G. Ramanathan et al.

, IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 126-134

ISSN:2249-5347

IJSID

International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries

Research Article

An International peer Review Journal for Science

Available online through www.ijsidonline.info

DIGESTION WITH SLAUGHTER HOUSE WASTE

BIO-METHANATION OF MARINE CYANOBACTERIA AND SEAWEED BIOMASS FOR BIOGAS PRODUCTION BY CO1Department

Arts and Science, Salem. Tamil Nadu, India; 3Department of Microbiology, The American College, Madurai. Tamil Nadu, India ABSTRACT

of Microbiology, V.H.N.S.N. College Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu, India; 2Department of Microbiology, AVS College of
1

G.Ramanathan*,2T. Vinodhkumar , 1M.Safeena and 3J.Immanuel suresh

Received: 06-02-2013 Accepted: 26-02-2013

*Corresponding Author

co digestion with slaughter house waste. Four saltpan cyanobacteria Oscillatoria.sp, Lyngbya.sp, Spirullina sp and Chroococcus.sp and four marine macroalgal biomass were subjected for the production of biogas. The higher biomass was achieved by cultivating the cyanobacterial biomass and seaweed biomass when utilized as slurry along with cow Biofertilizer effect of the slurry obtained after biomethanation process was also studied it was found that the increase in wheat plant height up to 27.510.10cm after 30 th days. Keywords Biogas, Cyanobacteria, Biomethanation, Seaweed, Biofertilizer

Biomethanation efficacy of marine cyanobacteria and seaweed were assessed by

marine cyanobacterial mats in two different cultivation medium. It was found that the dung and slaughter house waste has yield up to 842ml on 10 th day when compared with the yield of biomass in control(186ml) where cow dung used as sole slurry source.

Address: Name: Dr. G. Ramanathan Place: Tamil Nadu, India E-mail: san_than2002@yahoo.co.in sivamicrovinodh@gmail.com

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G. Ramanathan et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 126-134 as animal, human, agricultural and industrial wastes. These include animal faeces, municipal sludge and garbage, abattoir Biogas is a mixture of colorless, flammable gases produced by anaerobic fermentation of organic waste materials such INTRODUCTION

waste, paper waste and waterweeds. Biogas, known as a source of renewable energy and it has been popular as a source of energy for over 200 years. BIOGAS produced by bacteria through the bio-degradation of organic material under anaerobic urban areas. Biogas is useful as fuel to substitute firewood, cow-dung, petrol, LPG, diesel, & electricity; depending on the biomethanation are complete mixing and uniform temperature with more or less uniform feeding of the substrate. Cyanobacteria are a group of photosynthetic, microscopic organisms which can exists in almost all conceivable nature of the task, and local supply conditions and constraints (Persson et al. 2006).Bio- methanation process is one of the

conditions. Natural generation of biogas is an important part of bio-geochemical carbon cycle. It can be used both in rural and

most essential processes for treating the Bio- degradable portion of any solid waste. The essential elements of a high rate habitats. They produce a green pigment which changes color to blue or blue-green when the bacteria are stressed or drying. Many species are capable of living in the soil and other terrestrial habitats, where they are important in the functional processes of eco processes of eco systems and the cycling of nutrient element (Whitton, 1992). The prominent habitats of cyanobacteria are limnic and marine environments. Cyanobacterial species were used for the production of valuable such estuary, saltpan as mats. They also have been considered as halophilic cyanobacteria. Marine cyanobacteria also been reported from seaweeds, sponges and other invertebrates as an associated algal population. bioindustrial compounds, including natural cyanobacterial products (e.g. sugars and isoprene), biofuels (e.g. alcohols, alkanes and hydrogen), and other commodity chemicals. Marine cyanobacteria which are able to grow in hyper saline environments and varied source of bioactive natural products and have been studied as potential biocidal and pharmaceutical agents. cities and located in congested areas. They generate substantial quality of solid wastes, which have to be processed in Bio-methanation and rendering of waste should also be considered for medium size slaughter houses with an alternative of recently investigated in batch assays. Co-digestion of solid waste can utilize the nutrients and bacterial diversities in various Seaweed is a loose colloquial term encompassing macroscopic, multicellular benthic marine algae. Seaweeds are rich

