International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Research (IJEEER) ISSN 2250-155X Vol.

3, Issue 1, Mar 2013, 33-44 TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

INVESTIGATIONS OF INDUCTION GENERATOR FOR VARIABLE LOAD CONDITIONS

S. SANKAR1, S. SARAVANAKUMAR2 & M. PADMARASAN3
1

Professor of EEE, Panimalar Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India

2

Professor of IT, Panimalar Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India Assistant Professor of EEE, Panimalar Institute of Technology, Chennai, India

ABSTRACT
A variable speed cage type Induction Generator system is simulated and implemented. The complete model consists of Induction Generator, PWM converter, PWM inverter and local load. The system studied maintains constant voltage when the speed is fluctuating. The advantages of PWM rectifier and PWM inverter are utilized. Circuit model for variable speed induction generator is developed and the simulation is done with resistive load, RL load and induction motor load. PWM rectifier has improved input Power factor and PWM inverter has reduced harmonics at the output. Simulation studies performed on the circuit model for variable speed cage machine wind generation unit show that the output voltage is constant even as the load changes.

KEYWORDS: Induction Generator, Wind Power Generation, Wind Energy, Voltage Control, Closed Loop System INTRODUCTION
In recent years wind power generation has experienced a very fast development in the entire world. Wind power provides an additional source of energy for power corporations and state electricity boards. With the advent of large scale wind farms, utilities are finding it attractive and cost effective to purchase wind power. Wind power is environmentally friendly and enjoys positive public acceptance. It provides a hedge against spiraling increase in fuel price. Variable speed operation is introduced to gain high efficiency in the generating system. Otherwise the generating system cannot capture the largest possible energy available in the wind comprehensive control strategy for variable speed cage machine wind generator unit is given in this analysis. This paper has discussed the control of local bus voltage to avoid voltage rise. The simulation was done using nonlinear model for variable speed induction machine. Growth of worldwide wind generation capacity as compared with nuclear capacity was dealt by C.R.De Azua [1].The variable speed wind power generation using doubly fed wound rotor induction machine was dealt by R.Datta [2].The use of load controlled regulated voltage on distribution networks with embedded generation was dealt by N.C. Scott [3]. The voltage input of distributed wind generation on rural distribution feeder was presented by Smith [4]. A method of tracking the peak power point for the variable speed wind energy conversion system was given by V.T.Ranganathan [5]. The circuit model for closed loop controlled variable speed induction machine is not available in the literature mentioned above. In the present work, an attempt is made to develop circuit model for closed loop system.

THE WIND TURBINE SYSTEM

The block diagram of variable speed Induction Generator system is shown in Fig.1. The system has Induction Generator (IG), PWM rectifier, PWM inverter and the local load. The modeling of each block is discussed and the overall model is used for simulation. IG is represented as variable frequency source in the simulation. PWM. Rectifier converts ac into dc. The dc output is filtered using the capacitor filter. The rectifier and the capacitor filter acts as voltage source at the input of PWM inverter .The PWM inverter converts dc into constant frequency ac. The output frequency is constant since

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S. Sankar, S. Saravanakumar & M. Padmarasan

the MOSFETs are triggered at constant power frequency. The PWM output has very low harmonics since sinusoidal pulse width modulation is employed.

Figure 1: Block Diagram of Variable Speed Induction Generator System

SIMULATION RESULTS
The simulation circuit model for VSIG system is shown in Fig.2. The MOSFETs in the semi rectifiers are represented as the switches S1 and S2. The switches S1 and S2 are voltage controlled switches. The output of the rectifier is filtered using the Capacitor C1. The MOSFETs of the inverter are represented using the voltage controlled switches. Two MOSFETs are adequate in rectifier since one MOSFET and diode come in series. The controlled circuit used for generating the pulses is shown in Fig. 2(a) and Fig. 2(b). The PWM inverter output is shown in the Fig. 2(c). The frequency spectrum for R- load is shown in Fig. 2(d). The circuit model with RL load is shown in Fig. 2(e). AC to AC PWM converter with RL load is shown in Fig. 2(f). The frequency spectrum is shown in Fig. 2(g). From this figure it can be seen that the output voltage is an improved PWM wave form. The above mentioned waveforms are obtained using transient analysis of PSPICE which calculates all the node voltages and branch currents over a time interval.
S1 S4 S4
+ + - -

