AutoCAD 2009

For

Beginners

Er. KANTHARAJ CHINNAPPA.

B.E.,

Page No Preface.. Chapter I:

Introduction to AutoCAD 2009.
Opening AutoCAD

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06 07 09 10 13 16 17 17 18 19 20

2009.

Drawing templates........................................................................................ Work spaces The mouse as a digitizer Buttons at the left-hand end and right-hand end of the status bar.. The AutoCAD

coordinate system..

Entering Points in AutoCAD Drawing Limits and extents Opening, Saving, Closing, and exiting a drawing file. Creating A drawing Template Steps before Starting drawing

Chapter II:
Drawing Entities-Introducing drawing...
Line tool Angular Measurements Polygon tool Rectangle tool Arc tool . Circle tool . Ellipse tool. Polyline tool Donut tool

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Chapter III:
Modify Entities..
Aim . Copy tool. Mirror tool Offset tool Array tool. Fillet tool. Chamfer tool.. Trim tool.. Move tool. Rotate tool.. Scale tool. Join tool.. Stretch tool. Extend tool. Hatching

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Chapter IV:
Dimensioning . 68

Chapter V:
Orthographic and isometric..
Orthographic and isometric.. First angle and third angle........................................................................ Isometric Drawing..

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References.................................................................................................

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Preface
The purpose of writing this Book is to produce a text suitable for students who are pursuing Higher Technical Education, who are required to learn how to use the CAD software package AutoCAD 2009. Students taking examinations based on computer-aided design will find the contents of the book of great assistance. The contents of this book are basically consisting of chapters giving explanations and examples of methods of constructions. AutoCAD 2009 is a complex computer-aided design (CAD) software package. A book of this size cannot possibly cover the complexities of all the methods. However, it is hoped that by the time the student has worked through the contents of the book, he/she will be sufficiently skilled in methods of producing drawing with the software to be able to go on to more advanced constructions with its use and will have gained an interest in the more advanced possibilities available when using AutoCAD. Special thanks to all the authors who wrote the books about AutoCAD which helped me a lot in bringing this book and I am highly grateful to them. Er.Kantharaj Chinnappa .B.E.,
AutoCAD Instructor, ICT, Oman Member AUGI, USA, INDIA Member-CAD society, USA

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Chapter I
Introduction to AutoCAD
Computer Aided Drafting. AutoCAD is the CAD software developed by the company USA.

CAD An acronym for Computer Aided Design. It is synonymously used for

utoCAD is a general purpose computer aided design software which you can use to prepare a wide variety of two-dimensional drawings and three dimensional models. AutoCAD brings the sophisticated technology, previously available only on large and costly systems, to the desktop, laptop user. Virtually there is no limits to the kinds of the drawing that you can prepare using AutoCAD, if a drawing can be created by hand it also can be generated using AutoCAD. Here are just a few of the applications for which AutoCAD is being used today. The AEC industry- Architecture, engineering and construction Civil Engineering and Infrastructure Water Supply and Hydraulic Engineering Storm Drain, Wastewater and Sewer systems Factory Layout Heating, Ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) Mechanical (MCAD) Engineering Automotive ,Machinery Electronic design automation (EDA) Electronic and Electrical (ECAD) and Digital circuit design and Electrical Engineering .

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Opening AutoCAD 2009

AutoCAD 2009 is designed to work in a Windows operating system. In general, to open AutoCAD 2009, either double-click on the AutoCAD 2009, Desktop icon or shortcut in the Windows desktop, or right-click on the icon, followed by a left-click on Open in the menu which then appears.

Fig 1.1The AutoCAD 2009 shortcut icon on the Windows desktop

Fig 1.2 The menu which appears from the shortcut icon

When working in education or in industry, computers may be configured to allow other methods of opening AutoCAD, such as a list appearing on the computer in use when the computer is switched on, from which the operator can select the program they wish to use.
When AutoCAD 2009 is opened a window appears, depending upon whether a

3D Modeling, Classic AutoCAD or a 2D Drafting & Annotation workspace has been used previously. In this example the 2D Drafting & Annotation workspace is shown and includes the drop-down menu from which a choice of the AutoCAD workspace to be opened can be made. This 2D Drafting & Annotation workspace shows: The Draw commands can be used to create new objects such as lines and circles. Most AutoCAD drawings are composed purely and simply from these basic components. A good understanding of the Draw commands is fundamental to the efficient use of AutoCAD.

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Chapter1

DRAWING TEMPLATES

Fig 1.3 2D drafting & Annotation workspace From the menu browser ,click file -close

Fig 1.4 Closing file

A screen like below will appear

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Fig 1.5 AutoCAD screen

From Menu Browser click FileNew,

Fig 1.6 Drawing template Drawing template pop up window will appear

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Fig 1.7 The AutoCAD 2009 2D Drafting & Annotation workspace with its various parts

Title Bar - This will show you what program you are running and what the current filename is. Pull-down menus - These are the standard pull-down menus through which you can access almost all commands. Main toolbar - This has most of the standard Windows icons, as well as the most common AutoCAD commands. Property toolbar - This toolbar gives a way to quickly modify an object's properties, such as layer and line type. Floating toolbar - This is a toolbar that can be moved around the screen, or 'docked' as the main toolbar is. Drawing space - This is where you draw. You have an almost infinite area to draw and this is just a 'section' of the entire space.

