Engineering Mathematics

1
UNIT I: MATRIX
CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION
Let A be a given matrix. Let be a scalar. The equation det I I is called the
characteristic equation of the matrix A.
1. Find the Characteristic equation of A =

Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie.
Where
= Trace of A
&
= Therefore
= 4 &
= -5 implies that

2. Find the Characteristic equation of A =

Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie.,
Where
=
Trace of A ,
=Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements &
= 3 &
= -1 &
implies that

EIGEN VALUE
The values of obtained from the characteristic equation I are called the Eigen values of A.
EIGEN VECTOR
Let A be a square matrix of order n and be a scalar, X be a nonzero column vector such that AX = X.
The non-zero column vector
which satisfies I is called eigen vector or latent

vector.
LINEARLY DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT EIGEN VECTOR
Let A be the matrix whose columns are eigen vectors.
(i) If then the eigen vectors are linearly dependent.
(ii) If then the eigen vectors are linearly independent.
1. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of


Where
= Trace of A ,
=
2

= 18 &
= 45 &
implies that

To find eigen vector : By the definition we have ie., (

CASE (I) : When = -3 , Substituting in (1) we get

Solving using cross multiplication rule
If
then

CASE (ii) : When = 5 , Substituting in (1) we get

If
then

The eigen vectors are

Since the eigen values are repeated the eigen vectors are linearly dependent.

2. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of

. Where
= Trace of A ,
= 0 &

&
implies that


CASE (I) : When = -1 , Substituting in (1) we get

All the three equations reduce to one and the same equation

Two of the unknowns, say
and
are to be treated as free variables. Taking
and
,
we get
and taking
and
, we get
.
3

CASE (ii) : When = 2 , Substituting in (1) we get


The eigen vectors are

Though two of the eigen values are equal, the eigen vectors are
are linearly independent.

NOTE:
(i) The eigen vector corresponding to an eigen value is not unique.
(ii) If all the eigen values of a matrix are distinct, then the corresponding eigen vectors are linearly
independent.
(iii) If two or more eigen values are equal, then the eigen vectors may be linearly indenpent or linearly
dependent.
PROPERTIES OF EIGEN VALUES AND EIGEN VECTORS:
Property 1: (I) The sum of the Eigen values of a matrix is equal to the sum of the elements of the principal
diagonal (trace of the matrix). i.e.,

(ii)The product of the Eigen values of a matrix is equal to the determinant of the matrix.
i.e.,

Property 2: A square matrix A and its transpose
have the same Eigen values.

Property 3: The characteristic roots of a triangular matrix are just the diagonal elements of the matrix.
Property 4: If is an Eigen value of a matrix A, then
is the Eigen value of

Property 5: If is an Eigen value of an orthogonal matrix A, then
is also its Eigen value.

Property 6: If

are the Eigen values of a matrix A, then
has the Eigen

values
(m being a positive integer)

Property7: If

are the Eigen values of a matrix A, then

are the Eigen
values of the matrix KA.
4

Property 8: Property7: If

are the Eigen values of a matrix A and if K is a scalar then
are the Eigen values of the matrix A-KI.

Property 9: The Eigen values of a real symmetric matrix are real numbers.
Property 10: The Eigen vectors corresponding to distinct Eigen values of a real symmetric matrix are
orthogonal.
Property 11: The similar matrices have same Eigen values.
Property 12: Eigen vectors of a symmetric matrix corresponding to different Eigen values are orthogonal.
Property 13: If A and B are matrices and B is a non singular matrix then A and

have same
Eigen values.
Property 14: Two Eigen vectors
and
are called orthogonal vectors if

Property 15: If

be distinct Eigen values of a matrix then corresponding Eigen
vectors
form a linearly independent set.

Note: The absolute value of a determinant (|detA|) is the product of the absolute values of the eigen values
of matrix A.
c = 0 is an eigen value of A if A is a singular (noninvertible) matrix
If A is a n x n triangular matrix (upper triangular, lower triangular) or diagonal matrix, the eigen
values of A are the diagonal entries of A.
A and its transpose matrix have same eigen values.
Eigen values of a symmetric matrix are all real.
Eigen vectors of a symmetric matrix are orthogonal, but only for distinct eigen values.
The dominant or principal eigen vector of a matrix is an eigen vector corresponding to the eigen
value of largest magnitude (for real numbers, largest absolute value) of that matrix.
For a transition matrix, the dominant eigen value is always 1.
The smallest eigen value of matrix A is the same as the inverse (reciprocal) of the largest eigen value
of A
-1
; i.e. of the inverse of A.
1. Find the Sum and the product of the Eigen values of A =

Solution: From the property of Eigen values i.e.
&

Therefore Sum of the Eigen values =1+5+1= 7 & Product of the Eigen values =
i.e.,
1(5-1)-1(1-3) +5(1-15) = 4+2-70 =-64. Therefore
&

5

2. If A =

write down the sum and product of the Eigen values of A.
&

Therefore Sum of the Eigen values =1+2+3= 6 & Product of the Eigen values =
Ie,
1(6-4)-1(3-2) +1(2-2) = 2-1 =1. Therefore
&

3. Find the Sum and the product of the Eigen values of A =

&

Therefore Sum of the Eigen values =6 & Product of the Eigen values = =6

4. Prove that the Eigen values of
are the same as those of A =

Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0
ie.
Where
= Trace of A &
=
Therefore
= 2 &
= -3 implies that
. Eigen values of A are 3 and -1.

(By the property of Eigen values we know that if
are eigen values A then
&
are eigen
values of
also if
are eigen values -kA)

Since Eigen values of A are 3 and -1. Eigen values of
are

Therefore Eigen values of
are -1 and 3.

5. If the Sum of the two eigen values and trace of matrix A are equal. Find the value of
Solution: Let
be the eigen values of A. From the property of Eigen values we know that
&
Given
that is
implies that

Therefore Product of the Eigen values =

6. Prove that if X is an eigen vector of A corresponding to the eigen value . Then for any nonzero
scalar multiple of A, X is an eigen vector.
Solution: By definition of eigen values
(1) Pre multiplying by k on both sides of (1)
is the Eigen values of (kA) &
is the Eigen vector of (kA).

6

7. Two eigen values of a matrix A =

are equal to 1 each. Find the eigen values of A &
.
Solution: From the property of Eigen values we know that
.
Given
. Therefore the Eigen values of A are 1, 1, 5.

(By the property of Eigen values we know that if
are eigen values A then
&
are eigen
values of
) Therefore the Eigen values of
are 1, 1,
.

8. Find the eigen value of A =

corresponding to the eigen vector
.
Solution: By the definition we have ie. (

2- =0 2 =
.BY property
= 6
. Therefore eigen
values of A are 2 and 6.

9. If A is an orthogonal matrix. Show that
is also orthogonal matrix.

Solution: Since A is an orthogonal matrix
.Implies that (A
=) Let B =
, to prove
B is orthogonal we have to check
.
To prove:
=, Since
=A.

10. Find the constants a and b such that the matrix

has 3 and -2 as its eigen values.
Solution: BY property
&
&

Given
= 1 a & -6 Therefore
a(1-a)=-2
a = 2 & a = -1. b = -1 & b = 2. Therefore when a=-1 then b=2

and when a = 2 then b = -1.

11. Given that

verify that eigen values of
are the squares of those of A.

i.e.,
Where
= Trace of A &
= Therefore
= 7 &
= 6 implies that

Eigen values are 1 & 6.

The Characteristic equation of
is

=0

Eigen values of
are 1 and 36, that are the squares of the eigen values of A,
namely 1 and 6.
7

12. The product of two eigen values of the matrix

is 14. Find the third eigen
value.
Solution: By the property
. Given that
.

13. Find the eigen values of

.
i.e.,
Where
= Trace of A &
= Therefore
= 6 &
= 5 implies that

Eigen values are 1 & 5.

By the property
.
(i.e.) 1 & 25 are the eigen values of
.
The eigen values of
are 2(1) & 2(25) = 2, 50.

14. Find the sum of the squares of the eigen values of

.
Solution: By the property The eigen values of a upper or lower triangular matrix are the main diagonal
elements.
Eigen values of A = 3, 2, 5.
Sum of the squares of the eigen values of A =9+4+25 =38.

15. Find the sum of the eigen values of the inverse of

.
Solution: By the property The eigen values of a upper or lower triangular matrix are the main diagonal
elements.
Eigen values of A = 3, 4, 5.
By the property

Sum of the eigen values of
.
CAYLEY HAMILTON THEOREM:
Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.
8

This means that, if
is the characteristic equation of a

square matrix A of order n,
, where I is the unit matrix of

order n.
1. If A is non singular matrix then we can get
, using this theorem

2. Higher positive integral powers of A can be computed

1. Verify the Cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix A =

Solution: Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation is the statement of Cayley
Hamilton theorem. The Characteristic equation of A is =0
ie.,
Where
= Trace of A &
=
Therefore
= 8 &
= 14 implies that
We have to check

A
2
=

=

& 8A =

L.H.S =

=

=

=R.H.SCayley Hamilton theorem is
verified.

2. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem find
given A =

Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0 i.e.,
Where
= Trace
of A &
= Therefore
= 4 &
= -5 implies that
By Cayley Hamilton
theorem we have
..(1) , Premultiplying by
on both sides of (1) we get

for A =

Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie.,
Where

= Trace of A ,
= 3 &
= -1
&
implies that

9

(Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation is the statement of Cayley Hamilton
theorem.) By Cayley Hamilton theorem we have
..(1) Premultiplying
by

for A =

SOLUTION : The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie.,
Where
= Trace of A ,
= 5 &
=9
&
implies that
(Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic

equation is the statement of Cayley Hamilton theorem.) By Cayley Hamilton theorem we have

..(1) , Premultiplying by
on both sides of (1)

we get
=

for A =

Where
= Trace of A ,
= 8 &
=8
&
implies that
(Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic

equation is the statement of Cayley Hamilton theorem.) By Cayley Hamilton theorem we have

..(1)
Premultiplying by
=

10

=

6. Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem and also find
interms of
, A & I of A =


Where
= Trace of A ,
= 5 &
=7 &
implies that

theorem.)
To verify C.H.T we have check :

Consider L.H.S of (I) :

=

-

=

= R.H.S of (i)
Therefore C.H.T is verified.
By Cayley Hamilton theorem we have
..(1) ,

=

=

Premultiplying by

(2)
=

=

Premultiplying by

11

=

7. Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem and also find
interms of
, A & I of A =


Where
= Trace of A ,
= 6 &
=8 &
implies that

theorem.)
To verify C.H.T we have check :

Consider L.H.S of (I) :

=

-

=

= R.H.S of (i)
Therefore C.H.T is verified.
..(1) ,

=

8. Verify the Cayley Hamilton Theorem and hence find

Ans: : The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie.,

12

Where
= Trace of A ,
= 6
&
= -9 &

..(1)
Premultiplying by

DIAGONALISATION OF A MATRIX
The process of finding a matrix M such that
, where D is a diagonal matrix, if called

diagonalisation of the Matrix A
Note:

DIAGONALISATION BY ORTHOGONAL
TRANSFORMATION OR ORTHOGONAL REDUCTION
If A is a real symmetric matrix, then the eigen vectors of A will be not only linearly independent but also
pair wise orthogonal. If we normalize each eigen vector
i.e. divide each element of
by the square
root of the sum of the square\s of all the elements of
and use the normalized eigen vectors of A to form

the normalised modal matrix N, then it can be proved that N is an orthogonal matrix. By a property of
orthogonal matrix,
.
The similarity transformation
takes the form
.
Transforming A into D by means of the transformation
is known as orthogonal transformation or

orthogonal reduction.
NOTE:- Diagonalisation by orthogonal transformation is possible only for a real symmetric matrix.
1. Diagonalise the matrix

by an orthogonal transformation.
SOLUTION: Given A =

The Characteristic equation of A is =0
i.e.

