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Chapter 1
The Army’s capability for worldwide The Soviet armed forces are undergoing
deployment is essential if the US, with its allies, is to conventional force modernization despite mandated
respond appropriately to conflicts wherever they may reductions. Although Soviet procurement expenses
occur. In March of 1990, the Department of the Army are expected to decline, the ground forces continue to
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modernize their battlefield systems. Improvements in Organization (NATO) and WP security policies in the
artillery, communications, and command and control 1990s.
(C2) systems could provide the Soviets with a fire
support (FS) system. This system would have a greater Regional Threats. US security concerns in
range, increased accuracy, and more rapid responsiveness. Europe will continue throughout the 1990s. Regions
outside of Europe will impact directly on US security
Nuclear force modernization continues interests. In each region, pressures will foster continued
throughout the Soviet armed forces. The Soviet’s most instability and the likelihood of conflict throughout
striking feature is the extraordinary momentum of its the decade. While low-intensity engagements are more
offensive strategic nuclear modernization. The Soviets likely, large, conventional operations are also possible.
are deploying the new silo-based SS-18 MOD 5 heavy When armed hostilities occur, our warning time may
intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). It has at be very short. These exchanges will be far more lethal
least 10 warheads and greater accuracy and throw- and destructive due to technologically advanced weapons
weight than earlier versions. The Soviets are also throughout the third world. These high tech weapons
deploying two mobile ICBMs and the new Blackjack will permit many nations to escalate conflicts to higher
intercontinental bomber. levels.
Soviet/East European Instability. In Latin America, Cuba remains hostile to the
US and several countries are unstable. Pressures facing
Politico-military factors point to instabilily as many states include high foreign debt, population
a likely feature of Europe during this decade. Optimism explosion, narcotics trafficking, and insurgences.
in the emerging democracies will soon give way to the Together, insurgent and drug-dealing elements are
realities of deep economic, political, and social problems resulting in the new phenomenon of narco-terrorism.
these countrics face. Quick fixes are not possible in
these stagnant or dying economies, and hard times lie In the Middle East, domestic strife, interstate
ahead under the rnost optimistic scenarios. hostilities, interethnic and religious violence, and
terrorism dominate the region. Rivalries between
Instability in Eastern Europe will not be countries give way to widespread economic and political
confined to non-Soviet states. In the United Soviet instability. With no fewer than ten Middle Eastern
Socialist Republic (USSR), thc outcome of internal nations having 500 or more tanks and sophisticated
revolution is far from certain. The Soviet Union itself weapons, any conflict could rapidly escalate in size,
will become less stable as it deals with its enormous intensity, and lethality.
problems. Reforming the economy is staggering in
complexity and difficulty. The Baltic republics and In Asia, mid-intensity conflict remains possible,
other republics on the USSR’s periphery will continue most notably on the Korean peninsula. North Korea is
to press autonomy and independence from Moscow. increasingly isolated and militarized and remains hostile
Also, interethnic tensions could erupt violently during to US interests. The potential for mid-intensity conflict
the decade as long-smoldering grievances surface in between Pakistan and India remains high. However,
the more permissive climate of Glasnost. India militarily dominates southern Asia. Domestic
problems in some Asian countries threaten their political
Western Europe Concerns. In Western Europe, stability. Insurgency continues and the threat of internal
the uncertainties surrounding German reunification takeovers are real in many regional states. Throughout
add to the instabilities created by rapid changes in the region, narcotics trade aids in political instability.
Eastern Europe. The political and military relationships
of a united German state to its neighbors will be a Conclusion. Despite reductions in East-West
major factor in determining North Atlantic Treaty tensions, ethnic and religious animosities and interstate
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rivalries continue in the third world. These traditional to the basic levels of execution. The three levels of war
sources of strife, coupled with narcotics trafficking, are--
terrorism, and modern conventional, chemical, and
nuclear weapons, complicate the worldwide Threat • Strategic.
environment. The US Army will need the ability to
deploy mixes of heavy, light, and special operations • Operational.
forces in response to the likelihood of conflict and the
potential for escalation from low- to mid-level intensity • Tactical.
due to advance weapons proliferation.
Strategic. The level at which a nation or group
1-3. The Operational Continuum of nations determine national or alliance security
objectives. They develop and use national resources to
Military operations and activities are conducted accomplish those objectives. At this level, activities--
within three general states of an operational continuum.
The three states are peacetime competition, conflict, • Set up national and alliance military objectives.
and war.
• Sequence initiatives.
Peacetime competition is a nonhostile state in
which political, economic, psychological, and military • Define limits and assess risks for using military
measures, short of combat operations or active support and other instruments of power.
to a warring nation, are used to achieve national
objectives. • Develop global or theater war plans.
Conflict is an armed struggle or clash between • Provide armed forces and other capabilities in
organized parties with a nation, or between nations to accordance with strategic plans.
achieve limited political or military objectives. Conflict
is often protracted, confined to a geographic area, and Operational. This level plans, conducts, and
constrained in weaponry and level of violence. sustains campaigns and major operations. These
accomplish strategic objectives within theaters or areas
War is sustained armed conflict between nations of operation. At this level, activities--
or organized groups within a nation involving regular
and irregular forces in a series of connected battles and • Link tactics and strategy by setting up
campaigns to achieve vital national objectives. War operational objectives.
may be limited with some self-imposed restraints on
resources or objectives. It may also be general, with the • Sequence events to reach the operational
total resources of a nation committed. objectives.
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Tactical. This level plans and executes battles Signal support’s provision of multiple
and engagements assigned to tactical units or task information systems (dispersed throughout the
forces. At this level, activities focus on the ordered battlefield) enhances a commander’s ability to mass his
arrangement and maneuver of combat elements in resources.
relation to each other and to the enemy to reach
combat objectives. In spite of the varied conditions and Maneuver.
threats the Army will face, certain basic concepts,
which apply to all warfare, have stood the test of time. Place the enemy in a position of disadvantage
by using flexible combat power.
1-5. The Principles of War
For signal support, maneuver is the ability to
For over 200 years, war has been waged by displace rapidly to keep pace with the maneuvering
commanders versed (to varying degrees) in the following forces.
principles of war: objective, offensive, mass, maneuver,
economy of force, unity of command, security, surprise, Economy of Force.
and simplicity. The following paragraphs describe how
signal support merges, defines, creates, and supports Allot minimum essential combat power to
these principles on the AirLand Battlefield. secondary efforts.
Objective. Signal support must follow the principles of
economy of force. The signal support assigned to a
Direct military operations toward a clearly given mission should not exceed the effort necessary to
defined, decisive, and attainable objective. produce the desired objective if there are still unsupported
missions.
The signal support plan must include this
objective. The force commander’s objectives are Unity of Command.
translated into maneuver, CS, and CSS missions and
priorities. These missions and priorities must be clearly For every objective, ensure unity of effort
defined and attainable. When accomplished, the force under one responsible commander.
commander can focus total combat power on defeating
the enemy. Signal support assets must desynchronized on
the battlefield. This synchronization is critical to success.
Offensive. It cannot be achieved without unity of command. Signal
support assets, at the disposal of the force commander,
Seize, retain, and exploit the initiative. must be so unified as to appear transparent. Well-
defined command and support relationships ensure
Commanders who recognize and seize the consistent operational and tactical use of signal support
favorable situation create opportunities for victory in assets. The signal officer at each maneuver headquarters
battle. Signal support must always be provided in the provides this same consistency for all operations.
spirit of the offense. The maneuvering of the supported
force requires using all signal support means to maintain Security. Never permit the enemy to gain an
the mobility of that force. unexpected advantage. Tactical security measures must
be taken during any military operation. There are two
Mass. aspects of security relating to signal support.
Concentrate combat power at the decisive The first aspect concerns general security of
place and time. the force. The importance of providing continuous
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signal support to the force cannot jeopardize the security • Integrate force level C2.
of the force--or if it does, only after calculating the • Support the commander’s campaign, operation,
risk(s). or battle plan.
The second aspect involves the physical security • Synchronize force operations.
of signal support assets. Signal support assets, for • Sustain force operations.
example switching nodes, present high payoff targets
for the Threat force. These assets need protection. Integrate Force Level C2. Signal support must
integrate key information systems used by all battlefield
Surprise. elements to support the force commander’s C2. At
each force level, the signal support structure provides
Strike the enemy in a time, place, or manner the means to acquire, distribute, and store timely,
for which he is unprepared. accurate, and reliable information. This information
goes to and from the force-level commander and his
Surprise is an effective and powerful aim at staff and to other functional areas and their staffs. This
the operational and tactical levels. It seizes the initiative, flow of information optimizes his C2.
threatens enemy morale, and can reduce friendly
casualties. Signal support assets provide continuous Support the Commander’s Campaign,
signal support during all stages of an operation (planning, Operation or Battle Plan. Good signal support increases
issuing orders, and execution). Operational and tactical combat effectiveness from theater Army (TA), corps,
deception plans and operations security (OPSEC) help and division levels. Battlefield operations rely on signal
in achieving surprise. They are provided through OPSEC support to sustain the commander’s battle plan. Combat
and signal support assets designated for deception. forces have processors, telecommunications devices,
records management systems, and printing/publishing
Simplicity. systems to provide information for critical requirements.
