Automatic Vehicle Locator

Automatic Vehicle Locator
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. 2. 3. 4 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Introduction What Is AVL technology? Tracking Systems Software Working of a GPS Based Automatic Vehicle Locator Integrating Avl With Other Systems More About Gps Data Transfer Benefits Vehicle Tracking System In India Uses Issues Encountered Applications In Other Fields Conclusion References
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AUTOMATIC VEHICLE LOCATOR
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1. INTRODUCTION
Is your car or vehicle stolen or not visible in the thickest snow or is one among several cars present? Do you want to know the arrival of bus for which you are waiting.are your children going alone in a vehicle and you want to track their moments? Does your cargo consist of costly load and you want to protect them?do you want to keep track of your little playing kids about where they are? The answer is Automatic Vehicle Locator
Automatic vehicle location (AVL) is a computer based vehicle tracking system. For transit, the actual real time position of each vehicle is determined and relayed to a control center. Actual position determination and relay techniques vary, depending on the needs of the transit system and the technologies employed. Transit agencies often incorporate other advanced system features in conjunction with AVL system implementation. Simple AVL systems include: computer -aided dispatch software, mobile data terminals, emergency alarms, and digital communications. More sophisticated AVL Systems may integrate: real-time passenger information, automatic passenger counters, and automated fare payment systems. Other components that may be integrated with AVL systems include automatic stop annunciation, automated destination signs, Vehicle component monitoring, and Traffic signal priority.AVL technology allows im-
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proved schedule adherence and timed transfers, more accessible passenger information, increased availability of data for transit management and planning, efficiency/productivity improvements in transit services.
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2. WHAT IS AVL TECHNOLOGY?
Automated Vehicle Locaton (AVL) systems use satellite and land communications to display each vehicle's location, status, heading, and speed on the computer's screen. AVL systems use one of four types of navigation technology, or may combine two of these technologies to compensate for inevitable shortcomings of any one technology. The four principal technologies employed for AVL systems are:
1.Global Positioning System The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based global navigation satellite system that provides reliable location and time information in all weather and at all times and anywhere on or near the Earth when and where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible by anyone with a GPS receiver. GPS was created and realized by the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) and was originally run with 24 satellites. It was established in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous navigation systems.
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GPS consists of three parts: the space segment, the control segment, and the user segment. The U.S. Air Force develops, maintains, and operates the space and control segments. GPS satellites broadcast signals from space, which each GPS receiver uses to calculate its three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) plus the current time.
The 24 satellites that make up the GPS space segment are orbiting the earth about 12,000 miles above us. They are constantly moving, making two complete orbits in less than 24 hours. These satellites are travelling at speeds of roughly 7,000 miles an hour. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense. GPS was originally intended for military applications, but in
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the 1980s, the government made the system available for civilian use. GPS works in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day. There are no subscription fees or setup charges to use GPS. 2. Dead-Reckoning System Dead reckoning (DR) is the process of estimating one's current position based upon a previously determined position, or fix, and advancing that position based upon known or estimated speeds over elapsed time, and course. While traditional methods of dead reckoning are no longer considered primary means of navigation, modern inertial navigation systems, which also depend upon dead reckoning, are very widely used. A disadvantage of dead reckoning is that since new positions are calculated solely from previous positions, the errors of the process are cumulative, so the error in the position fix grows with time. An inertial navigation system (INS) is a navigation aid that uses a computer, motion sensors (accelerometers) and rotation sensors (gyroscopes) to continuously calculate via dead reckoning the position, orientation, and velocity (direction and speed of movement) of a moving object without the need for external references. It is used on vehicles such as ships, aircraft, submarines, guided missiles, and spacecraft. Other terms used to refer to inertial navigation systems or closely related devices include inertial guidance system, inertial refDept. Electronics Engg 7 GPTC Muttom
erence platform, inertial instrument, and many other variations.An inertial navigation system includes at least a computer and a platform or module containing accelerometers, gyroscopes, or other motion-sensing devices. The INS is initially provided with its position and velocity from another source (a human operator, a GPS satellite receiver, etc.), and thereafter computes its own updated position and velocity by integrating information received from the motion sensors. The advantage of an INS is that it requires no external references in order to determine its position, orientation, or velocity once it has been initialized. 3. Signpost/Odometer Systems An odometer (mileometer, milometer) indicates distance travelled by a car or other vehicle. The device may be electronic, mechanical, or a combination of the two. Recently, exercise enthusiasts have observed that an advanced Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) receiver (GPS) with an odometer mode serves as a very accurate pedometer for outdoor activities. While not truly counting steps (no pendulum is involved) an advanced GPS odometer can reveal the accurate distance traveled to within 1/100th of a mile (depending on the model, perhaps 1/1000th of a mile). 1/1000th of a mile is approximately the distance of a single pace or 2 steps (1.609 m). Precise metric odometers have a precision of 1/100 or 1/1000 km, 10 or 1 metre(s) respectively.
