be+ +<T\
<Ts<w+.
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qj T s T > bs T T +& q d + ^ | y V + > s j T
T\ eTVq~jTq~. y] uq>w\T $q{
d+^$<+dT\T u>esT dHdT\T eTVsE\T
keqT\T L& e#ysT. ly] ~eHeTd+sq\T
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rd T =bj T ys T . j T q T \ u , d + ^ + ,
kV+ eTT|\T> n\T=q$. k$TysT =y\
sq\T s+H y] w\ 3600 $T* |{
600 sq\T eyT <HjT+{sT. jTq 72 yTs
s>\ s+q T\ 200 s>\T|j+Hs.
jTq T\T nqeTjT>] T\e ke dV,
u<, nu |_+_d$. jTq deT
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e\dbsTTq +<y>ZjTsT\T. sTyqsT @* k
114
s >sk$T
sTH, oyd >|H< u{#sT\T, ejTes+ >b\

wus, sjT seTeT+>+, w{\ >$+< essY,
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y+{~k$Te+{ y>ZjTsTjTqqT <]+HsT.
jTq w XeTXdT\ =&T dT sjTXd,
eH+T#e& y+dTjT, yC| y+seTD
u>eT\T, w u>eT\T, dT+<s u>eT\T, +CePsT
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dseTjT, neT*+>+ | e+{ys+<s y>ZjT
sT >TsTe\ T\ VQ|#s+ *+q <qT\T.
l> s k$T d + ^ k < q j > + d ~ b +~,
lseT ks+ n+~q eTVj. yeTT >\<
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s lseTT&T q& qT |~ |P\| sTD+#<
q #| ejTyTH&T. jTq $wjT+ +=rsT>
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| seq w\ u\ |\ #| |wVQ
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XeT+ d]+ H<Vq+<k$T jTH&T. eTsTH&T
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q & rdTbqTH&T. qT |+& uq>w
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b u\T w\T sC<>T\T uq>w #]HsT.
115
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
k$TysT |seT&T y*> eTT# u> \TdTs

nH sq b& j>de~ LsT+& b\u<q+
#dT= |seT y\T>T X.X. 1769 |sue |w
VQ |+#$T T<ys+ (6`1`1847)H&T qyT
bsTTHsT. H<dT< sd+_\qT qsqy&T H<\T&
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jTq w |s+|s u\T d+^ $<+dT\T @f
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yTdsT skq qs leT u+>TSsT H>s+
(3`11`1878, 19`5`1952)>sT d+^ kVq
>=| $<TweTD. yT >sk$T us\T
>sk$Ty] de~eT+~s+ 1`7`1925 {+
+u_w+ #sTT+q~. @f k$Ty] s<Hy\T
]|| &T |\T<X\ d+^ $<+dT\T e |Tqs>
|+#ssq\T b& @sT #d+~. yT q d+|<
dsd+ k$Ty] +s deT]+q~. 7`1`1952
k$Ty] $>V|w #sTT+q~. k$Ty] eT+~s
eTT+<T yT de~ eT+~s+ L& +~. jTeT +s+
eT\+> >sjTk$Ty] de~eT+~s+ |$
yTq~.
116
s >sk$T
sTeT\ sT| <ekq+ysT by] s#q\qT

e, >s>q du\ysT >s k$Ty] T\T,
jT>H\T # #] |#T]d u>T+&TqT.
<s+ : `
1) >sk$T ` u+| s+se. _V#Y
|Xq, V<su<T ` 1976
2) u+>TSsT ydT\T #s X+sHsjTDsE>sT
(080) 65988635` n+~+q de#s+.
117
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
11. + eTV|sTw s+>jT

(18e X+)
u>e+T&T me] m| &T nqT>Vk& *jT<T.
j eTV |sTw\ |Psq\ dT+ #H eTs+<T
#H > = e nqT $<+> u>e{+
\_dT+~. n{ysT =+<sT V#sT\T>H +& eT
b|+q eTVeT\ # D+ #d |\qT eT
~eX\<s ]+ y]<s | seTTq
|qT\T #sTTd u\qT >& dHsZ>eTT\T> ~<T sT.
n{ eTV|sTw\ + eTV|sTw s+>jT >s=sT .
s\T < (j<e]) \ +
nH >eTeTTq~. < s\T eTTq>T b+\T
eTTd+\ @\T& +&$. +<j>T\T ~rjTu>+
118
+ eTV|sTw s+>jT
sT+< sDk$T #]eTTq~. sT+<, +

| | >e\T sT+< sD\+ 1625`1686
\+ < y d ~ e Td jT >]+f
60`70 @+&T eTT+<T|{qy&T. s+>jT>] +& \T
sD (VsD)k$T u\T. eTV|sTw s+>jT <y
@* V|CUH deTqT&T qT jTq 18e Xu
#+~qy&T. V|C UH e< =\Te+&q ~yH cse
eTV|sTw s+>jT>] u&T, w&T.
+ +&qd >Eq y~ uVDT\T
<eEq |< |sVT\T y+uT. jTqqT n+D
uT n |*#ysT. jTq eTT>TZsT =&T\T s+&e
=&T eTV |sTw s+>jT. s+>jT>] +f |<y&T
s + > | , qy& T d K | . y + u T c > ] w \ T
bsVyT y] JeH<s+ qT ##\ s&H
eTT>TZsT =&T\ y+uT Jeqj k+HsT
d\+ eTT>TZsT =&T\ e&T>T\T #dHsT. +&>]
n< T | eTd \ T eTT> T Z s q < e TT\T \
d+<e+<q+ #]d jJ+ HsT+ nHq+>
+THsT. s+>jT 10,11 @+&y&H&T. H&T
s+>jT +<Te\qT #&{ dMT|>eT+ $
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119
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
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yqT~] #d mes q&<T. s+>jT q<]q
bTH&T. eTs\ >C\ #| &T >\T>\TeT $q|&q~.
s+>jT eTs\ yqT #H&T mes sT.
q\T~\T |]+ #H&T mes q&<T. qT
ueT |&qqTH&T e& e&> @sT dMT|+ eT+
d+ #\eT &T dT nTT ydTH&T. +
>=\|\y&T e s+>jT&q #\eTqT |P&T
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>=\|\ yD yT\> eT+<*+H&T. @eTj <|
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s+>jT nyH&T. eTTw+ >=\|\yD m>~>
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q T\y + q+jT
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eH LsT+&u{ H\| @< ;Cs\T yd
sVT&H&T. lydT <]+q s+>jT <V+
r]+~. q+<eT k>s+ z\&qfq~. n|{qT+&
s+>jT J$yT e]bsTT+~.
s+>jT s+s+ <e<q+ +&y&T.
#<Te\T, b|+ J$+ eTTdq~. y+uT, s+>jT
y\D+ >T]+H&T. s+>jT +{H eT\q
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*y+ sTeT\ b ly+fXsk$T \ q&
s+>j! y+<T eHe? eq #H HqTHqT
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+ | y T H &T. +&>sT, s+>| , dK| s+>jT
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121
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
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s+>jT sTeT\ b+&H @y #| TH&T |
y&HsT. nT sTy s+>jT deTjT+
& +qT n& sTeT\ qT qT *d=
jTq jT& ujTu\T \ysHsT. s+>jTqT eTV
|sTw&HsT. sTeT\ sT| j #jTysT
s+>jT d~H eT yTT\T #*+#T=HysT
os<eTT\+<T=HysT. $<+> s+>jT>] eTVeT
#TT|T >e\y] *d jTq =+<sT uHsT.
+ >e sTq eT&T yT <sq sT|*
>eT+ q~. n& eT+{ =s. n+<Te\q }]
|<\T e eT eT+{u$ y e #|+&
y&HsT. s+>jT y] y+ sT|* bsTT d\+
#| n& u$ e+& <+HsT. y+H n#
# q u$ $HsT n&T>Tq +& |&q~.
s+>jT>] de#s+ \T|>H jTq n& bsTT
q +&| bsTT y*+ nq+ &dT+&HsT.
H&T << qT uVD d+sD #sTT+#+& sT
|+& |&TT+<HsT. s+>jT>] e+ d<eTjT
es +& |* {<s\T m>$Tq$. s+>jT>]
uq+ |P] njTes q+& s]+~. uVD
d+sD+ ]+~. n& |\+<s s+>jT>]
122
+ eTV|sTw s+>jT
n|s CH nTs|& yH b>&HsT. |{

sT|* u$ m| & sT+T+~. < njT>]
u$ n+{sT. n& | &T s+>jT>] +&~.
\eq s >eTydT\TL& s+>jT>] eTeT
>e\ &=bsTT eT+ ue\T |& d\T
#|+#THsT. s+>jT>sT eTeT >e\ #dq
|s+ ss\T> |{ n& |\T #| +{sT.
eTV|sTw s+>jT>sT < (j<e]) =+\
eTT+&HsT. |~q+ b'\+ n& =+& b+
bsTT kqd+<<qTcqeTT\T #dTHysT. n|{
ly] ejTdT 40 d+es\T. H{ yeCeTTq
d|+ l #qXek$T |yT HqT =+& b+eTTq
q| H u k | y T j T THqT. qqT & q T+&
rdTbsTT + |w+#TeTH&T. lys $wjT+
+ + <y\jT sD jq#d
deTjT+d+ yjTTHsT. =+\+ $<+>
>&bsTT+~. k] lysT lX\+ j d+*+
eT nqT+>Tw&T ~yH cse>] ys |+|HsT.
cse>sT s\T qyT V|CUH #+ ~yH>
=\Te+&HsT. cse >TsTe>] lX\+ j s\T
eT |TqyTq k> ds\T @sT#d eT+>y<
|sds+> s\T jT yjTT+&HsT. >TsTe>sT
s>H b<|P#d |\ }sd eT ueH
rdTbsTT +<T$TjTT+> b<|P #d uVD
123
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
d+sD #dHsT. ~ *dq =+<sdj|sT\T qyT

#+ bsTT cse>sT qyT>sT|j+# |\
uVDT }s+ qyTqT neeq |sH&
#&\T #|HsT. qyT, cse>] |*|+ n&
eT>TsTe +{ eTVT ~yH eTq$ #dH&T. nf
>TsTeqT e e< rdTs #kqH&T qyT.
cse>sT >TsTe\qT &=bsTTHsT. n|{ qyT
eTV|sTw s+>jT>] |+#T>qT e+kVseTT
\T+q |s+| |T>T& |+ d<+> |{H&T. n~
d]+ |k<+ s+#e\d+~> ]H&T. s+>jT
>sT bD#d, #<q eg+ =\d |s+ |P\T
|+&Tq$. lys |P\T |+&T du y] |+HsT.
qyT ~ qTT $<> u$+ s+>jT>] @ $<+>
HH +#eq XsTT+#TH&T. qyT |$qjT+
|<]d nj b+ s+&TeT&+&qT+& yq\T
|& |\+<s sTe u<|&TTHsT. eTsT eT&T
~H\ es+ ]|+#>\s nH&T. n+<T eTV|sTw
s+>jT>sT ds nHsT. MTsT #dq ud \T|b
u>T+&<H&T qyT. lys +s+ >T]+ nT
+& e T d bsTTHs T . k < s T
u|qjT\qT +#e#Tq qyT d+s|&&T.
eTV|sTw s+>jT>sT w&T cse +H eT
$<T\T s]dTHsT. s+&T~H\T >&bsTTq$.
X+ eTT eTTH q|&<T. yq\T ]d
124
+ eTV|sTw s+>jT
d#qMT e. eT&eH&T eT<VyTbsTTq~. ~yH

cseL jTq >TsTe | |&TT+<
y] d+wyTq~. qyT # q q >TsTe
neeq|& eTsD+#+ +f $w+ #e+ yT\
cse XsTT+#TH&T. qyT <\T e# deTjT+
dMT|dT+&> cse d<+ #d |Tq $wbqT
e\d+~> usqT]H&T. yT us b{+
$wb dT+&> >TsTe>syTqT *| |e<yTMT
< y]+HsT. + qyT <\T eHsT.
cse >TsTe\qT &= qyT <ssT bsTTH&T.
qyT s+>jTqT @$TkMT MTe Hsys<H&T.
=+<s|&+& qyT>s n+ f+jT |+
cse \eT+ |j+ f+jTqT $d]
yjTTeT <+ esTD<e b]+HsT. +es
s\+> q X+ k] yT|eyTq~ +u
<D+> eT&T ~H\T m&> yq]d y>T\T e+\T
b+bsTTq$. |P]+&T |>*q$. qyT uj
T u+T&
usjTT+> s+>jT>] e* es+ |eT
]H&T. s+>jT>] <X+ es+ *bsTT+~.
s+>jT>sT lX\+ jeTT+ eTs\ s\T
]eHsT. qyT c>w #d MT |<e\T qTe\T
XX+ <T. <ssT |\qT b*+#+&. HqT
d+*+q #qXek$T <e+ d+ $]$> <q+
e+& MT yT\T sT>TT+< os~+ bsTTHsT.
125
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
qyT <q+ |+|kqH&T. s+>jT>sT d>eT+ bsTT

