Lecture 9 - Flexure

June 20, 2003 CVEN 444

Lecture Goals
Load Envelopes Resistance Factors and Loads Design of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam
Unknown section dimensions Known section dimensions

Moment Envelopes
The moment envelope curve defines the extreme boundary values of bending moment along the beam due to critical placements of design live loading.

Fig. 10-10; MacGregor (1997)

Moment Envelopes Example

Given following beam with a dead load of 1 k/ft and live load 2 k/ft obtain the shear and bending moment envelopes

Moment Envelopes Example

Use a series of shear and bending moment diagrams
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Wu = 1.2wD + 1.6wL
kips

4 3 2 1 0 0 5 10 15 20 (ft) 25 30 35 40

80 60 40 20 kips -20 0 -40 -60 -80 ft 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

k-ft

150 100 50 0 -50 0 -100 -150 -200 -250 ft 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Shear Diagram

Moment Diagram

Moment Envelopes Example

Use a series of shear and bending moment diagrams
1.4

Wu = 1.2wD + 1.6wL
k/ft

1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 5 10 15 20 ft 25 30 35 40

(Dead Load Only)

20 15 10 5 kips 0 -5 0 -10 -15 -20 ft 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

40 20 0 k-ft 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 ft 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Shear Diagram

Moment Diagram

Moment Envelopes Example

Use a series of shear and bending moment diagrams Wu = 1.2wD + 1.6wL
k/ft 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 5 10 15 20 ft 25 30 35 40

50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 0 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60

200 150 100 50 k-ft

kips

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 -50 0 -100 -150 -200

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

ft

ft

Shear Diagram

Moment Diagram

Moment Envelopes Example

The shear envelope
Shear Envelope
80 60 40 20 kips 0 -20 0 -40 -60 -80 ft 10 20 30 40 Minimum Shear Maximum Shear

Moment Envelopes Example

The moment envelope
Moment Envelope
200 100 k-ft 0 -100 -200 -300 ft Minimum Moment Maximum Moment 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Flexural Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams and Slab Sections

Analysis: Analysis Versus Design: Given a cross-section, fc , reinforcement sizes, location, fy compute resistance or capacity Given factored load effect (such as Mu) select suitable section(dimensions, fc, fy, reinforcement, etc.)

Design:

Flexural Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams and Slab Sections

ACI Code Requirements for Strength Design Basic Equation: factored resistance Ex.

factored load effect

Mn Mu

ACI Code Requirements for Strength Design

Mn Mu

Mu = Moment due to factored loads (required ultimate moment) Mn = Nominal moment capacity of the cross-section using nominal dimensions and specified material strengths. = Strength reduction factor (Accounts for variability in dimensions, material strengths, approximations in strength equations.

Flexural Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams and Slab Sections

Required Strength (ACI 318, sec 9.2) U = Required Strength to resist factored loads D = Dead Loads L = Live loads W = Wind Loads E = Earthquake Loads

Flexural Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams and Slab Sections

Required Strength (ACI 318, sec 9.2) H = Pressure or Weight Loads due to soil,ground water,etc. F = Pressure or weight Loads due to fluids with well defined densities and controllable maximum heights. T = Effect of temperature, creep, shrinkage, differential settlement, shrinkage compensating.

Factored Load Combinations

U = 1.2 D +1.6 L Always check even if other load types are present.

U U U U U

= 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5 (Lr or S or R) = 1.2D + 1.6 (Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.8W) = 1.2D + 1.6 W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) = 0.9 D + 1.6W +1.6H = 0.9 D + 1.0E +1.6H

Resistance Factors, ACI Sec 9.3.2 Strength Reduction Factors

[1] Flexure w/ or w/o axial tension The strength reduction factor, , will come into the calculation of the strength of the beam.

Resistance Factors, ACI Sec 9.3.2 Strength Reduction Factors

[2] Axial Tension [3] Axial Compression w or w/o flexure (a) Member w/ spiral reinforcement (b) Other reinforcement members *(may increase for very small axial loads) = 0.90 = 0.70 = 0.65

Resistance Factors, ACI Sec 9.3.2 Strength Reduction Factors

[4] Shear and Torsion [5] Bearing on Concrete = 0.75 = 0.65

ACI Sec 9.3.4

factors for regions of high seismic risk

Background Information for Designing Beam Sections

1. Location of Reinforcement locate reinforcement where cracking occurs (tension region) Tensile stresses may be due to : a ) Flexure b ) Axial Loads c ) Shrinkage effects

Background Information for Designing Beam Sections

2. Construction formwork is expensive - try to reuse at several floors

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Background Information for Designing Beam Sections

3. Beam Depths ACI 318 - Table 9.5(a) min. h based on l (span) (slab & beams) Rule of thumb: hb (in)

l (ft)

Design for max. moment over a support to set depth of a continuous beam.

Background Information for Designing Beam Sections

4. Concrete Cover Cover = Dimension between the surface of the slab or beam and the reinforcement

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Background Information for Designing Beam Sections

4. Concrete Cover Why is cover needed? [a] Bonds reinforcement to concrete [b] Protect reinforcement against corrosion [c] Protect reinforcement from fire (over heating causes strength loss) [d] Additional cover used in garages, factories, etc. to account for abrasion and wear.