This information allows the commander to exploit
Prepare clear, uncomplicated plans and clear, battlefield opportunities.
concise orders to ensure a thorough understanding.
Synchronize Force Operations.
The speed of events and the complexity of Synchronization means that maximum combat power
modern warfare and varying situations (for example, is focused at the decisive point to defeat the enemy on
time of day, weather, and nuclear, biological, chemical the battlefield. Success in offensive operations depends
(NBC) conditions) may lead to considerable confusion. on the ability of friendly forces to close with the enemy
Using signal support for connectivity, continuity, and destroy their will to fight. Synchronization is essential
uniformity, and interoperability in close, deep, and to AirLand Operations. Yet, it can be the most difficult
rear operations requires innovative management and to achieve. Signal support provides commanders with
intensive coordination. Therefore, signal support plans the means to synchronize force operations. When signal
and orders must be simple, clear, and concise to reduce support is planned early and continuously and it exists
confusion and ensure success. They must also encompass at the required time, then optimum synchronization of
the signal support tasks as outlined below. actions against the enemy occurs.
1-6. Signal Support Tasks Sustain Force Operations. Signal support helps
provide the basic sustainment operations for the total
Signal support affects combat, CS, and CSS force. It provides the means to acquire, process, display,
operations at the operational and tactical levels. During store, and distribute information to support all
the execution of signal support, all commanders perform sustainment functions on the battlefield.
certain essential tasks. They--
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Chapter 2
2-1 The Corps Environment and individuals throughout the corps environment.
Signal support responsibilities are linked to a
The corps is the largest tactical unit in the US commander’s authority and responsibility to manage
Army. It is tailored for the theater and the mission for and to use his signal support resources. Successful
which it is deployed. Once tailored, it contains all the signal support is vital to the corps. To achieve success,
organic combat, CS, and CSS capabilities to sustain signal staffs and organizations and nonsignal units and
operations for extended periods. staffs must be organized and must function as a team.
Figure 2-1 shows the division of responsibilities.
The corps may be assigned divisions of any
type required by the theater and the mission. They Corps Signal Support Staff.
possess support commands and are assigned combat
and CS organizations based on their needs for a specific The corps signal officer (CSO) is a member
operation. Armored cavalry regiments, field artillery of the corps headquarters special staff. He fulfills a
(FA) brigades, engineer brigades, air defense artillery dual-hatted role as he is also the corps signal brigade
(ADA) brigades, and aviation brigades are nondivisional commander. As a special staff member, the CSO is
units available to the corps. This allows the corps to responsible for accomplishing the corps signal office’s
weigh its main effort and to perform special combat mission. The mission is to perform signal management
functions. Separate infantry or armored brigades, functions. These functions provide adequate
military police (MP) brigades, civil affairs brigades, communications to the corps commander for
chemical brigades, and psychological operations commanding and controlling his forces. The corps
(PSYOP) battalions are the CS organizations in a signal office--
corps. The corps CSS organizations are the personnel
group, the finance group, and the corps support • Advises the corps commander, his staff, and
command. subordinate commanders on command signal
matters.
The corps is the link between the operational
and tactical levels of war. It plans and conducts major • Prepares signal estimates, plans, and orders
operations and battles. It creates and maintains the for guiding and directing subordinate
conditions for the success of current battles and sets commanders and signal units.
up the conditions for the success of future battles. The
corps synchronizes tactical activities including maneuver, • Exercises technical supervision of signal
artillery fires, naval fires, supporting tactical air, and activities within the command.
actions of their CS and CSS units. These separate
activities are brought together in a decisive and timely • Manages all operational and contingency
manner to create success on the battlefield. Its success communications security (COMSEC) matters.
depends on highly effective and survivable signal support.
• Aids in developing COMSEC operational
2-2. Signal Support Responsibilities plans and policy.
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The CSO has ample assistance in performing To fulfill mission requirements during combat
his duties. His chief assistant is the assistant corps operations, the corps signal brigade can install, operate,
signal officer (ACSO), COL (25 E). His main duty is to and maintain a highly mobile and reliable area
oversee the operations of the corps signal office. Other communications system. This system supports major
duties include-- subscribers throughout the corps.
• Representing the CSO in corps headquarters 2-3. C2 Support
actions.
To fight and win future battles successfully,
• Assisting the CSO in planning corps the corps commander’s C2 system must allow the
communications operations. commander to control and synchronize deep, close,
and rear operations. His decision cycle will be shortened.
• Assisting in preparing the signal annex of the Therefore, he will require a signal support system that
corps operation order (OPORD). can distribute his decision to any unit on the battlefield
rapidly. The corps must be able to plan and conduct
• Assisting in planning the corps standing operations with the other US forces and allies. Interfacing
operating procedure (SOP). must be done on the appropriate level and automated
when required.
• Providing signal assistance to the corps
headquarters staff elements. The Army Tactical Command and Control
System (ATCCS) is the objective C2 architecture. It is
• Assisting in planning automated systems and a subset of the Army Command and Control System
the corps telephone directory. (ACCS). ATCCS includes automated information
systems for the five battlefield functional areas (BFAs)
• Controlling radio frequency (RF) allocation and the communications links between and among the
and providing RF management for the corps. control systems. The BFAs are maneuver, air defense,
FS, intelligence and electronic warfare (IEW), and
• Coordinating host nation and allied signal CSS. At each BFA the ATCCS allows the commanders
interface. and staff to plan and control their operations and to
coordinate these with other functional commanders.
• Managing/controlling actions and
responsibilities of the information The wide-area network (WAN) is the backbone
services support officer. communications over which the control system operates.
The WAN provides connectivity for voice and digital
The signal brigade staff supports the corps data transmission. ATCCS is divided into the Area
signal support staff along with the CSO and the ACSO. Common-User System (ACUS), Army Data Distribution
Appendix A details their responsibilities and duties. System (ADDS), and the combat net radio (CNR).
Additional key elements of ATCCS are the Tactical
Signal Support Organization. The corps signal Record Traffic System (TRTS) and local terminal devices.
brigade is the primary signal support organization. The Terminal devices such as battlefield automated systems
brigade’s primary mission is to install, operate, and (BAS), telephones, and facsimiles will be user-owned,
maintain a corps communications system. This system -installed, and -maintained.
supports corps-level combat functions including C2,
intelligence, fire control, CS, and CSS. The brigade ACUS. The corps signal brigade provides the
also provides special staff and technical assistance for corps area common-user support. This system provides
planning and controlling all division communications.
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an integrated switching system from corps down through Figures 2-2 through 2-15 show the current organizational
battalion level. With the fielding of the Mobile Subscriber structure of the corps MSE brigade. It is the Army’s
Equipment (MSE), the corps brigade has been intent to field the MSE system to all US corps. Now, the
reorganized to provide this service in a more efficient Army Tactical Communications System (ATACS) is
and survivable manner. The MSE network integrates supporting corps which do not have MSE. For reference
the transmitting, switching, controlling, and terminating purposes, see Appendix B for the organizational structure
functions of voice and data equipment into one system. of the ATACS equipped signal brigade.
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CNR. The CNR system provides extremely Each system takes a different transmission path, thereby
mobile and highly survivable communications. The increasing the probability that at least one system will
network is designed around three radio systems. Each work at any given time. Corps are not the main users of
system has different capabilities and transmission CNR.
characteristics. The three systems are--
ADDS. The ADDS is the primary objective
• The Improved High Frequency Radio (IHFR). vehicle for passing selected data communications. ADDS
provides real-time or near real-time data links for
• The Single-Channel Ground and Airborne target-weapon pairing, position location and navigation,
Radio System (SINCGARS). control measure distribution, and identification
information for the corps. It is distributed to the
• Single-Channel Tactical Satellite (TACSAT). lowest tactical level.
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Chapter 3
3-1 The Division Environment Division Signal Support Staff. The division’s
signal support staff is a vital element in accomplishing
The division is the largest Army fixed the overall mission. Its responsibilities are similar to
organization that trains and fights as a tactical team. It those of the corps signal support staff. It is staffed by
is organized with varying numbers and types of combat, many MOSs.
CS, and CSS units. A division may be armored,
mechanized, infantry, light infantry, airborne, or air The division signal officer (DSO), LTC (25C),
assault. It is a self-sustaining force capable of independent is the principal advisor to the division commander for
operations. all division communications. He is a member of the
division staff and is the commander of the division
Divisions plan future operations based on signal battalion. These two functions are separate but
the echelons above corps (EAC) and corps commanders’ related. As a member of the division staff, the DSO
intent. They also allocate resources based on battalions presents the communications aspects for tactical
and brigades. Divisions defend against three or more operations for all staff planning. He is responsible for
assaulting enemy divisions. The defending division coordinating with general and special staffs. He has
commander directs, coordinates, and supports his access to the division chief of staff and consults directly
brigade’s operations. The division interdicts follow- on communications matters which affect the command.
on regiments to disrupt and delay those forces as they Normally, the DSO coordinates all communications
try to join the battle. When attacking, the division matters with the general staff. As the division signal
commander directs, coordinates, and supports his battalion commander, he commands, directs, and
brigade’s operations against enemy battalions and supervises the division signal battalion’s efforts and
regiments. The division interdicts deeper enemy activities to complete the mission. The DSO does not
echelons, reserves, and CS forces. Each type of division operate alone. He must coordinate with other division
conducts tactical operations in a low-, mid-, or high- elements and with members of his own staff and
intensity combat environment. Divisions are the basic battalion. His office is staffed with highly-qualified
units of maneuver at the tactical level. See FM 71-100 personnel who support him in satisfying the division’s
for more detail of division operations. signal support requirements.