Where
= Trace of A ,
= 12 &
=36 &
implies that

igen values of the matrix A are 2 , 2 & 8.
13


CASE (I) : When =8 , Substituting in (2) we get

If
then

CASE(ii) : When =2 , Substituting in (2) we get

We have only one equation
with three unknowns, let

if
If
then

CASE(iii) : When =2 , Let
From orthogonal transformation we know that

must be mutually perpendicular to each other.
&

If
then

Modal matrix M=

Normalised modal matrix
=

=D
14


Solution: Given A =

i.e.

Where
= Trace of A ,
= 9 &
=24 &
implies that

To find eigen vector: By the definition we have ie., (


If
then


if
If
then


&

If
then

15

Modal matrix M=

=

=D


Solution: Given A =

i.e.

Where
= Trace of A ,
= 17 &
=42 &
implies that



If
then


16

If
then

CASE(iii) : When =14 , Substituting in (2) we get

If
then

Modal matrix M=

Normalized modal matrix
=

=D

QUADRATIC FORMS
A homogeneous polynomial of the second degree in any number of variables is called a quadratic form.
For example,
is a quadratic form in three variables.

The symmetric matrix
is called the matrix of the quadratic form Q.

NOTE:
To find the symmetric matrix A of a quadratic form, the coefficient of
is placed in the
position and
is placed in each of the
and
positions.
CANONICAL FORM OF A QUADRATIC FORM: Let
be a quadratic form in n variables
.
In the linear transformation X = PY, if P is chosen such that
is a diagonal matrix of the form
, then the quadratic form Q gets reduced as Q

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This form of Q is called the sum of the squares form of Q or the canonical form of Q.
NATURE OF QUADRATIC FORMS:
Rank: When the quadratic form is reduced to the canonical form it contains only r terms which is the
rank of A.
Index: The number of positive terms in the canonical form is called the index (p) of the quadratic
form.
Signature: The difference between the number of positive and negative terms is called signature (s) of
the quadratic form [s = 2p-r].
The quadratic form
in n variables is said to be
(i) Positive definite: If r = n and p = n or if all the eigen values of A are positive.
(ii) Positive semi definite: If r < n and p = r or if all the eigen values of and atleast one eigen value is
zero.
(iii) Negative definite: If r = n and p = 0 or if all the eigen values of A are negative.
(iv) Negative semi definite: If r < n and p = 0 or if all the eigen values of and atleast one eigen
value is zero.
(v) Indefinite: In all other cases or if A has positive as well as negative eigen values.
RULES FOR FINDING NATURE OF QUADRATIC FORM USING PRINCIPAL SUB-
DETERMINANTS:
In this method we can determine the nature of the quadratic form without reducing it to the canonical form.
Le A be a square matrix of order n.

Here
are called the principal subdeterminants of A. From
,the
nature of the quadratic form can be determined.
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1. A Q.F is positive definite if
are all positive i.e.,
for all n.
2. A Q.F is negative definite if
are all negative and
are all positive

i.e.,
for all n.
3. A Q.F is positive semi- definite if
and atleast one
.
4. A Q.F is negative semi- definite if
and atleast one
.
5. A Q.F is indefinite in all other cases.
1. Without reducing to canonical form find the nature of the Quadratic form

Solution: Matrix of the Quadratic form is A =

,

= 0 &

= 0 -2-2 =-4
Since

0 &

Nature of the Quadratic form is indefinite.

2. Reduce the quadratic form
to canonical form using

orthogonal transformation also find its nature, rank , index & signature.
Solution: Quadratic form =

Matrix form of Quadratic form =
where X =
& A =

i.e.

Where
= Trace of A ,
= 3 &
=0 &
implies that

igen values of the matrix A are -1, 2 & 2.
To find Eigen vector : By the definition we have ie., (

CASE (I) : When =-1 , Substituting in (2) we get
2

19

If
then



if
If
then

CASE (iii) : When =2 , Let

&

If
then

Modal matrix M=

=

=D
Let X = NY be an orthogonal transformation which changes the quadratic form to canonical form.
where
Substituting X = NY in (1) we get

Q.F =

20

=

Q.F =
which is the canonical form of the quadratic form

Nature of the Q.F = Indefinite
Rank of the Q.F (r) = 3
Index of the Q.F (p) = 2
Signature of the Q.F (s) =2p-r = 1.


orthogonal transformation also find its nature, rank, index & signature.

where X =
& A =

i.e.

Where
= Trace of A ,
= 18 &
=45 &
implies that

igen values of the matrix A are 0, 3 & 15.

8

If
then


21

If
then


If
then
&
are mutually perpendicular to each

other.
Modal matrix M=

=

=D
where

Q.F =

Q.F =

Nature of the Q.F = Positive semi definite
22




where X =
& A =

i.e.

Where
= Trace of A ,
= 12 &
=36 &
implies that
12



If
then



if
If
then


&

23

If
then

Modal matrix M=

=

=D
where

Q.F =

Q.F = 8

Nature of the Q.F = Positive definite
to canonical form using orthogonal

transformation also find its nature, rank , index & signature.

where X =
& A =

24

i.e.

Where
= Trace of A ,
= 5 &
=4 &
implies that


2

If
then


If
then


If
then
&

other.
Modal matrix M=


25

=

=D
where

Q.F =

Q.F =

Nature of the Q.F = Positive semi definite



where X =
& A =

i.e.

Where
= Trace of A ,
= 11 &
=36 &
implies that


26

If
then


If
then


If
then
&

other.
Modal matrix M=

=

=D
where

Q.F =

27

=

Q.F = 2




where X =
& A =

i.e.

Where
= Trace of A,
= 8 &
=19 &
implies that



If
then


28

If
then


If
then
&

other.
Modal matrix M=

=

=D
where

Q.F =

Q.F =

29




where X =
& A =

i.e.

Where
= Trace of A,
= 10 &
=12 &
implies that

igen values of the matrix A are -2, 6 & 6.

CASE (I) : When =-2 , Substituting in (2) we get
4

If
then


,
if
If
then

30


&

If
then

Modal matrix M=


=

=D
where

Q.F =

Q.F = -2

Nature of the Q.F = In definite


31


where X =
& A =

i.e.

Where
= Trace of A ,
= 0 &
=3 &
implies that

igen values of the matrix A are 2, -1 & -1.

-2

If
then

CASE(ii) : When =-1 , Substituting in (2) we get


if
If
then

CASE(iii) : When =-1 , Let

&

If
then

32

Modal matrix M=

=

=D
where

Q.F =

Q.F = 2

Nature of the Q.F = In definite
Signature of the Q.F (s) =2p-r =- 1.

33

UNIT II: THREE DIMENSIONAL ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
FORMULAE:
1. The equation of the straight line through the point
1 1 1
( , , ) p x y z and having direction cosines
( , , ) l m n is
1 1 1
x x y y z z
l m n
- - -
= =
2. The equation of the straight line through the point 2 2 2
( , , ) B x y z
and having direction ratios
( , , ) a b c is
1 1 1
x x y y z z
a b c
- - -
= =
3. The equation of the straight line passing through the points
1 1 1
( , , ) A x y z and
2 2 2
( , , ) B x y z is
1 1 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
x x y y z z
x x y y z z
- - -
= =
- - -

4. Angle between the straight lines:
(I)
1 2 1 2 1 2
cos l l mm n n q = + +
d. r of
1 1 1
( , , ) oA l m n =
d. r of
2 2 2
( , , ) oB l m n =
(ii) if the lines are perpendicular =90 ,cos 90=0
1 2 1 2 1 2
l l mm n n + + =0
(iii)If the lines are parallel , =0, cos0=1
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 l l mm n n + + = or
1 1 1
2 2 2
l m n
l m n
= =
(iv) d.r of OA
1 1 1
( , , ) a b c = d.r of OB
2 2 2
( , , ) a b c =
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
cos
a a b b c c
a b c a b c
q
+ +
=
+ + + +

(v) If the lines are perpendicular, cos90 0 =

1 2 1 2 1 2
0 a a b b c c + + =

(vi) If the lines are parallel, cos0 1 =

2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2
a a b b c c a b c a b c + + = + + + +

1 1 1
2 2 2
a b c
or
a b c
= =
(vii) The co-ordinate of any point on the straight line is
34

1 1 1
1 1 1
,
, ,
x x y y z z
k
a b c
x x ak y y bk z z ck
- - -
= = =
= + = + = +

5. The conditions for the lines are coplanar is
2 1 2 1 2 1
1 1 1
2 2 2
0
x x y y z z
l m n
l m n
- - -
=
6. The equation of the coplanar plane is

1 1 1
1 1 1
2 2 2
0
x x y y z z
l m n
l m n
- - -
=
7. The sphere having centre at the origin and radius r is
2 2 2 2
x y z r + + =
8. The sphere having centre at the point ( , , ) a b c and radius r is
2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) x a y b z c r - + - + - =
9. The general equation of the sphere is with centre ( , , ) u v w - - - and radius
2 2 2
r u v w d = + + -
10. The equation of the sphere having the points
1 1 1
( , , ) x y z and
2 2 2
( , , ) x y z as the extremities of the
diameter is
1 2 1 2 1 2
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 0 x x x x y y y y z z z z - - + - - + - - =
CONE
DEFINITION: A cone is defined as a surface generated by a straight line which passes through a fixed
point and satisfies one or more conditioni.e.ie, it may intersect a fixed curve.
Note:
1. The fixed point is said to be the vertex of the cone
2. The fixed curve is said to be the guiding curve of the cone
3. The straight line in any position is called the generator of the cone.
FORMULA:
The equation of the cone with vertex
1 1 1
( , , ) x y z and whose generators intersect the guiding curve
2 2
2 2 2 0, 0 ax hxy by gx fy c z + + + + + = = is