<y\jT d\+ # <y bsTTHsT. n& n\H&T
d|+ d+q qy *d= l #qXek$T
$>V q|q>\ d\+ qT+& y*rsTT+ +
rdTbsTTHsT. s\T qyT <q+ |+|e\d+~>
ys |+|+HsT qyT <q+ |+|>H k$TysT
+ <y\jT+ ]+ eT\$sTqT k|+HsT.
<y\jT b+>DeTT $X\+> + d+u+ *|HsT.
eT+\jT+ |s ~| T \T jTrXsT\T edT<+ <b<T\T
k] + e u+ |P\+<T+T+&>
n#{ uVD deTT<jT+ q s+>jTqT #s_*
HjTH! s+>j e e eTs w&e eT
s> n+<T s+>jT >s+^]+HsT. |s~|T\T
s+>jTqT @+ &TbsTT |eTT< <sD
#jT{ d<yTHsT. edT<+<b<T\ s+>jT>]
Xs+ X+K#eTT\T dV+> q&q$. |s~|T\T
d+w+ s+>j e dV+>H u&e eTV
|sTw&e |+> eTT<<sD #sTT+|qeds+
<T n $s$T+#THsT. d+|Tq .X. 1753,
1754 b++ ]+~. n|{ eTV|sTw s+>jT
>] ejTdT +#T$T+#T 56 d+es\T. eTV|sTw
s+>jT>sT u$T| ne]+ #jTe\dq seTT\
eTT+HsT. eT n+\+ dMT|+qT >T]+
qy] +<Te\qT |*|+#T= H J$++ H
126
+ eTV|sTw s+>jT
Xs <Vq+ #jTe<T, de~ #jT+& #|HsT.

eT]= ~H\ eTy] +<Te\ >TsTe\
d|+ |+ H +<eq+ ]+#+& #|HsT.
lysT Xs+ #*+q sTy n& uVD+
e& eT\+> y] b]e Xs +<T e\T <V +HsT.
+<Te\T <Vq d\+ y~ s+>jT>] T\de\,
|qeTT, {q y\T ` eT&T edTe\T <=]q$. y{
n< e & T < V +# +& $T*H& s + > j T >]
|]ys+ >T]+HsT. +uD+ qT+& s+>jT>]
> T s T e\Te y T \ eT& T ed T e \T u
| + #d +<eq+ ]+HsT. +<eq+ #qXe
k$T <y\j <D ~X q~. u\T +<
eH d$dTHsT. ly] s<q |d+es+ yXK
VQ<<H&T sT>TTq~. eTV|sTw s+>jT>sT
dMT|>eT+ sT+< lVsDT\y] d~>$+#T
=q lqsd+V k$T <ekq+ eTV|sTw s+>jT
>sT |PC~+s\T sV+#+# qsd+Vk$T
|ue+ #H ysT eTVe~Hs |\ $Xd+.
1. l sT+< sD eTVeT
s#sTT ` eT+<] ns| (nX|)
<y ` 1972 e]
|#TsD: sT+< qsd+V <ekq$T{, sT+<,
<y \, s\T.
2. n]d{ k sTT | k < > s T (> T +s T ) | + | + q
de#s+.
127
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
12. +<sT s+>e<

(1880 ` 1905)
sDqT\T |PsHeXws |P]#d eTT eq
| >H Xs+ #*ksT. =+<sT Bs\+ J$ksT.
=+<sT # d\\yT J$ksT. |Ps|sTcjTTw+
qs+&+{sT. n+<T H\Zee+ J$+ jTX'jTTq
ysT +<sT s+>e<\ysT. eT +<sT <
eT|+ c bNqq>s+ c k+d
+<+. n& ] wyDeT dTjT\H | <+|T
\T+&ysT. y] |PsqdT+ |+& eTVj,
ne<jTq ~eu\T&T 8`6`1880 eT+>ysy
11`6`1880 Xysy sVD q+ |{H&T.
usk\H& u\T s+>jT n HeTsD+ #dHsT.
128
+<sT s+>e<
|e |>H |]eT[+qT Xe s+>jT #|\T

#w\T nk<sD+> +&$. n+<Te\q *<+&T
u\TD 8e jT & #]+HsT. s+>jT X<>H
#<TeH&T &u\Ts b> y&T
> bZqbjTy&T. +]> uqsq\T b&T
]>y&T. dV<jTT\qT # #] uq\T #dy&T.
@y $>V\T |{ n\+]+ |P\T #dy&T. dVT\T
sb y]+& |ksT bsTT rdTe uq\T
#sTT+#y&T. &ysT uq #dT+f yTeTs#y&T.
@sT= dVT\ u>e+T >] |Ps\| <Te&T
|V<T >] #|y&T. & J+ { +&>sT
&T*d |<y] _#>+& |+#y&T. =+\+
sTy bsX\ be+ e @++> +&y&T.
s+>jT $qjT ko\eTT\eT]. q+f qy]
> |<y]>, |bT\ yqT>, nj ne
n |*#y&T. d\q+<] \T\T>, TTe\T>
d+u$+#y&T. V]<\T ]> #{ bsTT uX<\
$Hy&T. mesH eTVT\T +<sT eHs *d
y] d~bsTT d$+ e#y&T. H&T +&>sT
|$T |+&T =qT= seT+f e{ #T\ +{
]eH&T. +&>sT |+&T < n n& D \+
dTK$T# |+&T =q MTd+ XX dTK$T# |+&T
H qH&T. mes *>= nq+ n&T>T _#+
d+ *\T ]>y] XX |D+ Ls |+&T =qT
129
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
#| H&T. *< + &T\T ysbsTTHsT. $<+ > s+>jT

14`15 @+& bjT+ e#es ys> |PsT&H&T.
T+&> s+>jT eT dMTbq>\ |<M~
+& #+<eT nH >VdTs* |]#jTyTq~. #+<eT
>sT |+#es bjTeT+< eTV us\T> |s>q~.
yT n#\+ +{+#Tq k~. yT \Ns
q\s$ <]+#~. u$ b me]qT e{& q
|qT ##T=bjT~. #+<eTqT eTVTs\
>T]+q s+>jT yTqT XsTT+H&T. #+<eT>sT
s+>jTqT | ]Xw+> d+u$+ |eT <]+
Cqu< #dT+&~. s+>jT q sTT+{ +f #+<eT
>]+{H med| >&|y&T. s+>jT y\+ |{q
*<+&T\T jTq dMT| +<Te*+{ q |+&
#<eTqTHsT. s+>jT q d+ks+C+ w+
<+f |<\# #|+HsT. H s+>jT | <T.
|+&q |+&T #TqT+& +< |& eTs\ |+&TqT
#T n+#>\ e? s+>jT d+|Psy s >+ n_+~.
eTqk<q bs+_+H&T. s+>jT k<q jTq
k|\+ >T]+q #+<eT H s+>jT ws\qT
e]+#~. =+\+ sTy #+<eT de~ #+~q~.
s+>jT me\+ n&$qT, deTT<rsq @++>
+ o|eTT\T ds#jT, * <| \T ,
<b+& ssTT+e\T @>T& |dT #dy&T.
*dq ysesH m<TsT|& |\]d k] eTq+>
130
+<sT s+>e<
+ +=k] qe +&y&T. Vq+<eT>T&

qqT qe=Hy&T. n+<s s+><dT |y&H
ysT. s+><dT e+ nCH+<s+ qTq
+& d+ksT\ | C*>= b\s|+>, |<\
s|+>, e#q<sDqT nqsZ+> u<\T #dy&T.
jTq $H|D+ e\ e<Ts+, >+;s+
#$pqysT #<Ted+<\+> s |s+>jT
$\TeqT >T]+ jTqqT s+>e<> eT+HsT.
=+\+ sTy jTq #eT+~ w\T b>
jTq b& b\T, |<\T yd|fysT. jTq
XXSw\T #dysT. H&TqT+& s+>e<\ysT
q#TT eTq w\ sT ek\ d
#sTTHqHsT. MTsT yT\T=q+& n V#]+HsT.
=+\+ sTy 15 ~H\ <V+ #*keT
#|, |se |Ps+ b+<< w\ u<\T
#dT+&HsT. >TsTe>sT eTq\ $&bTHs <T'+#
w\ HqT q MTsT u<|&e\<T. HqT #|q$ X<>
#]+qy] <sq $Tkq y>q+ #d 4`12`1905
H&T V+ #+~HsT.
s+>e<\ysT #|q \T b\T |<\T y]
w\T b>T #jT> ly] w\T >T+sTydTq
] seTyVq sjYT>sT 1915 d+es+ eTT~+
CdTe\ n+~+HsT. nT sTy >+<\T
131
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
n\uyTb seTyVHsjYT>] |T\T q+<yVq

keTj, G.M.keTj n V\ eTT~+#T
@s&T ykXeT+ n~|T\T l $eTq+< keTT\
n|+HsT. ykXeT+y >+< 1971 d+es+
|qsT<D >$+HsT. >+< |]s|+>
seTyVq sjYT>sT ne<\y] #]+ #
d\+> ydHsT. ne<\y] ws\T uy& yd
Cqe+. ls+>e<\y] ~eJ$eTT Cqu<
|sT |< s+q~. 1909 +<sT
eTT~+|&q~. B Zerox copy >T+sT yd $TT\T
A.S. |k<>sT H |+|HsT. ~ 88 $$<eeTT\
. +<T L& s+>e<\ Cqu<\ >]jT
n~+> +~. ly] J$$Xc\T me> e.
ls+>e<\y] Cqu<\T = |s=+{qT.
sq \jTT s> sXeTT\ q$. s+>e<
eT >TsTe #+<eTqT | sq dT+H yTT<{
sq >TsTsqyT. n+<T >TsTe\|sT <T s+&esq
qjTHs #+<e n d+u~d e]b<+ yd>
<s s+><dT&qe, ydyT$T qqT bw+#TeTe
jT y&H&T. eT&e sq >TsTe+& |<M~
|s=HsT. <e sq >TsTe>] ywuw\T rsTqT\T
\ Ns{, q\ s$ =&... +{dT q\|Pd,
+seTTq *uT... &j\T, y y+&eTf,
u$ j T T< H q \T# T +& T f s T > < |s=Hs T .
132
+<sT s+>e<
@&esq e] #sD+ s+><dTdTT&=+, de\T