3-2. Signal Support Responsibilities The assistant division signal officer (ADSO),
MAJ (25E), works for the DSO and represents the
Signal support in the division is a collective signal battalion in most division staff actions. The
and integrated application of information services ADSO and office are on the signal battalion TOE; yet,
and systems. This includes telecommunications, they work on the division staff. The ADSO--
automation, and all resources within the IMA. Signal
support also facilitates rapid and continuous C2. This • Supervises the division signal office.
is done through the coordinated efforts of signal support
staffs and organizations, user units and their functional • Represents the signal battalion commander
staff, and unit signal officers. in division headquarters actions.
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fielding of MSE, the division signal battalion has been independent of the ACUS. Its primary use is for C2
reorganized to provide this service more efficiently. within the division’s maneuver brigades and battalions.
The MSE network integrates the transmitting, switching, The network is designed around three radio systems.
controlling, and terminating functions of voice and Each system has different capabilities and transmission
data equipment into one system. The system provides characteristics. The three systems are--
CP communications from brigade forward to the division
rear and to echelons above division. Figures 3-1 through • IHFR.
3-4 show the current organizational structure of the
division MSE signal battalion. It is the Army’s intent • SINCGARS.
to field the MSE system to all divisions. Now, the
ATACS is supporting divisions that do not have MSE. • TACSAT.
For reference purposes, see Appendix D for the doctrinal
employment of ATACS equipped division signal The network primarily supports C2 voice transmission.
battalions. Also, see FM 11-50 for more details on However, the network can assume a secondary role for
ATACS supported divisions. data transmission when so tasked.
CNR. The CNR system provides a
communications means to the division that is
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to connect data transfer devices to the EPUU. This EPLRS community array where each community covers
allows direct information transfer from the sending a brigade-sized area. The NCS-E and grid reference
computer to the receiving computer at data rates of up units (GRUs) are division signal battalion assets.
to 1.2 kilobits per second (kb/s). These interfaces are--
The JTIDS is an advanced radio system. It
• Standard interface X.25 -- Most Army user provides information distribution, position location,
and all new automated systems. and identification capabilities in an integrated form
which apply to tactical military operations. The system
• Single-channel frequency shift keying (FSK) distributes encrypted information at high rates and is
--Tactical fire direction system (TACFIRE), resistant to jamming in a hostile electromagnetic
TPQ-36/37, automatic target hand off system. environment. It can interconnect scattered sources
and users of information. JTIDS also provides surface
• Data Bus interface 1553 -- Tracked vehicle and airborne elements with a position location capability
and aviation applications. (within a common position reference grid) and a basic
identification capability through the distribution of
Division EPLRS architecture calls for 4 NCS-Eand 12 secure position and identity information.
EPLRS grid reference units (EGRU) to support a 4
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Chapter 4
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Unit SOP and memorandum of agreements • Issues and accounts for key lists, codes, ciphers,
(MOAs) become less effective during brigade/battalion and authentication systems following current
task force operations. The need for internal and external regulations.
coordination to include signal operation instructions
(SOIs), key variables, ACUS frequency plans, net • Maintains, issues, and accounts for the unit
structure, and liaison support is greatly increased. SOI following current regulations.
The BSO’s responsibilities in a maneuver • Prepares, updates, and presents unit training
brigade/battalion include more than communications programs (including COMSEC, electronic
support. He performs in the full realm of signal support security, technical signal training, and an
as outlined in the IMA concept. Under this concept, extensive cross-training program).
the BSO could serve as a telephone control officer
(TCO), automation officer, and COMSEC custodian. • Assists the unit S3 and the headquarters unit
The BSO-- commander in locating the unit CP and support
areas.
• Advises the commander and his staff on all
signal matters. • Exercises operational control (OPCON) of
the unit communications section/platoon (if
• Plans, manages, and directs all aspects of the no platoon leader is assigned).
unit communications systems.
• Plans and directs signal support for CP
• Exercises staff supervision over the displacement including a jump CP as required.
communications activities of subordinate and
attached units. • Assists in preparing electronic warfare (EW)
plans and annexes.
• Plans the integration of lower, adjacent, and
higher headquarters into the unit’s • Monitors signal support personnel in the
communications systems. command.
• Plans and monitors the installation and • Recommends duty assignments for assigned
operation of tactical communications and signal support personnel.
automation facilities.
• Develops reporting procedures throughout
• Supervises maintenance of the unit signal the unit for meaconing, intrusion, jamming,
equipment. and interference (MIJI) reporting.
• Monitors the status of unit and subordinate 4-3. C2 support
unit signal equipment in support maintenance.
The brigade/battalion commander requires a
• Prepares and writes the signal annex of unit dependable C2 system. He must be able to rapidly
OPORDs, operation plans (OPLANs), and receive orders from higher echelons and disseminate
command SOP. them to subordinates in a timely manner. The brigade/
battalion CP is highly mobile and must have a
• Serves as COMSEC officer or COMSEC communications system that supports this mobility.
custodian for the unit COMSEC account.
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ACUS. The ACUS assets at battalion level are • TSEC/KY-68 digital subscriber voice terminal
not as extensive as those found at the corps and division (DSVT).
level. Despite this limitation, the brigade/battalion
commander is given full access to the network. The • AN/UGC-l44 communications terminal
MSE network provides the brigade/battalion reliable (CT).
and redundant voice/data signal support. This is provided
by using small extension nodes (SENs), mobile subscriber • AN/UXC-7 lightweight digital facsimile
radiotelephone terminals (MSRTs), and CNRs through (LDF).
the net radio interface (NRI).
• AN/VRC-97 MSRT.
The small extension node switch (SENS)
provides the brigade/battalion’s wire subscriber access The BSO and the communications platoon/section are
to the ACUS. It provides local switching and network responsible for ensuring the equipment is installed.
access for 26 subscribers (AN/TTC-48(Vl)) or 41 Figures 4-1 and 4-2 show typical SEN support deployment
subscribers (AN/TTC-48(V2)). A habitual relationship for the brigade/battalion in the corps and division.
may be established and maintained between extension
nodes including line-of-sight (LOS) teams and the The supporting signal unit and its own user-
supported unit’s Cps. While a habitual relationship owned and -operated equipment provide the brigade/
may be desired (for tactical familiarity and ease in battalion’s mobile subscriber access to the ACUS.
support), MSE extension nodes do not revert to a
reserve role when the supported CP/unit assumes a MSRT. The MSRT is a user-owned component.
reserve role. In these situations, MSE extension nodes It allows the user to dial up and communicate with any
are assigned a revised support role. Habitual relationships discretely addressed MSE subscriber. The MSRT (AN/
may be reestablished when the affected elements return VRC-97) consists of a DSVT and an RT-1539(P)/G
to an active role. VHF radio with a vehicle antenna kit.
External signal support of wire subscribers Radio access unit (RAU). The mobile subscriber
consists of installation, operation, and maintenance gains network access through the RAU. The supporting
(IOM) of the system and its associated equipment. signal unit owns and operates this equipment. Its signal
Equipment includes the node switch, LOS radios, cable planner deploys RAUs to provide battlefield coverage.
(CX-4566 and CX-11230/G), and junction equipment One RAU can provide a 15-kilometer radius area
(J-1077 distribution box or TD-1234 remote multiplexer coverage (planning range) in the area of operations
combiner (RMC)). The user is responsible for connecting (Figure 4-3). Following initial affiliation, mobile
the WF16 field wire to the junction equipment and subscriber affiliation is maintained automatically as he
providing power for the RMC. The user unit is also moves from one RAU’s range to another. If the mobile
responsible for installing and maintaining its subscriber subscriber is engaged in a telephone conversation and
terminal equipment. Subscriber terminal equipment leaves the serving RAU’s range, the conversation is
includes-- terminated and must be redialed.
• TA-1035/U digital nonsecure voice terminal
(DNVT).
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MSRT and RAU. The RT-1539(P)/G MSRT • Automatic receiver sensitivity adjustment.
radio and the RAU’s radio are identical and
interchangeable. In the MSRT or RAU, the radio operates • Stand-alone field kit (SAFK).
in a FULL DUPLEX mode with a high and low frequency
band for transmit and receive channels. In the RAU, the • DSVT remote capability.
radio transmits in the high band and receives in the low
band. This procedure is reversed when the radio is used • Range extension using an elevated antenna.
in the MSRT configuration. The MSRT has the following
capabilities: The mobile subscriber uses the DSVT as the primary
access terminal to the ACUS. The DSVT provides
• Automatic random channel selection for each cryptographic facilities for the MSRT and has a 16
call. kb/s data port for interface of data devices (facsimile,
CT). The MSRT can be removed from the vehicle and
• Automatic RF transmit level adjustment. operated using the SAFK. Figure 4-4 shows the mobile
subscriber interface to ACUS.