1. Find the equation of the cone with vertex at (1,1,1) and which passes through the curve
given by x
2
+ y
2
=4 ,z=2
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
( ) 2 ( )( ) ( ) 2 ( )( ) 2 ( )( ) ( ) 0 a zx z x h zx z x zy z y b zy z y g zx z x z z f zy z y z z c z z - + - - + - + - - + - - + - =
35

Solution: let the equation of the generator be

(1)
Its point of intersection with the plane z=2 is
(1)

(2)
This point will lie on x
2
+ y
2
=4
(

2
+ (
2
=4 (3)
Eliminating l,m,n from (1) & (3) gives

X
2
+ y
2
-2z
2
+2xz+2zy-4x-4y+4 = 0
2. Find the equation of the cone whose vertex is the origin and the guiding curve is
x
2
+ y
2
+z
2
+4x+2y-6z+ 5 =0, 2x+y+2z+5 = 0
Solution: Equation of the line passing through the origin is

- (1)
Any point on this line (1) is (x, y, z) = (lr, mr,nr)
This point (x, y, z) lies on the guiding curve
x
2
+ y
2
+z
2
+4x+2y-6z+ 5 =0 , 2x+y+2z+5 = 0
This gives (l
2
+m
2
+n
2
) r
2
+ (4l+2m-6n) r+ 5 = 0 (2)
r (2l+m+2n) +5 = 0 (3)
Eliminating r from (2) & (3) gives
l
2
+4m
2
2ln
2
4lm+6mn+ 2ln = 0 (4)
Eliminating (l, m, n) from (1) & (4) gives
x
2
+ 4y
2
+21z
2
-4xy + 6yz +12xz= 0
3. Find the equation of the cone whose vertex at (1,2,3) and which passes through the curve
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
=4 , x+y+z=1 (AU MAY/JUNE 2009)
Solution: Equation of any line through (1, 2, 3) is

=r (1)
Any point on this line is (x,y,z) = (lr+1,mr+2,nr+3) (2)
But this point (x,y,z) lies on the curve x
2
+y
2
+z
2
=4 , x+y+z=1
(Lr+1)
2
+ (mr+2)
2
+ (nr+3)
2
= 4 (3)
(Lr+1)+ (mr+2)

+ (nr+3) =1 (4)
Solve (4) gives r =

36

Using in (3) 5l
2
+3m
2
+n
2
-2ml-4nl-6nm=0 (5)
Eliminating (l, m, n) from (1) & (5), we get
5x
2
+3y
2
+z
2
-2xy-6yz-4xz+6x+8y+10z-26=0
4. Find the Equation of the cone whose vertex is the origin and guiding curve is

Solution: The required cone is homogeneous equation of second degree with vertex at origin
and passes through the given curves hence we have

From (1) & (2) We have

5. Find the equation of the cone whose vertex is the point (1,1,0) and whose base is the curve

Solution: The Guiding curve is the intersection of

Any Generator through (1,1,0) is

Since the point lies on (1) we get

Since this is homogeneous in l, m, n Hence we substitute

37

6. Find the equation of the cone formed by rotating line about the y-axis
Solution: If the curve x=f(y) in the xy plane is rotated about y-axis , The equation of the
surface of revolution thus generated is

This is the required equation of cone.
RIGHT-CIRCULAR CONE
DEFINITION: A right circular cone is a surface generated by a straight line which passes through a
fixed point and makes a constant angle with a fixed line through the fixed point.
The equation of right circular cone vertex is
1 1 1
( , , ) x y z ,the semi vertical angle a and axis the line
1 1 1
x x y y z z
l m n
- - -
= = is
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
( )(( ) ( ) ( ) )cos ( ( ) ( ) ( )) l m n x x y y z z l x x m y y n z z a + + - + - + - = - + - + -

1. Find the equation of the right circular cone whose vertex is the point (2,1,-3) and semi
vertical angle is
and the axis is parallel to the straight line

Solution: Vertex O (2, 1,-3), semi vertical angle =45
0

d. r. for the axis OC parallel to SD d. r. for OC = 1.3.-4
axis equation is

P(x, y, z) any point on the cone . d. r. for OP= x-2,y-1,z+3 =a
1,
b
1
c
1

d. r. for OC=1,3,-4 =a
2
,
,
b
2
,c
2
cos = cos 45 =

= 12x
2
+4y
2
-3z
2
-6xy+24yz+8xz+30x
+100y-130z-117=0
2. Find the equation of the right circular cone having its vertex at the origin and passing
through the circle y
2
+z
2
=25, x =4, also find its semi vertical angle.
38

Solution: The Equation of the cone with vertex at the origin and
guiding curve y
2
+z
2
=25, x =4is obtained by making
y
2
+z
2
=25, with the help of x =4
y
2
+z
2
=25(
2
= 16(y
2
+z
2
) =25x
2
and the semi vertical angle is

=51
0
21
3. Find the equation of the right circular cone which
passes through the point (2,1,3)with vertex at (1,1,2) and axis
parallel to the line

Solution: d. r. for VM=2,-4, 3
d. r. for VA=2-1,1-1,3-2=1,0,1
cos =

--------------------------------------- (1)
Let Q(x, y, z) be any point on the cone
d. r. for VQ=x-1,y-1,z-2
d. r. for VM= 2,-4,3
cos =
-------------- (2)
From (1) & (2) equating the R.H.S
17x
2
-7y
2
+7z
2
+32xy+48yz-24zx-18x-114y-52z+118=0
4. Find the equation of the right circular cone generated when the straight line 2y+3z=6, x=0
revaluated about z-axis.
Solution: If the curve y= f (z) in the yz plane is rotated about the z-axis
The equation of the surface of resolution thus generated is
X
2
+y
2
= (f (z))
2

Here Y= (f (z)) =
Hence X
2
+y
2
=

2

4(X
2
+y
2
)-9z
2
+36z-36=0
5. Find the equation of the right circular cone which contains the three coordinate axes as
generators. Obtain the semi vertical angle and the equations of the axis of the cone.
Solution: Let l, m, n, be the d. c. of the axis.
Let be the angle.The axes of the coordinates are generators of the cone and each of the them
is inclined at angle axes.
Since 1, 0, 0, are d.c of the axis
cos =l.1+m.0+n.0=l
39

Similarly cos =m=n
Since l
2
+m
2
+n
2
=1
3cos
2
=1 cos =

=cos
-1
(

is the semi vertical angle of the cone

ertex

is at the origin, the equations of axis are
x=
Now ertex of the cone is at the origin, the d.c of axis

cos =

x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= (x
2
xy
6. Find the equation of the right circular cone whose vertex is at the origin and base is the
circle x=a, y
2
+z
2
=b
2
.
Solution: Here axis is along x-axis
If is the semi-vertical angle, than Cos =

d. c of axis are (1,0,0) the equation of the cone is
cos =

2
(y
2
+z
2
) =b
2
x
2

CYLINDER
DEFINITION: A cylinder is a surface generated by a straight line which is parallel to a fixed line and
it has to intersect a given fixed curve. The straight line is any position called a generator and the fixed
point is called the guiding curve of the cylinder.
The equation of cylinders whose generators are parallel to the line
x y z
l m n
= = and intersect the curve
2 2
2 2 2 0, 0 ax hxy by gx fy c z + + + + + = =

is
2 2 2
( ) 2 ( )( ) ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 0 a nx lz h nx lz ny mz b ny mz gn nx lz fn ny mz n c - + - - + - + - + - + =
1. Find the equation of the cylinder whose generators are parallel to the line x =
, and
whose guiding curve is the ellipse x
2
+2y
2
=1,z=3
40
Solution: Let p(x
1
,y
1
,z
1
) be any point on the cylinder. Then the equation of the generator
through p is: =
Since Generators are parallel to the line:
, then equation of the generator is

------------- (1)
The line (1) meets at Z=3 from(1)

This point will lie on the ellipse:
, if:

----------- (2)
The Locus of P(x
1
,y
1
,z
1
) is: =9

2. Find the equation of the cylinder whose generating lines have the d. cs (l, m ,n) and which
passes through the circumference of the fixed circle in the ZOX plane.
Solution: Let p(x
1
,y
1
,z
1
) be any point on the cylinder. The given circle is , y=0
Then the equation of the generator through p is = ---- (1)
The point where the line (1) meets y=0 is
------------------------------------------------- (2)
Point (2) lies on

Locus of the point (x
1
,y
1
,z
1
) is:

3. Find the equation of the cylinder whose generators are parallel to z-axis and which passes
through the curve of intersection of , x+y+z=1
Solution: Let p(x
1
,y
1
,z
1
) be any point on the cylinder.
The d. c of z axis = (0, 0, 1)
Then the equation of the generator through p is:
= ------------------------------------- (1)
If the point (x
1
,y
1
,z
1
) lies on x+y+z=1
41
x
1
+y
1
+z
1
+k=1
k=1-( x
1
+y
1
+z
1
) -------------------------------- (2)
The point where (1) meets x+y+z=1 is p(x
1
,y
1
, 1- x
1
-y
1
)
But the point P lies on
,
The locus is:
RIGHT-CIRCULAR CYLINDER
DEFINITION: Right circular cylinder is a surface generated by a straight line which is parallel to a
fixed line and is at a constant distance from it or whose guiding curve is a circle.
The equation of the right circular cylinder whose axis is the line
x y z
l m n
a b g - - -
= = and
radius r is
2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
l x m y n z
x y z r
l m n
a b g
a b g
- + - + -
- + - + - - =

+ +

1. Find the equation of the right circular cylinder of radius 2, whose axis passes through (1, 2,
3) and has d.cs proportional to (2,-3, 6).
Solution: d. r for AN: (2,-3, 6)
d. c for AN : 2/7,-3/7,6/7
let p(x
1
,y
1
,z
1

2. The radius of a normal section of right circular cylinder is 2 units, the axis along the
straight line = find its equation.
Solution: Let p(x
1
,y
1
,z
1
d.r. Of the QM=2,-1,5
d.c. Of the QM=
MQ=Projection of PQ on the axis
MQ =
42

3. Find the equation of the circular cylinder whose guiding curve is

Solution: Given circle is: S, U

The axis of the cylinder is the line through the center of the sphere, perpendicular to the plane of
the circle, i.e., , radius of the cylinder = radius of the circle
Centre of the sphere = (0, 0, 0), r = 3
Perpendicular from (0, 0, 0) to the plane = =
The radius of the circle = =
Axis of the cylinder =
P(x,y,z) be any point on the cylinder, then
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)=( (x-0)- (y-0)+ (z-0))
2
+6
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
+xy+yz-zx-9=0
4. Obtain the equation of the right circular cylinder described on the circle through the three
points A(1,0,0), B(0, 1, 0), C (0, 0, 1) as guiding circle:
Solution: Equation of the plane is: X+Y+Z=1 ----------------- (1)
Since triangle ABC is equilateral, the center D of the circle through A, B, C is
Radius of the circle =
Radius of the cylinder =
Axis of the cylinder is the line through D and perpendicular to the plane (1).
Equation of axis: x y yy = z x=y=z
Equation of the cylinder is:

5. Find the equation of the right circular cylinder of the radius 3 and the axis is the line
43
Solution:
The Equation of the Right circular cylinder is

THE SPHERE
DEFINITION: A sphere is the locus of a point moving at a constant distance form a fixed point. The
constant distance is the radius and the fixed point is the centre of the sphere.
PLANE SECTION OF A SPHERE:
A plane section of a sphere is a circle sphere S:
2 2 2
2 2 2 0 x y z ux vy wz d + + + + + + = plane U:
1
0 ax by cz d + + + = the combined equation (S,U) is a circle.
The equation of the sphere through the circle a ( , ) S U is
1
S S KU = +
Ie,
2 2 2
1 1
(2 ) (2 ) (2 ) 0 S x y z x u ak y v bk z w ck d kd = + + + + + + + + + + =

EQUATION OF THE TANGENT PLANE
The sphere is
2 2 2
2 2 2 0 x y z ux vy wz d + + + + + + = and the point of contact is
1 1 1
( , , ) x y z then
Equation of the Tangent plane is
1 1 1 1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 xx yy zz u x x v y y w z z d + + + + + + + + + =

CONDITION FOR TANGENCY:
Condition for tangency is perpendicular from centre to the plane = radius

1
2 2 2
2 2 2
au bv cw d
u v w d
a b c
- - - +
= + + -
+ +

CONDITION FOR ORTHOGONALITY OF TWO SPHERES:
The condition for orthogonality of two spheres
2 2
2
1 1 1 1 1
: 2 2 2 0 S x y z u x v y w z d + + + + + + = and
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
: 2 2 2 0 S x y z u x v y w z d + + + + + + = is
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2( ) u u v v ww d d + + = +
1. Find the centre and radius of the sphere
Solution: The General equation
Centre=(-u,-v,-w) =(-3,3,-4) d=9
Radius= r =
44
2. A sphere of constant radius K passes through the origin O and meets the axes in A, B, C.
Prove that the locus of the centroid of the triangle ABC is the sphere
Solution: S:
As S passes through O (0, 0, 0): d=0
S: ------------------- (1)
= -------------------- (2)
As A is in x axis (y=0, z=0)
In (1)
X=-2u & x=0
A (-2u, 0, 0), B (0,-2v, 0), c (0, 0,-2w)
Let G(x,y,z) be the centroid of triangle ABC.
X= y= z=
U= v= w=
(2) Locus of G(x,y,z) is:
=

3. Find the equation of the concentric sphere with
and passing through the origin.
Solution: Given sphere is:
------------------ (1)
Equation of concentric sphere is
------------------- (2)
As sphere (2) passes through (0, 0, 0) K=0
Put in (2)
4. Find the equation of the sphere concentric with and
passing through the point (1,2,3)
Solution: The equation of the sphere concentric with
------------------ (i)
(I) passes through the point (1,2,3), k= -2
The required equation of the sphere is
45
5. Find the equation of the sphere passes through the points (1,0,0),(0,1,0), (0,0,1) and centre
on the plane x+y+z=6
Solution: S: ------------------ (1)
As c (-u,-v,-w) on the plane x+y+z=6
u-v-w=6 ----------------------------------- (2)
(1, 0, 0): 1+2u+d=0 u=-1/2-d/2
(0, 1, 0): 1+2v+d=0 v=-1/2-d/2
(0, 0, 1): 1+2w+d=0 w=-1/2-d/2 ------------------ (3)
Put in (2)
=

d =
Put in (3): u=-2 v=-2 w=-2
Put in (1): S:
6. Find the equation of the sphere with centre (1, 2, 3) and touch the plane, x+2y+2z=1.
Solution: Centre = (-u,-v,-w) = (1, 2, 3)
U=-1, v=-2, w=-3
= (perpendicular distance from the centre of the sphere
to the plane)
2

d= 14-

S:
S: .
7. Find the equation of the sphere through the circle , 2x+3y+4z=5 and the
point (1,2,3).
Solution: U: 2x+3y+4z-5=0.
S
1
: S+KU = 0
S
1
: ) + k(2x+3y+4z-5) =0 ------------------ (1)
As S
1
passes through (1, 2, 3).
46
(1+4+9-9)+k (2+6+12-5) =0
K= =

Put in (1): ) (2x+3y+4z-5) =0

8. Find the equation of the sphere through the spheres
and having its centre on the plane 4x-5y-z=3.
Solution: Given spheres are:

S=
X
2
(1+K) +Y
2
(1+K) +Z
2
(1+K) +X (-2+4K) +Y (-3+5K) +Z (4-6K) + (8+2K) =0
2U=-2+4K, U=-1+2K
2V=-3+5K, V=-3+5K/2
2W=4-6K, W=2-3K
C= (-U,-V,-W) =
As centre lie on: 4x-5y-z=3
4-8k-5 - (-2+3k) =3
8-16k-15+25k+4-6k=6
3k=9 K=3
(1) 4(x+y+z) +10x+12y-14z+14=0
9. Find the centre, radius and area of the circle. , x+y+z=3
Solution: Given sphere is S:

U: x+y+z=3
U=0, v=0, w=0, d=-9
C= (-U,-V,-W) = (0, 0, 0)
r = =3
Radius of the circle R=NP=
CN= perpendicular from center c to the plane
d.r. of CN=(1,1,1)
Equation of CN = k
47
X=k, y=k, z=k
Now N(x,y,z) satisfies the plane equation
K+k+k=3K=1
.
10. Obtain the equation of the sphere having the circle , x+y+z=3
as the Great circle.
U: x+y+z-3=0
S
1
: S+KU = 0
------------------ (1)
2u=k, u=

2v=10+k, v=
2w=-4+k, w=
Centre = (-U,-V,-W) =
x+y+z=3 =3

4
(1)
11.Find the equation of the tangent plane to the sphere

U=1, v=2, w=-3, d=-6
Point of contact (x
1
,y
1
,z
1
) = ( )
Tangent plane is
Substitute the values: 2x+4y-10=0
12. Find the equation of the sphere through the circle , 2x+3y-
7z=10 and touch the plane x-2y+2z=1
U: 2x+3y-7z=10
S
1
: S+KU = 0
48
(1)
2u= , u=-2+k
2v= , v=
2w= , w=
C= (-U,-V,-W) =
As sphere touches the plane x-2y+2z-1=0
Radius =
K = 1
Substitute the value of k in (1)

13. Show that the plane 2x-2y+z+12=0 touches the sphere and
find the point of contact. (AU MAY/JUNE 2009)
U: 2x-2y+z+12=0
U=-1, v=-2, w=1, d=-3
C= (-U,-V,-W) = (1,2, -1)
r = =3
CN = perpendicular distance from the centre of the sphere to the
plane
CN =
r = perpendicular
The plane 2x-2y+z+12=0 touch the sphere d.r of CN = (2,-2, 1)
Equation of CN is k
X=2k+1, y=-2k+2, z=k-1 (1)
As N(x,y,z) lie on the plane 2x-2y+z+12=0
2(2k+1)-2(-2k+2) + (k-1) +12=0
K=-1
Substitute in (1), (-1, 4,-2)
49
14. Find the equation of the sphere that passes through the circle
, 3x-4y-6z+11=0 and cuts the sphere
orthogonally.
U: 3x-4y-6z+11=0
S
1
: S+KU = 0
(1)
U
1
= v
1
= w
1
= d
1
=
As sphere cuts the sphere Orthogonally.
U
2
=1, v
2
=2, w
2
=-3, d
2
=11
The condition of orthogonality is 2(U
1
U
2
+, v
1
v
2
+, w
1
w
2
= d
1
+ d
2

-2+3k+6-8k+12+18k=17+11k
K=1/2
Put in (1):
2( )-x+2y-14z+23=0
15. Find the equation to the sphere passing through the circle
and cuts orthogonally the sphere
Solution:

The required sphere cuts orthogonally
Condition for orthogonal spheres is
Here
Hence equn (3) becomes

Sub k = -1 in (A) We get the required sphere

50
16. If any tangent to the sphere makes intercepts a,b,c on the co-ordinate
axes, prove that
Solution: The plane intercept form is:

Perpendicular distance from the centre of the plane = r =k

17. Find the equation of the sphere passes through the points (1,0,0),(0,1,0), (0,0,1) and its
radius as small as possible.
Solution: As sphere passes through (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1)
2u=2v=2w=-(1+d)
But r =
R=
As r is least

d = -1/3
(Since it is least)
The sphere is 3( )-2(x+y+z)-1=0.
18. Show that the spheres =25, touch
externally and find their point of conduct.
Solution: Given the sphere S
1
=
u
1
=-9, v
1
=-12, w
1
=-20 d
1
=225 , c
1
= (9, 12, 20); r
1
= = 20
S
2
: =25
u
2
=0 , v
2
=0, w
2
=0 d
1
=-25 c
2
(0,0,0,) ;
r
2
= 5
C
1
C
2
=25 r
1
+r
2
=25
Spheres touch each other externally
51
The point of contact C divides C
1
C
2
in the ratio 20: 5 = 4:1
The point of contact (9/5, 12/5,4)
19. Find the equation of the sphere which is tangential to the plane 2x + 2y -2z = 11 at (2,2,1)
and passes through the point (1,0,-1)
Solution: S: (1)
It passes through the point (1,0,-1)
2u+2w+ d= -2 (2)
Tangent pane at ( 2,2,1) is
x (2+u)+ y(2+v) +z(1+w) + 2u +2v +w + d = 0 (3)
Equation (2) & (3) represent the same line
= = k
2k-2, v= -2, w= -2k-1 d = -2k-2u-2v-w (4)
Using (4) in (2) we get k= -9/4
K=-9/4 in (4) gives u = -13/2, v=-2, w=7/2 , d=23/2
Equation (1)
20. The circle on the sphere: has centre (2, 1, 2) find the
equation of the circle.
Solution: Given sphere:
whose center is C( -2,1,-4)
centre of circle N( 2,1,2)
dr of NC = 4,0,-6
Equation of the plane is ax+by+cz+d = 0 (1)
Equation (1) Becomes -4x -6z + d= 0 (2)
The point (2, 1, 2) is on the plane -8-12+d = 0 d= 20
Equation (2) becomes -4x -6z+20 = 0 or -2x -3z+10 = 0
The equation of the circle is , -2x -3z+10 = 0
21. Find the equation of the sphere through the spheres
as the great circle
Solution: Given the spheres S
1
: (1)
S
2
: (2)
The plane is S
1
-S
2
=0 U: 6x + 5y +16z-1=0 (3)
52
The required sphere is
S
1
+ kU= (4)
Centre C =
As the circle is the great CN = perpendicular distance from the centre of the sphere to the plane
CN =
Radius of the circle R=NP= = =
Area of circle R
2
=6.
To find centre of the circle N(x,y,z)
Circle centre of the sphere should lie on its own plane, gives
k =-197/61
Using k in (4)
22. Find the equation of the sphere having the points (2,-3,4) and (-1,5,7) as the ends of a
diameter. (AU MAY/JUNE 2009)
Solution: Given A (2,-3, 4) and B (-1, 5, 7)

