Chapter 1

Three Phase System

Week 1 - 4
objectives
understand the relationship between line and
phase value in star connection
This chapter will help you to:
Understand the generation of three phase emf
Familiar with the delta and star connection of
three phases
Be able to calculate voltages and currents in the
star connection
objectives
understand the relationship between line and
phase value in delta connection
Understand power measurement in three phase
system
Be able to calculate power in a three phase
system
Be able to calculate voltages and currents in the
delta connection
This chapter will help you to: (cont)
Week 1 Contents
Review of single phase system
Introduction to 3 phase system
Generation of three phase
system
Power Plant
Power station prevailing in many
Commonwealth countries and especially in
the United Kingdom.
conversion of other forms of energy,
like chemical energy, gravitational
potential energy or heat energy into
electrical energy
At the center of nearly all power stations is a
generator, a rotating machine that converts
mechanical energy into electrical energy by
creating relative motion between a magnetic
field and a conductor
ENERGY CENTRE
6
Due to the large amount of power
involved, transmission normally takes
place at high voltage (110 kV or above).
Electricity is usually transmitted over
long distance through overhead power
transmission lines.
Electrical Power Transmission
Electric power transmission, a process in the delivery of electricity to
consumers. Typically, power transmission is between the power plant and a
substation near a populated area
7
A typical distribution system
consist of:
Substations
Distribution Feeder Circuits
Switches
Protective Equipment
Primary Circuits
Distribution Transformers
Secondaries and Services
Electrical Power Distribution
A distribution system consists of all the facilities and equipment
connecting a transmission system to the customer's equipment.
8



Basic AC Generation
If a conductor is placed in a magnetic field, and either the
field or the conductor moves, an electromotive force (emf) is
induced in the conductor. This effect is called
electromagnetic induction.
v(t) = V
m
sin et
Review of Single-Phase System
Equation of alternating 1-phase system, in term of
Sinusoidal voltage
where
V
m
= the amplitude of the sinusoid
e = the angular frequency in radian/s
t = time
v(t)
V
m
-V
m
t 2t 3t 4t
et
v(t)
V
m
-V
m
T 3T/2 2T
t
T/2
e
t
=
2
T
T
1
f =
f 2t = e
The angular frequency in radians per second
1 cycle
Generation in one cycle
Graphical Method to Finding the Average
Voltage
Analytic Method to Finding the Average Voltage
v(t) = V
m
sin (et + u)
v(t)
V
m
-V
m
t 2t 3t 4t
et
u
V
1
= V
m
sin et
V
2
= V
m
sin (et + u)
Reference waveform
A more general expression for the sinusoid
(as shown in the figure):
where u is the phase
A sinusoid can be expressed in either sine or cosine form. When
comparing two sinusoids, it is expedient to express both as
either sine or cosine with positive amplitudes.
sin (t 180
o)
= - sin t
cos (t 180
o
) = - cos t
sin (t 90
o
) = cos t
cos (t 90
o
) = + sin t
We can transform a sinusoid from sine to cosine form or vice
versa using this relationship:
v(t) = V
m
cos (t + )
Time domain Phasor domain
Time domain
u Z =
rms
V V
Phasor domain
) cos( u + et V
m
u Z
m
V
) sin( u + et V
m
o
m
90 V u Z
) cos( u + et
m
I
u Z
m
I
) sin( u + et
m
I
o
m
90 I u Z
Sinusoids are easily expressed in terms of phasor.
A phasor is a complex number that represents the
amplitude and phase of a sinusoid.
21







Impedance, Z have two component:
Real component : Resistance, R
Imaginary Component : Reactance, X

Z can be written as:

Z = R + jX ()
22







Impedance for resistance, R

For resistance, impedance Z is represent by
Z
R
= RZ0 O = R
Voltage is in phase with current
I
V
R

Ref
23







Impedance for inductor, L

For Z
L
:jXL



Voltage leading current with 90
V
L

I
Ref
fL j
L j Z
L
t
e
2 =
=
L-VI
24







Impedance for capacitor, C
Z
C
: - jXc



Current leading Voltage with 90

C j
C j Z
c
e
e
/ 1
/
=
=
fC
C X
C
t
e
2 / 1
/ 1
=
=
I
C

V
C

Ref
C-IV
25
Some applications
RMS Current and Voltage Problem


I
0
= V
0
/ R P
0
= I
0
V
0

= 34 / 8 = 144.5 W
= 4.25 A = peak power
= peak current
V
rms
= V
0
/ 1.414
= 34 / 1.414
= 24 V
--------------------
I
rms
= I
o
/ 1.414
= 4.25 / 1.414
= 3 A


Parallel RLC Circuits
26
Two Speakers in Parallel



1 / R
p
= 1 / 4 + 1 / 12 R
p
= 12 / 4 = 3 O
= 3 / 12 + 1 / 12 (Note: less than the least.)