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A GPS with odometer mode is also an excellent and inexpensive means to verify proper operation of both the speedometer and odometer mounted in a vehicle. To track and locate vehicles along fixed routes, a technology called Signpost transmitters is employed. This is used on transit routes and rail lines where the vehicles to be tracked continually operated on the same linear route. A transponder or RFID chip along the vehicle route would be polled as the train or bus traverses its route. As each transponder was passed, the moving vehicle would query and receive an ack, or handshake, from the signpost transmitter. A transmitter on the mobile would report passing the signpost to a system controller. This allows supervision, a call center, or a dispatch center to monitor the progress of the vehicle and assess whether or not the vehicle was on schedule. These systems are an alternative inside tunnels or other conveyances where GPS signals are blocked by terrain. 4. Radio Navigation/Location Radio navigation is the application of radio frequencies to determine a position on the Earth. It uses signals broadcast from special radio stations. Electronic equipment on the plane uses these signals to indicate the location and direction of the plane with respect to the transmitting station. Radio navigation is used by almost all pilots Radiolocating is the process of finding the location of something through the use of radio waves. It generally refers to passive uses,
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particularly radar as well as detecting buried cables, water mains, and other public utilities. It is similar to radionavigation, but radiolocation usually refers to passively finding a distant object rather than actively one's own position. Both are types of radiodetermination. Radiolocation is also used in Real Time Locating Systems (RTLS) for tracking valuable assets.
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3. TRACKING SYSTEMS
There are two types of tracking systems. Several types of Vehicle Tracking devices exist. Typically they are classified as "Passive" and "Active". "Passive" devices store GPS location, speed, heading and sometimes a trigger event such as key on/off, door open/closed. Once the vehicle returns to a predetermined point, the device is removed and the data downloaded to a computer for evaluation. Passive systems include auto download type that transfer data via wireless download. "Active" devices also collect the same information but usually transmit the data in real-time via cellular or satellite networks to a computer or data center for evaluation. Many modern vehicle tracking devices combine both active and passive tracking abilities: when cellular network is available and a tracking device is connected it transmits data to a server; when network is not available the device stores data in internal memory and will transmit stored data to the server later when the network becomes available again.
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There is a popular misperception that GPS is a "tracking" technology and therefore that it can be easily misused by public agencies and private companies to monitor people's whereabouts. 3.1. PASSIVE TRACKING:
The Passive Tracking System modality refers to stand-alone GPS Receivers, which store data for further process. Passive systems are typically limited to vehicle tracking only. When a Passive Tracking Device is installed in a vehicle, the location, time, velocity and heading data is usually stored in the unit or transferred to a handheld device and downloaded from the vehicle when the vehicle returns to their base station.
3.2. REAL TIME TRACKING Real Time Tracking Systems are based on mobile stand-alone terminals which combine GPS and GSM technology to determinate and transmit their position. A two-way wireless communication link connects the unit with the control center at all times. A portable GPS tracking device can be used as an emergency cellular phone with speed dialing for two -way voice communication. It can silently call any emergency number in the world for immediate assistance. The emergency silent call feature also provides a digitized voice message which can report the time, date, speed, heading, and location of a person in distress.
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GPS Receiver
The AVL tracking system consists of a GPS receiver inside the vehicle and a communications link betwee n the vehicle and the control Center as well as pc based tracking software for dispatch. The communication system is usually a cellular network similar to the one used by cellular phone. Currently all kind of communications networks permit Real-Time Tracking for mobile assets.
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4.