S:
23. Find the equation of the sphere which passes through the circle and
x+2y+3z=3 and touch the plane 4x+3y=15 (AU MAY/JUNE 2009)
U: x+2y+3z=3
S
1
: S+KU = 0
(1)
2u= , u= ; 2v=2 , v= k ; 2w=3 , w= ;
C= (-u,-v,-w) =
As sphere touches the plane 4x+3y-15=0 ,We get k = -3
Substitute the value of k in (1)

24. Find the centre radius and area of the circle given by
53

Solution: For the sphere , The centre C(-1,1,2)
and Radius = r =5
Radius of the circle R = NP=
CN=perpendicular from the centre of the plane
=
Area =
d.r of CN are x+1, y-1, z-2. d.r of normal to the plane are 1,2,2

x=k-1, y=2k+1, z=2k+2 Substituting x, y, z in the plane equation we get k=-4/3

25. Find the two tangent planes to the sphere which are
parallel to the plane x+4y+8z=0. Find their point of contact
Solution: Given sphere is S: N: x+4y+8z=0
u= -2, v= -1, w= -3, d= 5, C= (-u,-v,-w) = (2,1, 3) and r = =3
CN = perpendicular distance from the centre of the sphere to the plane
CN = = r
The plane x+4y+8z=0 touch the sphere d.r of CN = (1,4,8)
Equation of CN is hence x=k+2, y=-4k+1, z=8k+3
As N(x,y,z) lie on the plane x+4y+8z=0
(k+2)+4(4k+1) +8 (8k+3)-57 =0 gives k= 1/3
Substitute in (1), we get the point of contact is
26. Find the equation of the right circular cone generated when the straight line y-z=0, x=0
revaluated about x=0, z=2. (AU MAY/JUNE 2009)
Solution: If the curve y= f (z) in the yz plane is rotated about
the z-axis
The equation of the surface of resolution thus generated is
x
2
+y
2
= (f (z))
2

Here y= (f (z)) = z Hence X
2
+y
2
= z
2
x
2
+y
2
-z
2
=0
P

C

N

54

UNIT III DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Curvature: The rate of bending of a curve in any interval is called the curvature of the curve in that
interval.
Curvature of a circle: The curvature of a circle at any point on it equals the reciprocal of its radius.
Radius of curvature: The radius of curvature of a curve at any point on it is defined as the reciprocal of the
curvature
Cartesian form of radius of curvature
2
3
2
2
2
1
+
=
dx
y d
dx
dy
r
Parametric equation of radius of curvaturer =

Polar form of radius of curvature r =

Implicit form of radius of curvature r =

Centre of curvature: The circle which touches the curve at P and whose radius is equal to the radius of
curvature and its centre is known as centre of curvature.
Equation of circle of curvature:

Centre of curvaturee: = x
= y +

Evolute: The locus of the centre of curvature is called an evolute
Involute: If a curve C
1
is the evolute of C
2
, then C
2
is said to be an involute of a curve C
1
.
Parametric equation of some standard curves
Curve Parametric form
Y
2
= 4 ax (parabola) X = at
2
, y =2at
(ellipse)
X= a cosq , y =b sinq
(hyperbola)
X= a secq , y = b tanq

X= a cos
3
q , y = a sin
3
q

Xy = c
2
( rectangular hyperbola)
X = ct , y =

Envelope: A curve which touches each member of a family of curves is called envelope of that family
curves.
55
Envelope of a family of curves: The locus of the ultimate points of intersection of consecutive members of
a family of curve is called the envelope of the family of curves.
Properties of envelope and evolute
Property:1: The normal at any point of a curve is a tangent to its evolute touching at the corresponding
centre of curvature.
Property:2 The difference between the radii of curvature at two points of a curve
is equal to the length of the arc of the evolute between the two corresponding points.
Property:3: There is one evolute ,but an infinite number of involutes
Property:4 The envelope of a family of curves touches at each of its point. The corresponding member of
that family
Evolute as the envelope of normals: The normals to a curve form a family of straight lines.we know that
the envelope of the family of these normals is the locus of the ultimate points of intersection of consecutive
normals. But the centre of curvature of a curve is also the point of consecutive normals. Hence the envelope
of the normals and the locus of the centres of curvature are the same that is ,the evolute of a curve is the
envelope of the normals of the curve.
Part - A
1. Find the radius of curvature of y=
at x=0
Solution:

y=

y
1
=
at x= 0 y
1
=1
y
2
=
at x= 0 y
2
=1

=2

2. Find the radius of curvature of at x =
on the curve y = 4 sin x sin 2x

Solution:

y
1
=4 cosx 2 cos 2x at x=
y
1
=2
y
2
= sin x sin x at x =
y
2
=-4

3. Given the coordinates of the centre of curvature of the curve is given as 2a +3at
2

56

-2at
3
Determine the evolute of the curve
Solution: 2a +3at
2
t
2
=(

)------------ 1
-2at
3
t
3
= ------------ 2
(

)
3
= (
2
4( -2a)
3
=27a
2
The locus of the centre of curvature (evolute) is 4(x-2a)
3
=27a
2

4. Write the envelope of Am
2
+Bm+C=0, where m is the parameter and A, B and C are functions of x
and y. (NOV-08)
Solution: Given Am
2
+Bm+C=0(1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. m
2Am+B=0 m=-B/2A.(2)
Substitute (2) in (1) we get
A(-B/2A)
2
+B(-B/2A)+C=0
AB
2
/4A
2
-B
2
/2A+C=0
AB
2
-2AB
2
+4A
2
C=0
- AB
2
+4A
2
C=0
Therefore B
2
-4AC=0 which is the required envelope.

5. Find the radius of curvature at any point of the curve y=x
2
. (NOV-07)
Solution: Radius of curvature

Given y=x
2
y
1
=
=2x and Y
2
=
=2

6. Find the envelope of the family of x sin a+ y cos a= p, abeing the parameter. (NOV-07)
Solution: Given x sin a + y cos a= p. (1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. a
X cos a- y sin a= o.(2)
Eliminate abetween (1) and (2)
X cos a = y sin a Tan a =
57
Sin cos
Substitute in (1)
x. + y. = p
= p
Squaring on both sides, x
2
+y
2
=p
2
which is the required envelope
7. What is the curvature of x
2
+y
2
- 4x-6y+10=0 at any point on it . (JAN-06)
Solution: Given x
2
+y
2
- 4x-6y+10=0
The given equation is of the form x
2
+y
2
+2gx+2fy+c =0
Here 2g =-4 g=-2
2f =-6 f=-3
Centre C(2,3), radius r = = =
Curvature of the circle =
Therefore Curvature of x
2
+y
2
- 4x-6y+10=0 is
8. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y= mx , where m is the parameter (JAN-
06)
Solution: Given y= mx
(y-mx)
2
=m
2
-1
Y
2
+m
2
x
2
2mxy-m
2
+1=0
m
2
(x
2
-1)-2mxy+y
2
+1=0 which is quadratic in m
Here, A=x
2
-1 B=-2xy C=y
2
+1
The condition is B
2
-4AC=0
4 x
2
y
2
-4(x
2
-1)(y
2
+1)=0
4 x
2
y
2
-4 x
2
y
2
-4x
2
+4y
2
+4=0
X
2
-y
2
=4 which is the required envelope

9. Find the curvature of the curve 2x
2
+2y
2
+5x-2y+1=0 (MAY-05,NOV-07)
Solution: Given 2x
2
+2y
2
+5x-2y+1=0
2
x
2
+y
2
+5/2x-y+1/2=0
Here 2g =5/2 g=5/4
58
2f=-1 f=-1/2 centre C (-5/4,1/2) radius r= = = =
Therefore Curvature of the circle 2x
2
+2y
2
+5x-2y+1=0 is

10. State any two properties of evolute . (MAY-05)
Solution: (i) The normal at any point of a curve is a tangent to its evolute touching at the
corresponding contre of curvature. (ii) The difference between the radii of curvature at two points of a
curve is equal to the length of the arc of the evolute between the two corresponding points.

11. Define the curvature of a plane curve and what the curvature of a straight line. (JAN-05)
Solution: The rate at which the plane curve has turned at a point (rate of bending of a curve is called
the curvature of a curve. The curvature of a straight line is zero.

12. Define evolute and involute . (JAN-05)
Solution: The locus of centre of curvature of a curve (B
1
,B
2
,B
3
,) is called evolute of the given
curve.
If a curve C
2
is the evolute of a curve C
1
,then C
1
is said to be an involute of a curve C
2
.
13. Find the radius of curvature of the curve x
2
+y
2
-6x+4y+6=0 (NOV-08)
Solution: Given X
2
+y
2
- 6x+4y+6=0
The given equation is of the form x
2
+y
2
+2gx+2fy+c =0
Here 2g =-6 g=-3
2f =4 f=2
Centre C(3,-2), radius r = = =
Radius of Curvature of the circle = radius of the circle=

14. Find the envelope of the family of circles (x-a)
2
+y
2
=4a,where a is the parameter.(MAY-07)
Solution: Given (x-a)
2
+y
2
=4a
X
2
-2ax+a
2
-4a+y
2
=0
a
2
-2a (x+2)+x
2
+y
2
=0 which is quadratic in
The condition is B
2
-4AC=0
Here A=1 B=-2 (x+2) C= x
2
+y
2
4(x+2)
2
-4(x
2
+y
2
)=0
x
2
-4x+4- x
2
-y
2
=0
59
y
2
+4x=4 which is the required envelope.

15. Define evolute . (MAY-07)
Solution: The locus of centre of curvature ( ,
is called an evolute .

16. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y=mx+
for different values of m.

Solution: Given y=mx+
(NOV-07, May 2009)

m
2
x-my+a=0 which is quadratic in m
The condition is B
2
-4AC=0
Here A=x B=-y C=a
Y
2
-4ax = 0
There fore y
2
= 4ax which is the required envelope.