Seaweeds may be used as fertilizer, compost for landscaping, or a means of combating beach erosion through burial in beach

dunes. Seaweed is currently under consideration as a potential source of bioethanol. Large slaughter house are mostly in environmentally acceptable manner. For the large slaughter houses, Bio-methanation and rendering of waste are suggested.

composting. The anaerobic degradation and methane yield of different poultry slaughterhouse by-products and wastes were wastes to optimize the digestion process. (Hartmann and Ahring 2005) conducted laboratory scale experiments on a completely mixed thermophilic reactor for co-digestion of OFMSW and cow manure. Their co-digestion experiments showed digestion of the two wastes can reduce inhibition of methanogenesis and increase methane yield. In combination with heat from a geothermal power plant, the slaughterhouse fully covers its demand on thermal energy by renewable energy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Collections and Identification of Marine cyanobacteria The marine cyanobacterial mats were collected from three different sampling sites of south west coast of Puthalam International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013 higher biogas production and a more stable process. (Carucci et al. 2005) performed small-scale laboratory experiments on

co-digestion of food waste and aerobic sludge from industrial wastewater treatment. These experiments showed that co-

saltpan region of kanyakumari district. The four cyanobacteria were isolated from the collected algal mats and examined

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under microscope for further experimental purpose. The two culture medium such as ASN III and BG 11 Marine broth were

G. Ramanathan et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 126-134

selected for the growth of the isolated cultures. Then the medium was transferred to the particular conical flasks. A loop full of and it was aseptically transferred to 100ml sterilized medium contained in 250ml capacity Erlenmeyer flasks. The flasks were were maintained in the suitable environment with optimum temperature and light intensity. Collections of seaweeds 34.34), Enteromorpha compressa (Linnaeus) at Muttam and grinding by using a electrical grinder for biomass preparation. Collection of slaughter house waste preparation.

the isolated algal cultures of Spirulina, Lyngbya, Oscillatoria, and Chroococccus is scrapped from the Petri plate or agar slant shaken well and incubated undisturbed at room temperature of 2-3 K lux light intensity for 15-20 days. The algal cultures arokiapuram (080.07.06.5-770-34.34), Chaetomorpha

antennina (Bory) Kuetz at Arokiapuram (080.o7.06.5-77.33.58).The Seaweeds were dried and the samples were subjected to Virudhunagar in Tamil Nadu. The slaughter house wastes were dried and crushed by using mixer grinder for biomass Preparation of Biogas The slaughter house waste such as bone pieces, trimmings etc were collected from the different slaughter houses at The required amount of sample total volume 1000grams for each digester (cow dung, slaughter house waste,

The Different types of seaweeds Amphirova fragilisima , Sargassum wightii Greve at Vattakottai (080-07.3.4- 770-

seaweeds and cyanobacteria) are taken in plastic container bottles. . Each digester contained different amount of cow dung slaughter house waste seaweeds and cyanobacteria .For Lab scale preparation, A set of four 2.5 L can were used as digester were allowed to ferment for a period of 2-30days the digester were made air tight with plastic cork and over laid with plastic. Evaluation of biogas and each digester were labeled 1, 2,3,& 4 respectively each digester were loading 75% slurry. Then the contents of digester The pH and Temperature was constantly measured in each of the digesters for every 2days up to 30 days of operation.

Gas production was monitored, measured and recorded at specific time interval by water displacement method. Methane is a methanogenic bacteria. The COD was measured by a digestion colorimetric method using a spectrophotometer. Bio-fertilizer effect of BgM Manure on Wheat plant

inflammable gas. When the outlet pipe will be seeking to the burning burner, it was burned when producing to the methane After the anaerobic digestion process the residual slurry from each digester was screened for their biofertilizer effect

gas. The COD values were high in the beginning and gradually decreased as the COD was consumed by fermenting and on wheat plant seedlings about 25 -50 gm of slurry from each digester were homogenized in deioni-zed water (200 ml) containing 1% Tween-Plant bioregulators (BRGs; ascorbic acid (AA) and benzyl adenine (BA)) was prepared at 200 weight of the plants. Cowdung and small quantity of plant bioregulators was added as control. (Hanaa et al., 2008). RESULT AND DISCUSSION ppm in 0.1% Tween-20 solutions. The slurry of each digester and small quantity of and BRGs were applied as a spray from the germinative stage of wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants. Their growth rate was calculated with reference to their height and For this present investigation, the algal samples were collected from the Puthalam saltpan coastal region of International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013