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Scrollbars - These work like in other windows programs. You can also use the PAN command to move around your drawing. WCS Icon - This is here to show you which direction positive X and positive Y go. The W means you're in the World Co-ordinate System. (It can be changed to a User Co-ordinate System.) Status Bar Tray Icons - These icons give you updates on items like reference files program updates and print status. Command line - When you type a command, you will see it here. AutoCAD uses this space to 'prompt' you for information. It will give you a lot of information and tell you where you are in the command.

Mouse as a digitizer
Many operators working In AutoCAD will use a two button mouse as a digitizer. there are other digitizers are also used-picks with tablets, a three mouse button,etc,.

Fig shows a mouse with two buttons and a wheel. Here the pick button is left-click. Return button is right click(same as enter key in the key board).When the wheel is pressed drawings are panned by moving mouse.

Moving wheel forward enlarges the drawing(zoom in),and backward movement of wheel will reduce the size of the drawing(zoom out)

Fig 1.8 MOUSE DETAILS

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Fig 1.9 The AutoCAD 2009 2D Drafting & Annotation workspace with its various parts

Fig 1.10 Workspace control toolbar Workspace control toolbar to the left of Standard Annotation

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Fig 1.11 Workspace Settings The Workspace Settings dialog appearing when the Workspace Settings... icon of the Workspaces toolbar is clicked( Choose AutoCAD Classic)

Fig 1.12 The AutoCAD 2009 Classic workspace with its various parts

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Command palette can be dragged from its position at the bottom of the AutoCAD window into the AutoCAD drawing area, when it can be seen as a palette (Fig. 1.7). As with all palettes, an Auto Hide icon and a right click menu is included.

Fig 1.13 The command palette when dragged from its position at the bottom of the AutoCAD window

Menu bar and menus: The menu bar is situated under the title bar and contains names of menus from which commands can be selected. Buttons in the status bar A number of buttons in the status bar can be used for toggling (turning on/off) various functions when operating within AutoCAD 2009 (Fig. 1.17). A click on a button turns that function on, if it is off, a click on a button when it is off turns the function back on. Similar results can be obtained by using function keys of the computer keyboard (keys F1 to F10).

Fig 1.14 The buttons at the left hand end of the status bar SNAP: also toggled using the F9 key. When snap on, the cursor under mouse control can only be moved in jumps from one snap point to another.

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GRID: also toggled using the F7 key. When set on, a series of grid points appears in the drawing area. ORTHO: also toggled using the F8 key. When on, lines, etc. can only be drawn vertically or horizontally. POLAR: also toggled using the F10 key. When set on, a small tip appears showing the direction and length of lines, etc. in degrees and units. OSNAP: also toggled using theF3 key. When set on, an osnap icon appears at the cursor pick box.. DYN: Dynamic Input. F12When set on, the x, y coordinates and prompts show when the cursor hairs are moved. LWT: when set on, line weights show on screen. When set off, Line weights only show in plotted/printed drawings OTRACK: when set on, lines, etc. can be drawn at exact coordinate points and precise angles.

Fig 1.15 The buttons at the Right hand end of the status bar

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Fig 1.16 Most Commonly Used Buttons in status Bar

Fig 1.17 Application Status Bar Menu

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The AutoCAD coordinate system

Everything that you draw in AutoCAD is exact. In the AutoCAD 2D coordinate system, units are measured horizontally in terms of X and vertically in terms of Y. A 2D point can be determined in terms of X, Y (in this book referred to as x, y). x,y _ 0,0 is the origin of the system. The coordinate point x, y _ 100,50 is 100 units to the right of the origin and 50 units above the origin. The point x, y _ _100,_50 is 100 units to the left of the origin and 50 points below the origin.

Fig 1.18 Coordinate system In order to work effectively with AutoCAD, you have to work with this system.

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Fig 1.19 Drawing sheet size

Entering Points in AutoCAD

ABSOLUTE CO-ORDINATES - Using this method, you enter the points as they relate to the origin of the WCS. To enter a point just enter in the exact point as X,Y. RELATIVE CO-ORDINATES - This allows you to enter points in relation to the first point you have entered. After you've entered one point, the next would be entered as @X, Y. This means that AutoCAD will draw a line from the first point to another point X units over and Y units up relative to the previous point. POLAR CO-ORDINATES - You would use this system if you know that you want to draw a line a certain distance at a particular angle. You would enter this as @D<A. In this case, D is the distance and A is the angle. Example: @10<90 will draw a line 10 units straight up from the first point.