b+>T#T CjTTH jTe ` n+>qs |sd+>sT+>
u+>|& #+<e jT y&THsT. 13e sq e]
b<+ yd> ]y] e+XeT+<Tq s+><dT e\T
y| u\T n 15e sq yd> Hfq +<sT
bseTq|q, udTs+T> y\d s+>, <dTH
HH\y] e+<q+ uq]+Tq q d+> #|HsT.
qejTT n#\ y<+ eTT\T e] 30e sq
>TsTe\ eT+>Vs. $T>$ Cqu<\T e#q s|+
>TsTw d+y<s|+ q$. nT sTy CqesZ
|<eTT\T 32, +<s<sTe\T 12 q$.
d<TZsT ls+>e<\y] ~eJ$eTT Cqu<
|< s+q~ lCqe+>sT. ne<\y]
|jTw&T dsee<\ysT u~+#> s+qB
. ls+>e< uqed+ >T+sT s<]
] seTyVqsjYT>sT |{+qB . +<T
=* 88 |<\ s+>e<\ e+ eT* 137
|<\ e\+ y<+ $wjTeTT\Tq$. 84e |<+
s+>e<\ ws\T eTHq+<yD, 85e |<+
ly] w \T =+< s T u qe+> @s & q
$wj\Tq$. uy& e< dq>s+ de~ #+~q
eTHq+< ne<neT 1874 ` 1989 (+<j>T\T
#Tsu>+) s+>e<\ ws\T eTHq+<yD
_qT\T.
133
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
<s+:
1) ls+>e< \y] Cqu<e[ ` @s&T ykXeTeTT,
1971.
2) ls+>e<\y] ~eJ$eTT Cqu<, |<,
lCqe+ 1909.
134
13. \<] qseT<dT

(1902 ` 1947)
s\T &TeTsT eT+&\+ V+BqB rsq>\
\<] n+ bNqd\+. sus<X+ qT+& e
n& ds|&q seT<dT (1833`1893) ne< de~
n&Tq~. ne<\ y] <e+> =*q u+<]
j>X \ \e&q$. n{y ] eT] qseT<dT eTTKT&T.
m\jTX+eT nH u\ |<seT<dT es+# |{q
qseT<dT L& nHeTVeT\T #|q ne<.
jTq |]ys+ys |<seT<dT >T& |PCsT\T. q
seT<dT es+# |{qysT \sT ~>+se<
s$Ts& (1947`1993). |< seT<dTqT u =*q
|<e<q qe<q nH eTqTV\T (eTsT\T)
135
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
>TsT<e\T es+ sT=+& n+f eT e+X+ ys |s+ |s+ >

MTde~ |PCsT\T> +&eq, eT de<T\T L&
n& +&eq sTqu\T. |<seT<dT y]
s+&Tes\T ysT s eTs= es+ |k~+HsT.
=+\+ sTy MT e+X+ H n+X eTs= |T&T
\T>T&T H|s |T=+& n B$+HsT. ysT
B$+qf qe<q =&T m\jT jTqus X+eT
q <T>TsT =&T n d+T&T> +q (1902)
eT&e Xe q seT<d |sT |THsT.
qseT<dT u\+ \<]H >&+~. jTq +&
|<seT<dT >T&|PC] qT esbjT+ qT+&
qseT<dT +&bT >T&H me\+ >& |y&T.
+&>sT & #]+H d]> & b \<]
=+&H m& ]] s >T& #sy&T.
$+ |esq *<+&T\T q u<|&H >TsTe\
es+# |{qy&T qT @MT nqbjTysT >TsTe\
|H us+ ydysT. es+ <>H qseT<dT
<+q u$wCq+ $d+|kq$. n&T>+&H
m<TsT |&qy], eT sTT+{ eqy] MT {
sT>TT+~ MT +{ { WT+~ n #|y&T.
e\T eTjT$. jTeq+ |y+#>H qseT<dT
\< ] #TT| \ >e\ ]>y&T. @|P m&T+{&
me] *jT<T. k] eT |#qT eT+#| |&T=
<]q bjTy] | @sTb+& n |* #qT \{
|{H&T.
136
\<] qseT<dT
=k] eT>eT+ M<T\y+ @&Td ]>y&T.

qT\T &T |y&HsT. |<seT<dT>T&
eT\q HZd ~H\T <Vs\T e |s<q+
+&y&T >T& e#y]| s $dsy&T. >T& }&e{
eHyTqT u> =& yT >eT+ |< s&>] yTTs
|T q~. s &> sT |seT<dTqT {y d =uT+&>
|<q e<q e H u> ={H&T. seT<k H&+
+~>H +& eTsTH&T >eT+ e<* b]bsTTH&T.
s\T, q+~=TLsT, LsT yTT<q# mes$T
|{H + #$& |&TH&T. n&T \T $&
bsTTq s+&TH\\ X+eT e\> e\>
e<q eTT y<T >e\T ]] q+~
=TLsTe< >sZjT|s+ |T= \<] rdT
bsTTH&T. qseT<dT \<] +& >e\T
#T{ q eTVeT\T |<]+H&T. eT |< |< y+eT
q eT\>T] s#T> bjTy&T. n& { seTq
d+q+ |k~+H&T.
H&T seT<dT {\b&T eq$wjT+ *d
dMT|>eT+ eqeb&T >eTdT\T +& {+#TbsTT
jTqqT eT>e d>se+> rdTeHsT. n|{
qT+& seT<dT d+#]+# >e eqeb&T me
b<q+ d+]+#Tq~. eqeb&T n+ |Ps+
>TsTe\eT >=| eTVTs\T+&~. yTe< eT+
BTq y] n|\s& ;eT*+>+ y+seTjT
137
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
nH eT] k<sT\T eTTKT\T. >TsTe\eT eT w\

H&T HsTy & eTs= eTVT&T ek&T. D
d$+#+& #|q~. eTq seT<dT>s& #seTT+<
yT <V+ #*+q~. >TsTe\eT de~ eqeb&T
>eT+ jT sdwH dMTbq q~.
seT<dT eTTK+ \y+T\T >>&TT+&$.
jTq n+ b&T>] <T, b{y&T <T, sDjTyTq
<VjTw| \Te+^ <]+#y&T. eqeb&T eq
sTy +<=+& yd V]qT&T T&q, \sT
s$Ts&, nqT>=+& V]<dT jTq eTTK wHsT.
>TsT|T&q ;eT*+>+ seT<dT| u ~]q+<Te\q
jTqsTT\T seT<dT uq+<+, se\+<+
q~. eqeb&T $Xs\E\+<s jTq
w H s T . seT<d T s + s + seTHeT+ # d
u\# w\# uq\T #sTT+#ysT. y] +&
eT<q q eTTd+\ uq\T, uq#d }s>+
<T. ;eT*+>+ |q+& b|jT. seT<dT ;eT
*+>+ +{qT+& b|jT +{ b seTuq #dT+f
s+&+& eT<q>\ Ts\ +&ysT |+#ysT.
H&T nHjT seT<dTqT >~+ u<]d H{qT+&
jTq jTs nkVu ` &Tf c kVu n
b&T bjTy&T. eT&T~H\ sTy kVT
seT<dT \ q&H&. @$T ]+< *jT<T
> kVT eTsTH&T<jT+ f+jT, Xss rdT=
138
\<] qseT<dT
usdyT+> bsTT uq#dTq seT<dT]+ <+&+

|{ bsTTH&T. n$ sCs <Ts>\T $TMTsTTq
~H\T. n& sCs |< kVT |<ueq+
{+#T+TH&T. seT<dT H&T q+_ sTeT\eT
sTT+{b #+H sD+ q ueq+ #H&T.
sTeT\eTsTT+{ bsTTqsTy yT seT<dT
sTT\T \Te<e m+<T +|<> &TTH&T
nHsT. sTeT\eT ujT+ujT+> e nq+& y
*d eTq\+<] #+|&q~. HqT yT #| TH
qe n seT<dT>sHsT. ys e\q |~VqT
~H\ V<su<T| bdT#s ]+~. sCs+<s
$T* H~]+ *jTbsTTHsT. V+<Te
kVT \T L\>={HsT. sTT+{ <\T <+\
eqeb&T }]y* {HsT.
;eT*+>+ |<+& y+seTjT +{eTT+<Tq
s+&T|< nsT>T\| n| &|&T seT<dT>sT LsT+&
ysT. nsT>T| >#T #dq |< {+& +&~.
H&T y+seTjT q=&T bs&T+ ed
seT<dT yD rdT= \+& ydHsT. y&T
#T\T =T= n&T>T |fes #qy]{
m+<T #d] kMT n+f y+H jT{ rd
T&HsT. y&T ]+\T =&T bsTTH&T. seT<dT
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139
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
u\T&T { eTTq> ssT+ e |q *j&T

]+\T ={H&T. f eTs= q|\yD mif+&
eT\eT\e& +&| nTT q&|+q n<T\T
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bsTT edT+&ysT. k] jTq y+ ;eT*+>+,
b|jT |uT\T dT+ d|]ys+> +&TT=
\MT<T> bT+&> n& <=s yks& jTqus
(seT<dT>] es+# |{HyT) +&qT | eT
sTT+{ s+&TeT&T ~H\T+#T= n~ eTs<\T
ds\T #dHsT. n|{ ;eT*+>+ =&T seTV+
sTH\\y&T. kjT+\+ u\T y* e<
eT+#+ |q |&Tu{ ><[y ]eq H\T>T
e\T y* n&+> q eT+#+|qT+& < |*
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#] s#sTT.
seT<dT> s&T+f n& ~y~|&T\T eT
+&ysT. ysT eT u<\T #| +T+f seT<dT>sT
y] |]cseTT\T #| T+&ysT. =+<] fysT,
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eT >+&\T >&qT> \#ysT. seT<dT>]
140
\<] qseT<dT
|s |+ ed jTq yT&qs+ { u> u~.