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CNR. CNR is the primary means of MSE radio and the switched area communications
communications within the brigade/battalion network. Presently, the NRI gains access into the switch
environment. This network of single-channel radios (SENS) shelters. This allows a SINCGARS radio user
fulfills the brigade/battalion commander’s requirement to access the entire common-user network. The KY-90
for mobile C2. The CNR network is designed around is replaced by the C-6709 when SINCGARS is being
three separate radio systems. Each system has different linked to analog switch equipment. FM 11-32 covers
capabilities and transmission characteristics. The three SINCGARS extensively.
systems are--
Single-Channel TACSAT System. The current
• IHFR. single-channel TACSATs found at the brigade/battalion
level are the AN/URC-101, AN/URC-110, ANWSC-
• SINCGARS. 7, AN/PSC-3, and the AN/VHS-4. These terminals
provide reliable, highly portable communications
• Single-channel TACSAT. support. They have minimum setup and teardown time
and satisfy a need for extended distance communications.
IHFR. IHFR selectively replaces the current The system operates in the UHF band between 225
high frequency (HF) manpack and vehicular radios. It MHz to 400 MHz and uses fleet satellite (FLTSAT)
uses ground and sky wave propagation paths for short- and Air Force satellite (AFSAT) space segments. The
and medium-range communications. FM 24-18 covers Army terminals using the FLTSAT space segments are
radio wave propagation. IHFR given the brigade/battalion the AN/PSC-3, AN/VSC-7, AN/URC-101, and the AN/
commander another way of passing voice and data URC-11O.
communications. It has a dual role with voice C2 taking
precedence over data transmission. The high power Battlefield Electronic CEOI System (BECS).
version of IHFR is used for voice networks that pass
highly perishable C2 information or for medium- to BECS is critical in operating the CNR system
long-range communications (50 to 300 kilometers). successfully. It provides the BS0 with an automated
Brigade and battalion level units primarily use the low- system for real-time SOP data and network management.
power version. All versions of IHFR are user-owned As the primary BECS operator, the BSO--
and -operated.
• Develops and submits initial SOI data base
SINCGARS. SINCGARS is replacing all AN/ information and subsequent revisions to higher
PRC-77 manpack and AN/VRC-12 series vehicular headquarters.
mounted VHF and airborne VHF-FM radios.
SINCGARS accepts either digital or analog inputs and • Determines network structures for the unit
imposes the signal onto an FH output signal. In FH, with the S3.
the input changes frequency about 100 times per second
over portions of the tactical VHF range from 30 to 88 • Coordinates with higher and adjacent
MHz. This hinders threat intercept and jamming units headquarters for SOI and FH variables when
from locating or disrupting friendly communications. the unit must operate outside normal channels.
SINCGARS is the primary means for short-range (less
than 35 kilometers) secure voice C2 at the brigade/ • Develops distribution schemes for users in the
battalion level. It is also the secondary means for CS unit networks.
and CSS units throughout the corps. SINCGARS can
provide access to the ACUS network through the NRI. • Develops operator training plans for
In the NRI, SINCGARS uses the KY-90 to link the electronic notebook (EN) remote fill
procedures.
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Chapter 5
AUTOMATION SUPPORT
5-1. The Army Tactical Command and Maneuver. Maneuver consists of the combined
Control System arms teams that fight or defend against an enemy
force. The C2 system delivers the essential information
The ATCCS is an integrated system of to the commander. C2 is the function of exercising
automation and communications. It aids information authority and direction by a properly designated
management in the area of C2 on the battlefield. commander. C2 systems provide the commander and
ATCCS supports ECB units and can interface with staff with the means to command and control the
higher echelon and adjacent C2 systems. ATCCS combined arms team/maneuver units effectively.
supports automated means to organize, store, process,
integrate, and transmit the information required for The objective architecture for satisfying C2
and produced by the activities of commanders and requirements of maneuver forces is the Maneuver
their staff as they command and control their forces. Control System (MCS). The MCS is a corpswide
system designed to provide automated assistance to
5-2. Battlefield Functional Areas/ the commander and his staff. It helps in managing
information and in executing the commander’s concept
Battlefield Automated Systems of operation.
Functions performed on the battlefield can The objective of the MCS is to shorten the
be divided into five major categories: maneuver, FS, current command decision cycle of operational tactical
air defense (AD), CSS, and IEW. These five categories organizations. It will provide the Army with an
are the BFAs. The automated systems that support automated C2 system which will function more efficiently
each of the BFAs are the BAS. The BAS are not stand- and more quickly than that of the enemy. The ACUS,
alone systems. With the need to share information satellite, CNR, and the data distribution system will
across the battlefield, connectivity between systems support this system. Careful consideration must be
must be horizontal (among the five BFAs at each given to the media and signaling format when interfacing
echelon) and vertical (between BFAs at different these systems and must be included in the overall
echelons). signal support plan.
AirLand Operations C2 generates many FS.
concerns on information flow, generation, transmission,
fusion, resolution, and interoperability. AirLand FS consists of direct and indirect fires delivered
Operations envision information as a force multiplier. by FA mortar, naval, and air weapon systems against
Maneuver commanders must be able to receive and ground targets to support the ground commander. As
disseminate this information through a data distribution the proponent for FS, the FA provides the ground
system. The rapid dissemination of information is a commander with the assets and expertise necessary to
key to success on the battlefield. Total integration of effect the coordination of FS and to assist with the
all functional areas of the battlefield has become a integration of FS and other combat assets.
must. A brief description of each BFA is given below.
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The FA accomplishes its mission by providing forces or critical assets against the myriad of airborne
FS personnel and equipment at each maneuver echelon. vehicles used by an enemy. A mix of AD weapon
At the brigade and battalion level, an FS coordination systems is used throughout the battle area.
facility is established and colocated with the maneuver
tactical operations center (TOC). The senior FA The AD mission and principles of C2 are the
commander associated with each maneuver echelon is base for automation within the AD BFA. The actual
designated as the fire support coordinator (FSCOORD) weapon systems that execute the mission fall into two
for that echelon. general categories: forward area air defense (FAAD),
formally referred to as short-range air defense
Currently automated systems used to facilitate (SHORAD), and high-to-medium-altitude air defense
better C2 and efficient delivery of FS are centered (HIMAD).
around the TACFIRE. TACFIRE is a centralized
processing system that is located with the FA CP at The FAAD is normally used to support the
echelons battalion through corps artillery. It is ground maneuver force or defend critical assets, such
complemented by input/output devices, such as the as special weapon supply points in the forward combat
digital message device (DMD) and the variable format area and air bases in the rear areas. Current FAAD
message entry device (VFMED). weapons include: Vulcans, Dusters, Rolands, Chaparrals,
Redeyes, and Stingers.
The objective architecture for FS is the
Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System HIMAD units are assigned at corps and EAC
(AFATDS). This state-of-the-art total FS system not levels with deployment capability throughout the entire
only refines the existing TACFIRE functions, but also area of operation. Current HIMAD weapon systems
accomplishes FS control and coordination. While consist of the Hawk and Patriot missile systems. HIMAD
AFATDS will objectively replace TACFIRE, hardware units provide air defense of priority areas and assets
and software development is oriented toward the ability against hostile aircraft and missiles.
to interface with existing TACFIRE subsystems.
AD requires a highly automated,
The automated systems described above are communications intensive C2 system. The system needs
physically distributed from the forward line of own to be linked from the firing platform level to the
troops (FLOT) to the corps headquarters. Their highest level of air defense control facilities. It should
networking will be constrained by and will only perform provide dedicated, high volume voice and data exchange
as well as the communications means connecting the throughout the battle area in a near real-time mode.
individual systems. However, each different system has Elements of C2 systems are established at levels from
a unique information exchange requirement. This in EAC AD brigade Missile Minder (AN/TSQ-73) to
turn creates an associated communications requirement. battalion (AN/TSQ-73) and Patriot Information Control
Communications capabilities, which support physically Center (ICC) (AN/MSQ-116), and to the battery/platoon
dispersed automated systems at different echelons, level (Hawk Platoon Command Post (PCP) and Patriot
range from ACUS in the division and corps rear areas Engagement Control Station (ECS) (AN/MSQ-104).
to FH radio systems located with the forward observer The objective architecture for AD BFA is the forward
near the FLOT. area air defense command, control, and intelligence
(FAADC21).
AD.
The FAADC21 network of automated systems
AD units nullify or reduce the effectiveness of will enhance the C2 capability of the ADA BFA. The
attack or surveillance by hostile aircraft or missiles. No signal support system to provide this capability is the
single AD weapon system can adequately protect ground EPLRS/JTIDS, For the most part, the EPLRS network
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FM 11-41
will accommodate lower level data distribution in the location will dictate what service will be provided.
FAAD unit area. The JTIDS will provide the data
distribution requirement for FAAD to HIMAD and IEW. The IEW functional area is composed
the joint service interface. of four IEW tasks. These tasks are situation
development, target information, EW, and
CSS. CSS provides resources to all units on counterintelligence. Commanders require accurate
the battlefield to sustain their activities. CSS units fuel, and timely intelligence (situation development) on
fix, man, and supply systems used to conduct battle. which to base decisions regarding when, where, and
Because of its complexity, CSS is divided into how to use maneuver forces and firepower. EW
subelements. These subelements are maintenance complements firepower and maneuver by reducing
support, ammunition service, supply (bulk petroleum the effectiveness of the enemy control system, while
oils and lubricants (POL)), general supply support, protecting the friendly control systems.
transportation services, medical services, personnel Counterintelligence identifies the enemy intelligence
services, MP services, rear area protection, and threat, recommends countermeasure, and aids in the
administration and logistic planning. protection of the brigade rear.
