PEME 3311: Reaction Engineering

Ibrahim Aliyu Ahmed

ID: 200480447 Module leader: Dr Xiaojun Lai

PEME 3311: Reaction Engineering Question 1.

We wish to explore various reactor setups for the transformation of A into R. The feed contains 99% A, 1% R; the desired product is to consist of 10% A, 90% R. The transformation takes place by means of the elementary reaction A+RR+R with rate constant k = 1 litre/(mol . min). The concentration of active materials is CA0 + CR0 = CA+ CB = C0 =1 throughout. What reactor holding time will yield a product in which CR = 0.9 mol/litre (a) In a plug flow reactor, (b) In a mixed flow reactor, (c) In a minimum-size setup with recycle? (d) In a minimum-size setup of combined 2-reactor system without recycle? Solution a) The system is at constant density since it does not change F total.

( ) Since,

( ) Then, we can write; ( )

Ibrahim Aliyu Ahmed

200480447

PEME 3311: Reaction Engineering

b) As for the mix flow reactor, the time is;

c) A graph is drawn to show the variation of rA with the CA Table 1: showing data for CA rA used to plot the graph. CA (-rA) 0.99 0.009 0.8 0.16 0.6 0.24 0.4 0.24 0.2 0.16 0.1 0.09

-rA vs CA
0.3 0.25 0.2 -rA 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 CA 0.8 1 1.2

Figure 1: showing the plotted graph of rA against CA After analysis of the graph above, it was found out that the flow rate of CA is at the maximum point. So the value can be seen below.
( )

C A ( 1) + (1 C A) (1) = C A + 1 C A = 2C A + 1 = 0

Therefore, CA = 0.5 mol/L

Ibrahim Aliyu Ahmed

200480447

PEME 3311: Reaction Engineering Fig:

d)

Figure 2: showing a minimum-size set up of a combined reactor (mixed flow and plug flow reactor) In a minimum size setup of combined reactor system without recycle. The optimum set up would be a mixed flow reactor up to the point having maximum rate followed by a plug flow reactor. Therefore we obtain a point of maximum rate: ( ( At maximum rate ) )

Ibrahim Aliyu Ahmed

200480447

PEME 3311: Reaction Engineering But

Figure 3: diagram of a minimum set up

So, the total holding time =

Question 2 We plan to replace the present MFR with one having double the volume. For the same aqueous feed (10 mol/L) and same feed rate find the new conversion. The reaction kinetics is; A R, -rA = k CA1.5

Ibrahim Aliyu Ahmed

200480447

PEME 3311: Reaction Engineering And present conversion is 70%.

Solution

Vo CAo = 10 mol/L

Vo XA = 0.7

Figure 4: showing the exiting reactor So, we can write; ( )

Vo CAo = 10 mol/L

Vo XA

Ibrahim Aliyu Ahmed

200480447

PEME 3311: Reaction Engineering Figure 5: showing the doubled volume reactor Then, ( ) ( )

As for XA , it was found by making some approximations. This value was found out to be; XA=0.794 The table below shows the data used to calculate XA . Table 2: showing the data for XA and M XA M 0.8 8.94 0.75 6 0.77 6.98 0.79 8.21

graph of M vs XA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0.74

0.75

0.76

0.77 XA

0.78

0.79

0.8

0.81

Figure 6: a graph of plotted value of M against XA. Question 3 Reactant A in a liquid either isomerizes or dimerizes

A R (desired),

rR = k1 CA

Ibrahim Aliyu Ahmed

200480447

PEME 3311: Reaction Engineering A + A S (unwanted), rS = k2 CA2

I.

write (R/A) and [R/(R+S)]

II.

If in batch reactor, CA0 =1 mol/L. When reaction is completed (i.e. CA =0), CS = 0.18mol/L in resultant mixture, what is the ratio of rate constants k1/k2?

III. IV. Solution (I)

Find CRf when XA=80% in PFR Find CRf when XA=80% in MFR

(II)

( ) ( )

table 2: showing the values for K and CR K=k1/k2 CR calculated by (1) 5 0.84 4 0.81

Ibrahim Aliyu Ahmed

200480447

PEME 3311: Reaction Engineering

0.845 0.84 0.835 0.83 0.825 0.82 0.815 0.81 0.805 4 4.2 4.4
K = k1/k2 CR

CR vs K

4.6

4.8

Figure 7: showing graph of CR against K The product of distribution for a reactor of flow in piston is similar to the idea discontinuous reactor. Hence, the following values were found to be;

(III)

) For PFR

)]

(IV) Ibrahim Aliyu Ahmed

) For MFR 200480447 9

PEME 3311: Reaction Engineering ( ( )( ) )

[ [

] ][ ]

Question 4

Chemical X, a powdered solid, is slowly and continuously fed for half an hour into a well-stirred vat of water. The solid quickly dissolves and hydrolyses to Y, which then slowly decomposes to Z as follows:

Y Z,

-rY = kCY,

k = 1.5hr-1

The volume of liquid in the vat stays close to 3 m3 throughout this operation, and if no reaction of Y to Z occurred, the concentration of Y in the vat would be 100 mol/m3 at the end of the half-hour addition of X.