S1
+ + - -

S2

S5

S2
+ + - -

S5
+ + - -

S1g S2g

S5g S4g

V8 R1 1200uF C7 VAMPL = 230 FREQ = 50

100

S5

S5
+ + - -

S4 S4g

S4
+ + - -

S5g

D8 D7

Figure 2: AC to AC PWM Converter with R Load The Fourier components with R-load is given is given in table1. The total harmonic distortion (THD) was found to be 41.22%. The higher order harmonics were found to increase with RL load. AC to AC PWMC with RLE load is shown in Fig. 3(a). The THD was found to be 9.82% with RLE load. The Fourier components with RL load are given in table.2. The THD was found to be 26.53%. The inverter output voltage with RLE load is shown in Fig. 3(b).

Investigations of Induction Generator for Variable Load Conditions

35

Figure 2(a): Inverter Triggering Circuit

Figure 2(b): Rectifier Triggering Circuit

Figure 2(c): Inverter Output Voltage for R Load

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S. Sankar, S. Saravanakumar & M. Padmarasan

Figure 2(d): Frequency Spectrum for R Load The moments constitute the basis for a non classical representation of linear systems. The characterization of an impulse response by its moments is equivalent to the moment characterization of a probability density function. Impulse response moments are system invariants. Like for a probability density function, it is not necessary to compute infinity of moments to characterize with a good approximation the shape of the impulse response only the first ones are necessary to perform this characterization. Temporal Moment of a Function Let us consider a stable linear system, characterized by its impulse h(t) then,

H (s ) =

B(s ) A(s )

(1)

H(s) can be expanded in Taylor series in the vicinity of s = j0

H (s ) =

(1) (s j )
n 0 n =0
n

An , 0

(2)

where is the n

An, 0 =
th

n! h(t ) e
0

j 0 t

dt

order frequency moment of h(t) for =0, notice that An, 0 is complex. In the particular case 0=0,

frequency moments correspond to classical time moments

+ n

An (h ) =

n! h(t ) dt
0

(3)

they permit the characterization of H(j) around 0=0, as well as that of the impulse response h(t). A0(h) is the area of h(t), A1(h) defines mean time of h(t) and A2(h) deals with the dispersion of h(t) around its mean time the equation (2) is rewritten as H (s ) =

( 1) s
n=0

n n

An (h )

(4)

Let H (s ) =

n=0

S n d n H (s ) n! ds n s =0

Investigations of Induction Generator for Variable Load Conditions

37

Then, time moments can be expressed as

An (h ) =

( 1)n d n H (s )
n! ds n

s =0

(5)

Moments and Parameters of a Transfer Function

Let y(t) the step response of the studied system. We proposes to identify the system by the model
H (s ) = 1 + b1 s + b2 s 2 + ..... + bm s m Y (s ) = K1 . E (s ) 1 + a1 s + a2 s 2 + ..... + an s n

(6)

From the final value theorem, as time approaches infinity for a stable linear system, the system response approaches a steady state value K1 given by

K1 = lim y(t ) = y ( )
t

(7)

if a step input is applied to the system described in equation (6), by taking the Laplace transform of the normalized response gives
H (s ) = s. y (s )

(8)

let us consider (t) an error function with

(t ) = K1 y (t )
by introducing the Laplace transform in equation (9), (6) can be written as
1 1 + b1 s + b2 s 2 + ..... + bm s m (s ) = K1 1 . s 1 + a1 s + a 2 s 2 + ..... + a n s n the development of (10) gives a1 b1 + ..... a m bm s m 1....a n s n 1 (s ) = K1 1 + a1 s + a2 s 2 + .............. + a n s n Then, using (4) we can write (s ) =

(9)

(10)

(11)

( 1) s
n=0

n n

An ( )

(12)

according to (4) and (12) we can deduce the coefficients of the transfer function H(s) by solving the following matrix system

K1 a1 b1 A () 0 0 1 0 K1 a2 b2 A() A (). . . . . . = . . . . . . . . . . . K1 an+1 bn+1 A () n

( (

) )

. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

0 1 0 a1 . . . . .. . . . . . . . an
(13)

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S. Sankar, S. Saravanakumar & M. Padmarasan

where An() is the nth order temporal moment.