The Standard Army Management Information Automation of the IEW mission is divided
Systems (STAMIS) has been fielded. Existing hardware between the subordinate systems (sensors and jammers)
to run the STAMIS are Decentralized Automated and the control systems (collection management and
Service Support System (DAS3) AN/MYQ-4(A), Corps intelligence processing systems). Here, as in other
Theater ADP Service Center (CTASC-1) AN/MYQ-5, BFAs, recognizing the need for real-time
and the Tactical Army CSS Computer System (TACCS). accomplishment of the mission is clear. The battlefield
This system is prevalent at the brigade and battalion commander relies heavily on his IEW assets to forma
level. TACCS is a small tactical computer system designed common perception of the battlefield.
to process data in the field. The system is transportable
and user friendly. Automation of subordinate systems functions
must accomplish two objectives. First, it must automate
The objective architecture for the CSS BFA is the actual purpose of the system (collection and
the Combat Service Support Control System (CSSCS). jamming). Secondly, it must automate transferring
When deployed, this system provides AirLand force raw and processed data between subordinate and control
commanders and their staff with an automated means systems.
for obtaining and disseminating current, essential CSS
information. This information is required to plan and The automation of IEW control systems can
execute the battle. This system also provides the same be divided into two major areas. The first area entails
type of information to CSS organizational commanders, automating the C2 and management responsibilities
helping them to better support the AirLand force of IEW. The second area involves automating
commander. transferring data (raw and processed) and information
(tasking, orders, and reports) between the control
The signal support requirements for the CSS system and subordinate systems, other control systems,
systems are the speed of service required and the and the systems of other BFAs.
doctrinal location of the CSS hardware. Although the
volume of data exchange between CSS elements is The objective automation support system for
relatively high, the speed of service required is relatively IEW is the All Source Analysis System (ASAS). The
slow. Therefore, the current communications ASAS provides information management and support
architecture can support it. The doctrinal location of of IEW operations by generating a near real-time
each system and the doctrinal signal support at that picture of the enemy situation that assists in guiding
5-3
FM 11-41
the employment of maneuver forces and systems. ASAS 5-3. Signal Support Personnel
also improves accuracy and speeds processing of targeting
information derived from sensor systems. Signal support personnel within ECB units
provide support for automated systems throughout
The BFAs are integrated within the battlefield the tactical battlefield. Most of these personnel are
to function as a combined arms team. This functional found in the unit’s signal office or on the unit’s staff.
integration dictates information exchange. The BAS These personnel are responsible to the unit’s signal
largely satisfy this need. Still to be worked out are the support officer for all automation related areas. These
situations where incompatibilities in hardware and include planning, supervising, and in some cases,
software and organizational differences and procedures installing, operating, and maintaining their unit’s
exist on the battlefield. This is the chief role of the unit automation system. Appendixes A and C detail the
automation officer. duties and responsibilities of automation personnel.
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Chapter 6
6-1
FM 11-41
when conducting AirLand Operations. He defines the VI support into the operational decision-making process.
capabilities and limitations of COMCAM units and Users must be familiar with COMCAM capabilities,
sets up procedures for requesting, validating, and limitations, and procedures before requesting support.
prioritizing COMCAM support. The signal staff officer These will be outlined in local VI SOPs.
at ECB assumes these duties and responsibilities.
The functional user at each level is responsible
for identifying, defining, coordinating, and integrating
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6-3
FM 11-41
The company headquarters provides command, and services to the theater commander and staff. It
control, and coordination of the company’s VI and provides general support maintenance of VI equipment
COMCAM missions. This includes administrative, deployed throughout the theater. The platoon
operational, and logistical functions required to consolidates theaterwide VI logistic requirements and
accomplish the mission. The company commander processes requirements with the JCCT. The VI liaison
performs VI staff officer functions on the TSO’s staff. NCO in the operations section works full time on the
VI staff.
The operations and support platoon is
responsible for coordinating imagery acquisition, The COMCAM platoons perform imagery
processing, editing, duplicating, distributing, and acquisition requirements for the theater headquarters
transmission. These support theater and unified and all assigned or attached units above corps. The
command requirements. The platoon coordinates with platoons have tactical wheeled vehicles and are equipped
all functional users (such as PSYOP, MP, and PA) to with motion media, conventional still, and digital still
ensure compatibility with standard acquisition and video (DSV) camera equipment. They caption all imagery
processing equipment used by the VI company. The before forwarding it to the operations and support
platoon catalogs and maintains Army theaterwide platoon for processing. The operations and support
duplicate imagery. It reviews imagery for complete platoon provides transmission support.
captions and technical acceptability to satisfy operational
taskings. The platoon provides presentation support
6-4
FM 11-41
6-6. Equipment and Services Editing. The operations and support platoon
reviews and edits all camera original videotape material.
VI equipment. This is commercial off-the- Editing supports operational decision-making
shelf nondevelopmental items (NDI). All organic VI requirements outlined by the G3 staff and other theater
company equipment and functional user acquisition requirements tasked by the VI staff.
formats must be compatible with VI company processing
and transmission capabilities. Presentation support. The operations and
support platoon can play back videotape and DSV
Acquisition formats. DOD sets up standards imagery using portable color monitors.
that acquisition formats for COMCAM documentation
must follow. This ensures interoperability when operating Cataloging. The operations and support platoon
on a JCCT. Motion media images are recorded on 8mm reviews and catalogs all camera original imagery before
high band videotape format. Still imagery is recorded forwarding it to the JCCT. The platoon also duplicates
using DSV cameras and conventional 35mm single and keeps still and motion media camera original
lens reflex (SLR) cameras. VI companies can obtain imagery for operational briefings and presentations.
imagery at night using night vision devices designed to The platoon maintains an automated database using
operate with motion media and still imagery equipment. the visual information record identification number
At the theater level, production quality cameras and (VIRIN) system to track and describe all duplicate
editing equipment are used for high resolution imagery. imagery retained at theater level.
Mobility. VI companies have organic tactical Transmitting. The operations and support
wheeled vehicles to deploy with supported units. These platoon is responsible for near real-time transmission
vehicles are configured for self-contained VI processing of imagery between corps and theater. Camera original
and editing systems which can operate anywhere on the imagery is moved using the fastest means available.
battlefield. The primary means of moving imagery between corps
and theater are satellites. Secondary means consist of
Processing. The operations and support platoon tactical ACUS, microwave, radios, or messenger. The
can process DSV and 35mm slide and negative film. platoon is responsible for coordinating the transmission
Still imagery is printed using electronic systems which of imagery to the JCCT at the unified command.
import still imagery from DSV or film. These systems
also provide black and white and color prints.
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FM 11-41
systems to support planned operations, crisis, and exercise The VI staff at the corps manages VI support
planning. He prioritzes tactical communications systems within the corps. The staff prepares annexes to
to ensure near real-time transmission of visual imagery. operational plans and tasks VI companies to accomplish
The CSO ensures that VI assets are properly used and the VI mission. The VI staff prepares planned operations,
sets priorities when the demand for COMCAM support crisis, and exercise plans based on theater guidance.
exceeds the capabilities. The VI staff works closely with the signal and VI staff
officer to identify, coordinate, and execute all other VI
The VI officer at corps is the main link between tastings.
the CSO and the corps attached VI company. He
identifies and prioritizes VI assets needed to support 6-8. Organization
the corps operational, crisis, and exercise plans. He
advises the CSO on all aspects of the VI and COMCAM Signal VI companies are organized and
mission and suggests the best ways to use attached VI equipped by approved TOEs. Platoons within those
assets. He sets up policies on the disposition of visual companies are tailored to satisfy COMCAM and tactical
imagery originating within the corps. The VI officer is VI support requirements for the corps headquarters
the point of contact between the corps and the theater. and assigned or attached units above division. (See
He ensures that visual imagery is provided to the Figure 6-3.)
theater for near real-time transmission to the JCCT at
the unified command. The VI officer is also the main
point of contact for VI missions tasked from outside
the corps.