Drawing Limits and Extents

AutoCAD assumes that you are drawing in a rectangular area. The drawing limits are the borders of the rectangle, expressed in X,Y

Fig 1.20 Drawing limits

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Open Existing Drawings

Choose File, OPEN.

Click

the OPEN icon.

Fig 1.21Opening a Existing drawing

Saving Existing Drawings

Choose File, Save.

Click

the Save icon.

Give suitable file name

Closing Existing Drawings

Choose File, Close.

Exiting Drawings

Choose

File, Exit.

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Creating a Drawing Template File

When you need to create several drawings that use the same conventions and default settings, you can save time by creating or customizing a template file instead of specifying the conventions and default settings each time you start. Conventions and settings commonly stored in template files include

Unit type and precision Title blocks, borders, and logos Layer names Snap, Grid, and Ortho settings Grid limits Dimension styles Text styles Line types

Choose Click

File, New the New icon

or Fig 1.22 Opening New Drawing By default, drawing template files are stored in the template folder, where they are easily accessible.

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Fig 1.23 Template

Steps to be followed before starting the drawing

1. Format- Drawing limits- 0,0(enter) X,Y(put the values for x and y, and enter)

2. Zoom-Window-

0,0(enter) X,Y(enter)

(you have to enter the same values)

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3. Format Units Select your choice of unit Select Millimeters

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Set the Format of drawing Units

After you decide what drawing units to use ,you can set the format of the drawing units, The format settings available for linear units are as below Architectural Decimal Engineering Fractional Scientific

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Chapter II
Drawing Entities
Aims of this chapter
1. The construction of 2D drawing 2. The drawing of simple outlines using the Line Arc Circle , Ellipse and Poly line , Polygon , Rectangle ,

tools from the Draw toolbar or the

2D Draw control panel. 3. Drawing to snap points. 4. Drawing to absolute coordinate points. 5. Drawing to relative coordinate points. 6. The use of the Erase, Undo and Redo tools.

Drawing with the Line tool

First example Line tool 1. Open AutoCAD. The drawing area will show the settings of the acadiso.dwt template Limits set to 420,297, Grid set to 10, Snap set to 5

2. Left-click on the Line tool in the 2D Draw control panel (Fig. 2.1).

Fig. 2.1 The Line tool from the 2D Draw control panel or from the Draw toolbar

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3. Make sure Snap is on by either pressing the F9 key or the SNAP button in the status bar. _Snap on_ will show in the command palette. 4. Move the mouse around the drawing area. The cursors pick box will jump from point to point at 5 unit intervals. The position of the pick box will show as coordinate numbers in the status bar (left-hand end). 5. Move the mouse until the coordinate numbers show 60,240,0 and press the Pick button of the mouse (left-click). 6. Move the mouse until the coordinate numbers show 260,240,0 and left-click. 7. Move the mouse until the coordinate numbers show 260,110,0 and left-click. 8. Move the mouse until the coordinate numbers show 60,110,0 and left click. 9. Move the mouse until the coordinate numbers show 60,240,0 and left click. Then press the Return button of the mouse (right-click). Fig. 2.3 appears in the drawing area.

Fig. 2.2 First example Line tool Second example Line tool 1. Clear the drawing from the screen with a click on the Close drawing button (Fig. 2.4). Make sure it is not the AutoCAD 2008 window button. 2. The warning window (Fig. 2.5) appears in the centre of the screen. Click its No button. 3. Left-click on New... in the File drop-down menu and from the Select template dialog which appears double-click on acadiso.dwt.

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4. Left-click on the Line tool icon and enter figures as follows at each prompt of the command line sequence: Command:_line Specify first point: enter 80,235 right-click Specify next point or [Undo]: enter 275,235 right-click Specify next point or [Undo]: enter 295,210 right-click Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter 295,100 right-click Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter 230,100 right-click Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter 230,70 right-click Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter 120,70 right-click Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter 120,100 right-click Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter 55,100 right-click Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter 55,210 right-click Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter c (Close) right-click

Fig. 2.3 Second example Line Third example Line tool) 1. Close the drawing and open a new acadiso.dwt window. 2. Left-click on the Line tool icon and enter figures as follows at each prompt of the command line sequence: Command:_line Specify first point: enter 60,210 right-click

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Specify next point or [Undo]: enter @50,0 right-click Specify next point or [Undo]: enter @0,20 right-click Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter @130,0 right-click Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter @0,_20 right-click Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter @50,0 right-click Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter @0,_105 right-click Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter @_50,0 right-click Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter @0,_20 right-click Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter @_130,0 right-click Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter @0,20 right-click Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter @_50,0 right-click Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter c (Close) right-click

Fig. 2.4 Third example Line

Fourth example Line tool 1. Close the drawing and open a new acadiso.dwt window. 2. Left-click on the Line tool icon and enter figures as follows at each prompt of the command line sequence: Command:_line Specify first point: 70,230 Specify next point: @220,0 Specify next point: @0, 70