SOFTWARE
Automatic vehicle location (AVL) is a system that enables companies to trace and coordinate the movements of their fleet of vehicles. Much of the AVL software has been created for fleet management and vehicle location purposes. The AVL communications software system was built based on the geographic information system (GIS) environment, but these types of systems use short message service (SMS) technology This system is based on a known technique in computer algorithms called greedy technique (GT). The main task of the proposed software is to compute the optimal path between two real GIS coordinates. The shortest path algorithm Dijkstras algorithm (GA) and made it compute the optimal path but not the shortest. This depends on the proposed cost function (CF); it considers many parameters such as travel time, street condition, topography, average speed, distance and number of traffic lights. The second task is to find the minimum spanning tree (MST) based on Kruskals algorithm (KA) on GIS digital maps with the proposed CF as graph weight. The third task is to apply the Geofencing technique based on global positioning system (GPS) readings. A buffer zone area as a rectangle was made to compute the borders of this fencing as real coordinates, and if the fleet steps out of the border the system will raise an alarm.
Software characteristics
The tracking system software contains many features to make the tracking software more reliable. The main features of this proposed software are database, alarm parameters, tracking tools and load map
Database is designed in a specific procedure to give permission for the administrator to be able to add, edit and remove the member data. In addition, the database provides the ability to dial up with a multi-user to trace a fleet of vehicles at the same time. This makes the tracking software more reliable and efficient
Alarm parameters represent the signal received from the sensors of the GPS/GPRS modem to give an indication of vehicle status. The criteria of the alarm parameters in the designed software are as follows:
Speed alarm: The speed signal of the tracked vehicle received from the GPS/GPRS modem allows the administrator to make a note of it, and therefore maintains control over the vehicle driver. For instance, if the vehicle speed exceeds a certain limit, then the alarm turns on.
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Temperature and fuel alarm: The sensors of the GPS/ GPRS modem are connected with the vehicle to read the status of temperature and fuel level to alarm the administrator of the vehicles current status.
Tracking tools: The toolbar of the designed software contains main tracking tools to make different functions on the map related to geographical property, such as zooming, identifying, extent, measure distance and refresh map tools. These tools make the displaying process more reliable. Load map: A new procedure is designed to loadmaps, where the users import the map from the hard disk automatically and then the software saves the maps in a database and enables the users to restore or remove it at any time.
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5. WORKING OF A GPS BASED AUTOMATIC VEHICLE LOCATOR
Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) is an advanced method used to track and monitor any remote vehicle equipped with a software unit that receives and transfers signals through GPS satellite. AVL is a combination of Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) that provides actual geographic real time position of each vehicle.
The entire transmission mechanism of AVL setup depends on GPS satellite, a receiver on the vehicle, a radio system and PC based tracking software for dispatch.
The radio communication system is generally the same as cellular phone network. The two most common AVL systems are like GPS based and Signpost based. The Signpost-based AVL system was used earlier but with the development of modern satellites GPS used technology is more used now.
Most commonly, the location is determined using GPS, and the transmission mechanism is SMS, GPRS a satellite or terrestrial radio from the vehicle to a radio receiver. GSM and EVDO are the most common services applied, because of the low data rate needed for AVL, and the low cost and near-ubiquitous nature of these public networks. The low bandwidth requirements also allow for
satellite technology to receive telemetry data at a moderately higher cost, but across a global coverage area and into very remote locations not covered well by terrestrial radio or public carriers.
Large private telelocation or AVL systems send data from GPS receivers in vehicles to a dispatch center over their private, user-owned radio backbone. These systems are used for businesses like parcel delivery and ambulances. Smaller systems which don't justify building a separate radio system use cellular or PCS data services to communicate location data from vehicles to their dispatching center. The two most common methods of transmitting vehicle location data to dispatch are through polling and exception reporting via wireless communications. Many agencies use a combination
In Vehicle Messages received from the Central station can be displayed on an LCD and the driver can send messages from a keypad.
The Controller can also handle input output ports to continuously monitor the health of the connected attachments and in the event of misuse or alarm, information can be transmitted to the central base station instantly.
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LCD display inside vehicle
FixedBaseStation 1.GSMModule 2.Webserver The Base Station allows a client to view his vehicle on a Geographic map. Multi layer in-depth maps of each city are available and the position of the vehicle is displayed on these maps. The Base Station has an in-built Web Server. The position (Vehicle tracking systems) information received from each vehicle is stored in the database. To view the location of a vehicle, a client must log into the web server and specify the vehicle id. He can view his vehicle as long as he is connected to the site.