6-6
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6-7
FM 11-41
Editing. The operations and support platoon maintains an automated database using the VIRIN
reviews and edits all camera original videotape material. system to track and describe all duplicate imagery
Editing supports operational decision-making retained at corps level.
requirements outlined by the G3 staff and other theater
requirements tasked by the VI staff. Transmitting. The operations and support
platoon is responsible for near real-time transmission
Presentation support. The operations and of imagery between division and corps. Camera original
support platoon can play back videotape and DSV imagery is moved using the fastest means available.
imagery using portable color monitors. Satellites are one of the primary means for moving
imagery between division and corps. Other means consist
Cataloging. The operations and support of tactical ACUS, microwave, radios, or messenger.
platoon reviews and catalogs all camera original imagery The platoon is responsible for coordinating the
before forwarding it to the JCCT. The platoon duplicates transmission of imagery to the theater.
and keeps still and motion media camera original
imagery for operational briefings and presentations. It
6-8
FM 11-41
6-9
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6-10
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6-11
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Transmitting. The teams transmit near real- of the primary means of moving DSV. Other means
time DSV imagery to all command echelons as required. consist of tactical ACUS, microwave, radios, messenger,
Camera original imagery is moved using the fastest or organic tactical vehicles.
means available. Portable satellite transceivers are one
6-12
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Chapter 7
7-1
FM 11-41
7-2
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7-3
FM 11-41
Assists users in procuring user-owned and - ISS0. In coordination with the ISSO, functional staff
operated reproduction/copying equipment. It reviews user elements requisition, tracks receipt of requisitions, and
requests and provides information and advice on the disposes of expired publications and forms. This section
different classes and technical specifications of such routes publications and forms to the user.
devices. It also provides information on sources through
which the devices may be procured. Users are responsible Maintains a stock of information services specific
for determining their own reproduction/copying publications for the headquarters staff. In addition, it
requirements. They also procure, install, operate, and maintains an internal ISS0 library of information services
maintain their own reproduction/copying equipment. Once specific publications (at least one copy per type of
the user identifies his reproduction/copying requirements, publication) in the amount and types necessary to provide
this section validates them. staff supervisory support to associated ISSOs, fuctional
information services activities, and other users as required
Provides reproduction support to meet the Users must identify their own publications requirements
operational requirements of the ISS0. It also provides and manage their own pinpoint publications accounts.
limited emergency and special purpose reproduction for Users must consolidate, order, and distribute subordinate
the corps, signal headquarters, and subordinate units unit requests through the pinpoint distribution system at
when necessary. the echelon owning the pinpoint account. There is no
Army requirement for maintaining a central reference
Operates the corps headquarters publications library, but staff sections may maintain their own
and forms control programs. It prepares an index of publications reference libraries in accordance with local
headquarter publications and establishes and maintains or command requirements.
distribution schemes for headquarters publications. Along
with corps staff elements, this section prepares and submits Maintains an internal ISS0 stock of official
requisitions for information services support, doctrinal, forms (one copy per type of form) in the amounts and
and technical publications for the headquarters staff types necessary to provide staff supervisory support to
elements. In coordination with functional staff elements, associated ISS0s, information services support activities,
it approves user requests for new forms. Functional users and other users as required
are responsible for adhering to forms usage policies,
including use management and requesting resupply. This Records Management and Distribution
section effects initial distribution of publications through Section. This section will operate two 12-hour shifts
a pinpoint distribution procedure to the corps headquaters during sustained 24-hour operations. This section--
staff and other headquarters elements attached to the
corps headquarters. It also effects initial distribution of Performs staff supervision of files management,
corps regulations and publications. classified document control official mail control program,
and distribution. It recommends policies, procedures,
Maintains (in coordination with the corps staff) standards, conventions, and inspections as applicable.
a stock of DA publications (excluding technical This section serves as the primary point of contact for the
publications). It also keeps other official forms for the same within the corps. In organizations with no signal
corps staff and other headquaters elements attached to officer or supporting signal units, the fictional staff
the corps headquarters. These functions are performed by performs the associated management functions in
the functional staff/user in organizational elements within coordination with this section.
corps boundaries without organic ISSOs and not in a
category described in the preceding sentence. The corps Establishes and monitors the corps records
staff maintains a stock of technical publications and management program. This program includes
other publications and forms in accordance with its correspondence and official mail management, document
operational needs, but will effect resupply through the reproduction control, and the maintenance, management,
7-4
FM 11-41
and disposition of files. Monitors adherence to the program also prepares guidelines on preparing coordinating, routing,
and suggests corrective measures as needed. Maintains and dispatching correspondence through the ISS0
liasion with records management staff elements throughout distribution center. This section receives, controls, and
the command distributes all official publications and correspondence
(except electrically transmitted messages) by pouched
Approves files listings and electronic distribution to the intended action agency(cies). It
conventioning. The fictional staff/user is responsible coordinates requirements for messengers and classified
for maintaining his own files and for transforming them to document couriers as required.
the records holding area.
NOTE 1: External distribution is the movement
Advises users/functional staffs on files of official mail (including publications) and
management as it applies to FOIA. distribution between CPs. DOD postal
operations are responsible for moving official
Analyzes and evaluates micrographic system mail. AG postal units are responsible for
proposals, micrographic studies, and micrographic delivering official mail on the battlefield to
equipment requests. the postal unit in direct support of the
headquarters (corps and division). The G1
Recommends classified document control policies, and S1 are responsible for coordinating the
procedures, standards, and inspections in all phases and delivery of official mail to lower echelon units
areas of IMA. This includes correspondence, printing, at division and below. The WAN and record
reproduction, distribution, and mail and file management. traffic should be considered as the first means
Functional staff/users must act as their own classification of distribution between CPs. Messenger service
authority. They are responsible for storing and controlling will be the primary means of moving lengthy
classified correspondence, files, and documents within or bulky items between CPs.
their functional organizations/activities. However,
centralized regulatory and classified document repositories NOTE 2: Messenger service is currently an
will not be accomplished on the battlefield. unresourced signal mission (FM 24-l). Until
the mission is resourced, the signal officer will
Operates a classified courier system (in ensure that messenger service is provided with
coordination with the G2) or effects the distribution of augmentation by supported units. He will
classified documents through approved channels. determine messenger routes and schedules
and will coordinate messenger resources with
Advises the G2 on headquarters classified the G3. The G3 will task units for vehicles and
document destruction and evacuation plans. Users/ personnel needed to establish messenger
functional staffs are responsible for destroying their own service. Maximum use will be made of existing
secret documents. delivery systems (for example, Class I, V).
ISS0 assigned personnel are not resourced to
Provides internal headquarters distribution for be the corps area messengers. As long as the
the corps headquarters. It operates the corps headquarters messenger mission remains unresourced, ISS0
central distribution center and serves as the primary point personnel may be tasked to deliver distribution
of contact within the command for internal headquarters to corps headquarters sections at the corps
distribution. Headquarterss staff elements must pickup main and alternate CPs. However, once
their own distribution from the distribution center. resourced, the ISSO at corps and division may
be responsible for managing and controlling
Provides external distributions services. It the messenger mission.
recommends policies, procedures, and conventions. It
7-5
FM 11-41
Distributes official mail internal to the corps clerk then distributes the mail to the soldier.
headquarters. It coordinates resources to effect distribution If the mail is not delivered, the corps
and develops and maintains an official mail pickup and headquarters mail clerk reroutes the mail
delivery schedule. The ISS0 does not engage in the control/ to the APO. Personal mail is considered
metering of outgoing mail. Metering of official mail is delivered when the soldier receives the mail.
normally not required on the battlefield In instances
where it may be done, the ISS0 will coordinate the Provides advice on postal matters to corps
metering of outgoing official mail with the PERSCOM subordinate commands after coordination with the
postal organization while in the field and with the DOIM/ PERSCOM postal organization.
post office while in garrison. Official mail contains military
information and is normally addressed to a military Coordinates with corps telecommunications
commander or organization/activity. Official mail for the activities on receiving controlling and delivering
headquarters is considered delivered when the ISS0 receives electrically transmitted messages addressed to the ISSO.
it. Once the ISS0 receives official mail it becomes normal
distribution. 7-4. The Corps ISS0 Key Personnel
NOTE: Mail may be categorized as official and Figure 7-1 shows a conceptual representation
personal. Personal mail contains personal of the corps ISS0. This is how the ISSO should be
information, subject to censorship, and is the organized. However, the corps ISSO is not physically
responsibility of the G1. Personal mail remains divided into three sections.
personal mail, subject to postal regulations,
until delivered to the intended recipient
(soldier). In the field, the ISS0 picks up the
mail from the Army postal unit and passes it to
the corps headquarters’ mail clerk. The mail
7-6
FM 11-41
The ISS0 chief supervises the activities of his the subject matter expert in the respective assigned
functional elements. He coordinates their activities area. He provides verbal and written guidance and
with the operational requirements of the CSO and the direction for the IOM of specified battlefield information
headquarters staff elements. Either the ISS0 chief or services. He also provides technical assistance and
his designated assistant-- problem guidance to associated information services
support personnel, functional staffs, and functional
Performs the duties of command information users. This resolves problems encountered with the
services support officer. He provides commandwide staff same. He answers inquires from the staff and advises
supervision of, and oversight over the battlefield inforrnation personnel on information services support matters.
service. For example, he recommends policies, procedures, He composes correspondence, sets up and maintains--
standards, and conventions to facilitate information services
support. He acts as the information manager in accordance • Logs.
with AR 25-1.
• Rosters.
Performs the duties of battlefield information
services automation officer. He attains required interface, • Status boards.
operability, and interoperability among information/
automated systems. In coordination with the corps • Charts, graphs, and view graphs.
automation management officer, he reviews and
recommend requests for word processing equipment/ He also supervises subordinate enlisted personnel
systems for the headquarters and the command. performing information services support duties.
Performs the duties of information systems security The record telecommunications center operator
officer. He attains required security among and within (E4 and below) performs battlefield information services
manual and automated information support systems duties and clerical duties for the corps ISS0. These
and related activities. duties include--
The ISSO NCOIC assists the ISSO chief and • Operating computer terminal devices using
the CSO and staff on information services support word processing, spreadsheet, and other off-
matters as required. He plans, organizes, and conducts the-shelf utility software.
technical and nontechnical inspections. He prepares
reports and recommends improved methods and • Typing correspondence and documents
procedures. He also performs information services including letters, reports, and statistical data.
systems analysis, security of manual and automated
information support systems, and related activities. He
supervises enlisted personnel performing information • Maintaining files and records.
services support duties and provides the commander
with information about enlisted matters.