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Specify next point or [Undo]: @115 _ 225 Specify next point or [Undo]: @_60,0 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @115 _ 135 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @0,70 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: c (Close)

Fig. 2.5 Fourth example Line

Fifth example Line tool 1. Close the drawing and open a new acadiso.dwt window. 2. Left-click on the Line tool icon and enter figures as follows at each prompt of the command line sequence: Command:_ line Specify first point: Enter 65,220 Right click Specify next point: Drag to right enter 240 Right click Specify next point: Drag down enter 145 Right click Specify next point or [Undo]: Drag left enter 65 Right click Specify next point or [Undo]: Drag upwards enter 25 Right click Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Drag left enter 120 Right click Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Drag upwards enter 25 Right click Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Drag left enter 55 Right click

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Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: c (Close)

Fig. 2.6 Sixth example Line tool

Fig. 2.7 Straight line example

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Steps Involved in the drawing After opening the drawing template file Press function Key F12 1. Format-Drawing Limitsin the key board to switch on Dynamic In put 0,0 enter 50,40 enter 2. View- Zoom Window0,0

50,40 3. Format Units set to Millimeters 4. Switch grid and snap on and Grid set to 5, Snap set to 5 (In the Status Bar place the mouse icon on snap, or grid icon and right click and click on settings a pop up window as below will come)

Fig. 2.8 Draft settings

or Fig. 2.9 line creating

5.Click the line Icon in the draw tool bar or from 6..Left Click (mouse)at the top middle of the working area , and this is your starting point 7. Press the function key F8( ortho on),and drag downwards and enter the value in the box as 10 and enter or right click of mouse

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Drag left and enter value 15 right click Drag down ,enter 5 right click Drag right ,enter 15, right click Drag down, enter 20, right click Drag right, enter 10, right click Drag up , enter 20, right click Drag right enter,15 right click Drag up enter 5, right click Drag left enter 15, right click Drag up enter 10, right click Drag left enter 10, right click Press enter(right click in the mouse ) or press esc in the key board Seventh example Line tool

Fig. 2.10 Creating Angular Line

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Before starting the drawing solve for the unknown angles .

Angular Measurement

Fig. 2.11 Angular Measurement AutoCAD measures angles in a particular way also. Look at the diagram below and then place your mouse on it to see how this is done. When drawing lines at an angle, you have to begin measuring the angle from 0 degrees, which is at the 3 o'clock position. If you drew a line at 90 degrees, it would go straight up. The example above (when you move your mouse over it) shows a line drawn at +300 degrees (270+30), or -60 degrees. You might not always have an obvious reference point for 0 degrees. Look at the example below and place your mouse on the image to find out angle in question.

Fig. 2.12 Finding Angle In this example, you are given information about the lines, but not the angle AutoCAD needs to draw the line from the start point. What you are given though, is (a) the knowledge that 0 is at the 3 o'clock position (b) the knowledge that 180 is at the 9 o'clock position and (c) the angle between 180 and the line you want to draw is 150. With this information, you can figure out what angle you need. Here is a fool-proof way of getting the angle you need: 1.) Start at the 0 position and measure counter-clockwise (+) to 180.

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2.) From 180, measure clockwise 150.

3.) Consider that you just went +180-150 and use that as an equation: +180-150=30 If you solved the angles check your angles with drawing below

Fig. 2.13 After Solving Angles

Polygon Tool
To draw an inscribed polygon
Call The Polygon tool-with a click on its tool icon in the Home/Draw panel, or from the Draw drop down menu, or from the Draw toolbar

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Fig. 2.14 Polygon Icon In draw bar and pull down menu bar

Enter the no of sides as 5 Right Click Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: Specify any point in the drawing area by left click

or in the command prompt press I Enter Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle] <I>: I Enter Specify radius of circle: 6 Right Click

Fig. 2.15 Polygon Construction

Fig. 2.16 Polygon Inscribed

To draw a circumscribed polygon

Fig. 2.17 Polygon Circumscribed

Fig. 2.18 Different Polygon

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Call The Polygon tool-with a click on its tool icon in the Home/Draw panel, or from the Draw drop down menu, or from the Draw toolbar

Enter the no of sides as 6 Right Click Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: Specify any point in the drawing area by left click

or in the command prompt press c Enter Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle] <I>: c Enter Specify radius of circle: 6 Right Click

Rectangle Tool
To draw a rectangle
Call The Rectangle tool-with a click on its tool icon in the Home/Draw panel, or from the Draw drop down menu, or from the Draw toolbar

or
Fig. 2.19 Rectangle

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1.

Specify the first corner of the rectangle. Click on any point in the drawing area

2.

Specify the other corner of the rectangle.

3.

Press Shift+@ button and enter the other value

Fig. 2.20 Rectangle by 2points

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Arc Tool
Arc is a Segment of an continuous curve.