n~ > e T+ # T T q ys T < s + bj T ys T . n{
deTjT+ jTq # @~ < y]| $dsysT.
< edTe qT H\ =fy sT. k] seT<dT>sT |+>
q~ >eT+ y+seTjT |]ys+ <s+
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b<>+ # q | u\T| $d]HsT.
seTV+ eTT |* HTs&q~. u\T&T d|
u< @&H eTsD>+&+ >&+<qTHs+<sT.
seT<d T >s T me] sTT+{ eTT+< | & H L s T +&
@&Hs+f y] sTT+{ |qT>T y[qf .
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# LsT+&Cd seTuq #sTT+#ysT. n| &| &T
seT<dT>sT seT<dT edTH&T seT CsTq, <e
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edTH&T seT CsTq n+ b&ysT. n| &| &T
uq #dTqy] q&TeT LsT+& @yTH $wj\T
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yX+ +<T\T ydysT. Te+{ deTjH >
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>] HjTH MTsTHsT qT eTeTT\+<] @ |+q
MT d~ LsT+&uTHsT. MTsTy e>$T{
141
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
n+f n|Tsk$T H&HsT. eTs=k] y+ seTjT

kMT! }] =+<sT MTsT qTT$<\T >s&\T
#dTHsT n+THsT. MTs<H eTVeT #|+&.
MT]& +&> y* ykeTT. e HjTq ;eT*+>+
>]+{ q&+& n+f seT<dT>sT @MT nq<T.
s seT<dT>sT y+seTjT &# T |eD+
<sq $THsT. n+{ y+seTjT HsT eT
|&q~. eTsMT n&T><T. |seTu&q >+>T cs&
L& { <XyT q|&q~. eqeb&T >e
|<>+>T cs& eTsTT+{ uq @sT #dH&T.
n+<T VqTeT+s& n|\s& =+<sT V]qT\T q+_
s T eT\eT uj T ys T Hs T . u q }| + < T =q> H
seT<dT >sT yX+ @~s >+&>=&* n+
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e n~ |sXseT |w n, |sXseTT&T d+#]+q
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>=&+& ye. uq bZq eTs=s& qqT
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| &T eqeb&T +Tq yTTVsY s+s&
u\+ eq| ] # ~ y y & T . j T q * < + & T \T
142
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|]yseT+ seT<dT>] u. |+&T>T H\TZ~H\

d\e\ s+s& eqeb&T eH&T. ]bjTH&T
* <+&T\bT seT<dT>] <sH e d\e
rdTH&T. seT<dT >s u\T eq|] eT&T
~H\< |+|e< *<+&T\qT <+#+# n&T
eqeb&TH *bsTTH&T. n~ es\+ +uew
]d kj T +\+ d{ y> T | > \ s \ Te+ q
L*bsTT kjT+\+ bjT s\T |f\ |&bsTT
# eT+~ #bsTTHsT. s+s& eq|] k$T m+<T
be<Hs n| &T *d+~. { u$wCq+ *d u\
H<TH ys u>es|q eTVT\T, ne<\T.
eTs= yq\+ seT<dT>sT eqeb&T u\T
|]yw+ jTTq| &T nj eTTbjT, eTTbjT,
#], #] n nsHsT. n| &~ me] ns+ <T.
eTsTH&T<jT+ ys| T+>u< |+#*+>\
<>Zs |{eTTq nH | o] #eT+~ <TssD+
bqT e+~.
seT<dT>sT eqeb&T + n| &| &T
jT<#> #TT|T >e\T ]>ysT. ysT m&
bsTTH e~>T&q q uTC\| k$T ne\>
m+ < s y T H y d T b j T y& T . T& q | s
|+#Tqy] neTsysTT HjT >b &T. k$T~
|\T# <V+, sTyMT +&<T. m+<syTH yjT
e#TqH nV+s+ n |*+~. n >sV+
143
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
seTT\T >T]+q k$T H&T HjT >b qqT

MT>eT+ neTsysTT rdTby n+f n&T #
d+w+ k$T q uTC\| m+#T= jT\T
<]H&T. neTsysTT eqeb&T eT<q y>Tq~.
y>Tes bjTes k$T =+&+ sTyH&T. HjT
>b k$T y>Te< ~+ HqT yjTqT kMT
n e*H&T. nV+s+ nDbsTT+~. n| &T
seT<dT>sT HqT sTeqT n uT
yTHsT. u+&Te *q k$T HjT >b q
}] ydTbsTTH&T. f eqeb&T qdTus&
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*+HsT. >sV+seTT s<c\T k$Ty
$<+> =\+ q u\qT eT+ eqe\T> ~<ysT.
+<=+& e~> dT+q>& T&qe+{ >=| u&T.
seT<dk$T 12 @+&T q uTC\| ydq <qT&T.
bD+ eT+&\+ mib&T >eTydT\ dT+q
ne< seT<dT eTVeT\T #|y&T. n& ys+
k$Tu |{ \<] bsTT k$T de~
d$dT+{sT.
seT<dT>sT dT<su$wT ]>$ L& #|ysT.
eqeb&T sdwH. dwH dMTbq>\ >TsTe\eT
de~, |q T\XeT>] ss\ #qT, |H eTs=
|<#qT\T+&$. k$T m&H s\T|jD+ #jT<\#T
+f s\T sb\T \dyTq|&T k$T b+\T
144
\<] qseT<dT
sT>T nu @$T +>\T @$T +>\T m+q+

m+q+ nHysT. n| & e\T me] ns+ <T.
k$T de~>Tq 20 @+& b+eT+ |< \,
dyT+T ueH\T, dT|, de~jTsY @s&q$.
ne<\ y] # eTTqTeTT+<T s>ujT $wjT
|]Cq+ s\>eTqe. seT<dT>] | u\
\ |yT y]y] ]\T rs+. eqeb&T
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e+{y] d|+H |yT k$TysT d+q+
|k~+HsT. +<sh+ eT+esZ+ q +<=+&
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s|+ q& e$T& |+&Hs. k$T n&T>+&H
=+<] y#, eT]=+<] sD y] u$wTqT
d+#ysT. m\+& ={\ VqTeT+T $<]<X
k$T <]+#usTTq|&T b<jTT&T $<] u+
u<]+q $<+> u<]+Hs. *+> VqTeT+T
#<Te |P]#d b<jTT&H&T. y+seTjT us
d+q+ d+ |< |< b]dT+f m+<T s+,
LTsT =&T |&TsT> @bsHs. k$T
nqf H&yT ~<bsTTq~. u+#s ys&
k$T q >e rdTbsTT eTs<\T #d q
u$T#d +&\> |&TT+< n n& k$T |
|&TT+~. u+#s ydT\+<] +&\>qT nq+
145
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
|&TsTT nHsT. H&< sT>TTq~. eqeb&T

|>eT+ jT+s. <H HsjTD |seT+{sT.
>eT+ HsjTD u\T&T> k$T <]+#e#y&T.
seT<dk$T D q<>Zs LsT+&uT= u\j^
nHys. y] e\T yTq $. | & u\T&T HsjTD
nH j|+>e&T Vs+ rdT&T b\T|+&T eyT
Vs+. >eTydT jTq XeT+ n+<T
>T& {+HsT.
ne<\ |esq # $+> $&s+> +T+~.
seT<dT ne< \T kssTTe+{ eTT|<s\T L&
d$+#ysT. k] seT<dT>sT \T|+ bsTT
\& jTe >&T $dTH&T, <TsTdT> e{&H &T.
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+&| \T >+ +|T+&> |*
\+ H\bq ~. H{qT+& >&T k$TjT& uj
T u \
yT\T>TT+&y&T. k$T +> \T >ys < me]
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y+ <s> +<|&TT+f u\T b <d
|T= rs+> |#THys.
seT<dT d#J$. eqeb&T H #TT|T
>e\T, n& e \T =+& \ T s sTT+e\T ] > ys T .
=k] q&ssTT jT\T<] +]> m{ bsTT
e#ysT. n| &| &T XXq+ |&THysT. jTq
146
\<] qseT<dT
#TT|T >e |<ysT leT+T\T n\ysT

#eT+~ uHsT. y]y] edTe\T b k$T
#|q# #|q ~H\ \_+#$. k] &TeTsT
eT+&\+ c|s+ +& eTs& * k$T<sH
ed T + f e V +Bq~ # +>s T & j T +
C]bsTT+~. m+ y<H \_+#<T. k$T <sq+
s T y y T $w j T + eTq$# j T > k$T y T
y+bsTT V+Bq~ q&T++{ &jT+ rd
yTHsT. \<] * n+>{ Msq, nqT>=+&
e& eTb#] k$Ty] LsT u\T. q seT<d
k$T J$+q~ 45@+& H s\T | >e
eT eTVeT\T |<]+ \<] ]e 27`7`1947
X.X. 1869 dsY d+es+ XeD X<<X$T ~ys+
H&T eT qTe #*+HsT. eqeb&T, eTT+&>T]
yTT<q >e\ u\T e ly] b]eXs eTd
de~eT+~s\T {keTHsT. ly] k<k<sT\T
<+^]+#<T. $~$<H+> y] }s+ |<
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u{ |P+ de~#dHsT. +sq kq s&T
ly] |< s eT<d T e |< d e ~ eT+~s + ,
j\ edT\T @sT #dHsT.
H&T \<] >=| |D+. |<seT<dT q
seT<dT de~ eT+~s\T <]+#{ <s<s\
qT+ d \T e e T y T T \T # * + X+
147
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
kU\qTu$dTHsT. sTesT eTVT\ des<q\T

|<jTTq sT>TTq$.
<dT>] TTe\T eT>ysT : 1) e<q 2) H>|
3) ne< seT<dT 4) seT\eT 5) XwjT.
& TT e \T 1) |< y + e T 2) qy + e T
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H> s Y s \TqT+& l | \ ysTT *+> e T] > s T
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(08518) 237509, d : 9344032105.
148
14. VqTeT=+& d<q+<

k+eT] k$T (1909 ` 1979)
&q q d>q bsTTq |k<q eTsTq
|Ps d+ |\+> \_dT+<, eTsTq |
k<q|P] #dT= VqTue+ b+<Ts n+{sT.
n{ VqTue+ b+~qy] l d<q+< k+eT]
k$T sT. <T s\ |Ps+ +q>s+
><ers |D+ <s|] +& n&] CjT
nH $Xs d+ue&q jTTe&T. es+> sT
C^sT +& \ nH nesTT |+&& sTH
ds|&&T. <+|T\ =&T y+seTjT jTq
us \eT. <+|T\ <T>TsT =&T\T. H\Ze
149
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
=&T sjT jTq (usseT\) M] \Ty\T

+q>s+ yeTT\y& ssCXsT&T. <+|T\,
@&T>TsT =&T\T. n+<T s+&ey&T #+<jT
jTqus y+seTeT, y+seTeT >=| e
us\T. yeTT\y& ssCXsT qy\T Msu<k$T
eT\q\qT =+&|] dMTbq>\ |D\ seT*+>Xs
k$T s~+#~. M] d+q+ 1) seT\ 2) sjT
3) *+>jT 4) k+eT]. H\Ze d+qyTq k+eT]
>s eTq <HjT\T d<q+< k+eT] k$T.
jTq qq+ X.X. 1831 keTd+es u<|< VQ
j< eT+>ys+ 12`10`1909 kjT+ 6.49
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q|&T #\T y+seTeT yT e< |+# eT+|
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*+>Xsk$T d~ s ~+q~. \ |seT
e&T q|& >s+ |ujT Xe Vy>
y\T>=+<>\& os~+H&. k+eT] |
|PsyT n seT\eT q>eT \ |+]
nsTTT#jT $yV+ ]+~. k+eT] u\T&T>
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#bsTTH&T. |< =&T sjT T+us+ eV+H&T.
150
VqTeT=+& d<q+< k+eT] k$T
k+eT] <ejT M~ &|+T\T \qsd+V

#sT\# nsud+ ]+~. k+eT] eT+>
ns\T >TD+\T n+\T m\T dTeT, w, Hsd+V
X\T |< u\ yTT<q$ X<> H]H&T. Xe+>
|<\T b&T q dTs<|+ n+<] ]+#y&T.
nq\ #+ \$<\T H]H&T. |<q sjT
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nq*<sT d+qe+THsT. k+eT] jTeq+
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<ys<q, bdq, ds#sD, d+>+ s|~<Tq$.
uqsq\T Xe+> b&T <y\j s<q\T
#jT+, @<o |yd+ keTys+ ys<q, M~
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b& @y nq ujT+ |Tq~. T+&> H&=
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151
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
eT++ <MeT++ |<+ |Psq e >=|C$.

q <eu Cq+ ]+ <yqT>V+ b+<TeT
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eT|s+ ydT\T d]=+&y]+{ nesTT +\
yue+> $yV+ ]|+HsT. =+ +{ |<
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neTy] <y\jT+ L& ysT+& M~H +&$.
k+eT] |+] =<T |Ps+ jTq nseT\
+{ s#T> e =+\+ +&bjTy&T. jTq
<jTyT VeTTVAs+ XjT >T&bsTT e
bsT\qT n]+ <q+ #dT= 8 >+\ JeHb~
s e T+ bZ + s T y eTs \ > T & b sTT
yTT\T #*+ +{e uHq+s d<Z+< |sq+
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k] k+eT] @s&T ykXeT+ ysT |{+q
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k\T k+eT] u> qq$. jTq >+<+
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152
|seT&T u>BZ #|q sj>+ u>qq~.