• Generating reports, directional guidance, and
The shift supervisor/senior operator ensures other documentation required by the ISS0.
the implementation of the information services support
functions in the assigned section and shift. He serves as • Operating assigned vehicle as required.
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Appendix A
A-1
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A-2
FM 11-41
The TACSAT radio section chief, SFC (31Y)-- networkwide operating parameters (that is,
frequencies, COMSEC keys, nodal connectivity,
• Supervises, directs, coordinates, and manages electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM),
the IOM of TACSAT systems. interfaces, and network software).
• Plans and provides technical guidance for • IS accountable for planning, engineering,
TACSAT use, maintenance, and logistics controlling, and maintaining network operating
support. parameters.
• Prepares and interprets orders, system diagrams, • Assigns or reassigns variable network operating
related technical matrixes, and reports. parameters.
The clerk typist, SPC, and clerk, PFC (71L), • Distributes all operating parameters network
perform all typing and clerical work in the section. (for example, SOI, signal standing instructions
(SSI), OPORDs, and SCC orders).
The graphics document specialist, PFC (25Q),
draws charts, graphs, and other aids. • Establishes relationships among network
components (for example, leader-follower,
The network control branch provides the SCCs master-slave, or controlling terminal).
for the MSE system. It provides the following capabilities:
The network officers, CPT (25E) and LT (25C)
• MSE radio automated frequency management. (4 each) respectively, and the telecommunications officer,
CPT (25B), assist the operations officer in executing
• Terrain analysis and path profiling. his duties.
• Automated system engineering functions. The operations sergeant, SGM (31W)--
• Equipment status reporting. • Provides technical assistance, supervises, and
assists in communications SYSCON.
• COMSEC key management.
• Supervises the work activities of other enlisted
• Link and network load status. personnel assigned to the branch.
• Personnel management database. The MSE SCC supervisors, MSG (31W) (4
each) and MSE network controllers, SFC (31W) (4
• System traffic flow and grade of service. each), are responsible for the 24-hour operation of the
SCC.
Key personnel and their responsibilities are shown
below. The MSE SCC operators, SSG (31F) (4 each),
provide 24-hour system operation.
The operations officer, MAJ (25E)--
Clerk typists, SPC (71L) (3 each), perform all
• Supervises the network control branch and typing and clerical work in the section.
the functions referred to above.
The plans/intelligence section provides the
• Accepts responsibility as the regulator planning, coordination, and supervision of plans and
(authority and implementer) of essential
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FM 11-41
intelligence requirements for the brigade. Key personnel The clerk typists, SPC (71L) (2 each), prepare,
and their responsibilities are shown below. distribute, and file the paperwork required to prepare
extensive plans and training requirements.
The plans officers, MAJ (25C) and CPT (25B)--
The graphics document specialist, SPC (25Q),
• Are responsible for operating the section. prepares graphs, charts, and other visual aids for training
or intelligence activities.
• Report directly to the S3.
The brigade COMSEC office of record is
The chemical officer, MAJ (74B)-- responsible for the brigade COMSEC account. It also
provides COMSEC logistics support for the control
• Develops the training plans for the brigade’s and distribution of internal brigade and subordinate
defensive chemical operations. battalion COMSEC material. Key personnel and their
responsibilities are shown below.
• Assesses chemical operations and training
situations. The COMSEC security technician, CW4
(250A)--
The operations NCO, MSG (31W)--
• Is responsible for operating the office.
• Coordinates the efforts of the enlisted technical
specialist. • Serves as the signal brigade commander’s
COMSEC technical advisor.
• Supervises the illustrator and clerical personnel.
• Receives distribution of COMSEC material
The plans NCO, SFC (31W)-- from the material management section.
• Assists the branch officers in preparing plans • Provides drop-off/pick-up point(s) for
and orders. subordinate accounts.
• Assists in all brigade training requirements. The COMSEC material management
supervisor, SFC (72E), and the COMSEC material
The chemical operations NCO, MSG (54B)-- manager, SSG (72E), assist the brigade COMSEC
office of record technician with his responsibilities.
• Assists the chemical officers in appraising
chemical operations and training situations. The automation management officers, LTC
(53C) and MAJ (53C) (2 each)--
• Collects, prepares, and distributes material
for chemical operations and training. • Plan, organize, and coordinate tactical
automation support to the corps commander’s
The senior intelligence analyst, SSG (96B)-- C2 systems.
• Assists in all brigade intelligence requirements. • Integrate cryptographic, automation, and data
transmission means to support automated C2
• Provides technical assistance in preparing systems.
intelligence annexes.
• Provide technical direction for installing,
operating, and maintaining database and
A-4
FM 11-41
teleprocessing systems. This includes hardware • Plan and coordinate with higher headquarters
and software interoperability for automated for information systems upgrade, replacement,
telecommunications and teleprocessing elimination, and/or integration within units.
systems.
• Plan BAS and information systems integration.
The operations officer, LTC (25C)--
• Provide staff supervision of analysis and software
• Plans and supervises communications support support and troubleshooting of automated
for corps headquarters. systems.
• Prepares signal plans to incorporate into corps • Manage and supervise automatic data
plans and orders. processing (ADP) related areas.
• Coordinates with other headquarters staff • Design and develop command information
sections regarding their communications needs. systems.
• Makes recommendations for signal troops • Monitor unique “application program”
procurement, use, and allocation to support development.
the command.
• Supervise maintenance of tactical databases.
• Determines signal training requirements for
nonsignal units. • Plan newly assigned or attached unit database
integration.
The networking officer, MAJ (25E), plans,
designs, and manages the integration and • Provide automated resources security training.
interconnectivity of tactical and nontactical information
networks and communications systems. The communications-electronics (CE) officer,
MAJ (25C), publishes the corps SOI items pertaining
The radio officers, MA.J (25C) and CPT (25C)-- to message service, authentication tables, and CT routing
indicators.
• Exercise staff supervision over radio
communications activities. The data processing technician, CW4 (251AO)--
• Prepare signal plans and orders and radio • Manages personnel, facilities, and equipment
communications SOI items. assets in ADP sections.
• Coordinate frequency allocation assignment • Conducts data systems analysis.
and use.
• Designs or redesigns data systems.
• Report and process interface problems.
• Develops computer programs.
The systems integration officers, MAJ (25B)
and CPT (25B)-- • Supervises and coordinates activities of
personnel.
• Manage force integration of information
systems resources.
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FM 11-41
• Consults with staff officers and commanders The programmer analyst, SPC (74F), assists
to define priorities of tentative and continuing the programmer/systems analyst.
projects.
The clerk typist, SPC (71L), performs all typing
The chief signal NCO, SGM (31W)-- and clerical work.
• Assists the signal officer. The graphics document specialist, SPC (25Q),
draws charts, graphs, and other aids.
• Manages the signal office.
The corps COMSEC office of record maintains
• Supervises and inspects the work of enlisted supervisory control over corps COMSEC assets through
personnel in the section. reporting channels for corps COMSEC accounts and
reports to the theater COMSEC office of records as
• Assists the signal staff in the technical appraisal required. It also--
of signal operations and training.
• Establishes priorities for issuing COMSEC
The data processing NCO, SGM (74Z), assists materiel.
the automation management officer in data transmission
means to support C2 systems. • Receives, processes, and controls all accounting
transactions which affect COMSEC accounting
The operations sergeant, SFC (31W)-- records within the corps.
• Assists the operations officer in collecting, • Serves during crisis/contingency operations,
preparing, and distributing material and data as a holding area for bulk-sealed Armed Forces
pertaining to signal operations and training. Courier System shipments destined for
COMSEC accounts operated by corps
• Assists in preparing signal orders and plans. subordinate units.
The frequency management NCO, SFC (31W), • Provides consolidated semiannual inventory
assists the RF engineering officer with frequency reports.
allocation and control.
• Provides central accounting for all classified
The programmer/systems analyst, SSG (74F)-- COMSEC material in the corps and reports to
the theater central office of record.
• Supervises, prepares, analyzes, edits, and tests
computer programs. Key personnel and their responsibilities are shown
below.
• Conducts data system studies involving
investigation, evaluation, and development of The COMSEC technician, CW4 (250A) --
data processing systems.
• Serves as a cryptographic staff officer and
• Prepares specifications and proposals supervises the corps COMSEC office of records.
documentation.
• Provides centralized accountability reporting
• Implements new or modified systems. for corps COMSEC items.
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FM 11-41
• Receives distribution of COMSEC materiel • Commands, directs, and supervises the area
from the Armed Forces Courier System. signal battalion.
• Provides drop-off/pick-up point(s) for • Directs the IOM of battalion communications
subordinate accounts. systems and facilities for implementing plans
developed by the corps signal staff to support
• Assists the signal officer by advising him on unit communications requirements.
cryptographic matters.
• Advises the brigade commander on all
• Conducts corps cryptographic facility communications matters.
inspections.
