Low-Pass Filter Design

The general transfer function changes to:

A(s) +

A0 1 ) w cRC 3 * A 0 s ) (w c RC) 2s 2

with

A0 + 1 )

R4 R3

The coefficient comparison with Equation 162 yields:

a 1 + w c RC 3 * A 0 b 1 + w c RC
2

Given C and solving for R and A0 results in:

R+

b1 2pf cC
and

A0 + 3 *

a1

+3* 1 Q b1

Thus, A0 depends solely on the pole quality Q and vice versa; Q, and with it the filter type, is determined by the gain setting of A0:

Q+

1 3 * A0

The circuit in Figure 1618 allows the filter type to be changed through the various resistor ratios R4/R3.
C R VIN C R4 R VOUT

R3

Figure 1618. Adjustable Second-Order Low-Pass Filter

Table 161 lists the coefficients of a second-order filter for each filter type and gives the resistor ratios that adjust the Q.

Table 161. Second-Order FIlter Coefficients

SECOND-ORDER a1 b1 Q R4/R3 BESSEL 1.3617 0.618 0.58 0.268 BUTTERWORTH 1.4142 1 0.71 0.568 3-dB TSCHEBYSCHEFF 1.065 1.9305 1.3 0.234

Active Filter Design Techniques

16-17

Low-Pass Filter Design

16.3.2.2 Multiple Feedback Topology The MFB topology is commonly used in filters that have high Qs and require a high gain.
R2

VIN

R1 C2

R3

C1 VOUT

Figure 1619. Second-Order MFB Low-Pass Filter

The transfer function of the circuit in Figure 1619 is:

A(s) + *

R2 R1

1 ) w cC 1 R 2 ) R 3 )

R 2R 3 R1

s ) w c 2 C 1C 2R 2R 3s 2

Through coefficient comparison with Equation 162 one obtains the relation:

A0 + *

R2 R1 R 2R 3 R1

a 1 + w cC 1 R 2 ) R 3 ) b 1 + w c 2 C 1C 2R 2R 3

Given C1 and C2, and solving for the resistors R1R3:

R2 + R1 + R3 +

a 1C 2 * R2 * A0
2

a 1 2 C 2 * 4b 1C 1C 2 1 * A 0 4pf cC 1C 2

b1

4p 2f c C 1C 2R 2

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Low-Pass Filter Design

In order to obtain real values for R2, C2 must satisfy the following condition:

C2 w C1

4b 1 1 * A 0 a12

16.3.3 Higher-Order Low-Pass Filters

Higher-order low-pass filters are required to sharpen a desired filter characteristic. For that purpose, first-order and second-order filter stages are connected in series, so that the product of the individual frequency responses results in the optimized frequency response of the overall filter. In order to simplify the design of the partial filters, the coefficients ai and bi for each filter type are listed in the coefficient tables (Tables 164 through 1610 in Section 16.9), with each table providing sets of coefficients for the first 10 filter orders.

Example 163. Fifth-Order Filter

The task is to design a fifth-order unity-gain Butterworth low-pass filter with the corner frequency fC = 50 kHz. First the coefficients for a fifth-order Butterworth filter are obtained from Table 165, Section 16.9: ai a1 = 1 a2 = 1.6180 a3 = 0.6180 bi b1 = 0 b2 = 1 b3 = 1

Filter 1 Filter 2 Filter 3

Then dimension each partial filter by specifying the capacitor values and calculating the required resistor values. First Filter
R1 VIN C1 VOUT

Figure 1620. First-Order Unity-Gain Low-Pass

With C1 = 1nF,

R1 +

a1 1 + + 3.18 kW 3Hz110 *9 F 2pf cC 1 2p5010

The closest 1% value is 3.16 k.

Active Filter Design Techniques 16-19

Low-Pass Filter Design

Second Filter
C2 R1 R2 VOUT C1

VIN

Figure 1621. Second-Order Unity-Gain Sallen-Key Low-Pass Filter

With C1 = 820 pF,

C2 w C1

4b 2 a22

+ 82010 *12F 41 2 + 1.26 nF 1.618

The closest 5% value is 1.5 nF. With C1 = 820 pF and C2 = 1.5 nF, calculate the values for R1 and R2 through:

R1 +

a2 C2 *

a 2 2 C 2 * 4b 2C 1C 2 4pf cC 1C 2
and

R1 +

a2 C2 )

a 2 2 C 2 * 4b 2C 1C 2 4pf cC 1C 2

and obtain

R1 +

1.6181.510 *9 *

1.6181.510 *9 * 4182010 *121.510 *9

4p5010 382010 *121.510 *9 1.6181.510 *9 ) 1.6181.510 *9 * 4182010 *121.510 *9

2

+ 1.87 kW

R2 +

4p5010 382010 *121.510 *9

R1 and R2 are available 1% resistors.

