2H7 HYDRAULIC JUMP INTRODUCTION Hydraulic jump occurs when a supercritical flow changes to a subcritical flow.

In such cases the elevation of liquid surface increases suddenly in direction of flow. The violent motions of flow are accompanied by a significant loss of energy head through the jump. It is an important phenomenon associated with dissipation of energy in flows over dams, weirs, and other hydraulic structures. The strength of the jump depends on the Froude number of the flow entering the jump. Figure 2H7-1 shows an experimental set up which consists of rectangular flume, sluice gate on the upstream part and a control gate on the downstream part that allow for depth control within the flume.

For a constant flow in a rectangular channels, the depth of flow immediately downstream of the jump is given by the following equation,

Where

Fr1 = Froude number of flow entering the jump. For rectangular flume

Where

Q = flow rate (m3/s) B = flume width (m)

This energy loss due to jump in rectangular channel can be estimated the following equaton,

and the power loss due to jump in rectangular channel can be estimated by the following equation; Generally, hydraulic jump can be classified into five categories depending on the magnitude of Froude number of flow entering the jump as summarized Table 2H7-1 below.

OBJECTIVES 1) To compare the downstream depth of flow from experiment to theoretical depth. 2) To determine the head loss and power loss due to hydraulic jump. 3) To determine the equation for the length of hydraulic jump.

APPARATUS 1) Hydraulic jump apparatus manufactured by Armfield, UK 2) Flow depth gauge.

PROCEDURE 1) The channel width was measured. 2) The reservoir outlets were closed. 3) The pump was switched on. 4) The flow was released into the reservoir until the water level is stable. 5) All reservoir outlets were opened to give maximum flow rate (1 x 10-3 m3/s). 6) a stationery hydraulic jump was created in the flume by adjusting the sluice gate and downstream control gate. 7) The depths of flow y1, y2 and the length of jump, L were measured. 8) Steps 5 to 7 were repeated for another four different flow rates.

RESULTS Channel width, B = 0.099 m

Flow rate, Q

Depth YA

Upstream Downstream Depth, y1 Depth, y2experimental

Jump height, y2-y1

Length Froude of jump, L no. Fr1 [Eq 2H7-2]

Y2

Type of jump [Table 2H7-1]

(theory) Different (m) [Eq 2H7-1] [Eq 2H75]

(m3/s)

(m)

(m)

(m)

(m)

(m)

0.12
1.0 x 10-3

0.005 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.007

0.045 0.043 0.039 0.042 0.038 0.038 0.035 0.037 0.033 0.030 0.022 0.028 0.028 0.022 0.019 0.023 0.025 0.024 0.022 0.024

0.040 0.036 0.032 0.036 0.033 0.031 0.028 0.031 0.025 0.023 0.015 0.021 0.021 0.015 0.013 0.016 0.018 0.017 0.016 0.017

0.144 0.122 0.089

9.1217 5.5066 5.5066

0.0620 0.0511 0.0511 0.0547 0.0566 0.0457 0.0457 0.0493 0.0370 0.0403 0.0403 0.0392 0.0348 0.0348 0.0383 0.0360 0.0294 0.0294 0.0325 0.0304

27.42 15.85 23.68 22.32 31.65 16.85 23.41 23.97 10.81 25.56 45.41 27.26 19.54 36.78 50.39 35.57 14.97 18.37 32.31 21.88 Oscillating Oscillating Oscillating Steady Steady

0.12 0.12

Average

0.12 0.098

0.1183 6.7116 0.119 0.119 0.076 8.2095 4.9559 4.9559

0.9 x 10-3

0.097 0.096

Average

0.097 0.077

0.1047 6.0404 0.094 0.084 0.041 3.6057 4.4053 4.4053

0.8 x 10-3

0.075 0.075

Average

0.076 0.058

0.0730 4.1388 0.136 0.069 0.062 3.8546 3.8546 4.8574

0.7 x 10-3

0.058 0.057

Average

0.058 0.042

0.0886 4.1889 0.083 0.074 0.073 3.3040 3.3040 4.1635

0.6 x 10-3

0.042 0.042

Average

0.042

0.0767 3.5905

0.030
0.5 x 10-3

0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007

0.017 0.015 0.014 0.015

0.010 0.008 0.007 0.008

0.046 0.045 0.042

1.5964 1.5964 1.5964

0.0127 0.0127 0.0127 0.0127

33.86 18.11 10.24 20.74 Undular

0.029 0.029

Average

0.029

0.0443 1.5964

RESULT AND CALCULATION 1) Based on the graph of length of jump (L) versus jump height (y2 y1) plotted, the equation of L was established by: Gradient or slope of the graph, m = = 1.8909 From the graph, the y-intercept is 0.03. Thus, the equation is determined by general mathematical equation: y = mx + c, y = 1.8909x + 0.03 where y-axis is length of jump, (L) and x-axis is jump height, (y2-y1), so

L = 1.8909(y2-y1) + 0.03

CONCLUSION In this experiment, the depth after hydraulic jump and theory experimentally determined and compared to both determine the percent difference. Range of percentage differences in experimental y2 we had was between 20.74% to 35.57%. This range is large. We know that during the jump, the flow changes from rapid to slow down. Thus the energy dissipation due to the rise in water level, water turbulence and eddies. Through these experiments, the total energy head loss and loss of power during the jump can be determined. Available energy head losses vary with position jump occurs, which is further away from the gate jumps occur, the energy head loss and power is decreasing. With decreasing flow rate, head loss is significantly reduced energy and power. Finally, by plotting a graph of length of jump against the height jump, the length of jump (L) hydraulic equations can be determined. After analysis of the experiments we conducted, we found that our experimental results do not as expected as in decision theory, where there is a considerable difference compared with theoretical results. This is due to the following reasons: i) Not sure of taking the required reading, especially y1, y2 and long jump, L because the flow is not uniform. ii) The instrument used is not able to function well as possible long, eg downstream of control gates difficult to control. iii) There exists a parallax error while measuring. iv) The ruler measuring the depth of the mark unclear speech.

To improve the results of these tests, here proposed several ways: a) Only an observer who took the reading and another check to standardize all readings taken. b) Any defects should be corrected or improved tools to facilitate the experimental work.