17. Find the envelope of the line +yt=2c, wheret is the parameter. (NOV-02,05)
Solution: Given +yt=2c
Yt
2
-2ct+x=0 which is quadratic in t
The condition is B
2
-4AC=0
Here A=y B=-2c C=x
C
2
-xy=0
Therefore xy=c
2
which is the required envelope.

18. Find the radius of curvature of the curve y=c cosh(x/c)at the point where it crosses the y-axis.
Solution: Radius of curvature (NOV-05,May-09)
Given y=c cosh(x/c) and the curve crosses the y-axis. (i.e.)x=0 implies y=c.
Therefore the point of intersection is (0,c)
=c sin h(x/c)(1/c)=sin h (x/c)
(0,c)=sinh 0= 0
=cos h(x/c)(1/c)
(0,c)= cos h(0) (1/c) = 1/c
60

= c

19. Find the radius of curvature of the curve xy=c
2
at (c,c). (NOV-02)
Given xy=c
2

x
+ y =0
implies
(c,c)=-1
=-
(c,c)= =-

20. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y= mx , where m is the parameter
Solution: Given y= mx (Jan 09)
(y-mx)
2
=( )
Y
2
+m
2
x
2
2mxy- m
2
- =0
m
2
(x
2
- )-2mxy+y
2
=0 which is quadratic in m
Here, A=x
2
- B=-2xy C= y
2

The condition is B
2
-4AC=0
4 x
2
y
2
-4(x
2
- )(y
2
- )=0
1 which is the required envelope
21. Write down the formula for radius of curvature in terms of parametric coordinate system. (May-
09)
Solution: Radius of curvature .
22. Define the circle of curvature at a point P(x
1
,y
2
) on the curve y = f(x). (Jan-09)
Solution: The circle of curvature is the circle whose centre is the centre of curvature and radius is the
radius of curvature. Therefore the equation of circle of curvature is
61

PART-B
1. Find the radius of curvature at the point
on the curve
.
Solution: Given x=
(1) (NOV-07,MAY-08,MAY-09)
Y=
..(2)
Differentiate (1) and (2) w.r.t

=-sec
2

Radius of curvature

sin

=3a sin

2. Find the radius of curvature of the curve
at the point (-a, 0). (NOV-08)


Given

Differentiate w.r.t. x
2y

62

\

3. Find the radius of curvature at the point (a,0)on the curve
.(MAY-07)

Given

Differentiate w.r.t.x
2xy
+y
2
.1=-3x
2

(1)

Therefore

Differentiate (2) w.r.t.y.

Therefore radius of curvature

63

(since the radius of curvature is non-negative)

4. Find the curvature of the parabola y
2
=4x at the vertex. (NOV-07)

Given; y
2
=4x
2y
= 4
=2/y

Therefore

Differentiate (1) w.r.t.y.

Therefore

=2
Curvature K=1/ =1/2

5. Find the radius of curvature of the curve 27ay
2
= 4x
3
at the point where the tangent of the curve
makes an angle 45
0
with the X- axis.
Solution; Let (x
1
,y
1
) be the point on the curve at which the tangent makes an angle 45
0

with the X- axis.
(x
1
,y
1
) =Tan 45
o
=1-------------------------------- (1)
Given 27ay
2
= 4x
3

54ay
=12x
2

64

(x
1
,y
1
) =
-----------------------------------(2)
(x
1
,y
1
) =Tan 45
o
=1=

Gives
-----------------------------(3)
As ( x
1
,y
1
) lies on the curve 27ay
2
1
= 4x
3
1
---------------------------------(4)

Using
gives x
1
= 3a
And using (3) gives y
1
= 2a
Y
1
at (3a,2a)= 1
Y
2
=

Y
2
=
=1/6a
Therefore radius of curvature

6. Find the evolute of the rectangular hyperbola xy=c
2
. (JAN-06,NOV-08)
Solution: The equation of the given curve is xy=c
2
.(1)
The parametric form of (1) is
X=ct; y=
=c;
=c
=-

Y
1
=

Y
2
=

The co-ordinates of the center of curvature Is
Where
..(2)
65

(3)
Eliminating between (2) and (3),
(2)+(3)gives

(4)
(2)-(3)gives

..(5)
(4)
2/3
-(5)
2/3
gives

Therefore

The locus of centre of curvature is

which is the required evolute of the rectangular hyperbola xy=c

2
.

7. Find the radius of curvature for the curve r=a(1+cos)at

is a constant.
Solution: Given r=a(1+cos ) (NOV-07,08)
r= -a sin and r = cos
The radius of curvature in polar form is =

at

is

66

Also,

Therefore,

.

8. Considering the evolute as the envelope of normals, find the evolute of the parabola x
2
=4ay.
Solution: Given x
2
=4ay (NOV-08)
The parametric equations are x=2at, y=at
2

=2a and

=2at

m =

We know that the equation of normal to the curve is y-y
1
=
(x-x
1
)
y-at
2
=
(x-2at) yt-at
3
=-x+2at
x+yt=at
3
+2at.(1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t.twe get
Y=3at
2
+2a t
2

Substitute the value of t in (1)
y
+x=a
+2a

x =

Squaring on both sides, we get
which is the required evolute.

9. Obtain the evolute of the parabola y
2
=4ax. (NOV-07)
Solution: Given y
2
=4ax(1)
The parametric equations are x= at
2
, y=2at
=2at

=2a
=y
1

Y
2
=

67

=

The co-ordinates of the center of curvature Is
Where
at
at
at
at
a
at
a..(2)

(3)
Eliminating t between (2)and(3),
(2) gives t

(3) gives

The locus of centre of curvature is
which is the required evolute.

10. Find the equation of the envelope of
. (NOV-02,07)
Solution: Given that
(1)
And
..(2)
Differentiate (1)and(2) w.r.t b
..(3)
2a
+2b=0(4)
(3)gives
..(5)
(4)gives
(6)
From (5)and (6)

68

Substitute in (2) we get,

Therefore

11. Find the equation of circle of curvature of the parabola y
2
=12x at the point (3,6).
Solution: The equation of circle of curvature is
(NOV-07,08,JAN-09)
Where,

Given y
2
=12x
Differentiate w.r.t.x we get
2y
=12 implies

Y
1
=
(3,6)=1

Y
2
=
(3,6)=-1/6

( can not be negative)

=3

Therefore, the equation of circle of curvature is

12. Find the radius of curvature at t on x=e
t
cost,y=e
t
sint. (JAN-06)

Given

69

X=

Y=

X=

Y=

The radius of curvature is

13. Find the evolute of the ellipse
. (MAY-05,07)
Solution: The given curve is

The parametric equations are x=acos ,y=bsin

Y
1
=

Y
2
=

Y
2

The Co-ordinate of centre of curvature is
Where

= acos -
acos

= acos

cos
acos

cos

acos

cos
acos acos
.(1)

70
= +
(2)
Eliminating between (1) and (2),we get

we know that,

The locus of is which is the evolute of the ellipse

14. Find the envelope of where l and m are connected by and a,b are constants. (MAY
05, NOV-05)
Solution: Given that ..(1) (2)
Differentiating (1) w.r.t.m. we get
.(3)
Differentiating (2) w.r.t.m
..(4)
71
From (3) and (4)

Substitute in equation (2) ,
15. Find the points on the parabola at which the radius of curvature is 4 . (MAY 05)
Solution: Given .(1)
Let, P (a,b) be the point on the curve at where

Differentiate (1) w.r.t. x
Y
1
=2y
Y
2
=

But, hence 8
a+1=2 a=1, The points are (1,2),(1,-2).

72
16. Considering the evolute of a curve as the envelope of its normals find the evolute of .
(NOV-02,05,MAY-05)
Solution: The given curve is
The parametric equations are x=acos ,y=bsin

m=
We know that the equation of the normal is y-y
1
= (x-x
1
)

,we get

..(1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. , we get

Substitute in equation (1),we get

73
which is the required evolute of the ellipse.

17. Find the circle of curvature at (3,4)on xy=12. (JAN-05)
Solution: The equation of circle of curvature is
Where,

Given xy=12
Differentiate w.r.t.x we get
x implies
Y
1
= (3,4)=-4/3
Y
2
= (3,6)

=3

Therefore, the equation of circle of curvature is .

18. Find the curvature for . (JAN-05)
Solution: Given
r= =
r =
74
The radius of curvature in polar form is =

Curvature
19. Find the evolute of the four cusped hyper cycloid .(JAN-05, NOV-07)
Solution: The equation of the given curve is ..(1)
The parametric equations are x = a cos
3
, y = a sin
3

Y
1
= /////// = -tan
Y
2
= - sec
2
/ =( (sec
4
cosec))/3a
= a cos
3
- ( 1 + tan
2

= a cos
3
+ ------------------------------------------(2)
a sin
3
( 1 + tan
2

a sin
3
+ -----------------------------------------(3)
Eliminate from 2 & 3
+ = a cos
3
+ + a sin
3
+
= a( cos + sin
3
------------------------------------(4)
- = a cos
3
+ - a sin
3
+
= a( cos - sin
3
------------------------------------(5)
+ = ( +
= (2)
The locus of centre of curvature is + = (2)

75
20. Find the radius of curvature at the origin of the cycloid x = a (q + sin q) and y = a( 1- cos q).
(MAY07, Nov 08)
Given: x = a (q + sin q) , y = a( 1- cos q).
x =a( 1 + cos q) y = a( sin q)
x = -a sin q y = a cos q
The radius of curvature is
= = 4a cos
At q= 0
21. Find the envelope of the straight lines represented by the equation x cos + y sin = a sec , is
the parameter (Nov 07)
Solution: Given x cos + y sin = a sec
Divided by cos
x + y tan = a sec
2

x + y tan = a ( 1 + tan
2
)
a tan
2
y tan + a x = 0
which is quadratic in tan
A = a, B = -y C = a-x
The envelope is given by B
2
4AC = 0
y
2
= 4a(a-x) which is the required envelope

22. Prove that the evolute of the curve x = a (cos q + log tan ), y=a sin q is the catenary y = a cosh
( Nov 05)
Solution : x = a (cos q + log tan )
x = a(-sin q + ) = a cot q cos q
y=a sin q
y = a cos q
y
1
= = tan q
y
2
= = (sec
4
q sin q)
76

= a (cos q + log tan )- ( 1 + tan
2

=a log tan ..(1)

= a sin q+ ( 1 + tan
2

.(2)
Eliminate qfrom (1) and (2)
tan = .(3)
=
y = a cosh which is the required evolute
23. Obtain the equation of the evolute of the curve x= .(May-09)
Solution: Given x=

= tan
tan = tan = =
The co-ordinates of centre of curvature is

=
.(1)