The signal officer, CPT (25C)--
The telecommunications supervisor, SFC
(72E), and the telecommunications shift supervisor, • Is responsible for the operation of the
SSG (72E), assist the COMSEC technician in the operations/intelligence section.
responsibility for the corps account and oversight of
the subordinate accounts within the corps. • Plans and coordinates staff supervision of the
master plans, requirements, and the battalion
The telecommunications senior operators, SGT training program.
(72E) (3 each), and tactical Telecommunications center
operators, SPC and PFC (72E) (3 of each rank), apply • Plans and supervises communications support
correct procedures for cryptographic material storage, for the signal brigade plan.
receipt, and use.
• Prepares signal plans for incorporation into
A-2. The Corps Area and Support Signal signal brigade plans and orders.
Battalions
• Coordinates with other headquarters staff
The corps area and support signal battalions sections regarding their communications needs.
provide signal facilities that support plans developed The radio officer, LT (25C)--
by the corps signal staff and the corps signal brigade
staff to support unit communications requirements.
The corps area signal battalion’s operations/intelligence • Exercises staff supervision over radio
staff section coordinates installing 6 node centers (NCs), communications activities.
1 large extension node switch (LENS), 40 SENSs, and
13 RAUs. The corps support signal battalion’s • Prepares signal plans and orders and radio
operations/intelligence staff section coordinates communications SOI items.
installing 4 NCs, 1 LENS, 24 SENSs, and 8 RAUs. The
SCC generates the orders to deploy these assets, but • Coordinates frequency allocation assignment
the S3 section oversees carrying out those orders. It and use.
also coordinates support for any assets from another
signal battalion OPCON to their area of operation. • Reports and processes interface problems.
The key personnel of the two battalions are The systems integration officer, LT (25C)--
identical and are shown below.
• Manages force integration of information
The battalion commander, LTC (25C)-- systems resources.
A-7
FM 11-41
• Plans and coordinates with higher headquarters MSE network NCO, SFC (31W)--
for information systems upgrade, replacement,
elimination, and/or integration within units. • Provides technical assistance, supervises, and
assists in communications SYSCON.
• Plans BAS and information systems integration.
• Provides technical assistance to section
• Provides staff supervision of analysis and concerning NC switches.
software support and automated systems
troubleshooting. • Supervises the work activities of other enlisted
personnel assigned to the section.
• Manages and supervises ADP related areas.
The NBC NCO, SFC (54B)--
• Designs and develops command information
systems. • Assists the S3 in appraising chemical operations
and training situations.
• Monitors unique “application program”
development. • Collects, prepares, and distributes material
for chemical operations and training.
• Supervises maintenance of tactical databases.
The intelligence NCO, SGT (96B)--
• Plans newly assigned or attached unit database
integration. • Assists in all battalion intelligence requirements.
• Provides automated resources security training. • Provides technical assistance in preparing
intelligence annexes.
The operations NCO, MSG (31W)--
The clerk typists, SPC (71L) (2 each), perform
• Is the senior NCO. all typing and clerical work.
• Provides technical assistance, supervises, and The graphics document specialist, SPC (25Q),
assists in communications SYSCON. draws charts, graphs, and other aids.
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FM 11-41
Appendix C
The division signal battalion staff provides • Provides staff supervision of analysis and
guidance for implementing plans to establish the software support and troubleshooting of
division’s communications network. It also implements automated systems.
and manages division COMSEC keys and IOM of
division communications assets. The division signal • Manages and supervises ADP related areas.
battalion’s staff sections are organized to plan and
implement communications design, OPCON (in • Designs and develops command information
STAND-ALONE mode), and administrative and systems.
logistics direction. The staff uses the communications
taskings from the corps communications plan to develop • Monitors unique “application program”
the communications network. When operating in the development.
STAND-ALONE mode, it develops its own
communications plan. Active monitoring of the • Supervises maintenance of tactical databases.
network’s operational status ensures that it meets the
corps’ changing requirement and its own. This • Plans newly assigned or attached unit databases
responsibility belongs to the operations/intelligence integration.
section. Key personnel and their responsibilities are
shown below. • Provides automated resources security training.
The assistant S3, CPT (25B)-- The tactical automated network technician,
CW2 (250B)--
• Is responsible for the operation of the section.
• Assists the systems integration officer.
• Plans and coordinates staff supervision of the
master plans, requirements, and the battalion • Plans, designs, and manages the switching
training programs. networks (to include COMSEC key
management), and the integration and
The systems integration officer, LT (25C)-- interconnectivity of tactical and nontactical
information networks and communications
• Manages force integration of information systems.
systems resources.
The operations sergeant, MSG (31W)--
• Plans and coordinates with higher headquarter
for information systems upgrade, replacement, • Provides technical assistance, supervises,
elimination, and/or integration within units. and assists in communications SYSCON.
• Plans BAS and information systems • Supervises the work activities of other enlisted
integration. personnel assigned to the section.
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FM 11-41
C-2
FM 11-41
• Manages and supervises ADP related areas. The operations sergeant, MSG (31W)--
• Designs and develops command information • Assists the ADSO in collecting, preparing,
systems. and distributing signal operations and training
material and data.
• Supervises tactical database maintenance.
• Assists in preparing signal orders and plans.
• Plans newly assigned or attached units’ database
integration. • Develops, changes, and updates the division
SOI.
• Provides automated resources security training.
• Supervises the work activities of other enlisted
The telecommunications officer, CPT (25B), personnel assigned to the office.
provides expertise in data systems, operating systems
software, teleprocessing systems, and associated • Establishes ADSO field operation.
networks.
• Assumes signal office operational responsibility
The data processing technician, CW2 (251A)-- in the absence of the officers.
• Manages personnel, facilities, and equipment The data processing NCO, MSG (74Z)--
assets in ADP sections.
• Assists the data processing technician.
• Conducts data systems analysis.
• Supervises the programmer/analysts assigned
• Designs or redesigns data systems. to the office.
• Develops computer programs. The frequency management NCO, SFC (31W),
provides the expertise for RF management and allocation
• Supervises/coordinates personnel activities. in the division.
• Consults with staff officers and commanders The programmer/analysts, SFC and SSG (74F)--
to define priorities of tentative and continuing
projects. • Supervise, prepare, analyze, edit, and test
computer programs.
• Allocates machine operating time to complete
the mission. • Conduct data system studies involving
investigation, evaluation, and development of
The tactical automated network technician, data processing systems.
CW2 (250B)--
• Prepare specifications and proposals
• Assists the telecommunications officer. documentation.
• Is responsible for planning division • Implement new or modified systems.
communications and cryptonetting.
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FM 11-41
The programmer, SPC (74F), assists the In a stand-alone division, the key personnel
programmer/systems analysts. and staffs are responsible for their aforementioned
functions, and they must assume additional
The telecommunications senior operator, SGT responsibilities normally conducted at corps level. The
(72E), and tactical telecommunications center operators, division signal officer assumes responsibility for advising
SPC and PFC (72E), prepare and maintain the division the division commander, his staff, and division units on
SOI and telephone directory. communications matters. These matters include using
signal troops, communications facilities availability
The clerk typists, SPC (71L) (3 each), provide and augmentation, COMSEC, and how the division
office clerical support. CP location affects communications. This information
may be first passed through the chief of staff or general
The division COMSEC office of record is staff officers according to division SOP. Under the
responsible for the division COMSEC account. It also stand-alone division concept of operations, the division
provides COMSEC logistics support for the control signal officer takes on more responsibility as every
and distribution of internal division COMSEC material. combat operation requires detailed signal planning
Key personnel and their responsibilities are shown and coordination. To ensure proper planning,
below. coordinating, and supervising of signal matters, the
division signal officer uses the following written
The COMSEC technician, CW2 (250A)--- instructions and orders:
• Is responsible for operating the office. • Signal estimate.
The COMSEC material management The first eight must be prepared for particular operations.
supervisor, COMSEC material manager, and COMSEC The SOI and SOP must always be current.
material management sergeant (SFC, SSG, and SGT
respectively) account for and control cryptographic
material and equipment.
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FM 11-41
Appendix E
This appendix expands the traditional roles for the Signal Corps. Table E-1 outlines the
responsibilities at battalion, brigade, division, and corps among the user, functional manager, and the signal
office/staff.
E-1
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E-2
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E-3
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E-4
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E-5
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E-6
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E-7
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E-8
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E-9
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E-1O
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References
These documents must be available to the These readings contain relevant supplemental
intended users to this publication. information.
References-1
FM 11-41
FM 6-20-1. Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures FM 71-3. Armored and Mechanized Infantry
for the Field Artillery Cannon Battalion. Brigade Operations. 11 May 1988.
29 November 1990.
FM 71-101 (HTF). Infantry, Airborne, and
FM 7-30 (HTF). Infantry, Airborne and Air Air Assault Division Operations.
Assault Brigade Operations. 24 April 1981. 26 March 1980.
FM 12-6. Personnel Doctrine. 23 August 1989. FM 90-14. Rear Battle. 10 June 1985.
FM 24-12. Communications in a ‘Come-As- FM 100-1. The Army. 29 August 1986.
You-Are’ War. 17 July 1990.
FM 100-5. Operations. 5 May 1986.
FM 25-100. Training the Force.
15 November 1988. FM 100-20. Low Intensity Conflict.
16 January 1981.
FM 71-2. The Tank and Mechanized Infantry
Battalion Task Force. 27 September 1988.
References-2
PIN: 031063-000