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Map to view the real-time location of a vehicle
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WORKING
Figure3. Working of a GPS based AVL
GPS SATELLITES
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The GPS satellites locate the transit vehicles by sending out GPS signals to be picked up by vehicles GPS UNITS. The GPS unit in the vehicle absorbs the signals and gives radio signals to the RADIO system. A GPS receiver must be locked on to the signal of at least three satellites to calculate a 2D position (latitude and longitude) and track movement. With four or more satellites in view, the receiver can determine the user's 3D position (latitude, longitude and altitude). Once the user's position has been determined, the GPS unit can calculate other information, such as speed, bearing, track, trip distance, distance to destination, sunrise and sunset time and more. RADIO SYSTEM
Installed in Truck
The RADIO systems receive the vehicle GEO -LOCATION coordinates from GPS satellites and transmits this radio signals to communication center.
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Radio Data System, or RDS, is a communications protocol standard for embedding digital information in conventional FM radio broadcasts. It use a 57kHz subcarrier to carry data at 1187.5 bits per second. The 57kHz frequency was chosen for being the third harmonic of the pilot tone for FM stereo, so it would not cause interference or intermodulation with it WHY RDS? RDS is of an international standard ISO 14819-1:2003,ISO 14819-2:2003, ISO/TS 14819-3:2000 Low infrastructure costs- uses existing transmissions With the capabilities of GPS to find out real-time location of an object and RDS to transmit data to and from via radio frequencies help us to achieve the best solutions that can be provided to vehicle owners.
COMMUNICATION CENTER
The communication center receives this information and uses it to determine the location of transit vehicle and sends this to dispatch stations and other stations for further analysis of the information either through wire line or wireless networks.
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DISPATCH SECTION
The dispatch section uses the vehicle information to help maintain transit schedules and provide operational support to the drivers.
CUSTOMER ASSISTANCE UNIT The customer assistance planning/scheduling operations analysis unit also receives the vehicle location information through wire line or wireless network. This section use vehicle location map to help maintain transit schedules to analyze and provide traffic information for other road way driver.
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6. INTEGRATING AVL WITH OTHER SYSTEMS
Buses equipped with AVL offer many possibilities for transit interface with highway and traffic organizations or transportation management centers. Opportunities include: providing transit buses with traffic signal priority; obtaining traffic congestion data at the dispatch center to allow rerouting of buses or informing customers of delay; incorporating transit information in traveler information systems; developing multi -application electronic payment systems; using buses to automatically communicat e traffic speed; and reporting of roadway incidents by transit vehicle operators.
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7. MORE ABOUT GPS
The GPS satellite system GPS satellites are powered by solar energy. They have backup batteries onboard to keep them running in the event of a solar eclipse, when there's no solar power. Small rocket boosters on each satellite keep them flying in the correct path. The low price and ubiquity of Global Positioning System or GPS equipment has lent itself to more accurate and reliable telelocation systems. GPS signals are impervious to most electrical noise sources and don't require the user to install an entire system. Usually only a receiver to collect signals from the satel-
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lite segment is installed in each vehicle and radio or GSM to communicate the collected location data with a dispatch point.
7.1. Use of Differential GPS For AVL systems which do require more accurate positions, differential GPS can be employed. These systems normally employ the transmission of correction information to the GPS receiver; this correction information has corrections for each satellite in view. This is done because each satellite has its own error; the error in GPS is not simply an X-Y error which will be the same for all receivers. The error on any two given receivers will only be the same if those receivers are using the SAME satellites. This cant normally be guaranteed as satellites may be obscured at one location, making the error slightly different for two receivers.
7.2. GPS Antennas The best position for any antenna is generally as high as possible with the best unrestricted view.
7.3. GPS Satellites The global positioning system (GPS) was specifically engineered so that at least four of the 24 satellites would be positioned on the horizon at all times. There are six different orbiting patterns that the GPS satellites follow, making a
complete trip around the earth every 12 hours. The information regarding the location of the transit vehicle is calculated by TRILATERATION method. With this information, the receivers can, by a process similar to triangulation, tell the user the exact location in latitude, longitude, and sometimes altitude too. A GPS receiver must be locked on to the signal of at least three satellites to calculate a 2D position (latitude and longitude) and track movement. With four or more satellites in view, the receiver can determine the user's 3D position (latitude, longitude and altitude). Once the user's position has been determined, the GPS unit can calculate other information, such as speed, bearing, track, trip distance, distance to destination, sunrise and sunset time and more.