Dc Motor Transfer Function and its Moments

For our cases, when n=2 and m=1, the transfer function (8) becomes H (s ) = K1.
1 + b1 s 1 + a1 s + a2 s 2

(14)

system (13) is reduced to the following matrix system

K1 a1 b1 K 1a 2 0

A0 = A1 A 2

0 A0 A1

0 1 0 .a1 A0 a2

(15)

the resolution of this matrix system (15), gives the following coefficients:

a1 =

A1 A0 K1 A2
2 A0

K1 A1

, a2 =

A1 + a1 A0 K1

, b1 = a1

A0 K1

(16)

Parametric Identification

After having deduced the mathematical forms which are used for calculation of the transfer function coefficients and which enable us at the same time to calculate the electric and mechanical motor parameters, we present here, the stages to be followed at the time of the determination of these parameters. The calculation of Ki and Kv gains of the tow outputs

ia(t) and (t) respectively, by taking account equations ,we can obtain the two transfer functions of the armature current
and rotor speed
U a = Ra ia + La Kia = J dia + K dt d + f dt

(17) (18) (19)

K i = ia ( ) = K v = ( ) =

fU a K 2 + Ra f KU a K 2 + Ra f

(20)

according to (19) and (20) we deduce f and

f =

Kia ( ) ( ) Ra f
2

(21)

K + Ra f

(22)

by identification of H1(s) and H2(s) denominators with H(s) denominator we obtain

a1 = m + e a2 = m e
according to (23) and (24) we can obtain a second order equation
2 e a1 e + a 2 = 0

(23) (24)

(25)

Investigations of Induction Generator for Variable Load Conditions

39

The resolution of the equation (25) gives two roots one is positive, the other is negative (rejected).
According to (23) and (24) we deduce m The deduction of m and e gives La and J. The static torque can be calculated from steady state as

Tst = Kia 0 f0

(26)

The corresponding frequency spectrum is shown in Fig. 3(c). The Fourier components for the output voltage are given in table. 3. The circuit model for closed loop system is shown in Fig. 4(a).

Table 1: Fourier Components with R-Load Harmonic Number Frequency (HZ) Fourier Component Normalized Component

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

5.000E+01 1.000E+02 1.500E+02 2.000E+02 2.500E+02 3.000E+02 3.500E+02

1.671E+02 4.236E+00 5.749E+01 4.542E+00 3.447E+01 4.195E+00 1.391E+01

1.000E+00 2.535E-02 3.441E-01 2.719E-02 2.063E-01 2.511E-02 8.327E-02

Figure 2(e): AC to AC PWM Converter with RL load

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S. Sankar, S. Saravanakumar & M. Padmarasan

Figure 2(f): Inverter Output Voltage for RL Load

The disturbance in the load was given using a parallel load resistance R4. The output voltage of inverter is sensed using E2. It is rectified and filtered. The actual voltage is compared with reference voltage V4. The error adjusts pulse width to be given to the MOSFETs. It was observed that the pulse width increases automatically when the load is increased. When additional load is connected, the output decreases in open loop as shown in Fig. 4(b). The output voltage in closed loop condition is as shown in Fig .4(c). The waveforms for Ac to Ac PWM converter with disturbance under open loop system and the output voltage under closed loop system is as shown in the Fig. 4 (e).

