International Journal of Mathematics and Computer Applications Research (IJMCAR) ISSN 2249-6955 Vol.

3, Issue 1, Mar 2013, 179-184 TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

A DISCRETE HOST COMMENSAL SPECIES WITH LIMITED RESOURCES AND MORTALITY RATE FOR THE HOST
B. RAVINDRA REDDY Department of Mathematics, JNTUH College of Engineering, Nachupally, Karimnagar, India

ABSTRACT
This paper deals with an investigation on a Discrete Host-Commensal Species with limited resources and mortality rate for the host. The model comprises of a commensal (S1), host (S2) that benefit S1, without getting effected either positively or adversely. The model is characterized by a couple of first order non-linear ordinary differential equations. All possible equilibrium points are identified based on the model equations at two stages and criteria for their stability are discussed.

AMS CLASSIFICATION: 92D25, 92D40 KEYWORDS: Commensal, Equilibrium Point, Host, Oscillates, Stable INTRODUCTION
Ecology relates to the study of living beings in relation to their living styles. Research in the area of theoretical ecology was initiated by Lotka [4] and by Volterra [5]. Since then many mathematicians and ecologists contributed to the growth of this area of knowledge as reported in the treatises of Meyer [6], Kushing [7], Paul colinvaux [8], Kapur [9] etc. The ecological interactions can be broadly classified as Prey predation, Competition, Commensalim, Ammensalism, Neutralism and so on. N.C.Srinivas [10] studied competitive eco-systems of two species and three species with limited and unlimited resources. Later, Lakshminarayan [11], Lakshminarayan and Pattabhi Ramacharyulu [12] studied Prey-predator ecological models with a partial cover for the prey and alternate food for the predator. Stability analysis of competitive species was carried out by Archana Reddy, Pattabhi Ramacharyulu and Krishna Gandhi [3] and by Bhaskara Rama Sarma and Pattabhi Ramacharyulu [13], while the present author et al [15-18] investigated mutualism between two species. Recently Phani Kumar [14] studied some mathematical models of ecological commensalism and Acharyulu [1, 2] investigated Ammensalism between two species. The present investigation is a study of a discrete host-commensal ecological model. Figure-1 shows the schematic sketch of the system under investigation.

Figure 1: Schematic Sketch of the System

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Commensalism is a symbiotic interaction between two populations where one population (S1) gets benefit from (S2) while the other (S2) is neither harmed nor benefited due to the interaction with (S1). The benefited species (S1) is called the commensal and the other (S2) is called the host. Examples of commensalism are (i) A squirrel in an oak tree gets a place to live and food for its survival, while the tree remains neither benefited nor harmed. (ii)The clownfish shelters among the tentacles of the sea anemone, while the sea anemone is not effected.

BASIC EQUATIONS
The model equations for two species host-commensal is given by the following system of first order non-linear differential equations employing the following notation. Notation Adopted N1(t) N2(t) t ai aii a12 Ki = : The population strength of commensal species (S1) : The population strength of host species (S2) : Time instant : Natural growth rates of Si, i = 1, 2 : Self inhibition coefficient of Si, i = 1, 2 : Commensal coefficient of S1

ai a ii

: Carrying capacities of Si, i = 1,2

If the death rate is greater than the birth rate for any species, we continue to use the same notation as natural growth rate with negative sign for the rate of difference. Further the variables N1, N2 are non-negative and the model parameters a1, a2, a11, a12, a22 are assumed to be nonnegative constants. The derivative form of the basic model equations for the growth rates of S1, S2 are

dN 1 = a1 N 1 a11 N 12 + a12 N 1 N 2 dt
dN 2 2 = a2 N 2 a22 N 2 dt
The discrete form of the equations (1) and (2) is N1(t + 1) =

(1)

(2)

1N1(t) a11 N 2 (t) + a12 N1 (t) N 2 (t)

1

(3) (4) (5)