Figure4. GPS Satellites
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7.4. MAPPING
At any control station, data is normally required to be viewed on a map. Maps allow a tangible, understandable view of a vehicles location, and will also allow operators to apply local knowledge.
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8. DATA TRANSFER
The two most common methods of transmitting vehicle location data to dispatch are through polling and exception reporting via wireless communications. Many agencies use a combination.
Under polling, the central computer contacts each bus on the network in turn. This process can take a few seconds or many minutes, depending on the number of buses and the capabilities of the computers.
With exception reporting, the vehicle send in their signal only at a few specific locations, or if they have fallen far off of their schedule. Under exception reporting, dispatch not only knows the position of the bus, but also the scheduled position of the bus. This extra amount of information makes exception reporting more useful, though somewhat more expensive.
The speed of polling becomes increasingly important depending on the needs of the system. Future upgrades for the GPS system are intended to further improve both accuracy and the speed of the positioning process.
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DATA FORMAT
The data that will be transferred received via the system and Centralized traffic control stations can be like The co-ordinates of the location of vehicle Various data bits each for controlling or monitoring functionalities of vehicle such as horn, speed etc. Data header for identifying and tagging the data corresponding to a vehicle (should be unique) Data bits for making service requests by the driver of the vehicle For example a bit indicating service request for obtaining car parking status. Security Headers Data transmission acknowledgement headers
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9. BENEFITS
The most extensive and rigorous research into the benefits of AVL has found that this technology has lead to significant transit firm productivity gains. Benefits have been documented to varying degrees for all of the following categories. 8.1. Operations: Increases transit rider ship. Reduced need for additional road supervisors and manual data entry. 8.2. Communications: Improved communications between supervisors, dispatchers, and operators and reduced voice radio traffic. 8.3. Passenger Information: Provides capability to inform passengers of predicted bus arrival times thus enhancing the quality of transit service and allowing travelers to make better travel decisions. 8.4. Scheduling and Planning: Provides more complete and accurate data for scheduling and planning. Aids in effective bus stop placement (when combined with a G.I.S. database and automatic passenger counters). 8.5. Safety and Security: Enhances the security of the driver and traveler (particularly when coupled with silent alarm technology).
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10. VEHICLE TRACKING SYSTEM IN INDIA
VEHICLE TRACKING SYSTEM or Automatic Vehicle Location System (AVL) is now one of the most popular technological changes in all over the world that is going to make our personal and business life lot easier. As the term suggests, it enables one to track or monitor the location of vehicle in instant time. Primarily, the system functions with the help of different technologies like the Global Positioning System (GPS), traditional cellular network such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and other radio frequency medium. But GPS is more effective and accurate in this field. As far as vehicle tracking in India is concerned, its uses and market are expected to increase within a couple of years. Vehicle tracking system in India is mainly used in transport industry that keeps a real-time track of all vehicles in the fleet. The tracking system consists of GPS device that brings together GPS and GSM technology using tracking software. The attached GPS unit in the vehicle sends periodic updates of its location to the route station through the server of the cellular network that can be displayed on a digital map. The location details are later transferred to users via SMS, e-mail or other form of data transfers. There are various GPS software and hardware developing companies in India working for tracking solutions. However, its application is not that much of
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popular as in other countries like USA, which regulates the whole GPS network. In India it is mostly used in Indian transport and logistics industry and not much personal vehicle tracking. But with better awareness and promotion the market will increase. Lets have a look at its current application in India using vehicle tracking though in less volume. .Callcenters In commercial vehicle segments the taxi operators of various call centes are now using vehicle-tracking system for better information access. However, its application is in its infant stage in India and if adequate steps are taken in bringing the cost of hardware and software low then it can be used for tracking personal vehicle, farming (tractor), tourist buses, security and emergency vehicle etc. Again Government needs to cut down the restriction imposed upon the availability of digital maps for commercial use and this will encourage software industry in developing cost-effective tracking solutions. Though, sales of both commercial and passenger vehicles are growing but price of tracking service is very high and this is the key issue in Indian market. Hence, its important for market participants to reduce prices of GPS chips and other products in order to attract more and more users. Freightforwarding Logistic service providers are now increasingly adopting vehicle-tracking system for better fleet management and timely service. The system can continuousDept. Electronics Engg 34 GPTC Muttom
ly monitor shipment location and so can direct the drivers directly in case of any change of plan. Fleet managers can keep an eye on all activities of workers, vehicle over speed, route deviation etc. The driver in turn can access emergency service incase of sickness, accident or vehicle breakdown. All in turn supports money and time management, resulting better customer service As far as Indian vehicle tracking and navigation market is concerned the recent association of India with Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) will act as a catalyst in the improvement of vehicle tracking system. This will give an advantage in managing traffic, roadways and ports and also as an important tool for police and security agency to track stolen vehicles. Hence, in near future there is large prospect for the utility of vehicle tracking system in India, which can revolutionize the way we are communicating.