+ 4.42 kW

Third Filter
The calculation of the third filter is identical to the calculation of the second filter, except that a2 and b2 are replaced by a3 and b3, thus resulting in different capacitor and resistor values. Specify C1 as 330 pF, and obtain C2 with:

C2 w C1

4b 3 a32

+ 33010 *12F 41 2 + 3.46 nF 0.618

The closest 10% value is 4.7 nF.

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High-Pass Filter Design

With C1 = 330 pF and C2 = 4.7 nF, the values for R1 and R2 are: D D R1 = 1.45 k, with the closest 1% value being 1.47 k R2 = 4.51 k, with the closest 1% value being 4.53 k

Figure 1622 shows the final filter circuit with its partial filter stages.
1.5n 3.16k VIN 1n 820p 330p VOUT 1.87k 4.42k 1.47k 4.53k 4.7n

Figure 1622. Fifth-Order Unity-Gain Butterworth Low-Pass Filter

16.4 High-Pass Filter Design

By replacing the resistors of a low-pass filter with capacitors, and its capacitors with resistors, a high-pass filter is created.
C2 R1 R2 VOUT C1 R1 VIN R2 C1 C2 VOUT

VIN

Figure 1623. Low-Pass to High-Pass Transition Through Components Exchange

To plot the gain response of a high-pass filter, mirror the gain response of a low-pass filter at the corner frequency, =1, thus replacing with 1/ and S with 1/S in Equation 161.

Active Filter Design Techniques

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High-Pass Filter Design

10 A0 0 |A| Gain dB Lowpass Highpass A

10

20

30 0.1

1 Frequency

10

Figure 1624. Developing The Gain Response of a High-Pass Filter

The general transfer function of a high-pass filter is then:

A(s) +

AR ai bi P i 1 ) s ) s2

(164)

with A being the passband gain. Since Equation 164 represents a cascade of second-order high-pass filters, the transfer function of a single stage is:

A i (s) +

AR 1 ) si ) s2i
a b

(165)

With b=0 for all first-order filters, the transfer function of a first-order filter simplifies to:

A(s) +

A0 1)
ai s

(166)

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High-Pass Filter Design

16.4.1 First-Order High-Pass Filter

Figure 1625 and 1626 show a first-order high-pass filter in the noninverting and the inverting configuration.
C1 VIN R1 R2 VOUT

R3

Figure 1625. First-Order Noninverting High-Pass Filter

R2 C1 VIN R1 VOUT

Figure 1626. First-Order Inverting High-Pass Filter

The transfer functions of the circuits are:

A(s) +

1 ) R2
3

1 1 ) w R C 1 s
c 1 1

and

A(s) + *

R2 R1

1)w

1
cR 1 C 1

1 s

The negative sign indicates that the inverting amplifier generates a 180 phase shift from the filter input to the output. The coefficient comparison between the two transfer functions and Equation 166 provides two different passband gain factors:

AR + 1 )

R2 R3

and

AR + *

R2 R1

while the term for the coefficient a1 is the same for both circuits:

a1 +

1 w cR 1C 1
Active Filter Design Techniques 16-23

High-Pass Filter Design

To dimension the circuit, specify the corner frequency (fC), the dc gain (A), and capacitor (C1), and then solve for R1 and R2:

R1 + R 2 + R 3(A R * 1)

1 2pf ca 1C 1
and

R2 + * R1 AR

16.4.2 Second-Order High-Pass Filter

High-pass filters use the same two topologies as the low-pass filters: Sallen-Key and Multiple Feedback. The only difference is that the positions of the resistors and the capacitors have changed. 16.4.2.1 Sallen-Key Topology The general Sallen-Key topology in Figure 1627 allows for separate gain setting via A0 = 1+R4/R3.
R2 C1 VIN R1 R4 R3 C2 VOUT

Figure 1627. General Sallen-Key High-Pass Filter

The transfer function of the circuit in Figure 1627 is:

A(s) +

a 1)
R 2 C 1)C 2 )R 1C 2(1*a) 1 s w cR 1 R 2 C 1 C 2

1 1 w c 2 R 1R 2C 1C 2 s 2

with

a+1)

R4 R3

The unity-gain topology in Figure 1628 is usually applied in low-Q filters with high gain accuracy.
R2 C VIN R1 C VOUT

Figure 1628. Unity-Gain Sallen-Key High-Pass Filter

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