(a) What is the maximum concentration of Y in the vat and at what time is this maximum reached? (b) What is the concentration of product Z in the vat after 1 hour? Ibrahim Aliyu Ahmed 200480447 10

PEME 3311: Reaction Engineering Solution 4 The material balances for this kind of reaction can written as; Addition = reaction + accumulation There are two types of processes in this case: 1) Between 0 to 15mins 2) After 15mins Addition, reaction and accumulation Reaction and accumulation

For the first process, We have the rate of addition of Y below;

The initial concentration of CY is 0 until the rate of reaction starts to increase exceeding 20mol/min. This may not take place within the 15min of addition. The maximum concentration of Y is at the period of 15minutes and over. Therefore, the maximum rate of reaction for the first 15 minutes can be estimated.

Due to the reaction, the speed of the reaction during the initial 15 minutes will be decreased because the value of CY which is 100 mol/m3 will never be reached. Since the addition rate = 20 mol/min, CY then increases at the point of the addition. So,

( )

Ibrahim Aliyu Ahmed

200480447

11

PEME 3311: Reaction Engineering Where; P (t) = 0.025 y Q (t) =( )

When t = 0 CY = 0 where the constant = -

the maximum value of CY is 83.39mol/m3 . moles of Y reacted = 100-83.39 = 16.61 mol/m3

Another method to solve question 4: For this solution we have; X n1 = 0 C10 = 1mol/m3 Where Therefore, ( )( ) Y Z n2 = 1, k2 = 1.5hr-1

(a) Y max can be obtain at 30 minutes

Ibrahim Aliyu Ahmed

200480447

12

PEME 3311: Reaction Engineering (b) after the period of 30 minutes, it was observed that X has disappeared while Y and Z present ( Therefore; ) ( )

Question 5

The reversible 1st order gas reaction

is to be carried out in a mixed flow reactor. For operations at 300 K the volume of reactor required is 100 litres for 60% of conversion of A.

1.

What are the equilibrium conversion rates at 300k and 400K respectively?

2. 3.

What is the activation energy for k2? What should be the volume of the reactor for the same feed rate and conversation but with operations at 400 K?

Data:

k1 = 103 exp (-2416/T)

Ibrahim Aliyu Ahmed

200480447

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PEME 3311: Reaction Engineering Hr = -8000 J/mol at 300K Cp = CpR CpA =0 K = 10 at 300 K Feed consists of pure A Total pressure is constant

Solution 5 For this solution, it must be noted that V0 varies with changes in temperature and also, Hr is constant due to Cp = 0. So,

( (
( (

) (

)
) )

)]

Ibrahim Aliyu Ahmed

200480447

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PEME 3311: Reaction Engineering [ ( )] [ ( )]

Alternative solution for question 5 1. The reaction was assumed to be an elementary reaction. That is; n=1 for forward and backward reaction. Since H is independent of temperature, then: ( ) ( )

)]

Substitute for K300, Hr gives us; [

(

(
) (

)]
( ) )

(1)

but at equilibrium

Ibrahim Aliyu Ahmed

200480447

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PEME 3311: Reaction Engineering

(2)

Therefore we can evaluate the equilibrium conversion at any temperature by empting the value of the T into equation 1 to find K then solving for XAe using equation 2. At 300K,
( )

At 400K,
( )

At 300K

At 400K,

2. Activation energy for K2 At 300K,

( ( ) )

Therefore,

( (

) )

( (

Therefore, the activation energy for K2 is: Ibrahim Aliyu Ahmed 200480447 16

PEME 3311: Reaction Engineering K2 = 3378.2324 3. The volume of the reactor for the same feed rate and conversation but with operations at 400 K ? The performance equation for a MIR is;

V=reactor volume vo= volumetric flowrate at initial conditions: T= 300K, XA=0.6 As evaluated in the first question, at 300K XA= 0.9089 So, at 300K

Since the feed consist of pure, then;

( At 300k

Since V = 100 Liters

Ibrahim Aliyu Ahmed

200480447

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PEME 3311: Reaction Engineering

At 400k
( )

Ibrahim Aliyu Ahmed

200480447

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