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11. USES
1. Vehicle location display in real-time.
2. Recording of arrival and departure times (proof of delivery etc).
3. Monitoring of driving practices (speed).
4. Alerts if vehicle leaves or enters a defined area.
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12. ISSUES ENCOUNTERED
Reliability
Antenna Connection poor
Dead batteries in trucks
Are you spying on me? attitudes
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13. APPLICATIONS IN OTHER FIELDS
10.1. IN MILITARY It is clear how useful this technology would be for the Armed Forces. Before small GPS receivers were available, troops in the field depended on the same technology for generations: the compass, sextant, maps and hand calculations. Radios and reconnaissance aircraft were great leaps, but a GPS calculates position in real time, down to three foot accuracy! 10.2. GEO-CACHING This is for people who have liking towards searching hidden things or participating in scavenger hunts. With GPS, comes the new twist: geo-caching. Geocatchers hide a little treasure in a box public place, for example, a shoe box with a used book inside, taped under the seat of a bus stop. They then go to geocaching websites and post simple latitude and longitude, to as much accuracy as they like. Then other geo-catchers search for these boxes with their GPS data. The fun is looking for a strange box in what could be an area with a 25 -foot radius. When the successful geo-catcher finds the box, he or she keeps the little treasure and replaces it with another, for the next searcher.
Www.geocaching.com. it is a type of outdoor treasure hunt game, in which GPS receivers and navigational techniques are used to locate the caches anywhere across the world.
10.3. TRACK ANYTHING Parents always worry about their teenage kids, especially after they start driving. Auto shops have started offering installation of small, hidden GPS receivers in kids cars. Parents can then use simple computer software and have their kids movements plotted on a map. Many parents dont even tell the kids about this little extra.
Figure5. Track anything
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10.4. IN CARGO
Some containers of cargo are more valuable than others. A small GPS receiver inside the cargo can know exactly where it is, how far it is from the destination, and where to, find even it if it is stolen.
Figure6. GPS in Cargo
10.5. CHILD TRACKING Of topical interest at this time is child tracking, giving the possibility for children to wear or carry some sort of GPS/GSM tracker. Such a device could provide valuable information if a child is abducted or lost. Signals could be sent from the tracker every few minutes to a central site so that a record is kept of the childs loca tion, or just sent when a panic button was pressed by the child.
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Figure6. GPS/GSM tracker.
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14. CONCLUSION
If we are using this AVL technology we can protect our vehicles ,cargo sand child's. We know about the vehicle actual location ,status and speed. The system provides the fleet and ability to take decisions according to real-time information, in addition to historical data. The geofencing technique applies grants safety and security to the fleet throughout the trip. The designed software offers more flexibility, especially in loading digital maps. The tracking system has the ability to trace and coordinate a fleet of vehicles, with integration of GPRS/GPS technology. It ensures that the tracking process is within an accurate and acceptable range, since it allows managers to supervise vehicle status (i.e. fuel, temperature and door status); the system provides reliable and precise information about the amount of work by all employees, so the administrator will make sure that his/her fleet is working in location and being monitored efficiently and effectively.
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15. REFERENCE
1. www.gps.gov
2. http://www.gpsworld.com/
3. http://google.com
4. http://www.wikipedia.org/
5. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/dynhome.jsp
6. www.vehiclelocationsystem.com
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Dept. Electronics Engg