=
77
= .(2)
Eliminating from equations (1) & (2) we get,
The locus of centre of curvature is which Is the required evolute.
24. Find the envelope of the straight line ,where a and b are parameters that are connected
by the relation a+b = c. (May-09)
And a+b = c..(2)
Differentiate Eqns (1) and (2) partially w.r.t b
- =0
(3)

(4)
Equate (3) & (4) we get

and
a= b=
Substitute in eqn (2)

, which is the required evolute.
25. Find the envelope of the family of lines subject to the condition a+b =1.(Jan-09)
And a+b = 1..(2)
Differentiate Eqns (1) and (2) partially w.r.t b
- =0
78
(3)

(4)
Equate (3) & (4) we get

and
a= b=
Substitute in eqn (2)

, which is the required evolute.
26. Find the evolute of the hyperbola considering it as the envelope of its normals.
Solution: The parametric equations are x= and y= b . (Jan-09)

Slope of the curve m= =
Equation of normal to the given curve is
y-b tan nnnnnnnn = -
y-b
by cos
axcos - ..(1)
Differentiate eqn (1) w.r.t.
-ax sin in in in in in
79

= =

Substitute in eqn (1) we get,
ax -by =
=

, which is the required evolute of the given curve.
27. Find the radius of curvature of the curve + = at . (Jan-09)
Solution: Given + =

80

Radius of curvature = =

81

Unit 4 Functions of several Variables
Problems based on Partial Derivatives
Problems based on Euler`s Theorem
Problems based on Total Derivatives-Differentiation of Implicit Function
Problems based on Jacobian
Problems based on Taylor`s and Laurent Series
Problems based on Maxima and Minima for Functions of Two Variables
Problems based on Lagrangian Multiplier
Partial Derivatives
Partial Derivatives: Let be a function of two Variables x and y, If we keep y as a constant and
Vary x alone , then z is a function of x only ,
The derivative of z w.r.to x, treating y as a constant is called the partial derivatives w.r.to x and it is denoted by
the symbols

Notation:

Successive Partial Differentiation: let , then
being the function of x and y can further be

differentiation partially with respect to x and y.

Problems:
1. If u =
find

Solution:

2. Find
if
where
and

Solution:

82

3. If
show that

Solution: Given

Adding (1), (2),and (3) we get

4. show that

Solution: Let ,
---------------- (1)
---------------- (2)
---------------- (3)
(1)+ (2)+ (3)

5. If
, Show that

Solution: Given tan

z is a homogeneous function of degree n=2
sec
sec

As z is homogeneous function of order n=2, it satisfies the Eulers equation

x sec
sec
tan
sin
83

6. If u =
, find

Sol: given u =

Euler`s Theorem for Homogeneous Function
Euler`s Theorem: If u be a homogeneous function of degree n an x and y then

Problems:
1. Verify Eulers theorem for the function

Solution: Given

This is a homogeneous function of degree 2.

Adding (1) and (2) we get
Hence Eulers theorem is verified.

2. If
, Show that

Solution: Given sin

As z is a homogeneous function of order n = 1, it satisfies the Eulers theorem
sin ---------------- (1)
cos
cos

(1)
tan ---------------- (2)

By Eulers theorem of second order
---------------- (3)
tan,
sec
put in (3)
84

tan sec
tan

3. If u =
, prove that

Sol: given

is a homogeneous function of degree 0.
Hence by Eulers theorem, we have
x u = 0
Total Derivatives-Differentiation of Implicit Function
Total Derivative: If , then we can express u as a function of t
alone by substituting the value of x and y in Thus we can find the ordinary derivatives
which is
called the total derivative of u distinguish it from partial derivatives

Now to find the
without actually substituting the values of x and y in we establish the following

formula

Problems:
1. Find
if
where
and

Solution:

2. If
where
and
find
and

Solution:
sin
cos
sin
cos

3. Find
if

Solution: Let

4. Find

Ans :

85

cos

5. If z be a function of x and y and u and v are other two variables, such that
show that

Solution: z may be represented as the function of u,v
(1)
Similarly
(2)
(1)+(2)

6.

Ans: Here Z is a composite function of u and v

(1)

..(2)
Now

Sub these values in (1) & (2) We get
..(3)
Now

Which implies
..(4)
(3)x(4) We get
..(A)
Similarly we get
(B)
(A)+(B) Gives

86

2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
7. ( ) cos , sin
( ) cos , sin
1
r r
r
If uis a function x and y and x and y are functions of r and givenby a x e y e
u u u u
shownthat e
x y r
b x r y r provethat
z z z z
an
x y r r r
q q q
q
q q
-
= =

+ = +

= =

+ = +

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 1
.
[
( ) , .
cos ; sin ;
sin ; cos
;
r r
r r
z z z z z
d
x y r r r
Solution
a Hereuis a functionof x y whichis givenas a functionof r and
x x
e x e y
r
y y
e y e x
r
x x
x
r
q q
q
q q
q
q q
q

+ = + +

= = = - = -

= = = =

\ =
;
. . ...(1)
y y
y x and y
r
u u x u y u u
Now x y
r x r y r x y
q q

= - = =

= + = +

. . ...(2)
(1), ,
...(3)
u u x u y u u
y x
x y x y
From we get
x y
r x y
q q q

= + = - +

= +

2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
(2), ,
...(4)
,
2 ...(5)
From we get
y x
x y
u u u u
Now x y x y
r r r x y x y
u u u u
x xy y
r x x y y
q

= - +

= = + +

= + +

2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 ...(6)
u u u u
y x y x
x y x y
u u u u
y xy x
x x y y
q q q
q

= = - + - +

= - +

87

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2
(5) (6) ,
( ) ( )
( )
. .,
( ) cos ; sin ; sin ; cos
r
r
Adding and we get
u u u u
x y x y
r x y
u u u u
x y e
x y x y
u u u u
i e e
x y r
x x y y
b r r
r r
q
q
q q q q
q q
-

+ = + + +

= + + = +

+ = +

= = - = =

2 2
2
2
2
2
. cos . sin .
sin cos
1
cos sin sin cos
z z x z y z z
r x r y r x y
z z x z y z z
r r
x y x y
z z z z z z
r r x y x y
z z
x y
q q
q q
q q q
q q q q
q

= + = +

= + = - +

+ = + + - +

= +

2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
cos sin
cos sin
cos sin 2sin cos
sin cos
z z
r r r
z z
r x y
z x z y z x z y
x r y x r x y r y r
z z z
x y x y
z z
z z
r r
x y
q q
q q
q q q q
q q q
q q
q

=

= +

= + + +

= + +

=

= - +
2 2
2
cos sin
z z x z y
r r
x x y x
q q
q q

= - - +

2 2
2
sin cos
z z z y
r r
y y
q q
q q

- + +

2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
sin cos 2 sin cos cos sin
z z z z z
r r r r
x y x y x y
q q q q q q

= + - - +

88
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 1
cos sin
1
1 1
z z z z z z
r r x y r x y
z z z
x y r r
z z z z z
x y r r r r r
q q
q

\ + = + - +

= + -

\ + = + +

Hence the Solution
Jacobian
Defn :
are functions of n variables
the the Jacobian of the transformation from
is defined by
and is denoted by the symbol

or

Problems:
1. Prove that the functions are

are functionally dependent.

Solution:

u and v are not independent,

u ,v are functionally dependent.
2. Find the Jacobian of u = xyz, v = xy + yz + zx, w = x + y + z
Solution:

.
3. If

find

89

Solution:

( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )( )
1 2 3
1 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3
1 1 1
1 2 3
1 2 3 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
3 3 3
1 2 3
2 1
2 3 1 3 1 2
1 1 2
2
1 2
, ,
4. , 1 , 1 , 1 .
, ,
:
, ,
, ,
1 0 0
1 0
1 1
1
y y y
Find the valueof if y x y x x y x x x
x x x
Solution
y y y
x x x
y y y
y y y
x x x x x x
y y y
x x x
x x
x x x x x x
x x x
x x
Hen
= - = - = -

=

-
= - -
- - -
= - - -
= -
. cethe solution
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2
, ,
5. , , , .
, ,
:
, , exp , , , ,
, ,
, ,
2 2 2
1 1 1
x y z
If u xyz v x y z w x y z find J
u v w
Solution
Sinceu v ware liciltly given interms of x y z we first evaluate
x y z
J
u v w
u u u
x y z
yz zx xy
v v v
Weknowthat J x y z
x y z
w w w
x y z
= = + + = + + =

= =

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2
yz y z zx x z xy x y
yz y z zx x z xy x y
x y x z xy xz y z yz
= - - - + -
= - - - + -

= - - + + -

90

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )
( )( )( )
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
sin , 1, ,
, ,
, ,
1
2
x y z x y z yz y z
y z x x y z yz
y z y z x x z x
y z z x y x
x y y z z x
Byu g JJ we get
x y z
J
u v w
x y y z z x

= - - - + -

= - - + +

= - - - -

= - - -
= - - - -
=
-
=
- - -
( )
( )
2 3 3 1 1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 3
2 3 3 1 1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 1 1
1 2 3
1 2 3 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
3
6. , , .
, , , , 4.
Pr :
: , , .
, ,
, ,
x x x x x x
If y y y
x x x
Showthat the Jacobianof y y y withrespect to x x x is
oof
x x x x x x
Given y y y
x x x
y y y
x x x
y y y
y y y
Weknowthat
x x x x x x
y
x
= = =
= = =

3 3
1 2 3
y y
x x

2 3 3 2
2
1 1 1
3 3 1 1
2
2 2 2
2 1 1 2
2
3 3 3
2 3 3 1 1 2
2 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 2
1 2 3
2 3 3 1 1 2
1
x x x x
x x x
x x x x
x x x
x x x x
x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x
x x x x x x
-
= -
-
-
= -
-
2 2 2
1 2 3
2 2 2
1 2 3
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
x x x
x x x
-
= -
-

91

( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 2 2 4
. Hencethe proof
=- - - - - + +
= + + =
7. If
and . Evaluate
with out actual substitution.

Solution:
and
cos
sin
sin
cos

cos sin
sin cos

cos
sin

8. If

. Find the Jacobian
.
Solution:

tan
tan

92

( )
2 2
2 2
( , )
23. cos , sin ,
( , )
cos sin
cos sin
sin cos
( , )
( , )
cos sin
sin cos
cos sin
cos sin
x y
If x r y r find
r
Solution
Given x r y r
x y
r r
x y
r r
x x
x y
r
We knowthat
y y r
r
r
r
r r
r r
q q
q
q q
q q
q q
q q
q
q
q
q q
q q
q q
q q
= =
= =

= =

= - =

=

-
=
= +
= + =

9. If
,
show that they are not independent. And also find the relation between them.
Sol: will not be independent if

Hence,
=

= 0.
Hence are not independent.
To find the relation between them:
Given
and
Now,

, which is the required relation.