N 2 (t + 1) = 2 N 2 (t) a 22 N 2 (t) 2
where

1 = a1 + 1, 2 = 1 a2

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181

EQUILIBRIUM STATES
Stage I The system under investigation has two equilibrium states given by Ni(t + 1) = Ni(t), i = 1,2 Fully washed out state E0: N1 = 0, N 2 = 0 The state in which the commensal only survives and the host is washed out E1 : (6)

N1 = K1 , N 2 = 0

STABILITY OF EQUILIBRIUM STATES

Stability of E0 (0,0) N1(t) = N1(t+1) = N1(t+2)= = 0 N2(t) = N2(t+1) = N2(t+2)= = 0 i.e. N1(t + r)=0, N2(t+r) = 0 , where r is an integer Hence, E0(0,0) is stable. Stability of E1 ( K1, 0) N1(t) = N1(t+1) = N1(t+2)= = K1 N2(t) = N2(t+1) = N2(t+2)= = 0 i.e. N1(t + r) = K1, N2(t + r) = 0, , where r is an integer Hence, E1(K1, 0) is stable. At this stage all the two equilibrium states E0, E1 are stable. Stage II The system under investigation has five equilibrium states given by Ni (t + 2) = Ni (t), i = 1,2 Fully washed out state E0 : (7)

N1 = 0, N 2 = 0 .

States in which only the commensal survives and the host is washed out. E1 :

N1 = K1 , N 2 = 0
N1 = (a1 + 2) + a12 4 , N 2 = 0, when a1 > 2 2a11

E2 :

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E3 :

N1 =

(a1 + 2) a12 4 , N 2 = 0, when a1 > 2 2a11

2 , N 2 = 0, when a1 = 2 a11

E4 :

N1 =

STABILITY OF EQUILIBRIUM STATES

We discussed already the stability of the equilibrium points E0, E1 in the stage I. Now we will discuss the stability of equilibrium points except these four points in this stage. Stability of E2
2 (a1 + 2) + a1 4 2a11

N1(t) = N1(t + 2) = N1(t + 4) = .=

N1(t + 1) = N1(t + 3) = N1(t + 5) = =

2 (a1 + 2) a1 4 2a11

i.e. N1(t +2r)=

2 2 (a1 + 2) + a1 4 (a1 + 2) a1 4 and N1 (t + 2r + 1) = 2a11 2a11

where r is an integer. N2(t) = N2(t + 1) = N2(t + 2) = ..= 0 i.e. N1(t + r) = 0, where r is an integer
2 2 (a1 + 2) + a1 4 (a + 2) a1 4 and 1 2a11 2a11

Hence, E2 oscillates between

Stability of E3
2 (a1 + 2) - a1 - 4 N1(t) = N1(t + 2) = N1(t + 4) = .= 2a11

2 (a1 + 2) + a1 - 4 N1(t + 1) = N1(t + 3) = N1(t + 5) = = 2a11

2 2 (a1 + 2) - a1 - 4 (a1 + 2) + a1 4 i.e. N1(t +2r) = and N1 (t + 2r + 1) = 2a11 2a11

where r is an integer. N2(t) = N1(t + 1) = N2(t + 2) =.. = 0 i.e. N2 (t + r) = 0, where r is an integer.

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183

Hence, E3 oscillates between

2 2 (a1 + 2) a1 4 (a + 2) + a1 4 and 1 2a11 2a11

Stability of E4 N1(t) = N1(t + 1) = N1(t + 2)= =

2 a11

N2(t) = N2(t + 1) = N2(t + 2) =.. = 0 i.e. N1(t + r) =

2 , N2(t + r) = 0, where r is an integer. a11

Hence, E4 is stable At this stage, in all five equilibrium points, only the three equilibrium points are stable.