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L&q d+\ sV <qesZ+ <jTeTTq$. jTq
|+] $XuVD uqde+ d\ uqdeC\T
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|< dT+ &y&T. y] n_e~ dV +# <e+\
|j>\qT | ={HsT. |+] >eT+ #eT+~
k+eT]>] u |#s\ eT\+> nsdTHsT.
n{ sTD+ k+eT]>sT seT{ yd $<+
nqT]d e{ yd |< |yX |{H sT. <
e\dq HTT\T |+HsT. n~ <eT+> T
V<su<T d+<u<T q>s\ es nT es+>
q>s+ y| >+q~. e{ * |+
|P]jTq sTy e+ #j. e{ >+<\T
|P+ jTC\T Veq sT<_w\T #jTe. |PEq
y] d]+#. n+<T <e+ y. |+] ydT\T
153
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
ejT+ u] +#s T qT k+eT] |s q|$T+

+ n_w+ |+ <q+ bsq\ bT VsjTeT+
|P uq+ =+<sT dV#sT\ q>eT, uq],
d+<u<T, zsT>\T, d~|, es&, Ceu<T,
\, +q>sY eTTK|D b+\T sT>T
u\qT |u~d |#s+ #d <Hsq#dHsT. jTq
H{ |eTTK d+ds .m. HsjTD#]>] &T
\_+q~. { n+<] dVs+ ysT e{ jT+
n+ yue+> sV+HsT. H m+ X$T+
<es+ eTT+q H{s k+eT]>sT VsTT>
~+HsT. y] deTTq |jD+
ebsT\qT |eT<>D <]+ q+<bseX+
eT&T~H\T nf dTw| ed +&HsT. y] <s q+
|syTXsT . D seTTq s\T #d
sqTue+ |P]#d, d+\+ |P] #dT+{e nH
<X+ odT\T \_+q$. eT&e~q+ ysT dV+>
<qT+& qT HsT. eT *q nqTue + u \
#|HsT. e+qT+& eTs\ ||+#+ e
q+<T d| ++H |seTe |s+ q
se+ Hsys eqqTHsT.
l k+eT]>$<+> ds#sD+ #dT+&>
H&T u es+&jT de #&+ ]+~.
es+&jTT&T |seTu e |PdT+f |PC
|c\T d+ q |seTe #]q <X+ jTq
154
u>q+~. qT |P+# |P\T L& |seTe #s

eqH <X+ X<u\ = |w+ yd B
|P+HsT. e*+>eT+ |c\ +&bsTT+~.
e |e $T>\+& e #se qqT +&T
eTdTHsT. +>H |Pe $T>\+& |P\
e #]bsTTq$. k+eT] # d+w+ *+~
$wjT+ eT u\ #|HsT. |+] #]q s+&T
eT&+& k+eT]>sT <s |#s V]<\T
H\ <s dT\u+> #jTe#T qqTHsT.
<eT+ jTq yTq\T+&T u\*+>jT X+sjT\T
&T|&sT. bsD V]<\T, MsV+<keTT\
#], u|V<, ues+&jT H\T |<]+ |
>=| |ue+ *+HsT. $HjTy\|&T }s+|
rjT{ eTVeTBjTT\T nu+s |& (1938`1939)
+< |eTV e&b{ VqTeT+se>] s|+
deTdqT |]w]+HsT. +qT lseTqe$T lw
jT+ =* @<, V+>] s<Hy\T #
w #d rs|k<\T |+#ysT. { sD X~>
<es\T #d yTT<{k] eTqe+ eT+&\+ ~H\T
b{+ B $seTD+ #d keTV nsq\T n_w\T
nq<q+ eTT+HsT. k+eT]>] <q+ |dT
n~yTq =\~ y] yX~ d+\d~ e+{ d<T\T
d e T L & q $. y{ < s k+eT] > s T | & T \
de#dHsT. H&T X\ <Hed +&> dV|
155
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
]bsTTHsT. u\T e* dTHsT. \ysT CeTTq

4 >+\|&T k$T dVe q m+<T
Hs nHsT. nTsTy bsbTq jTeTuT\T
y] jTeT rdTbsTTqT jTeTT&T ]q
bsbT uT\qT |+qT eTT eTs\
eqT eT sTT+& <>Zs +& #* e<Ts\T
#bsTTqT #|HsT. { nqTuy\T k+eT] k$T
mH *q$. eTT |Psq neTy] >T&
|PC]> +&qT q eT dV+> +&q
u \ T eT n seT\ , eT * y+seTeT, eTus
+\ yTT<qysT> >T]+HsT. { y] <
J$+ _e~> sT>TT+f eT ><TZsTe \_dH
eT k<q d]jT q es+Z q&TdT+ < >TsTe\
nHwD bs+_+HsT. { sTD+ eeTTqT\k{
Ms|#e+>sT |+] |sq eHsT. yT
s\T <\sT +& >=| j. $XuVDT
\+<] yT s< >TsTe k+eT] k$T>sT yT
e< eT+BT |<q wHsT. jTeT +<s
w\T k+eT]>]e #{ #+~q k<\T
messT. k+eT]>]bT jTq nue\T,
yTq\T+&T |< yTq>&\T qeT, us +\ e+{
ys+<s yTe< eT+BTHsT. k+eT]>]
<w eT us +\ nqTL\ D\T +&qT.
n< + jTq k] <q+ X+sT &T <s q$T
156
e yTqT us> d]+#|<T. d]+q|{

yT <<T n <XyTq~. jTq q se+
*d e+~. yTqT < esZ+ |{ w
#dHsT. 1934d+ $Xs uVD e+X>eTeTT s#sTT
e&b{ s+qXd |+] eq|&T y] *d
k+eT]>sT nH y~ XdjT <seTT\ ks+
m]HsT. |+] k$TysT XeT+ nH >VD
|{q \+u& <jTeTTqT $&|+HsT. uTeq]ydT\T
\ y+{e k$TysT |D\ syTXs\jT+
< se\T #dq|{qT+& |]#jTyT nT
sTy k$Ty] # dVTHsT. k$T =+<sT
nqT# s T \T w \ \ d +< < X + \T.
d+<]+HsT. +<sT deTT<kqeT|&T yTTd* y|&
+& ~e|sTw&T esZ <sq+ #dHsT. k$TysT
ykXeT leT\jk$T <]+ < >w
#dHsT. eT\j k$T k+eT] k$Ty] <
|> >T]+HsT. nTe+{ XeT+ eTT L& k|+#
eqqTHsT. k+eT]>sT eT\jk$T y]
d+<u<T |sq y+ +& dV]+HsT.
k+eT]>sT d<TZsT eT\j k$T eTqdTq
j|+>eHsT. eT\jk$T d+<u<T qT+&
sT>T |jDyT s\T b+&> s\T +&
med| |+] |+ n&y]+<] <sq+
#sTT+HsT. |+] ydT\| k$Ty] >\ |eT n{~.
157
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
k$TysT k+eT]>sT Vd sT| V+>]

eTseTT\qT <]+HsT. sT| eT eT d+\
|s+> ly+fXs k$T ds\+suwT& d|
<sq+ |k~+HsT.
|+] k+eT]>sT JeHb~ +ds \
eT\e\+_+HsT. yTq\T+&TbsTT +qT 10`12
eT+~ \T\T y]+< |#dysT. qyT\ C^ssT
\ d+kH~ |T\ e\dq s +d b\T
d<+ #dysT. ><\ d+kHBX\ qq d+Vdq+
#d y] yT| b+~HsT. k+eT]>sT |+] eT
n seT\ +H +&ysT seT\ us VjT
$XuVDT\+<] du|T\T. <+|T\ q\TZsT
=&T\T LTsT k+eT]>] w\T. >TsTe
|#e+>sT k+eT] j>esZ+ k~+q
|> yT jTq u<~s $Tq~. k+eT]
k$T >TsT|s+ n~sV+HsT. es+> {eT\ \
HsjTD <+|T\T =+|\ seT\jT e+{ysT |+]
ydT\T #eT+~ ly] e< BTHsT. nue\T
>+q sTy k$TysT |+]$& Ve\j
+ |dT #dTeqH d+\+ *+~. es+>
w\T ly] |+] <]+ n< s \ T+& J|
~ b<eTqTHsT. n~ 1942 d+es+ #eT+~
s\T mHsT. es+> u\T UJ| eHsT
u\T w\ nqTs<+ eT\+> k$Ty]
158
Ve\jT j d+\+ e]bsTTq~. |D\ seT|

=+&| edd |X+ |<X+ |dT =qk+#
eqqTHsT. es+> ]<sT w\ y+qT+&
se\ j<] >T&|PC] eyT $wjT+ \TdT.
|D\ seT| + UJ| H\TZ .MT. <s+
+T+~. \HsjTD <+|T\T ly] e\dq
@sT #dHsT. sqTcq+ Vw s+&T esZ\T
k$T |beTT\T. lysT ssB =qkdT+&>
H&T |sT k<Te _ #d eT _> |{q
><TeT s=f u>+ k$T u>+ y+qTq
qeT $T> eT&e u>+ eTT & +
|dT k>TT+f mes |{+#T< HqT y]
#| qT nHsT n& k$T| L& m>uTq
NeT @jY T NeT\ MTs + & + < T Hs T .
b++ MTsT+& e<+ Xd+ jT\T<] =\~
<s+ sVT &H&T. k$T |dT #dT=H #+
y|+q NeT\T usT\Tr] m{ y[bsTTq$. n{
sVT& bsTTq sTy n& NeT\ eTTejTyT
bsTTq sTy k<Te |seTe& >T]+HsT.
kT X+sT& ed >T]+#bH n k+eT]
k$T <T'+ e b]+HsT. s+&eH&T es+>
es\T s$T seT[ djT+> +&+& _jT+
s dsT\T k$T |+H +< y]
q |y] k$T @ neds+ *H rse\d+~>
159
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
C|+HsT. |ys+ H&T e ly] <]+

e\dq keT b 1944 sD H{ k$T y]
#eT+~ *dbsTT+~. es+>, s+>XsTT|,
sT b+\ysT #eT+~ k$T #+ BTHsT.
23`4`1944 s 4 >+\|&T k$Ty] |<e~q
><+ e k$T esD ] yTqT |*
s+&|\HsT. yT |* s+& yqT q&Td
n<XyTq~. \y] eq~ ><+ e~q>]
|> >T]+HsT. deTj n& sT
><+ eTsD+q~. k$Ty] n q =&T |+&
1944 nsT VqTeT=+& ]q|&T k$T n&
bsTT n+<] B$+ eHsT. y]+f |<ysq nq\T
L& k$T qeTd]+#u k$T y]+ y]
\+ ~~HsT. ~y] $qjTd+|< >TsT. k$T |D
\
seT| XeT+ + u \ T w\ d+ | ~ys+
u> e BZ keTV bsjTD+ d+es @<ojTe\T
@sT #dHsT. X< @<H&T k$T LsTH
nsT>T| #|& +&+ n~ n|eTTe
>eT+ <| sT<_w \+ b+ n\T #*
n~ eTs\ q+\+ >T&e< k$Ty] +&q~.
b\TZD VQ @<o e de|H&T seT+ n+
eTTd uHq sTy k<Te e _
]H&T. n| &MT $T>\<T. eq k<TeqT e
|{ qeT>] e+ #sTT+ uq+ |& k<Te
160
jT{bsTT n<X&H&T. eq k<Te k<Te<T.