Kaniyakumari district. The four different cyanobacteria such as Lynbya, Oscillatoria, Spirulina, and Chroococcus were isolated from the mixed culture by the pure culture techniques. The isolated cyanobacterial mats were purified and mass cultivated in

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two different cultivation media among the two media used ASNIII media favors the growth of the marine cyanobacteria then cyanobacterial cyanobacterial species. Lower biomass was found Oscillatoria.sp in BG11 medium.

G. Ramanathan et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 126-134

BG11 medium. After 30 days of mass cultivation the biomass were estimated , it was observed that among the four media used ASN III media favors the growth of the marine cyanobacteria then BG11 medium. After 30 days of mass cultivation the biomass were estimated , it was observed that among the four cyanobacterial population higher biomass of 211.32 was BG11 medium. The isolated cyanobacterial mats were purified and mass cultivated in two different cultivation media among the two

population higher biomass of 211.32 was achieved by Chroococcus.sp when compared with other

achieved by Chroococcus.sp when compared with other cyanobacterial species. Lower biomass was found Oscillatoria.sp in biomass, In Digester 1 the proportion of biomass maximum by four cyanobacterial biomass and seaweeds up to 70%. Incase biomass incase of Digester 4 the biomass was equally shared by the slaughter house waste and cow dung .Co digestion of all measured based on water displacement method. At the beginning of the experiment until second day, the biogas production of Digester 2 maximum biomass of 70% by four different cyanobacteria, incase of Digester 3 seaweed was the maximum The production of biogas with mixture of Cowdung, Slaughter house waste, Cyanobacterial biomass, Seaweed

these biomass combination were allowed for anaerobic digestion in individual reactors and amount of biogas yield was anaerobic digestion. In case of digester 2 the maximum biogas yield was observed on 16 th day at the maximum of 824ml. In digester 3 and 4 the maximum biogas yield was observed as 625ml on 10 -12 days of anaerobic digestion. The decline the control (cow dung alone as substrate) the biogas yield was better enhanced in seaweed and cyanobacteria biomass supplemented digesters. Michael salereno et al (2009) reported that the variety of yield when algal biomass harvested from source. waste water treatment pond used as a biomass shows for biogas production gradual increase of biogas yield from 200 ml to

was between 100-150 ml. However, on fourth day biogas production was very significantly increased at 842ml in digester 1 when compared with the control of about186ml.increasing trend was observed in digester 1 during 10 th and 22nd day of occurred and a biogas production was completely discharged in all the digesters after day twenty third. When compared with 1800 ml of volume 25th day of anaerobic digestion, when different concentration of algal biomass used as an alternate energy concentration of the slurry phase of four digesters the high in beginning about 175 mg/kg and gradually decreased with the time of anaerobic digestion the minimum of COD 115 mg/kg reported in Digester 1 on 3oth day. digested with dairy cow manure. The chemical oxygen demand of was analyzed for the slurry from the four digesters it was observed that the COD The decrease in COD is due

to the rapid consumption of the substrate by fermenting and methanogenic bacteria. (Maritza et al 2008) reported that

drastically decreased from 2000 mg/l to 5065 mg/l during 150th day of anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste co screen for their biofertilizer effect on growth of wheat plans by direct application with soil and height of the plant was measured every 10 days of treatment for up to 30 days. It was observed that the height of the plant was highly enhanced by height of the plant was about 30.510.10 when cow dung only supplied as biofertilizer source. The slurry from digester about the height 27.510.10 when compared with the other treatments. Almost all the slurry preparations were support the International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013 The effect of slurry from four different digesters after the completion of the biogas production period was used to

the application of cow dung only in the control treatment when compared with other slurries applied .It was noted that the

1which consist of maximum (70%) cyanobacterial biomass was also positively enhanced the growth of the wheat plant nearly

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growth of the wheat plant when applied as biogas residue manure. Hanaa, (2008) stated that cyanobacteria can enhance the plant growth by both directly and indirectly, cyanobacterial species have growth promoting activity as inoculants of wheat water containing 20% (v/v) sea water. FIG. 1 Species used as biomass for biogas production.