CONCLUSIONS
The present paper deals with the study on discrete host-commensal ecological model. The model comprises of a commensal (S1), a host (S2) that benefit S1, without getting effected either positively or adversely. All possible equilibrium points of the model are identified based on the model equations at two stages. Stage-I : Stage-II :

N i ( t +1) = N i ( t ) ; i = 1, 2

Ni ( t + 2 ) = Ni ( t ) ; i = 1, 2

In Stage-I there are only two equilibrium points, while the Stage-II there would be five equilibrium points. All the two equilibrium points in Stage-I are found to be stable while in stage-II only three are stable and remaining two are oscillatory.

REFERENCES
1. Acharyulu K.V.L.N., and Pattabhi Ramacharyulu N. Ch.: On the Stability of an Ammensal- Harvested Enemy Species Pair with Limited Resources, International Journal of computational Intelligence Research (IJCIR), Vol. 6, No.3, pp.343-358, June 2010. 2. Acharyulu K.V.L.N., and Pattabhi Ramacharyulu N. Ch,: An Ammensal-prey with three Species Ecosystem, International Journal of Computational Cognition ,Vol.9, No.2, pp.30-39,2011. 3. Archana Reddy R., Pattabhi Rama Charyulu N.Ch., and Krisha Gandhi B, A Stability Analysis of Two Competetive Interacting Species with Harvesting of Both the Species at a Constant Rate, Int. J. of Scientific Computing 1 (1), (Jan-June 2007), 57 68. 4. 5. 6. Lotka A. J., Elements of Physical Biology, Williams & Wilking, Baltimore, (1925). Volterra V., Leconssen La Theorie Mathematique De La Leitte Pou Lavie, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, (1931). Meyer W.J., Concepts of Mathematical Modeling Mc.Grawhill, (1985).

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Kushing J.M., Integro-Differential Equations and Delay Models in Population Dynamics, Lecture Notes in BioMathematics, Springer Verlag, 20, (1977).

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Paul Colinvaux A., Ecology, John Wiley, New York, (1986). Kapur J. N., Mathematical Modelling in Biology and Medicine, Affiliated East West, (1985).

10. Srinivas N. C., Some Mathematical Aspects of Modeling in Bio-medical Sciences Ph.D Thesis, Kakatiya University, (1991). 11. Lakshmi Narayan K., A Mathematical Study of a Prey-Predator Ecological Model with a partial cover for the Prey and Alternate Food for the Predator, Ph.D. Thesis, JNTU (2005). 12. Lakshmi Narayan K. & Pattabhiramacharyulu. N. Ch., A Prey-Predator Model with Cover for Prey and Alternate Food for the Predator and Time Delay, International Journal of Scientific Computing. 1, (2007), 7-14. 13. Bhaskara Rama Sharma B and Pattabhi Rama Charyulu N.Ch., Stability Analysis of Two Species Competitive Eco-system, Int.J.of Logic Based Intelligent Systems 2(1), (Jan June 2008). 14. Phani Kumar N, Some Mathematical Models of Ecological Commensalism, Ph.D., Thesis, A.N.U. (2010). 15. Ravindra Reddy, A Study on Mathematical Models of Ecological Mutualism between Two Interacting Species, Ph.D., Thesis, O.U. (2008) 16. Ravindra Reddy B, Srilatha R, Lakshmi Narayan K., and Pattabhiramachryulu N.Ch: A model of two mutually interacting species with Harvesting, Atti Della Fondazione Giorgio Ronchi, Anno LXVI, 2011 - N. 3, 317-331. 17. Ravindra Reddy B: A Model of two mutually interacting Species with Mortality Rate for the Second Species, Advances in Applied Science Research, 2012, 3(2):757-764. 18. Ravindra Reddy B, Lakshmi Narayan K, and Pattabhiramacharyulu N.Ch: On Global stability of two mutually interacting species with limited resources for both the species, Internatioonal Journal of Contemporary Mathematical Sciences, Vol.6, 2011, no.9, 401-407.