Parallel RLC Circuits
Where v(t) = V
m
cos (et + u
v
)
i(t) = I
m
cos (et + u
i
)
) cos( ) cos( ) (
i v m m i v m m
t 2 I V
2
1
I V
2
1
t u + u + e + u u = p
Instantaneous and Average Power
The instantaneous power is the power at any instant
of time.
p(t) = v(t) i(t)
Using the trigonometric identity, gives
The average power is the average of the
instantaneous power over one period.
}
=
T
dt t p
T
P
0
) (
1
) cos(
i v m m
I V
2
1
u u = P
p(t)
T
t
T/2
) cos(
i v m m
I V
2
1
u u
m m
I V
2
1
0
Where
) cos(
i v
P u u =
rms rms
I V
2
V
V
m
rms
=
2
I
I
m
rms
=
The effective value is the root mean square (rms) of
the periodic signal.
The average power in terms of the rms values is
The reactive power is a measure of the energy
exchange between the source and the load reactive
part.
rms rms
I V = S
) sin(
i v
Q u u =
rms rms
I V
Apparent Power, Reactive Power and
Power Factor
The apparent power is the product of the rms
values of voltage and current.
Total Power
MVA
Real Power
MW
Reactive Power MVAr
The complex power:
) cos(
i v
S
P
factor Power u u = =
) (
i v rms rms
I V
jQ P
u u Z =
=
The power factor is the cosine of the phase
difference between voltage and current.
Power types Formulas Unit
Average Power P = V
eff
I
eff
cosu
P = I
eff

2
R
P = V
eff

2
/R
Watt
Reactive Power P = V
eff
I
eff
sinu
P = I
eff

2
X
P = V
eff

2
/X

VAR
Apparent Power S = V
eff
I
ef
S = I
eff

2
Z
S = \(P
2
+ Q
2
)
VA
Complex Power S = V(I*) = SZ+/- u
S = P jQ
VA
Power Factor (p.f.) is the ratio of real power (kW) to apparent power
(kVA) in a circuit
An alternating voltage has the
equation v=13.1 sin 314t; what are
the values of:
a. r.m.s voltage;
b. Frequency;
c. The instantaneous voltage
when t = 2.5 ms
An alternating current of sinusoidal waveform has an r.m.s value of 10.0 A.
What are the peak values of this current over one cycle?
v(t)
V
m
-V
m
t 2t 3t 4t
et
Phasor
diagram
Which one is:
V
m
= ?
V
inst
= ?
u = ?

+V
-V
37
A three-phase system is superior economically and
advantage, and for an operating of view, to a single-
phase system. In a balanced three phase system the
power delivered to the load is constant at all times,
whereas in a single-phase system the power pulsates
with time.
Three-Phase System
In a three phase system the source consists of three
sinusoidal voltages. For a balanced source, the three
sources have equal magnitudes and are phase
displaced from one another by 120 electrical degrees.
Advantages of 3- u compared to 1- u system
High efficiency
For same power at the transmission line,
less conductor and lighter
Construction and maintenance, minimum
(cheaper)
Starting behavior and operation of 3-u
equipment better or more stable than 1- u
39
Generation of Three-Phase
Three separate windings or coils with terminals R-R, Y-Y and B-B are
physically placed 120
o
apart around the stator.
Y
B
Y
B
Stator
Rotor
Y
R
B
R
R
N
S
40
It has 3 conductor loops
that is R (red), Y (yellow) and
B (blue).
The conductor loop will
move in circle and then cut
off the magnetic flux.
It will produces the
electromagnetic force e.m.f
in the conductor.
Maximum e.m.f is when the
conductor loop is 90 with
magnetic flux line.
41
v(t)
120
et
v
R
240
o
v
Y
v
B
The instantaneous e.m.f. generated in phase R, Y and B:
v
R
= V
R
sin et
v
Y
= V
Y
sin (et -120
o
)
v
B
= V
B
sin (et -240
o
) = V
B
sin (et +120
o
)
42
Phase sequences : RYB and RBY
120
o
-120
o
120
o
V
R
V
Y
V
B
e
o
) rms ( R R
0 V V Z =
o
) rms ( Y Y
120 V V Z =
o
) rms ( B
o
) rms ( B B
120 V
240 V V
Z =
Z =
V
R
leads V
Y
, which in turn leads V
B
.

This sequence is produced when the rotor rotates in
the counterclockwise direction.
(a) RYB or positive sequence
43
(b) RBY or negative sequence
o
) rms ( R R
0 V V Z =
o
) rms ( B B
120 V V Z =
o
rms Y
o
rms Y Y
V
V
120
240
) (
) (
Z =
Z = V
V
R
leads V
Y
, which in turn leads V
B
.

This sequence is produced when the rotor rotates in
the clockwise direction.
V
120
o
-120
o
120
o
V
R
V
B
Y
e
Simulation of current flow in 3 phase system
3 phase generator
Second week continue
Thursday
September 20, 2012
15.00 15.50
Tutorial
16.00 16.50

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