Fig. 2.21 Arc tool

Before starting this Arc let us learn about O snap(In the Status Bar place the mouse icon on O snap, and right click and click on settings a pop up window as below will come) Click select all and click OK

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Fig. 2.22 Draft Settings

Draw Arcs by Specifying Three Points

You can draw an arc by specifying three points. In the following example, the start point of the arc snaps to the endpoint of a line. The second point of the arc snaps to the middle circle in the illustration.

Fig. 2.23 Arc By 3 Point

Draw the lines according to the dimensions After drawing the lines click the draw command in the menu bar and select arc ,3points Click on the first point, then click second, and click the third point to get arc

Draw Arcs by Specifying Start, Center, End

When you know the start point, center point, and endpoint, you can draw an arc by specifying either the start point or the center point first. The center point is the center of a circle that the arc is part of.

Fig 2.24 a Arc by Start,Center,End

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Fig 2.24 Arc by Start,Center,End

After drawing the lines click the draw command in the menu bar and select arc, Start, Center, End. Click on the first point, then click second, and click the third point to get arc

Draw Arcs by Specifying Start, Center, Angle

When you have a start point and a center point you can snap to and you know the included angle, use the Start, Center, Angle or the Center, Start, Angle option.

Fig 2.25 Arc by Start,Center,Angle

After drawing the lines click the draw command in the menu bar and select arc, Start, Center, Angle. Click on the first point, then click second, and specify the angle t to get arc .The included angle determines the endpoint of the arc. Use the Start, End, Angle method when you know both endpoints but cannot snap to a center point.

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Fig 2.26 Arc by different methods using angles

Draw Arcs by Specifying Start, Center, Length

When you have a start point and a center point you can snap to; when you know the chord length, use the Start, Center, Length or the Center, Start, Length option.

Fig 2.27 a Arc by Start,Center,Length

Fig 2.27 b Arc by Start,Center,Length

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After drawing the lines click the draw command in the menu bar and select arc, Start, Center, Length. Click on the first point, then click second, and specify the chord length to get arc .The included angle determines the endpoint of the arc.

Draw Arcs by Specifying Start, End, Direction/Radius

When you have a start point and an endpoint, use the Start, End, Direction or the Start, End, Radius option. The illustration on the left shows an arc drawn by specifying a start point, endpoint, and radius. You can specify the radius by entering a length or by moving the pointing device clockwise or counterclockwise and clicking to specify a distance.

Fig 2.28 Arc by Start, end ,Radius and direction

After drawing the lines click the draw command in the menu bar and select arc, Start, End, Radius. Click on the first point, then click second, and specify the Radius to get arc

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The illustration on the right shows an arc drawn with the pointing device by specifying a start point and an endpoint and a direction. Moving the cursor up from the start point and endpoint draws the arc concave to the object, as shown here. Moving the cursor down draws the arc convex to the object.

Draw Continuous Arcs and Lines

Immediately after you complete an arc, you can start a line tangent to the arc at an endpoint by starting the LINE command and pressing ENTER at the Specify First Point prompt. You need to specify only the line length.

Fig. 2.29 Continuous Arc

Conversely, after you complete a line, you can start an arc tangent to the line at an endpoint by starting the ARC command and pressing ENTER at the Specify Start Point prompt. You need to specify only the endpoint of the arc

Fig. 2.30 Arc By Start, center, Angle Method

Fig. 2.31 Arc By Start, End, Direction Method

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Arc Fig. 2.32 By Start, End , Radius Method

Circle Tool

or
Fig 2.33 Circle tool

1.Open the acadiso.dwt template 2.Left click on the Circle tool icon in the home/Draw panel To create a circle, you can also specify the diameter, center point, points on the circumference, and tangents.

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Center Point
Draws a circle based on a center point and a diameter or a radius. Radius Defines the radius of the circle. Enter a value, or specify a point (2). The distance between this point and the center point determines the radius of the circle.

Left click on the Circle tool icon in the home/Draw panel

Click any point in the in the drawing area

Specify radius as 2 units Diameter Draws a circle using the center point and a specified distance for the diameter. Specify diameter of circle <current>: Specify a point (2), enter a value, or press ENTER

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Specify Diameter as 4 units

2P (Two Points)
Draws a circle based on two endpoints of the diameter. Specify first endpoint of circle's diameter: Specify a point (1) Specify second endpoint of circle's diameter: Specify a point (2)

Fig 2.34 Circle by 2 points

3P (Three Points)
Draws a circle based on three points on the circumference. Specify first point on circle: Specify a point (1) Specify second point on circle: Specify a point (2) Specify third point on circle: Specify a point (3)

T Fig 2.35 Circle by 3 points

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TR (Tangent, Tangent, Radius)

Fig 2.36 Circle by Tangent,Tangent,Radius

Draws a circle with a specified radius tangent to two objects. Specify point on object for first tangent of circle: Select a circle, arc, or line Specify point on object for second tangent of circle: Select a circle, arc, or line Specify radius of circle <current>:

Fig 2.37 Circle by Tangent,Tangent,Radius

Ellipse Tool
The shape of an ellipse is determined by two axes that define its length and width. The longer axis is called the major axis, and the shorter one is the minor axis. Ellipse Can be regarded as what is seen when a circle is viewed in an angle Ellipses are measured in terms of two axes-a major axis and a minor axis

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Major axis is the diameter of the circle and minor axis is being the height of the ellipse after the circle has been rotated through an angle

Fig 2.38 Ellipse

Fig 2.39 Ellipse tool

To Call the Ellipse tool, click on its tool Icon in the Home/Draw panel

Fig 2.40 Ellipse by axis and distance

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Fig 2.41 Different methods of drawing Ellipse

Ellipse by Center Method

Click on the center point Specify the end point of axis Specify the other end point of axis

Ellipse by Axis, End Method

Defines the first axis by its two endpoints. The angle of the first axis determines the angle of the ellipse. The first axis can define either the major or the minor axis of the ellipse.

Click on the 1point Specify the other end point (2point) of axis Click on the 3point (Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]:)

Ellipse by Arc Method

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The first two points of the elliptical arc determine the location and length of the first axis. The third point determines the distance between the center of the elliptical arc and the endpoint of the second axis. The fourth and fifth points are the start and end angles. Construct a Polygon inscribed in Circle of radius 10 Click draw tool bar and in that select ellipse-arc Specify the 1st and 2nd axis end points Specify distance to the other axis as 9 Again click the 1st and second axis end points once again.

Fig 2.42 Ellipse by arc

Poly Line Tool

When Drawing Lines with Line tool, each line is in its own right. A rectangle drawn with line tool is four objects, but if the same rectangle drawn by poly line is a single object.

Fig 2.43 Poly Line tool

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Donut
To create a donut
Donuts are filled rings or solid-filled circles that actually are closed polylines with width. From The drop down menu bar pick do nut Specify inside diameter Specify out side diameter Specify centre of donut

Fig 2.44 Do Nut

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Chapter III
The Modify Entities
Aims of this chapter

The Aim of this Chapter is to describe the uses of tools for modifying parts of drawings The drawing of simple outlines using the Erase Off Set Extend , Array , Join , Move Stretch , Rotate ,Break , Copy ,Scale ,Chamfer , Mirror ,Trim ,and Fillet , tools from ,

the Modify toolbar,

FIG 3.1 The Modify Tool Bar

Erase
Construct the drawing as shown in fig

Fig 3.2 Erase

Call the Erase too l-Left click on its tool icon in the home/modify panel

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Pick Erase from the modify tool bar Click the first line and second line and right click

The Copy Tool

Fig 3.3 Copy 1. Construct the following drawing using Poly Line. 2. Call the copy tool-Left click on its tool icon in the home/modify panel 3. Pick copy from the modify tool bar

Fig 3.4 Copying Circle Pick the circle Right click Specify the base point 1 Specify the other points where you want to cop

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Mirror Tool

Fig 3.5 Mirror Draw The following Drawing as per dimension

Fig 3.6 Before and after mirror Call the Mirror tool Left click on its tool icon in the home/modify panel. Pick the mirror tool icon from the modify tool bar, Pick Mirror from the modify drop down menu. Pick the First corner and second corner Pick n click the first and second point of mirror line erase or keep the source object by pressing y or n in the command prompt

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Off Set Tool

Fig 3.7 Offset 1.Construct the four outlines as shown 2.Call the off set tool-left click its tool icon in the home/modify panel,pick the tool from modify drop down menu. specify off set distance as 5 units right click

Select the Rectangle and click in side the rectangle Repeat the step.

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Array
You can create copies of objects in a rectangular or polar (circular) pattern called an array. Arrays can be either in Rectangular form or in Polar form For rectangular arrays, you control the number of rows and columns and the distance between each. For polar arrays, you control the number of copies of the object and whether the copies are rotated. To create many regularly spaced objects, arraying is faster than copying.

Rectangular Array

Fig 3.8 Array-Rectangle Draw the above sketch Call The Array tool-by either clicking Array in the Modify drop down menu bar, from the home /modify panel, pick the array tool icon from the modify tool bar Make settings in the dialog Rectangular Array Radio Button set on Row field Enter 5 Column field-Enter 6 Row off set field-enter -50(minus sign) Column offset field-enter 50 Click the select objects button Click preview button

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Accept and click ok

Fig 3.9 Array-Rectangle Method

Polar Array

Fig 3.10 Array-Polar Method

Construct the drawing shown below Call Array. Array Dialog appears Make settings

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Fig 3.11 Array-Polar Method Click radio button polar array Select the objects Select the small circle Specify the center point of array as shown Specify total no of items as 12 Then click preview Click ok

fig 3.12 Array-Polar Method

Fillet Tool
The fillet radius is the radius of the arc that connects filleted objects. Changing the fillet radius affects subsequent fillets. If you set the fillet radius to 0, filleted objects are trimmed or extended until they intersect, but no arc is created.

