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All the words in English are divided into eight kinds of words according to their use and these kinds are called Parts of Speech. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Noun Pronoun Adjective Verb Adverb Preposition Conjunction Interjection
NOUN: Definition: A noun is the name of any person, place or thing. Examples: Abdul, boy, child, daughter, electrician, father, guardian, hero. PRONOUN: Definition: A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or noun-phrase to avoid repetition. Pronoun is a word used instead of noun. E.g. I, we, you, which, who, they, he, she, it Personal pronouns: Personal pronouns are those which stand for the person speaking, spoken to or spoken of. 1. I person person speaking. 2. II person person spoken to. 3. II person person spoken of.
Singular
Plural
Personal pronouns II person II person Subject Object Subject You You He Your She yours It You You, They your, yours
Object His, him Her, hers It, its Them, their, theirs
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ADJECTIVE: Definition: A describing words of a noun, pronoun called an adjectives. It tells the qualities, quantities, numbers, colours, etc. E.g. kind, two, blue little VERB: Definition: A verb is a word or a phrase which express doing of an action, being in a state or having something. E.g. he runs slowly, your book is in my box, she has a necklace
ADVERB: Definition: Ad Adverb modifies a verb, an Adjective or another adverb E.g. He speaks fast. ,The room is very clean., He answers very quickly.
PREPOSITION Definition: Preposition is a word or group of words used with the following noun, pronoun, noun-equivalent or a gerund to show the relation ship between it and the other word or the principal word (noun, pronoun, adjective or verb) of the same sentence. Shows the position of the noun. A word which is placed before a noun or pronoun to bring relation with another noun or pronoun is called preposition. E.g. The book is on the table., she is with me. CONJUNCTIONS Definition: A conjunction is a word used to join together two similar words, phrases, clauses or sentences. E.g. Raju and Ramya are friends , Meet me at the park or at the club. INTERJECTIONS Definition: A Interjection is a word or a sound which expresses an emotion ( a strong and sudden feeling) or excitement. E.g. Alas! , Ah!, Oh!, Alack!, Ho!
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VERBS
A Verb is a word or phrase which expresses doing of an action, being in a state or having something Types of verbs Broadly verbs are divided into two types. Verbs
Main Verbs
Five Forms V1-Base/ Dictionary word Vs-V1+s,es ,ies V2-Past tense V3-past participle V4-Present participle
Auxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs) Primary Auxiliary Be forms: am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being Do forms: Do, Does, Did Have forms: have, has, had
Model Auxiliary Can Could May might W ill would Shall - Should Must Used to Ought to Dare Used to Need
Main Verbs have no further division . All main verbs have fiver forms V1 Apply Buy Cut Lend Kill Die Vs Applies Buys Cuts Lends Kills Dies V2 Applied Bought Cut Lent Killed Died V3 Applied Boughted Cut Lent Killed Died V4 Applying Boughted Cutting Lending Killing Dying
o In the formation of the continuous tenses E.g. He is working, I was writing. I n the formation of passive. E.g. The gate was opened Be followed by infinitive is used. o To indicate a plan, arrangement, or agreement E.g. I am to see him tomorrow. o To denote a command. E.g. You are write your name at the top of each sheet of paper. Be is used in the past tense with the perfect infinitive to indicate an arrangement that was made but not carried out. E.g. They were to have been married last month but had to postponed the marriage until June. HAVE FORMS The auxiliary have is used in the information of the perfect tenses. E.g. He has worked. He has been working. Have to is used with the infinitive to indicate obligation E.g. I have to be there by five Oclock. , He has to move the furniture himself. The past form had to is used to express obligation in the past. E.g. I had to be there by five o clock. He had to move the furniture himself. In negatives and questions, have to and had to are used with do, does, did. E.g. They have to go. They dont have to go. Do they have to go? He has to go He doesnt have to go. Does he have to go? He had to go He didnt have to go. Did he have to go? DOFORMS The auxiliary do is used 1. To form the negative and interrogative of the simple present and simple past tenses of ordinary verbs. E.g.He doesnt work. He didnt work . Does he work? , Did he work? 2. To avoid repetition of a previous ordinary verb. E.g. Do you know him? Yes, I do; she sings well. Yes, she does