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observed that the extracts of Spirulina maxima take over the salinity stress induced in wheat crops while treated with brackish

Spirulina sp

Chroococcus sp

Lyngbya sp

Oscillatoria sp

Slaughter house waste used for co-digestion Anaerobic digesters used for biogas production

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G. Ramanathan et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 126-134

1200 1000

Gas yield (ml)

800 600 400 200 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Time (Days)

Control Digester 1 Digester 2 Digester 3 Digester 4

Control

Cowdung+ Cyanobacteria+Slaughterhouse waste biomass.Digester 3: Cowdung+seaweed +Slaughter house waste biomass.Digester 4: Cowdung +slaughterhouse waste biomass. FIG. 3 COD level of various biomasses during digestion

: Cowdung biomass. Digester 1: Cowdung+seaweed +cyanobacteia+slaughter house waste biomass.

FIG. 2 Biogas Yield In Five Different Digesters

Digester 2:

Chemically Oxygen Deman (mg/L)

180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

Control Digester 1 Digester 2 Digester 3 Digester 4

10

15 Time (Days)

20

25

30

Treatment Control Slurry 1 Slurry 2 Slurry 3 Slurry 4

Name of the Name of the Cyanobacteria Cultivation Dried biomass (g/l) Medium Lyngbya sp Spirulina sp Oscillatoria sp Chroococcus sp ASN III 181.33 201.38 141.07 211.32 BG II 9.30.06 12.10.08 8.50.05 141.1 TABLE. 2 Biofertilizer Effect of Slurry of Different Digester on Growth of Wheat Plant 10 days 17.00+0.30 16.00+0.30 15.10+0.30 15.90+0.15 13.00+0.20 Height of plants (cm) 20 days 27.53+0.15 25.50+0.15 23.61+0.15 24.00+0.15 22.15+0.15 30 days 30.51+0.10 27.51+0.10 27.00+0.10 27.43+0.15 26.00+0.15

TABLE.1 Content of Dried Biomass of Marine Cyanobacteria in the Two Different Media

International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013

Weight of plants (g) after 30 days Fresh weight Dry weight 2.90+0.03 1.60+0.01 2.80+0.03 1.59+0.01 2.80+0.01 1.45+0.01 2.81+0.03 1.56+0.04 2.54+0.01 1.38+0.01

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G. Ramanathan et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 126-134 renewable and sustainable energy sources as well as of environmentally friendly processes. Currently, renewable energy primary-energy consumption in the world, with biomass being the major contributor with approximately 10% biomass, as a At present, one field of intense international activity is the exploration and the development of new potential CONCLUSION

resources, among which are the well-known solar, wind, hydro, wave, geothermal and biomass represent about 14% of or for industrial production. Algae and marine cyanobacteria have got a number of potential advantages compared to higher nature and availed throughout the year as sufficient biomass. Since the yield of ACKNOWLEDGEMENT biogas was comparatively better by the

renewable energy source, refers to living and recently dead biological matter from plants and animals that can be used as fuel

plants because of faster growth rates and the possibility of cultivation on non-arable land areas or in lakes or the ocean, that for the biogas production the preference of biomass is one of the critical parameter and it should be less in cost effective alternate biomass used with the co digestion of slaughter house waste material since to improve the efficacy on anaerobic digestion and used as biofertilizer for crop growth in an eco friendly manner and in economic way financial assistance and management of V.H.N.S.N College for giving facility to carry out this work. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. BIBILIOGRAPHY Sci. 3: 242-245.

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