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Iodine Clock Reaction

Abigail Martinez Jade Juarez CHEM1102-L1

Abstract
The objective of the experiment is to measure the effects of temperature and concentration on the reaction rate of Persulfate and Iodine ions. Which will help you calculate the reactant concentrations, the rate law for the chemical reaction, and the order of reaction. The relative rate will decrease as the time that the reaction occurs increases. Temperature will be proportional to time and the relative rate will increase as the temperature increases.

Introduction
There are several factors that can affect the chemical reaction between reactants A and B such as: their concentration, temperature, and the presence of a catalyst. A higher concentration of the reactants will increase the reaction rate, as a higher concentration of the products will have a decreasing reaction rate. Temperature is a measure of kinetic energy, a higher temperature would mean more kinetic energy between the molecules; therefore the reaction rate would increase. A catalyst yields the molecules into having more effective collisions, which helps a reaction to proceed into equilibrium more efficiently. The presence of a catalyst would also mean an increase in the reaction rate. The reaction rate of a chemical equation can be described in the following equation.

R = [A]m[B]n =

c t

In this equation R will equal the reaction rate. A and B are the molar concentration of the reaction in respect to a chemical equation A+ B products. The order of reaction will be given by the sum of the exponents m and n. In this experiment the reaction that is being studied is between Persulfate ion,

S2O82 , and the iodide ion, I . In this chemical reaction one reactant is changed and
the other is held constant. The chemical equation for these reactants is as follows.
2 2I + S2O82 I 2 + 2SO4

The iodine produced in the reaction is absorbed by the thiosulfate. As long as the 132201282.doc

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thiosulfate remains in the solution the concentration of iodine decreases. The presence od the iodine will be detected in this experiment by a deep blue color. When this
2 2 reaction combines with this following equation, I 2 + 2S2O3 2I + S4O6 , it produces

an Iodine Clock Reaction. When enough Iodine is present to expend the thiosulfate, the color change will occur. The quantity of the Persulfate that reacts while the blue color appears will be equal to one-half the quantity of the thiosulfate that was present initially. In Experiment A, the study of reaction will be completed by using the initial concentrations listed in the table below. Reactant 0.200M KI 0.200M KCl 0.100M 0.100M 0.005M Total Volume Exp. 1 1.00 1.00 2.00 0 1.00 5.00 Volume of Reactant, mL Exp. 2 2.00 0 2.00 0 1.00 5.00 Exp. 3 2.00 0 1.00 1.00 1.00 5.00

Sodium thiosulfate will be constant throughout the experiments, and the concentration of either Ammonium Persulfate or Potassium iodide will double. In Experiment B the variable taking place will be the temperature with the same concentrations. The reaction will be performed in different temperatures and compared to room temperature.

Materials and Methods

Equipment and Apparatus Stepper Pipette Pipette Tips (5) Small Beakers (5) Chemicals 0.200M KI 0.100M 0.100M Test Tubes (12) Thermometer Stop Watch

0.200M KCl 0.005M Starch Solution

The chemicals should be placed in five different small beakers, color-coded as a sort of organization and order, to not confuse chemicals. Acquire five different 132201282.doc

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pipette tips and color code and label in accordance to the beakers. There should be five different colored beakers and pipette tips. Once everything is labeled pipette 10mL of the following chemicals into a beaker with its corresponding color, KI, KCl, , , and . Take them back work area. , and two drops of the Experiment 1 begins by preparing your reaction tube adding 1mL of 0.200M KI, 1mL of 0.200M KCl, 1.00mL of 0.005M of starch solution, this completes your reaction tube. Insert a thermometer into the reaction test tube and record the temperature. In a separate test tube, add 2.00mL of . Next, you will time how long it takes for the reaction to turn blue when you pour and mix the Persulfate solution into the reaction tube. You will begin timing as soon as you begin to pour and stop as soon as there is a blue reaction-taking place. Record your time under Exp 1, in your results table. In Experiment 2 prepare your reaction tube by adding 2mL of 0.200M KI and 1mL1.00mL of 0.005M of , and two drops of the starch solution, this . Next, you completes your reaction tube. Insert a thermometer into the reaction test tube and record the temperature. In a separate test tube, add 2.00mL of will time how long it takes for the reaction to turn blue when you pour and mix the Persulfate solution into the reaction tube, just like in Experiment 1. Record your time under Experiment 2, in your results table. In Experiment 3 prepare your reaction tube by adding 2mL of 0.200M KI and 1mL1.00mL of 0.005M of , and two drops of the starch solution, this , and 1mL completes your reaction tube. Insert a thermometer into the reaction test tube and record the temperature. In a separate test tube, add 1.00mL of of . Just as in Experiment 1& 2 you will time how long it takes for the

reaction to turn blue when you pour and mix the Persulfate solution into the reaction tube. Record your time under Experiment 3, in your results table. Once you do all three experiments, do one more trial of each and record your answers in the results table. Average the two times for the two trials and use the average to find the relative rate using the following: Relative Rate = 100/Time Record your results in your results table. In Experiments 4 and 5, the reaction rate is going to be tested against temperature following the same guidelines as Experiment 2. In Experiment 4 you will 132201282.doc

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need to acquire a temperature 10 below room temperature using a beaker filled with ice. After preparing your reaction and Persulfate test tubes according to the guidelines for experiment 2 place the reaction test tube in the ice and measure the temperature, when the temperature is 10 below room temperature mix the Persulfate solution into the reaction test tube and time how long it takes for the solution to turn blue. Record your results in the results table.