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3. Do is also used to emphasize the affirmative nature of a statement. E.g. You do look pale. , I told him not to go, but he did go . 4. In the imperative, do makes a request or invitation more persuasive . E.g. Do be quit., Oh, do come ! Its going to be such fun. CAN-COULD, MAY-MIGHT 1. Can usually express ability or capacity. E.g. I can swim across the river. 2. Can and May are used to express permission. May is rather formal. E.g. you can/may go now; Can /May I borrow your umbrella? 3. May is used to express possibility in affirmative sentences. Can is used corresponding interrogative and negative sentences. E.g. It may rain tomorrow ; He may be at home; can this be true? 4. In very formal English, may is used to express a which. E.g. May you live happily and long! ; May success attend you ! 5. Could and might are used as the past equivalents of can and may. E.g. I could swim across the river when I was young. (Ability). He said I might/could go 6. In present time contexts could and might are used less positive versions of can and may. E.g. I could attend the party l; Might/Could I borrow your bicycle? 7. Might also used to express a degree of dissatisfaction or reproach E.g. You might play a little more attention to your appearance SHALL SHOULD, WILL-WOULD 1. Shall is used in the first person and will in all persons to express pure future. E.g. I shall be twenty five next birthday. She will need the money on 15th. 2. Shall is sometimes used in the second and third persons to express command, a promise, or threat. E.g. He shall not enter my house again 3. Questions with shall I/we used to ask me will the person addressed. E.g. Shall I open the door? ; which shall I buy? 4. Will is used to express volition, characteristic habit, Assumption, probability. E.g. I will (am wiling to ) carry your book. He will talk about nothing but films. 5. Should and would are used as the past equivalents of shall and will. E.g. I expected that I should get a first class. He said he would be twenty five next birth day. 6. Should is used in all persons to express duty or obligation . E.g. You should keep your promise. 7. In clauses of condition, should is used a supposition that not be. E.g. If it should rain, they will not come.
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
MUST OUGHT TO Must is used to express necessity or obligation. E.g. you must get up early, You must improve your spelling Must is often used when the obligation comes from the speaker. E.g. I must be a diet. Must can also express logical certainty. E.g. She must leave left already. Ought(to) expresses moral obligation or desirability. E.g. we ought to love our neighbors. We ought to help him Ought(to) can also used to express probability. E.g. Prince ought to come down soon. The book ought to be very useful USED(TO) ,NEED DARE. 1. The auxiliary used(to) expresses a discontinued habit. E.g. There used to be a house there. I used to live here when I was a boy 2. The auxiliary need , denoting necessity or obligation ,can be conjugated with or with out do . a. When conjugated without do, it has no s and ed forms and is used with an infinitive with out to only in negative and interrogative sentences and in sentences that contain seminegative words like scarcely and hardly. E.g. He need not go (=It is not necessary for him to go ) b. When conjugated with do , need has the usual forms needs, needed and is used with a to-infinitive. It is commonly used in negatives and questions. It sometimes occurs in the affirmative also. E.g. Do your need to go now? I dont need to meet him. 3. The auxiliary dare (=be brave enough to ), as distinct from the ordinary verb dare (=challenge), does nt take-s in the third person singular present tense. It is generally used in negative and interrogative sentensces. When conjugated without do. It is followed b an infinitive with out to . when conjugated with do it takes an infinitve with or without to after it. E.g He d are not take such a step? He dare you contradict me? He dared not do it. He doesnt dare speak to me
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TENSES Tense is the form of verb which shows the time and the state of an action or event. There are three main tenses . 1. Present Tense : It indicates an action taking place in the present at the time of speaking 2. Past tense: It shows an action that has taken place already in the past 3. Future Tense: It indicates an action likely to take place in future. Under each main tense. There are four sub-tenses. 1. Simple (indefinite) tense. 2. Continuous(progressive) tense 3. Perfect tense. 4. Perfect continuous tense 1. Simple tense: It indicates the action which can not be pin-pointed a particular time. Some times it represent a regular and habitual action. E.g. They play cricket 2. Continuous tense : It indicates the action that is going on at the time of speaking the sentence. It does not indicate the beginning of that action. E.g. It is raining. 3. Perfect Tense: It indicates the action which is finished now at the time of speaking. It has started some time ago and finished now. It indicates Just completed. Action. E.g. He has completed his homework. 4. Perfect continuous Tense: It indicates the action which started some time ago and which is still continuing at the time of speaking the sentence. That indicates action is yet complete, still is going on. The Starting time mai be indicated with the help of since or for a. since: indicates the point of time. b. for: indicates the period of time E.g. It has been raining for two hours. She has being singing since 6.a.m. STRUCTRES OF TENSES. Structures of Tenses. Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continous Present V1,Vs Am,is,are+V4 Has,have+v3 Has been+v4 Past V2 Was,were+v4 Had+v3 Had been+v4 Future Shall/will+v1w Shall/wil+be+v4 Shall/will have Shall/will had +v3 been +v4
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(2) For a temporary action which may not be actually happening at the time of speaking; as, I am reading Davit! Copperfield (but I am not reading at this moment). (3) For an action that has already been arranged to take place in the near future; as, I am going to the cinema tonight. My uncle is arriving tomorrow.