Background Information for Designing Beam Sections

Minimum Cover Dimensions (ACI 318 Sec 7.7) Sample values for cast in-place concrete Concrete cast against & exposed to earth - 3 in. Concrete (formed) exposed to earth & weather No. 6 to No. 18 bars - 2 in. No. 5 and smaller - 1.5 in

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Background Information for Designing Beam Sections

Minimum Cover Dimensions (ACI 318 Sec 7.7) Concrete not exposed to earth or weather - Slab, walls, joists No. 14 and No. 18 bars - 1.5 in No. 11 bar and smaller - 0.75 in - Beams, Columns - 1.5 in

Background Information for Designing Beam Sections

5. Bar Spacing Limits (ACI 318 Sec. 7.6)

- Minimum spacing of bars - Maximum spacing of flexural reinforcement in walls & slabs Max. space = smaller of

3t 18 in.

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Minimum Cover Dimension

Interior beam.

Minimum Cover Dimension

Reinforcement bar arrangement for two layers.

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Minimum Cover Dimension

ACI 3.3.3 Nominal maximum aggregate size. - 3/4 clear space - 1/3 slab depth - 1/5 narrowest dim.

Example - Singly Reinforced Beam

Design a singly reinforced beam, which has a moment capacity, Mu = 225 k-ft, fc = 3 ksi, fy = 40 ksi and c/d = 0.275 Use a b = 12 in. and determine whether or not it is sufficient space for the chosen tension steel.

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Example - Singly Reinforced Beam

From the calculation of Mn

a Mn = C d 2 a a 1 a = 0.85 f cba d = 0.85 f cbd d 1 2 d 2 d a 1 c = 0.85 f cbd 2 k 1 k where, k = = 1 d 2 d 1 = 0.85 f c k 1 k bd 2 { 144 2444 size 4 2 3
Ru

Example - Singly Reinforced Beam

Select c/d =0.275 so that =0.9. Compute k and determine Ru c k = 1 = 0.85 ( 0.275 ) d = 0.23375

k Ru = 0.85 f c k 1 2 0.23375 = 0.85 ( 3 ksi )( 0.23375 ) 1 2 = 0.5264 ksi

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Example - Singly Reinforced Beam

Calculate the bd 2

MU MN 2 = bd = Ru Ru 12 in 225 k-ft ft 0.9 = 5699 in 3 = 0.5264 ksi

Example - Singly Reinforced Beam

Calculate d, if b = 12 in.

5699 in 3 d = = 440.67 in 2 d = 21.79 in. 12 in

2

Use d =22.5 in., so that h = 25 in.

c = 0.275d = 0.275 ( 22.5 in ) = 6.1875 in.

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Example - Singly Reinforced Beam

Calculate As for the beam 0.85 f c b 1c As = fy

0.85 ( 3 ksi )(12 in.)( 0.85 )( 6.1875 in.) 40 ksi

= 4.02 in 2

Example - Singly Reinforced Beam

Chose one layer of 4 #9 bars

As = 4 (1.0 in 2 ) = 4.00 in 2
Compute

As 4.00 in 2 = = bd (12.0 in )( 22.5 in ) = 0.014815

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Example - Singly Reinforced Beam

Calculate min for the beam

min

200 200 = = 0.005 fy 40000 = min = 0.005 3 f c 3 3000 = = 0.00411 fy 40000

The beam is OK for the minimum

0.014815 > 0.005

Example - Singly Reinforced Beam

Check whether or not the bars will fit into the beam. The diameter of the #9 = 1.128 in.
b = 4d b + 3s + 2 cover + d stirrup = 11.65 in

= 4 (1.128 in.) + 3 (1.128 in.) + 2 [1.5 in. + 0.375 in.]

So b =12 in. works.

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Example - Singly Reinforced Beam

Check the height of the beam.

h=d+

db + cover + dstirrup 2 (1.128 in.) + 1.5 in. + 0.375 in. = 22.5 in. + [ ] 2 = 24.94 in

Use h = 25 in.

Example - Singly Reinforced Beam

Find a

a=

As f y 0.85f cb

0.85 ( 3 ksi )(12.0 in.)

( 4.0 in ) ( 40 ksi )
2

= 5.23 in.
Find c

c=

5.23 in. 0.85

= 6.15 in.

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Example - Singly Reinforced Beam

Check the strain in the steel

t = cu = c

22.5 in. 6.15 in. ( 0.003) 6.15 in. = 0.00797 0.005

d c

c 6.15 in. = = 0.2733 d 22.5 in.

Therefore, is 0.9

Example - Singly Reinforced Beam

Compute the Mn for the beam a M N = As f y d 2

5.23 in. = ( 4.0 in 2 ) ( 40 ksi ) 22.5 in. 2 = 3186.6 k-in Calculate Mu

MU = MN = 0.9 ( 3186.6 k-in ) = 2863.4 k-in

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Example - Singly Reinforced Beam

Check the beam Mu = 225 k-ft*12 in/ft =2700 k-in

2863.4 2700 *100% = 6.05% 2700

Over-designed the beam by 6%
c 6.15 in. = = 0.2733 d ( 22.5 in.)

Use a smaller c/d ratio

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