Results

Table 1.2 Dependence Reaction Rate on Concentration Table 1.1 Dependence of of Reaction Rate on Temperature Experiment 1: 2: 3: Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 1 Trial 2 [I-] .04 .08 .08 [S2O8] .04 .04 .02 Elapsed Time, sec 62 70 42 46 72 69 Relative Rate, 100/time Avg Time: 66 1.52 Avg Time: 44 2.27 Avg Time:70.5 1.42

Experiment Temperature, T,K 2 4 5 24 11 34

1/T

Elapsed Time, sec 44 60 40

Relative Rate, 100/Time 2.27 1.67 2.5

Ln of Relative Rate .82 .51 .92

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Discussion
The results obtained in these experiments were as follows. In experiment 1 the amount of the ammonium Persulfate was doubled, but their concentrations were both . 04M. The average time it took for the Iodine to overcome the thiosulfate was 66 seconds. In Experiment 2 the concentration for iodine doubled and thiosulfate stayed constant the time it took for the reaction to take place decreased to 44 seconds. In Experiment 3 the concentration for Iodine was doubled and thiosulfate was decreased by half, and surprisingly the time it took for the reaction to reach completion increased. One detail about this experiment would be the longer the reaction takes to complete, the lower the relative rate is. As you can see in the results in Table 1.1.The overall order of reaction I calculated in respect to this experiment was 1.261. The
2 order of reaction in respect to Iodine was .584, and in respect to S2O 8 was .677.

In Experiment 4, we tested the variable of temperature. In this experiment we see that when the temperature is ten degrees below room temperature the reaction takes longer to occur, and when the temperature is ten degrees higher than room temperature the reaction is a lot faster. In this case the relative rate increases as the 132201282.doc

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temperature increases and decreases as the temperature decreases. The sources of error that might have occurred were timing from the time we started pouring the Persulfate solution into the reaction tube, which didnt immediately touch the reaction solution, it took a couple of seconds to reach it and also he time before we began stirring it, waiting for a reaction. Another source of error could be stopping the timer too late after the solution started changing to blue.

Conclusions
[Insert Conclusion here] Describe what you learned about dependence of rate of a reaction and the orders based on your results. Write a summary of your key findings of the experiment what is your bottom line numerical result?

Appendix
[Insert sample calculations here]Add example calculations. For this experiment that would be the dilution formula, average b, standard deviation, concentration of chromate ion from slope, concentration of chromate ion from average b, concentration of silver ion using chromate ion calculated from slope, concentration of silver ion using chromate ion calculated from average b, Ksp from both, average Ksp, standard dev Ksp. Ksp % error.

References
1. Nelson, John H. and Kemp, Kenneth C. Chemistry: The Central Science Laboratory Experiments 8th Ed. Upper Saddle River : Prentice Hall, 2000. 2. Masterton, William L. and Hurley, Cecile N. Chemistry: Principles and Reaction 6th Ed. Belmont : Brooks/Cole, 2009.

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CHEM 1102 Chemical Principles II Laboratory Experiment 1: Kinetic Study of an Iodine Clock Reaction Laboratory Report Grading Rubric
Non-original writing will result in a 50% loss of all points from that section for the first infraction. Thereafter, all non-original writing will result in a loss of all points from that section. Failure to submit electronic copy of the lab report to SafeAssign on Blackboard will result in a grade of 0.

Name_________________________________________
Item Criteria

Date _____________
Poin Section Grade ts Points 5 5 total 9 total

Lab Report Writing Skills (Clarity, grammar, punctuation, organization) Title/ Name/ Abstract -Descriptive Title -Name on report -Name of partner -Date Short summary of experimental objective (not exceeding 5 sentences including key findings). What is the purpose of the experiment? (i.e. to measure a property, analyze a quantity etc); What is the experimental method used? (12 sentence). Short summary of key findings. What did you find out? (i.e. the order of the reaction was (put the numerical results here) Introduction and Theoretical Background - Chemical Equations for reactions used in the experiment and the expression for the rate law - Explain how the rates are observed for a series of reaction mixtures (this is not detailed step-by-step procedure) - Refer to the above chemical equations and describe how the combination of the two reactions will allow you to observe the rate of the reaction under study Experimental Methods -Description of the list of materials (include MW, physical properties, hazards, PPE for the chemicals used) -Summary of procedures in sufficient detail to reproduce the experiment (in your own words in passive voice, not copied from the lab manual) Include the table 1 on p.136: Quantities of reactants used Results -Signed data Sheet - Complete and neat Table of Data and Results w/proper format, units and significant figures and Graph used for the determination of the Activation Energy, Ea Discussion/ Conclusions Analysis: Explain what you have learned about dependence of rate of a reaction and the orders based on your results List possible sources of error and methods to minimize this error

3 16 total 4 6 6 11 total 4 7 20 total 3 3 14 16 total 7 4

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Summary of key findings of experiment (what is the bottom line numerical result) Appendix

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5 23 total 13 10 100

- Example calculations of all replicate runs completely worked out including reactant concentrations in different reaction mixtures, relative rate from time, orders for both reactants by solving the rate expressions logarithmically Questi Postlab in your handout (4 questions)
ons

Total for Experiment

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