(4) It has been pointed out before that the Simple Present is used for a habitual action. However, when the reference is to a particularly obstinate habit-something which persists, for example, in spite of advice or warning- we use the Present Continuous with an adverb like always, continually, constantly. My dog is very silly: he is always running out into the road.
Past Tense
Simple Past Tense
(1) The Simple Past is used to indicate an action completed in the past. It often occurs with adverbs or adverb phrases of past time. The steamer sailed yesterday. I received his letter a week ago. She left school last year. (2). Sometimes this tense is used without an adverb of time. In such cases the time may be either implied or indicated by the context I learnt Hindi in Nagpur. I didn't sleep well (i.e, last night). Babar defeated Rana Sanga at Kanwaha. (3). The Simple Past is also used for past habits; as, He studied many hours every day. She always carried an umbrella.
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Going to
1. We use the going to form (be going to + base of the verb) when we have decided to do something before talking about it. Have you decided what to do? Yes. / am going to resign the job. Why do you want to sell your motorbike? I'm going to buy a car. Remember that if the action is already decided upon and preparations have been made, we should use the going to form, not the Simple Future Tense. The Simple Future Tense is used for an instant decision. 2. We also use the going to form to talk about what seems likely or certain, when there is something in the present which tells us about the future. It is going to rain; look at those clouds. The boat is full of water. It is going to sink. She is going to have a baby. 3. . The going to form may also express an action which is on the point of happening. Let's get into the train. It's going to leave. Look! The cracker is going to explode.
Be about to
1. Be about to + base form can also be used for the immediate future. Let's get into the train. It's about to leave. Don't go out now. We are about to have lunch.
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Be to
1. We use be to + .base form to talk about official plans and arrangements. The Prime Minister is to visit America next month. The conference is to discuss Nuclear Tests. Be to is used in a formal style, often in news reports Be is usually left out in headlines, e.g. Prime Minister to visit America.
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SENTENCES A Sentence is a group of words that makes complete sense or thought. Types of Sentences 1. Assertive or Declaratory Sentences 2. Interrogative Sentences 3. Imperative Sentences 4. Exclamatory Sentences Assertive Sentence A sentence is that which expresses a statement or assertion or declaration. Examples. 1. You are a lucky girl. 2. He will come tomorrow 3. Someone threatened me over the phone. 4. The phone is ringing inside the house. 5. I have come to invite you to my birthday party. Interrogative Sentence Interrogative sentence is that which asks a question. Examples: 1. Where are you taking me? 2. Are you willing to come with me? 3. How many cars do you have? 4. What has he been doing here? 5. What area they saying? Imperative Sentences A sentence that expresses a command or a request or a wish is called an imperative sentence. Examples: 1. Put all your slates here . 2. Get out of the house. 3. May you live long! 4. May God bless you! 5. Have mercy on us Exclamatory sentences A sentence that expresses a strong feeling like sorrow or joy is called an Exclamatory sentence. Examples 1. How cruel your are! 2. How slowly you walk1 3. What a beautiful house you have! 4. What a good heart you have! 5. What a nice saree it is !
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Sentences for speaking 1. Affirmative Sentences : They always give a positive meaning . They dont have a negative not in them e.g. He is very talkative His words are inspiring. 2. Negatives Sentences. : They contain not and give a negative meaning. e.g. He doesnt work hard. He words are not inspiring 3. Imperative sentences : They express a command , request or a which . E.g. Call the doctor Leave me alone Dont touch the hot stove. May God help you.
Affirmative: He is a good boy Negative : He is not a good boy 2. If helping verb absent in sentence, use dont or doesnt in simple present tense and did in simple past tense. A: She comes after an hour N: She does not come after an hour A : They want to come N: They dont want to come Samples 1. They have gone 2. I am a teacher 3. Krishna came yesterday 4. Rani had done will 5. Vamshee told me as story -
They have not come I am not a teacher Krishna didnt come yesterday Rani had not done well Vamshee didnt tell me a story
Conversion of Affirmative to Questions 1. Put helping verb before subject Example : He is her son - is He her son? 2. If helping verb absent in sentence, use dont or doesnt in simple present tense and did in simple past tense. Example Vijaya eats - Does Vijaya eat?
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