Fig 3.13 Fillet Construct three rectangles of 100x60 by using either line or Ploy line tool Call Fillet-Click the fillet tool icon in the modify tool bar, pick fillet from modify drop down menu Type R in the command prompt Set the radius as 15 units Pick the first object to fillet Pick the second object to fillet

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Fig 3.14 Filleting Poly line

Chamfer Tool
Specifies the first of two edges required to define a 2D chamfer, or the edge of a 3D solid to chamfer.

Distance
Sets the distance of the chamfer from the endpoint of the selected edge. Specify first chamfer distance <current>: Specify second chamfer distance <current>:

Fig 3.15 Chamfer Construct three rectangles of 100x60 by using either line or Ploy line tool Call Chamfer tool-Click the Chamfer tool icon in the modify tool bar, pick Chamfer from modify drop down menu

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Fig 3.16 Chamfer polylines Type D in the command prompt Specify the first distance as 10 units Specify the second distance as 10 units Pick the first object to Chamfer Pick the second object to Chamfer

Fig 3.17 Chamfer polylines

Polyline
Chamfers an entire 2D polyline. Select 2D polyline: The intersecting polyline segments are chamfered at each vertex of the polyline. Chamfers become new segments of the polyline. If the polyline includes segments that are too short to accommodate the chamfer distance, those segments are not chamfered.

Fig 3.18 Polyline

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Angle
Sets the chamfer distances using a chamfer distance for the first line and an angle for the second line. Specify chamfer length on the first line <current>: Specify chamfer angle from the first line <current>:

Fig 3.19

Trim Tool
This tool is frequently used in AutoCAD

Fig 3.20 Trim Draw the Drawing as shown below in the figure Call Trim tool Left click its tool icon in the Home? Modify panel, pick its tool icon from the modify tool bar, pick Trim from the drop down menu bar Select the cutting edge (left side) Right click Select the objects to trim

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Fig 3.21 Trimming method

Move

Fig 3..22 Move Construct the drawing as shown below Call Move-click its tool icon in the home /Modify panel, pick its tool icon in the modify tool bar, click Move in the modify drop down menu Select the objects--right click Specify the base point

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Specify the second point

Rotate
When using the rotate tool remember the default rotation of objects is counter clockwise (anti clockwise) Construct the drawing as shown below

Fig 3..23 Rotate Call Rotate-click its tool icon in the home /Modify panel, pick its tool icon in the modify tool bar, click Rotate in the modify drop down menu Select objects-right click Specify base point Specify rotation angle as 45

Scale
Using the Rectangle and Polyline , construct drawings . The rectangle fillets are R 10. The line width is 1 Call Scale-click its tool icon in the home /Modify panel, pick its tool icon in the modify tool bar, click Scale in the modify drop down menu

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Fig 3..24 Scale

Join
The Join tool can be used to join two plines provided their ends are touching To join lines which are in line with each other, to join arcs and convert arcs to circles Call Join-click its tool icon in the home /Modify panel, pick its tool icon in the modify tool bar, click Join in the modify drop down menu

Fig 3..25 Join Select objects to join to source-pick a pline Pick another, and pick all what you want then right click Join select objects to join the source Pick the lines Right click

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Stretch
Stretch tool is for stretching drawings or parts of drawings. Construct the drawings as shown below Call Stretch-click its tool icon in the home /Modify panel, pick its tool icon in the modify tool bar, click Stretch in the modify drop down menu Select the objects right click Specify the base point Specify the second point

Fig 3..26 Strecth

Break
You can create a gap between two specified points on an object by breaking it in to two objects. Construct the rectangle ,arc and circle Call Break-click its tool icon in the home /Modify panel, pick its tool icon in the modify tool bar, click Break in the modify drop down menu

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Fig 3..27 Break Select the object pick at the point Specify second break point or first point type f in command prompt right click Pick First point Pick second point

Extend
Construct plines and a circle as shown

Fig 3..28 Extend Call Extend-click its tool icon in the home /Modify panel, pick its tool icon in the modify tool bar, click Extend in the modify drop down menu Select boundary edges-right click Select the objects to extend right click

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Fig 3..29 Extend before and after

Hatch
You can choose from several methods to specify the boundaries of a hatch. Specify a point in an area that is enclosed by objects. Select objects that enclose an area.