Figure 2(g): Frequency Spectrum for RL Load Table 2: Fourier Components with RL Load Harmonic Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Frequency (HZ) 5.000E+01 1.000E+02 1.500E+02 2.000E+02 2.500E+02 3.000E+02 3.500E+02 Fourier Component 2.037E+01 2.128E-02 4.645E+00 2.308E-02 2.368E+00 1.526E-02 1.423E+00 Normalized Component 1.000E+00 1.045E-03 2.281E-01 1.133E-03 1.163E-01 7.494E-04 6.987E-02

Investigations of Induction Generator for Variable Load Conditions

41

Figure 3(a): AC to AC PWM Converter with RLE Load

Figure 3(b): Inverter Output for RLE Voltage

Figure 3(c): Frequency Spectrum for RLE Load Table 3 : Fourier Components with RLE Load Harmonic Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Frequency (HZ) 5.000E+01 1.000E+02 1.500E+02 2.000E+02 2.500E+02 3.000E+02 3.500E+02 Fourier Component 3.568E+00 1.583E-02 2.559E+00 1.483E-02 1.513E+00 3.152E-03 8.401E-01 Normalized Component 1.000E+00 4.435E-03 7.171E-01 4.156E-03 4.241E-01 8.832E-04 2.354E-01

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S. Sankar, S. Saravanakumar & M. Padmarasan

Figure 4(a): Circuit Model for Closed Loop System

Figure 4(b): Output Voltage Under Open Loop Condition

Figure 4(c): Output Voltage with Closed Loop System

Figure 4(d): AC to AC PWM Converter with Disturbance Under Open Loop System

Investigations of Induction Generator for Variable Load Conditions

43

Figure 4(e): Output Voltage with Closed Loop System

CONCLUSIONS
A complete circuit model for variable speed cage induction generator machine wind generator system has been developed using Pspice and matlab. In the circuit model, induction generator, rectifier, inverter and local load are considered. All the control aspects of double sided pulse width modulation were included. The variable speed wind generator system with R, RL and RLE loads were simulated. Harmonic analysis for the output was done and the results are compared. From the simulation studies it is observed that the output voltage remains constant even as the wind speed changes. The PSPICE circuit model was developed for open loop and closed loop systems. Closed loop system is simulated using the proposed circuit model.

REFERENCES
1. De Azua, C.R.; Growth in worldwide and United states wind generating capacity as compared with nuclear capacity, Wind Eng., vol.24, no.6, pp.455-458,2011 2. Datta, R.; Ranagenathan, V.T.;, Variable speed wind generation using doubly fed wound rotor induction

machine- a comparison with alternative schemes,IEEE Trans. Convers., vol.. 17, no.3, pp. 414 - 421, sep.2011. 3. Scott, N.C.; Atinson, D.J.; Morrel, J.E.; Use of load control to regulate voltage on distribution networks with embedded generation, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 17, no.1, pp. 510 514, May 2010. 4. Smith, J.W.; Brooks, D.L.;, Voltage impacts of distributed generation on rural distribution feders, in Proc. Transm. Distrib. Conf. Expo., vol.1, 2011, pp. 492 - 497. 5. Datta, R.; Rangenathan, V.T.; A method of tracking the peak power point for a variable speed wind energy conversion system, IEEE trans. Energy. Convers., vol. 18, no. 1,pp. 163 168, Mar. 2010.

BIOGRAPHY
Dr.S.SANKAR obtained his B.E Degree in Electrical & Electronics Engineering at Sri

Venkateswara College of Engineering, from Madras University and M.E (Power System) Degree from Annamalai University Chidambaram. He has done his Ph.D in the area of FACTS controllers in 2011. His research interests are in the area of FACTS, Electrical Machines , Voltage stability, power quality, Power system security and Power System Analysis.

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S. Sankar, S. Saravanakumar & M. Padmarasan

Dr S.SARAVANAKUMAR has more than 10 years of teaching and research experience. He

did his Postgraduate in ME in Computer Science and Engineering at Bharath engineering college,anna university chennai, and Ph.D in Computer Science and Engineering at Bharath University, Chennai. He has guiding a number of research scholars in the area Adhoc Network, ANN, Security in Sensor Networks, Mobile Database and Data Mining under Bharath University Chennai, Sathayabama University and Bharathiyar University.

Mr.M.PADMARASAN has completed his B.E. in Priyadharshini Engineering College,

Vaniyambadi. He completed his M.E. (Power System Engineering) at Annamalai University, Chidambaram in the year of 2004. He is a Research Scholar in the field of Power System Engineering. His area of interest is Power System Stability, Dynamics, Renewable Power Generation, Hybrid Power Generation & High Voltage Engineering. He published various papers in International Journals & Conferences.