kT |syTXsT& >T]+HsT. < se\T
n+<] n+<TuT +& eq k$TysT |De
|+# @VeTTs+_+HsT. eXe\u<+
\T| V]Vs @VeTT sT#dHsT. <esX+
|s+ n+<] nq d+sD CjT>*q+ _jT+
s edTe\T e|&$. |D\ seT| XeT+
|<beTT e |&>$| k$T ##~. q+
ujT|&TsT y+<T eke k$T eT+<*d n~
<s+bsTT+~ n| &| &T e u\T qeTd]+#>
y[bjT~. =+&|] >eTsD+ k+ese us
dTo\eTqT |{q |X# bs<*HsT. k] >=|
j>d+|qTq +b|s n>Vs+ u+>TSsT yd &|
d<q+<j^XsT\T (1865`1957) (lJe V
sj>kseT s#sTT, eTqk$T #&{
|D\ seT| #eT+~ w\ #&eq|&T
=~b{ $T>T\T edTe\ n+<] d]|&Tq+ |k<+
#sTT+ e&+HsT. &| j^+<T\T k+eT] u
j>w m+ d+w+ os~+ b eTqT
<]+#eq s |<X\ y]+<] k+eT]
k$T XsTT+#+& #|bsTTHsT.
k+eT] k$T eT >TsTe\T Ms |#e+ de~
VqTeT=+& d<Xs\jT+ e< n&] eT\jT
1937 yT H\ @ssHsT. k$TysT s#T> e
161
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
>TsTe\ de~ d$+bjTysT. >TsTe\ de~|

H\=*q e*+>+ _qyTq+<Tq k$TysT n&
eT+~s sD |P #dHsT. n| & eTq d>sT
> edq+ eydHsT. deTjT+ ysT d<Xs
\jT+ +&ysT. n& # HXsTT+ q |X#\qT
bs<*HsT. eT+~s sD+ d+ H\T>T y|\ *|q
sd+u\T ]b d<TZsTe\ HeT+ d]+ f+jT
={ n$ |&b+& | eTsTH&T H <s #>
*|HsT. ~HH V+<Te\qT ujTu+T\qT #d
#+| V<u<T s+ ;u+ dw+q sCsT
kjTT<T d<X s\j k$T|P y eHsT. k$T
bsr|syTXsT\ q Vs sCs y| |
ysT qeTd]+ \s &T\T yd be+ k$Ty]
nyTjTeTVe |ue+. eT+~s sD+ sTy u\
d+ d\T ]+ u$ $+HsT. ~HH =+<sT
n#\>TsTe\T e k$T |+ d>TZ \\Te+
bsTTHsT. k$T sD eT+~s+ eTT+<Tq |+~]
^bsjTD+ sT>TT+&> <yTq >* e+~.
k$T eT w\ u m{< |<eT =]H e
B|+ y*+#TeTHsT. eTT{+q eTsTDyT >* B|+
]b es k$Tys B|+ y*+HsT. n~
s B| [ e *q~. { ~ y] X \u .
k$TysT w\ k] >TseT| n& \T
seT| #sTe #HsT. n&Tq Vsd <s
162
b+\ |+|HsT. k$TysT 1955 yd$ s

< X j\T, n\Vu<T, yD d+>eT+ o>j
>sU|PsY\T d+<]+ eT |PsT\ #jTe\dq
|eTT\T #d ]eHsT. y] UJ| |<k>
ds+ \_++~. 1960 qT+& Ms |#e+>] eT+~s
b+eTT y] XeTyTq~. n| & >TsT<eu de+
@sT#dHsT. yTT<{ eT \HsjTD 1982
es nT sTy 1983 n&] >j#s (Author)
d e C s < ] > | # d | d + e s +
1) ed+qesTy\T 2) yXK+ MsV+<T\
s<He+ 3) yXK VQ+ Ms|#e+>]
s< H e+ 4) c& X @< o e + ys q
5) XeDeTT sT<_w\T 6) es 7) <M Xsqe
seTT\T 8) n| & e]H&T V]Vs @VeTT s|+
$~> sT>TTHsTT. 1951 yd$ k$Ty] re
s+e n|ks d C]H k$TysT dsZdTqT
es+>\T VqTeT=+& ys |#syT q ~ m& & u \ T
w\T @&Td eHsT. s 9 k$T n|eTTe
=\bsTT+~. k] >=| V]<\T =eT] u\
sq+<<dT>] V]< >q+ ..... eTs~ |T\T
lyd keTT\T <+|T\T e & ]> se\T
#HsT. 1967`68 d+ + ><TZsTe\T l #+<
XKs+<k$TysT es+> eq|&T k+eT]
k$T n< y<+ |d+>+ #dHsT. eTV k$TysT
163
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
nsq sTy k+eT] k$T 5 s. <D HsT.

#q|]ydT\T lw $Xs| <sq | s|\T\T
e+ eTjT Xw>sT k$T <]+ odT\T
b+~HsT. k$Ty] d$+ n<d~ b+~qy]
LssT\T T#q k$T <]+ u j>T
ks+ b+~ k$T d~ V+ b+~HsT.
s+&ee <qsT\ |sT >+q #+< +jT>sT
k$T w\T u\T \d >TsT|PC seT+ sT|e
qqTHsT. k$TysT n+<sT w\ >eT+ be+
w+ qT |<eT|P es |P\T k$Td~ sT|
eqqTHsT. |<eT|P k$Ty] n+ u\T
w\T n&] >j #sT\T. k$T |<q sj#sT\T
><+\ =&T k$T #]+ ydq |+&T&T n&]
>j#sT\T. |PC\+ k$T Vw +&
bsq VsTKT uT rs+ |k<+ ksT. |
>eT+ k$T|{ |P#d bsjTD, y<+
|Hk\T uq\T rs |k<\T nq<q+ { ]|
e] seT+ VqTeT=+& eT+~s+ ]|HsT.
d+es+ | ~ys+ d<Z+<|sq+ bDjeT k<q
1945 bs+_+HsT. @VeTT\T |D\ seT|
c&X |yd+ sT<_w+ uq C>sD+ <jT+
bsD ]>$. k$TysT jTTq e]~q+ <
de~ d ks d +&ysT. +
< j T + n_ w + , ys< q , > T s T | P , u > e BZ
164
bsjTD+, keTV bsq uq sV+HsT.

H&T k$T >T+&bT e+~. k$T dT|
#]HsT. s+&T~H\T ]+~. eT&eH&T X.X.
1901 d<] d+ VQ <X$T eT+>ys+
13`11`1979 s 11 > + \T k$Tys T uV
uTHsT. eTsTH&T y\ u\T w\T jT<$~>
14`11`79 T<ys+ s 8`30 >TsTe lMs |#e+
de~eT+~s+ s+ y| de~ #d eT+&\+ ~H\T
ks+ b+~q eTVT\ #jTe\dq
se\T ]| eT+~s sD+ #dHsT.
eT+~s+ VqTeT=+& qT+& XjT+| y s&T
nqT |< \jT+ d<Xs\jTeTT eT<q $X\yTq
d\+ +~. u\T < k<q #dTe{
nqTyq edT\T k$Ty] ws\T leT dTo\eT
eT+~s se\T u\ &T sT|THsT.
sTHe ` l d<TZsTd<q+<k+eT] keTT\
y] XeT+ leeTTqT\b{ Ms |#e+ eT+~s
b+eTT |< <y\jTeTT dMTeTTq XjT+| s&T
VqTeT=+& es+> +.|. |.d. 506011
k+eT]>] \T, C\b\T, eT+>VsT\T
# s+H b es y] He+ eTT<
+&+ n+<T eTqT k+jT<dT> #| HsT.
u<s CqesZ+ n~>$T+q ys+<sT eTqT
u>e<dT\T>H #| +{sT.
165
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
<s+ :`
l l d<TZsT d<q+< k+eT] keTT\ysT `
s#sTT & n&] >j#sT\T. myT.m. |V#Y.&.
myT&. 12`5`188/7/1 $jT|] >& bdT,
d+<su<T 500017 bH: 27002782
166
15. UJ| eu+<k$T

(1950`1988)
usrjT $$<eT\ysT >TsTeqT eT]ds|
>qT, >TsTy u>e+T&T>q s~ksT. usrjTs
eT\ysT L& >TsTe |eTTK kq$TksT. j>T\T,
eTVT\T, d<T\T, u\T n+<s >Ts|~w eT+y
|<Xy b+~ k<q #d Tqys. eqe
Xs< sTq >TsTe\T kT e& $wy <jT T&
neTys |+>H d|+H k]+ |<+q
<V s D \T # q$. <V s D b T \]
MsV+<k$T (1608`1693), l<sy+fX njTy
(1635`1720), eds Y d.$.$ (1868`1922), eTT$T&es+
167
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
|<u\j (1930`1985), s|iT dTB+<uT

(1936`2005) e+{ eTVT\ qss|>TsTe\T sT.
n{ eTVT\ e #+~qy& leu+<k$T.
sjT\deT &| UJ| eT+&\+ +< sTq
Lqy]| >T\jT>] #Hs& H>eT nH |
<+|T\T+&ysT. |D<+|T\ d+q+ 1) |<
dTus& 2) q dTus& 3) #Hs& 4) \eT\T.
+<T s+&e =&Tq qdTus&>s l eu+<
k$T> |d<THsT. jTq 1950 d+ +H&T
|>eT+ sVYUH | |]H&T.
|Pe |>H |]eT[+qT q dTus& |TH
~e >TDd+|qT&T. |dq+H n eu n\e&q~.
|esq, e\T, $qjTd+|<, *<+&T\bT
#T{\ sT>T bsT>T y] Xs+ *+#$.
$+>#$, |=+#+ L|Tq+ kyTqT \|+#$.
bsX\ b<jTT nqTeT u+| s>
& $<sT\ |ee V|<X+ #dy&T.
*<+&T\T qksT. u>e+T&T eTq T~ dT
+#T&T. <+{ {#sY #| ||< ]sY #dT
>* $jT+ b+<TeTT. +{#| yTs e+{~.
@~ #d n~ ]sY neT+~ n #| T+f b<jTT&
n T~ X\ XsbjTy&T. & b ~H\
n&T H>XsT =+& >e\qT \TbjTy&T. &
u\TsT >e\T yTeTT jTeT s]+H q
168
UJ| eu+<k$T
dTus& e\qT d#> $& =+& m H>Xs

\jT+ <qeT>T&jTy&T. =H&T neTy]
eTT+<T LsT+& <q+ #d m+ b<T >&+<! +&T
s#es kjT+\ yTqT *d+~. q dTus&
ne bsr H eyTqy! & |\\T eT >e\
eTeT +& bjTT+{sT. H *<+&T\T H d+
m+ +<q|&TTHs n Bq+> y&TH&T.
bsr<$ HjTH >e\T eT+> =+& +< d+
#dTHsTT. +{ \Tb nq~. q dTus& q
e\ eT+> \T#]H&T.
n+ u\+H ebsT\ |<sq+ #dTq
u&&T. ~ys+ d\eH&T q dTus&
<jTyT =+&| bsTT \jT+ eT<V+ < <q+
#dT= =+& ~>TT+&> 2 >+\|&T |<jTq
yT| LsTH&T. n+ beTT e e<T T
yjTqT+&> q dTus& beTTT yjT+& e
b]+H&T. beTT y&*bsTT+~. q dTus& e<T
dMT|+ ! beTT qT T yjT{ |&>
$|+~. qqT # y[bsTT+~ nH&T. e<T&T e\e
@&Td qqT m+<T s+Hej n~ T yd HqT
## y&, H c\T r]bjT$ < nH&T. n <T'K+
# q dTus& qT\T #eT*q$. HqT #dq~ b
n e<T H{ e< rdTbsTT q #=
{ eTT+ H{ |+& <|r] + @&Te
169
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
! >T+& sTe ~+#T sT <T'U

