Chemical Bonding III:

Bond Characteristics & Molecular Polarity

I believe this movie. A dude could jump off a mountain and not hurt himself, 'cause he did brace himself, and knew something about the levels of gravitivity and polarity. - Bobby Taylor, Hollywood Shuffle

Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract toward itself the electrons in a chemical bond.
Electronegativity - relative, F is highest

Polar Covalent Bonds and Electronegativity

Polar bonds are bonds where the electron density is not shared equally between the two bonded atoms. In polar bonds there is a positive and a negative end to the bond

Refered to as a dipole
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Polar covalent bond or polar bond is a covalent bond with greater electron density around one of the two atoms

electron poor region

electron rich region

e- poor

e- rich

H d+

F d-

dipole
Dipole points toward e rich region

HF
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d+

d-

Bond Character Electronegativity Bond difference Type

Covalent Character decreases Ionic Character increases

Zero
Intermediate

Covalent

Polar Covalent

Large

Ionic
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Classification of bonds by difference in electronegativity

Difference 0 2 0 < and <2

Bond Type Covalent Ionic Polar Covalent

Increasing difference in electronegativity Covalent share ePolar Covalent partial transfer of eIonic transfer e7

Bond Polarity

NaCl

HCl

Cl-Cl

Classify the following bonds as ionic, polar covalent, or covalent: The bond in CsCl; the bond in H2S; and the NN bond in H2NNH2.
Cs 0.7 H 2.1 N 3.0 Cl 3.0 S 2.5 N 3.0 3.0 0.7 = 2.3 2.5 2.1 = 0.4 3.0 3.0 = 0 Ionic Polar Covalent Covalent

Dipole Moment
d+ d-

H-F
Dipole pull of e- towards one direction in a bond Dipole moment the measure of the net molecular polarity (overall pull of e- towards one direction in a molecule) Dipole moments are vectors
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Dipole Moments and Polar Molecules

electron rich region
F

electron poor region

H

d+

d-

Polar molecules have a permanent dipole moment

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d+ d-

+
H-F

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Which Molecules Have a Dipole Moment?

Dipole moment forms when all dipoles do not cancel each other completely Any two atom molecule with a polar bond With three or more atoms there are three considerations.
1) 2) 3) There must be at least one dipole (polar bond) There are significant strength differences among the dipoles There is molecular asymmetrical geometry
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Non-polar Molecules w/ Polar Bonds

Cl

Be

Cl

Cl is more electronegative than Be Polar covalent bonds dipoles Molecule is symmetrical dipole forces cancel Molecule has no dipole moment nonpolar
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dipole moment

Be

F & H are more electronegative than Be Polar covalent bonds dipoles F is more electronegative than H stronger dipole Molecule is symmetrical but dipole forces do not completely cancel Molecule has a dipole moment polar
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Ex: Is BF3 polar? Electronegativity of F > B Dipoles (but of equal strength) Trigonal planar is symmetrical All dipoles completely cancel No dipole moment not polar F

B
F

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Ex: Is CCl4 polar? Electronegativity of Cl > C Dipoles (but of equal strength) Tetrahedron is symmetrical All dipoles completely cancel No dipole moment not polar Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl
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Ex: Is NH3 polar ? Electronegativity of H < N Dipoles Trigonal pyramidal is asymmetrical All dipoles are additive Dipole moment d+ H polar

d-

d+

H
d+
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Ex: Is NF3 polar? Electronegativity of F > N Dipoles Trigonal pyramidal is asymmetrical All dipoles do not cancel Dipole moment d polar
Resultant dipole = 0.24 D
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d+

N
F

d-

F
d-

Ex: NH3 is more polar than NF3

d-

d+

N
d+

N
d-

d+

F
d-

F d-

H
d+

F
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Bond moments and resultant dipole moments in NH3 and NF3.

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Water is even more polar

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Lone pairs DO NOT make a molecule polar

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Ex: Is CBr3F polar? Electronegativity of F > Br > C Dipoles (not of equal strength) Tetrahedron is symmetrical But all dipoles do not completely cancel Dipole moment Br d+ polar

d-

Br

d+

Br
d+
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Asymmetrical dipole forces make a molecule polar

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Symmetrical Molecules

Linear

Trigonal planar

Tetrahedral

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Asymmetrical Molecules

Bent or V-shaped

Trigonal pyramidal

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Ex: Is CH3Cl polar?

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