Fig 3..30 Hatch Construct a simple rectangle of size 100x50 Call Hatch-click its tool icon in the home /Draw panel, pick its tool icon in the modify tool bar, click Hatch the Draw drop down menu Click in the swatch field. The patterns of hatch will appears Click the ANSI tab chose ANSI31 Pick points

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Click in the drawing area where you want the hatch (Click inside Rectangular Area) Change Scale to 20 Click ok

Fig 3..31 Hatch window

Fig 3..32 Before and after Hatch

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Fig 3..33 Different types of hatch pre loaded

Fig 3..34 Hatch Method

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Chapter IV
Dimensioning Tool
The dimensioning style is already set in the acadiso.dwt template Linear Dimension Creates a linear dimension with a horizontal, vertical, or rotated dimension line.

Fig 4.1 Dimensioning Different types of dimensioning 1.Linear 2.Angular 3.Aligned 4.Radius 5.Diameter And etc

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Fig 4.1 Dimensioning tool

Fig 4.2 Dimensioning Linear dimensions can be horizontal, vertical, or aligned. With aligned dimensions, the dimension line is parallel to the line (imaginary or real) between the extension line origins. Baseline (or parallel) and continued (or chain) dimensions are series of consecutive dimensions that are based on a linear dimension. In all four illustrations, the extension line origins are designated explicitly at 1 and 2, respectively. The dimension line location is specified at 3.

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Fig 4.3 Linear Dimensioning

Creates a linear dimension that is aligned with the origin points of the extension lines. You can create dimensions that are parallel to the locations or objects that you specify. In aligned dimensions, the dimension line is parallel to the extension line origins. The illustration shows two examples of aligned dimensioning. The object is selected (1), and the location of the aligned dimension is specified (2). The extension lines are drawn automatically.

Fig 4.4 Aligned Dimensioning

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Fig 4.5 Dimensioning Linear And Aligned

Dimension Circles and Arcs

If you use an arc or a circle or three points to specify an angle, the program draws the dimension line arc between the extension lines. The extension lines are drawn from the angle endpoints to the intersection of the dimension line arc.

Fig 4.6 Dimensioning Circles and Arcs

The location that you specify for the dimension line arc determines the quadrant of the dimensioned angle.

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Radial dimensions measure the radii and diameters of arcs and circles with optional centerlines or a center mark. There are two types of radial dimensions: RADIUS measures the radius of an arc or circle, and displays the dimension text with the letter R in front of it.

Fig 4.7 Dimensioning Arcs

Fig 4.8 Dimensioning Circles

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Chapter V
Orthographic and Isometric
The aims of this chapter are to introduce methods of constructing views in orthographic Projection and the construction of isometric drawings.

Fig 5.1Solid model

Fig 5.2 First angle Projection

Fig 5.3 Third angle Projection

projection
Orthographic projection involves viewing an article being described in a technical drawing from different directions from the front, from a side, from above, from below or from any other viewing position. Orthographic projection often involves: the drawing of details which are hidden, using hidden detail lines sectional views in which the article being drawn is imagined as being cut through and the cut surface drawn centre lines through arcs, circles spheres and cylindrical shapes.

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Setting The AutoCAD window for Isometric Drawing Right click on the snap tool in the status bar

Fig 5.4 Draft Settings For isometric

Change to Isometric snap Change snap and grid spacing Click ok

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Fig 5.5 Isometric Screen View

An Isometric View

Fig 5.6 IsoPlanes

There are three isometric angles Iso plane Top Iso plane Left Iso plane Right These can be set by pressing the F5 key

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Fig 5.7 an Example

Working to the shapes and sizes given in the orthographic projection Set the snap onF9 key set it to 10 Grid on F3 key set it to 10 Set to the iso plane top using F5 Ortho on F8 With the line construct the out line of model

Fig 5.8 Construction of Isometric

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Call the ellipse tool from the draw tool bar, press I in the command prompt Add the iso circle of radius of 20 centered in its correct position in the outline of the top Set the iso plane to Iso plane right and with copy tool; copy the top with its ellipse vertically downwards three times Add lines Use trim to remove unwanted parts of lines and ellipses to produce the fig

Fig 5.9 Isometric Drawing after Completion

Dimensioning in the Isometric drawing

After finishing the sketch call dimension-aligned Pick the points for dimension Again call dimension and choose oblique Select objects Select any dimension Enter oblique angle choose angles 30,-30,90and -90

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Fig 5.9 Isometric Drawing after Completion with oblique dimensioning

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References
01. AutoCAD 2009 manual by Ing .Antonio Lope`z Astete 02. AutoCAD 2009 Tutorial by Randy H Shih 03. AutoCAD 2006/2007/2008/2009 Bible by Ellen Finkelstein 04. Introduction to AutoCAD 2008/2009 by Alf Yarwood 05. Tips by Lynn Allen CAD Blogist 06. AutoCAD Notes by Uhrskov 07. AutoCAD help files by Autodesk 08. Introducing AutoCAD 2009 by George Omura 09. AutoCAD 2009 getting started tutorial by Autodesk 10. AutoCAD 2007 by Dr.Kamil 11. AutoCAD by Cheryl R Shrock 12. AutoCAD notes by Dr.D Fox

Websites www.google.com www.autodesk.com www.aaue.dk

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