&>dT nH&T. e<T&T eTqks @& @& =+
<T |&>H q dTus& #e #{e !
n~ ns+ ~. u>e+T&T eTq qT |{q sTy
< b&Te+ eTq u< n+ #jT
e<T +{ rdTbsTTH&T. e<T us mq&
>+q~. =&T &\T, eTqTeT\T HsT. MsT +{
y* dMT|dT+&> e<T &\T s $T*q nq+
bdb jT bsydTq~. q dTus& ne {
nq+ $T* bdb bsyd <T\T |&
MTsTT+{ e*> +{& T > < e ! q T
y>=+ m+<T? nq+ bsyjT+ m+<Te
eTVb|+ >< n+ T~#| CH<jT+ *+H&T.
n|{ jTq ejTdT 13 d+es\T eyT. q
dTus& e\T |esq >eT+qysT =+<sT jTqqT
dTus& nHysT eTVT\+<] X+
nCqT\T eTsT\T _sT<T> e+ #eT+~ #]
>eT+#e#T.
qdTus& UJ| q Vd\T $<|P] #d
nq+| s+ { yT sT #dH &T. nq+| s+
H sT\T s+s+ e<q+ #d u bseTeTTqT
nqTu$+H&T. H&T q dTus& \eTLsT
(jTs>T+ <>Zs) *dq y]+{ y[q|&T sTT+{
q s T | e TqT # y T j T q u > e + T & T
170
UJ| eu+<k$T
XsTT+q us> >T]+ |<\ nqTeT yTqT

|+&& XsTT+ *<+&T\ dMT| +<Te\
#|H&T. q dTus& |+&&T e+~ qT ysT
\eTLsT sT|eT +& u>e+T&T HsjTDs&
sTT+{ bsTT e{&HsT. HsjTDs& <+|T\T
dsqHsT. <>+ \_+q sTy |+& #k
eTHsT. XsqT>V+ q dTus& sjT#{
\ |+# bC | s Y yT> <>+ \_+q~.
u>e+T&T HsjTDs& nd\T|sT d+>eTs& HsjTD
s&. jTq yTT<{ us \qsdeT. yT d+qyT
sT|eT. \qsdeT #b HsjTDs& jT\eT
qT<VyTH&T. yT d+q+ lydT\Ts&, y+\,
|<eeT, eT<Td<qs&. q dTus& <>+
\_+#>H sT|eT |+& ~]+~. n|{yT
ejTdT 18 @+&T. =$T<e s> es #<Teq~.
26.3.1976 H&T b<TsT n>dXs\jT+ q
dTus & sT| eT\ |+& ]+~. y]~ < s
<+|+. =H qdTus& eTT&T #Hs&
sT|eT #\T y+\eT |+& ]+~.
q dTus& eu jTq #s\T >eT+qys+<sT
jTqqT k$T n eu+<k$T n |ysT. u\+
qT+& jTq y\jT+ @++> <qeT>T&jT y&T.
jTq qss+ ys >TsTe &T. kT e&
jTq >TsTe. |seTe <X+ m{ e#<
171
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
uw @$T{ jTq eyT \TdT. |+# bC

#]q sTy jTq n& |s+ |{H&T. y] <+|
|\T 1) dT<sY (|dT+ +|PsY +sY) 2) dTsX
(|dT+ VA$Tj &sT). |+#H |seTT+Tq
neT XsjT <+|T\ d+q+ q\TZsT eT>ysT
sTZsT &ysT. q\TZsT eT>y] H>+<uT sT.
jTq q|{qT+& sT |sT \ |<
=+|ydT\T neTeT qsdeT, y+|HjTT&T
e< |]H&T. e<<+|T\T 7 @+& H>+<uTqT
1976 d+ |+# bC rdTe eu+< k$T
n|+HsT. H>+<uT sTy q uT
k$T> |d<T\T. l eu+<T u\T #&>H @+{
<=s! edTH sT? mTHsT? Ts+& n+ <>sZ
rdTHsT. nT sTyH XsjT neT <+|T\T
e =&T H>+<uTqT eT sTT+{ rdTbsTTHsT.
eu+<k$T H>+<uT\ |Psq nqT+< yT{<
*jT<T. k$TysT H>+<uTqT e s>
#]+ #~$d |]Xw+> #HsT.
H&T dT<sY, dTsX, H>+<uT eTT>TZsT &qT+&
]edT+&> s+&T {+e< beTT &TeTT
m<TsT eq$. y{ # eTT>TZsT u\TsT <
#+|e qqTHsT. kMTJ |<=&T dT<sY beTTqT
q=&T dTsX &TeTTqT #+|eqHsT. =~ d|{
beTT y[bsTT+~. &TeTT eeTT n& +~.
172
UJ| eu+<k$T
eTT>TZsT *d &TeTTqT #+|HsT. mes e #q

&TeTTqT rdTbsTT e+&THsT. $wjT+ k$TJ
*d+~. kMTJ @ bD #+|L&<T n Vu<
#d u>e+T&T &TeTT eT+ s|+ dw+H&HsT.
| &= sE &TeTT\T Hy&T. sC &TeTT
nesyTH&T. m<TsT eq beTT qqT #+|eT
&TeTT ] =\~d|{ y #be HqT
#+|e\dq |<+ beTT y[bsTT+~. sTy
MTsT eTT>TZsT < #+|HsT. < e+d+ qy]
e T qed T + < kMTJ | \ \ nHs T .
(H>+<uT) uTk$T #<Te eydH&T. eTT>TZsT
u\TsT *d s+&T &T |\\qT |+HsT. y{ #
kMTJ d+w+#ysT. H&T kMTJ u< &T\T
y[bsTT nHsT. =\~ ~HH &T\qT \T
q$. kMTJ &T\T Hd+ eq$. n$ eTs\
+= q me qTH \T y{ eT <s+
s]+q$ nHsT. |~q+ kMTJ eTT>TZsT
u\TsqT <jT+ 4 >+\ | +#s+| LsT+&
<qeT>T\jTysT.
1982 qT+& kMTJ n&e bsTT <q+ #dysT.
eTy+ uTk$T &= bjTysT. uTk$T
y\jT+ e*+> m<TsT> LsT+&u{
=+d|q sTy sq |<X rdTbsTT #
es+ ^d n+<T LsT+& y\jT+ e
173
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
#dTqT <+#TeTHysT. nT sTy eTT

<qeT>T\jTysT. yT eTs\ bsTT uT k$T
|ysT. uT k$T q{ <e<sT *
qTeTHysT. |+# n>]q |]+&e< =+&|
HsTq~. kMTJ n& 29 ~H\T |dT #dHsT.
uTk$T L& 29 ~H\T n& <qeT>T jTT+&HsT.
uTk$T 29 ~H\T H& <qeT>TqT
nqTueyTq~. + k$TysT uTk$T e H
Xs |! H Jy u>e+T <>Zs +T+~.
HqT n& de #kqT. sT\ #|L& eTVT\T
#|HqT nHsT. kMTJ = b+\ |sT #|
HqT n&T+{qT. eP n& b nHsT. |+# bC
+HjTk$T >T&e< kMTJ uTk$T eTT #|q
b+\ beT+f jTq b<T. kMTJ bb
m{? n >{> eT+<*+HsT. kMTJ n& HsT.
uTk$T +~ eH&T. f+jTsT
#T|H <bsTTH&T. s+&T ~H\ #T ~
f+jT\T CeTjT\T +HjT k$T rdTbT+f
\dsY=&T uTk$T n&d D <s+ $d]yd
+{e k$Ty] X+KTesT |#\T+^ rdT=
dyT+T m s+| bdT k+&T e< ~H&T.
jTq *dq yses n&sT. s+| bjT
esZ+ neTy] >T& |&T+f mes |<jTq e
nq+ |{ bsTTH&T. \ysTCeTTq 4 >+\ l
eu+<k$T e y+ HqTHqT nHsT.
uTk$T |yT dT {|t m &| ne<+<k$T
174
UJ| eu+<k$T
<y\jT+ e< ~H&T. 40 ~H\T ne<+<k$T

>T&e< de\T #dH&T. kMTJ |s+ <s\
bsTT 4 ~H\T e&+>+ |#d lX\+ y[ >T& |k<+
&e bsTTH&T. n& kMTJ &T> HsT.
uTk$T 1983 < lX\+ n&e +f kMTJ
n| &| &T e #bjTysT. <s eTVq+~ 40
~H\THsT. kMTJ | |dT #dT+f uTk$T
| +&H&T. sTy =+\+ n&e +&HsT.
1984 uTk$T H\sT #]q=\~ kMTJ
n& #]HsT. H&T y]sTesT kq+ #dT+&>
kMTJ <X~H Jy yq~ nHsT. eTsTH&
leT +~s>+~ V ]+~. kMTJ >=\>eT&
y+jTk$T sY > y\T>T&HsT. sTesT
+>\T +>TsT d+>sjT=+& #TT >e\T
\\]| d+#s+ #dHsT. kMTJ <X+ |s+
uT k$T +>sT =T |#dH&T. uTk$T
*<+&T\T kMTJ eT nusTT>] y<T& <=s
ek&T nHsT. kMTJ |+# u+> <>+
#d j>Xs+ uTk$T y+ +&ysT. 1984
&d+sT uTk$T |+# bC #sTH&T.
e+&T kMTJ |+# y+q+{ +& q X\
#eT+~ yd+ kMTJ edTe\T L& <=+>*dT+f
uTk$T \T {+H&T. 1985 d+ kMTJ
|+#qT+& dsT bC ~ ]+~. uTk$T
q |sTws+ kMTJ keqT s*+H&T.
1986 d+ sTes d+V#\+ y[HsT. sTy
nqes+, u<#\+, X]eT b+\T ]HsT. \T
175
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
eqeT*\ kMTJ eT<TyTV, beTTT, d\

>sXy<T\ eT+<T\T d<+ #d m+<] s>+
|k~+HsT. y<$<q+ uT k$T H]HsT.
1987 d+ eu+<k$T dsT eT>~ |dT
#dT+f H>TbeTT e H+ #d~. >~ |<|
|]+~. kMTJ @++> q|&T y] eTT+<T H+
#dbeTT |>\T |*e es~. sT|eT |*
b\Tbd~. kMTJ n| &| &T |TH |dT|
+eT >E\T d n\+s\T> edT+{sTT. eT<
usbsTTq+ eq n$ m+<T by nHysT.
sT|eT kMTJ 13 @+&T |s+ #d+~. yT
<euw \TdT. kMTJ |s+ yT ydT+&~. k$T
#~yysT. 1988 kMTJ eT |\\qT &| eTTd|
Vd\T #]+HsT. sT|eT>sT |\\ &|
+&~. kMTJ dsTqT+& ed bT+&ysT.
1987 d+ kMTJ dsT q|&T es\T |&
#TT |\ >e\ |\T e b]d lysT es\T
]|+HsT. ##T&qy] qT#| bsTTq
y], d+qVqT\, <j\T u\T |{qy]
k$T y]y] b\T ~~ d+w+ L]HsT. V
sd eV+q d eTqTw\ |Xe\ s+ >TT+f
kMTJ < bs<*HsT. |eT{ >+><$ $>V+
#d b\ n_w+ >+ es+ ]|+HsT. k]
l eTV\ |dyT kMTJ sTT+ <q+ ]|d <
eTT <q+ beTTT e+{~, H s<T. de
#d u>+ f #\TqHsT. neTysT eT&T ~H\T
w|{H u]+Hs <q+ eTT<T. kMTJ V+
176
UJ| eu+<k$T
>] eTsbsTT MsV+<keTT\ e{&HsT.

MsV+<T*q &T eTs\ VQ+&H yd MT nqT>V
yTTf #\TqHsT. n{ dVQ\T $s>T\T l kMTJ
ysT. ysT 1988 d+ qe] qT+& nH |
>+<\T yd u$T |P& y #TT Bb\T |{HsT.
nedsyTq|&T HqT ydq >+<\T y+ ny
ekjTHsT. > H{ Bb\T |{ y\T>T
THjT. kMTJ eT n++ >T]+ @{ +~
+& HqT de~ e. HH\|{ +{qT. qH=
>~ +#+& n ydHsT. lkMTJ uTk$T <e
&| rdTbsTT HqqTq~ k~+HqT. HqT y H qT.
e u<|&e< #|HsT. eT ueeT]~ lqT q&
#+& \&\T ydbsTTHsT. e eTs\ lqT
q& n&Xs+ n& H \&* eTs\ &
m{ q&TTHs+f qqT MT]+es dTus&
n u$T+HsT. |{H d+ \TdT=+&HsT.
&| eT us |\\Tq +{bsTT +{ n&T>T
|+& n+<] b& n~s+ HHsT. MT<
@ +<eT <T n b dtk+&T bsTT eTe<
q &+ uT k$T e\+ #\ e+
d]|&+ |+ rdT= bsTTH&T.
l eu + < kMTJ eT sD+ >] me] #| <T
> eTV_weTD+ ]> $<+ 1988 d+ ydHsT.
eTqT >~ 5 @+&T + yd +#TeT+f sT|eT
177
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
>sT | q+<Tq yTqT |\\qT eTT&T #Hs&

&| |+|+HsT. e&T yDT>b\T&T C|+
q+<Tq \dsY eT~s& <| &= bsTe$T
&sT e< bsTT sT>T |jD+ yDT>b\ k$T
\jT+ |&THsT. eT~s& eT+sT d kMTJ
eT #q >&js+ +>s+ >TsT> +{e<
eT #| >s>T& eT~s& =&| |&THsT. eT~s&
@&TdT+f yDT>b\k$T eT~s& m+<T &T
eHe+f H <V+ eTT\T +& b&{ &T>
rdTeHeTHsT. yDT>b\k$T us_&\ $wjT+
n& u>e+T&T n+<] b&+<T y\T>Tk&T .
y\T>T H us _&\ TL& +{ sHsT. nT sTy
u<$ \T *| bD+ $&HsT. w&T u&T
{#sY >T]$s& d|+ q& #| jTq n+<]
ys |+|H&T. uTk$T ~sT\T sT bsTT
k$T Xs rdT=bsTT kMTJ nq>] d\+
24`11`1988 UJ| d+> s&Te< de~#dHsT.
leT sT|eT>] \ q& HqTHqT.
rjTe<T nHsT. H ly] ~qys\H&T jTeT
|dT|+eT >E\T [uT rdydq~. ly] de~
#dq sTy 11 H\\ >T]$s& \ q& H
de~ 9ksT |<D\T #sTT. HqT u>s+qT+&
<$keTHsT. >T]$s& <jT+ 11>+. |<D\T #dq
sTy 19`10`1989 kjT+ 6.30 >+\ djT+u
178
UJ| eu+<k$T
$>V+> +>sT >E\T eTf\T [uT eTT|&

|dT|+eT\ y* eHsT. sT|eT>sT y{
<]+ eTs\ eTT<Te>H +Tq~. |Ps+ | &T
kMTJ sT|eT>] eTqT >~ 5 jT+&T
+ + yjTTeT+f yT $qq+<Tq k$T d+
#sTe+d+ sD+ #+~Hs.
kMTJ u>s+ qT+& y*eq deTjT+ uT
k$T b<TsT +&HsT. jTqe $wjT+
s|D >T]$s& sTT+{sTTbsTT |f + rsTT+#>
n+<T |dT|>T& #T{q |\T jT|&+~. >T]$
s& | eTses n~ s #<Tes<, mesH s
#~$ \ 12 eTTT+< |\T| yd +~. >T]$s&
>s |\T #~$ sT|eT>] eTT<Te> n\+]+
HsT. |uT+ y] k$T $>V k$T $>V+
bT eq q>\qT n|+HsT. y{ &| f
|{HsT.
kMTJ u $>V k|+#Te{ sY leT
#+<HUHqT K<s nu]+HsT. eu+<keTT\
w\T u\T deyXyTHsT. \jTsD+ d+
$s\T d]+HsT. eT+~s+ @ $<+> eH n
uTk$T |P LsTH&T. bH + e+~,
n+<] Xs+ *+~. < |s+ \jT+ sD+
sT>>H du f s\jT+ qT+& kMTJ $>V
179
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
sedTe\qT 1995 @| Xk+> eT+~s+

$>V |w+HsT. sT|eT>] yT |{+{
ysT k$T s<H e+H&T qe+sY 24H&T & _jT+
& T s T . u \ T L & Ns \ T s $ \ T d e T]k s T .
\jT+ l eu+<T\ s_w+ jT+ #ksT.
nq<q+ sT>TT+~. uTk$T>sT kMTJ <X+
u\ deTd\ |]cs\T #| THsT.
l eu+<k$TysT |<]+q eTVeT\H+.
1) lkMTJ {j\| ydq \Cq+ >
|P&HsT. >| +~#T |] eT|P\T |Pd+~.
dsT k$Tys |P\H |P #dysT. | &&
| |]+~. V+>sT eT \Cq+ +~#T
eT|P\T |PkjTq~ yde yTq~&H.
2) n>] q|] +&e< =+&|q HsT |q
k$TysT 1982 d+ 29 ~H\T |dT #dHsT.
d+esyT s+| neTy] >T& uTk$T +&>
\ysTCeTTq 4 >+\ e y+ HqTHqHsT.
eTVq+~ | |dT#dHsT. eTVq+~ |&eTs
y\jT+ 10 ~H\T |dT #dHsT.
3) 1984 H\sT s+>H<\jT+ | q |HsT kq+
#d H&T eTT+<T +~s>+B V d+HsT.
4) lysT eT j>Xs+ +>\T, +>TsT,
d+>sjT=+& \T\]| H\sT\T uTk$T
]HsT.
180
UJ| eu+<k$T
5) bsTe$T d| eV+q sd # q<TsZ

jT+ | D\T bd bs<*HsT.
6) 1987 dsT |eT{ >+><$ $>V+ #d
b\ n_w+ >+ es+ ]|+HsT.
7) \<$ eT +{ <q+ ]|+H, MsV+<T\T
|yT |$TH |]>V+#<T.
8) 24`11`1988 de~#dq sTy {#sY >T]$s&
d|+ 11 H\\ sTy H de~ 9 |<D\T #d
u>s+ qT+& ekq 19`10`89 kjT+\+ nf $s
$+#+ n<Ty T q #s .
9) 2000 d+ s<qH&T sD+ q nq<q
d+ MT~qT+& H>CeT +<|& n+<sT eTq
sTy qqT kMTJ +~ ~+q|+q<q~.
yT yHeTT $]H eTsTH{ u>T e+ +=
|se<T+.
10) m>Te| dTus& eTqTeT e\Tse. +f
y+ #dT+{&T. |\y * Xs< m+<s &sqT
d+|~++~. mes @MT #jTbsTTH yT kMTJ
eT+~s ed uT k$T >T& < #jT+&HsT.
ysT <#d kMTJ nusTT |swH #dqT eT#
@s&+~. \yses ddT&H&T.
11) H\sT #+#Tses& #eT +& e
b]d sTH\\ sTy s<He+ eTsTH&T
181
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
#be uT k$T #|+HsT. e\T

yTq$.
12) |+# bC |#dT+&> e&$T\T jTe
seTdTus& us yT&#TT qsY >& kMTJ
eT&T eTTw+\T |+ ys+ mes qjT+
#jT >&\T ]>T #dHsT.
$<+> k$T dJejTT+&>qT de~>Tq
sTyqT nH \\T |<]dTHsT.
<s+ : `
H\sTqT+& $TT\T seesaT\ lX\+>sT |+|q
>+<+ l eu+<k$Ty] ~e#] ` s#q LsT
#q+X{ \HsjTD 2/659 lV]se M~ H>sE
| ` &| (08562) 279680 |#TsD ` luTk$T
leu + < k $T < e k q + UJ| ` 516203
(&|) 2006.
182
16. V+<|s+ qsV] d<TZsT

|s+|s (1859`2003)
T++ eT&Ts\ysT d<TZsTe, eT
HX s TT+q y] y > eTT\T> ~~ q < + +
+<j>T\ #] nsT<q $wjT+. VqTue+
b+~q eTVT+<s n+ bNq \+ qT+& H{
es eTq us<X+ $$< b+\qT |+ #dTHsT.
V$<sDT eTHXsTT+q w\ d]jTq esZ
<sq+ #sTTksT. n{ y]H d<TZsTe\+{sT.
d<TZsTe\ eys nq+|s+ V+<T|s
#+~q qsV] d<TZsT |s+|s. Ve\jT|s |dT
#dTH HsjTD jTrXsT\T 1830 b+ <D
u s < X + | s { d eTV Tq> s + > < \
183
+<j>T\T d|eT u>eTT
d+kH eHsT. n~ ~eTV\eT>sT |]b*+#

\+. j T eT | sV T \T lyd j T d s Xg
bs+>T\T n<$<$<T\T. yq|dTq sTy
H&jTq Xs <ekq+ u>eBZ V`18 e X+
X\ $e]dT+&> <ekq+ eT\q LsTq
HsjTD jTrXsT\T $ X+ #|&q 1) $<
$qjTd+|H uVD 2) >$ 3) Vd 4) X 5) X|#T&T
~+{ jT+< |+&T\T deT<sT\T> m+<T+&e
d+UjTeT+ m+<T |+HsT. lydjT
m #<T. HsjTD jTrXsT\T n~ # sVdyTq
$wjTeT, >Ts|<X+ # eyT k<eT, \TdT
eqH reyTq # +f Hy+ s+& <+HsT.
lydjT jT<Vse $sCY <Vse |eCY X
y+ \#T= >TsTe\ y+ jT\T<] y|qB
rs+ >TV #]HsT. >TV<s+ w&T, >TV
>TsTeq HsjTDjTrXsT\T nqbqeTT \T& 3 ~H\T
de~ +&HsT. $<+> HsjTD jTrXsT\T
lydjTqT |+HsT. lydjT u> e BZ yTT<{
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ydT\T <|Xd>] LTsT seT $yVyTq~.
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(1921). nTsTy \eT, |<eT, eqCeT\T
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nqTE\ *d | seTT\T eTT+ +&>sT |+q

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VsT> 1939 ns+ seT |seT|~+q~.
=&T d+V~ Xd # $<T s\T #sTT+ +&>]
esZ+ q&Td u\qT<]+# s+ #|{HsT. 1940
d+ e$j>+ ]+~. d|Eq \qd+V
d<TZsTe\T +<<X+ nq+|s+ s
< T s Z + , ], ey T T> Z s q & 30
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e X \ qT i \+# y s T . l\ qd + V
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ly] V+<|s+ |<HXe s*+HsT.
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eT<dT nb dT| ubdt ds ]q~. sH
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194

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