Taylor`s Series and Laurent Series
The Taylors series expansion of in the power of and is

Problems:
93

1. Find the Taylors series expansion of
log in the power of x and y upto third degree terms.

Sol: The Taylors series expansion of in the power of and is

+...(1)

log
log
log ,
log
= 1
log
log
= 1
log
log = 0
= 2

log

..
2. Using Taylors series expansion express
in powers of x and y upto second degree

terms at

Solution:
cos
cos
cos
sin
sin

94

cos

Taylors series is

3. Expand
as Taylors series up to second degree terms

Solution:

Taylors series is

2
2
4. ' var exp 3 2 1 2.
exp ( , )
( , ) ( , ) ( ) ( , ) ( ) ( , )
1
( ) ( , ) 2( )(
2!
x y
xx
Use Taylor s series oftwo iables to and x y y in powers of x and y
Solution
Weknowthat the ansionof f x y in powers x a and y bis givenby
f x y f a b x a f a b y b f a b
x a f a b x a y
+ - + -
- -
= + - + -
+ - + - -
2
3 2 2
3
) ( , ) ( ) ( , )
1
[( ) 3( ) ( ) 3( )( )
3!
( ) ] ....(1)
xy yy
xxx xyy xyy
yyy
b f a b y b f a b
x a f x a y b f x a y b f
y b f
+ -

+ - + - - + - -
+ -

2
2
1, 2
( , ) 3 2 ( 1, 2) 6
2 ( 1, 2) 4
3 ( 1, 2) 4
2 ( 1, 2) 4
2 ( 1, 2) 2
0 ( 1, 2) 0
0 ( 1, 2) 0
x x
y y
xx xx
xy xy
yy yy
xxx xxx
Here a b
Now f x y x y f
f xy f
f x f
f y f
f x f
f f
f f
= - =
= + - \ - =
= - = -
= + - =
= - =
= - = -
= - =
= - =

2 ( 1, 2) 2
xxy xxy
f f = - =
95

0 ( 1, 2) 0
0 ( 1, 2) 0
sin(1) ,
xyy xyy
yyy yyy
f f
f f
Substituting thesevalue we get
= - =
= - =

2 2 2
2
2 2
1
3 2 6 ( 1)( 4) ( 2)(4) [( 1) (4) 2( 1)( 2)( 2) ( 2) (0)]
2!
1
[0 3( 1) ( 2)(2) 0 0]
3!
6 4( 1) 4( 2) 2( 1) 2( 1)( 2) 2( 1) ( 2)
.
x y y x y x x y y
x y
x y x x y x y
Hencethe solution
+ - = + + - + - + + + + - - + -
+ + + - + +
= - + + - + + - + - + + -

1
1
2 2
2
2 2
5. tan (1,1).
( , ) tan
1
( , ) .
1
1
, (1,1)
2
x
x
y
Expand inthe neighbourhood of
x
solution
y
Let f x y
x
y
f x y
y x
x
y
f
x y
-
-
=

= -

+
= - = -
+

2
2
2 2
2 2 2
1 1
( , ) .
1
1
, (1,1)
2
( , ) ( 1)( ) .2
y
y
xx
f x y
y x
x
x
f
x y
f x y y x y x
-
=
+
= =
+
= - - +

( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 1
, (1,1)
2
1 2
( , )
xx
xy
xy
f
x y
x y x x
f x y
x y
= =
+
+ -
=
+

( )
2 2
2
2 2
2 2 2
(1,1) 0
( , ) ( 1)( ) .2
xy
yy
y x
f
x y
f x y x x y y
-
-
= =
+
= - +

96

( )
( )
2
2 2
1
2 2
2
2 1
(1,1)
2
tan ( , )
1
(1,1) ( 1) (1,1) ( 1) (1,1) ( 1) (1,1) 2( 1)( 1) (1,1) ( 1) (1,1) ...
2!
sin : 2
1 1 1 1
( 1) ( 1) ( 1) . 2( 1)(
4 2 2 2! 2
yy
x y xx xy yy
xy
f
x y
y
f x y
x
f x f y f x f x y f y f
u g cor
x y x x y
p
-
= - = -
+
\ =
= + - + - + - + - - + - +

= - - + - + - + - -

2
1 2 2
1
1)0 ( 1) .....
2
1 1 1 1
tan ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ...
4 2 2 4 4
y
y
x y x y
x
Hence the solution
p
-

+ - - +

\ = - - + - + - - - +

Maxima and Minima and Lagrangian Multiplier
Defn: Maximum Value

Defn: Minimum Value

Defn: Extremum Value

Defn: Lagrangian Multiplier
Suppose we require to find the maximum and minimum values of where x,y,z are subject to a
constraint equation
We define a function where Lagiangian Nultipliei
Which is independent of x,y,z
Problems:
1. Examine
for its extreme values

Solution: Given
x y

At maximum point and minimum point

The points may be maximum points or minimum points.
97

At
and r = 12 > 0
is a minimum point
Minimum value =

At

The points are saddle points.
At
and r = -12 < 0

is a maximum point
maximum value =
.
2. In a plane triangle ABC ,find the maximum value of .
Solution: cos cos cos cos cos cos cos cos cos
cos sin
cos sin
At the maximum point and minimum point

cos sin
cos sin
Solving these equations

A+B+C =

cos cos

cos

cos cos
At

and r < 0
The point

is a maximum point.
Maximum value = cos
cos
cos
.
3. Find the volume of the largest rectangular parallelepiped that can be inscribed in the ellipsoid
.
Solution: The given ellipsoid is

---------------- (1)
The volume of the parallelepiped is ---------------- (2)
At the max point or min point
98

---------------- (3)
---------------- (4)
---------------- (5)
Solve the equation
(3)x+ (4)y+(5)z

Put in (3)

Similarly,

Put in (2) Max volume =
.
4. Find the dimensions of the rectangular box without a top of maximum capacity, whose surface is 108 sq. cm
Solution: Given Surface area
---------------- (1)
The volume is ---------------- (2)
---------------- (3)
---------------- (4)
---------------- (5)
Solve the equation
(3)x - (4)y

(3)x - (5)z

Put in (1)
y =6, z =3
The dimension of the box, having max capacity is Length=6cm, Breadth = 6cm, Height = 3cm.
5. The temperature T at any point (x, y, z) in space is T = 400xy
. Find the highest temperature on the surface of

the unit sphere

Solution:
---------------- (1)
xy
---------------- (2)
99

---------------- (3)
---------------- (4)
xy ---------------- (5)
Solve the equation
(3)x+ (4)y+(5)z
1600xy

xy

Put in (3) and (4) we get

xy

The highest temperature is = 50.
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
6.Pr , cos sin , sin cos
( )
var cos sin ,
sin cos , int
z z z z
ovethat where x u v y u v
x y u v
OR
By changing independent iables u and vto x and yby means of therelations x u v
z z
y u v showthat transforms
u v
a a a a
a a
a a

+ = + = - = +

= -

= + +

2 2
2 2
.
z z
o
x y

+

( )
:
.
cos sin
cos sin
cos sin (1)
Solution
Here z is acomposite functionof u and v
z z x z y
u x u y u
z z
x y
or z z
x x y
u x y
a a
a a
a a

= +

= +

= +

+

100

( )
2
2
,
sin cos
sin cos
sin cos (2)
(1) (2).
cos sin
z z x z y
Also
v x v y v
z z
x y
or z z
v x y
v x y
Nowwe shall makeuseof theequivalanceof operators as givenby and
z z
u u u
u
a a
a a
a a
a a

= +

= - +

= - +

- +

=

= +
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2
2
cos sin ( sin (1) (2) )
cos cos sin sin cos sin
., cos 2cos sin sin (3)
sin cos
z z
u g and
y x y
z z z z
x x y y x y
z z z z
ie
u x x y y
z z
Similarly
v v v
x
a a
a a a a a a
a a a a
a

+

= + + +

= + +

=

= - +
sin cos ( sin (3) (4) )

z z
u g and
y x y
a a a

- +

2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
sin sin sin cos
sin 2 sin cos (4)
(3) (4),
.
z z z z
cos cos
x x y y x y
z z z z
cos
v x x y y
Adding and
z z z z
u v x y
Hence the proof
a a a a a a
a a a a

= - - +

= - +

+ = +

( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2
1 1
7. max , .
:
1 1
,
1
2
Investigatethe imaof the functions f x y x xy y
x y
Solution
Given f x y x xy y
x y
f
x y
x x
= + + + +
= + + + +
= + -

101

2
1
2
f
x y
y y
= + -

2
2 3
2
2 3
2
3 2
2
3 2
2
3 2 2
3 2 2
2
2
2
2
1
1: max min ,
1
0 2 0 . ., 2 1 0 ...(1)
1
0 2 0 . ., 2 1 0 ...(2)
(1) 2 0 ...(3)
(2) 2 0 ...(4)
f
x x
f
y y
f
x y
Step For a imumor imum wemust have
f
x y i e x x y
x x
f
x y i e y xy
y y
y x y x y y
x xy x y x
Fr
= +
= +
= + - = + - =
= + - = + - =
+ - =
+ - =
2 2 3
(3) 2 ...(5)
(5) (4)
om we get x y y x y
Substituting in we get
= -

{ }
{ }
3 3
3 3
2 2
2 2 0
. ., 2 2 0
. ., 2 ( ) ( ) 0
. ., 2 ( )( ) ( ) 0
( ) 2 ( ) 1 0
( )2 ( ) 1 0
xy y x y x
i e x y xy y x
i e xy x y x y
i e xy x y x y x y
x y xy x y
x y or xy x y
+ - - =
- - + =
- + - =
- + + - =
- + + =
\ = + + =

3 3
3 3
3
3
3 3
3 3
, 2 1 0
2 1 0
. ., 3 1
1
3
1 1
3 3
1 1
, int
3 3
when x y theequation x x y
gives x x
i e x
x
x y
Hence is acritical po
= + - =
+ - =
=
=
= \ =

3 3
1 1
2: , ,
3 3
Step At

102

2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2 8
1
3
8 ; 1
. 8 8 1 0
8 0
f
x
f f
y x y
f f f
x y x y
f
and
x
= + =

= =

\ - = - >

= >

3 3
4
3
1 1
( , ) min int ,
3 3
min 3 .
f x y has a imum at the po and
the imumvalueis

\

2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
8. min ( , ) .
( , ) ...(1)
2 ...(2)
2 ...(3)
2 ...(4)
2 ...(5)
1 ...(6)
Find the imumvalueof the function f x y x y xy ax by
Solution
Given f x y x y xy ax by
f
x y a
x
f
y x b
y
f
x
f
y
f
x y
= + + + +
= + + + +
= + +
= + +
=

1:
0 2 ...(7)
Step For miimumvalueof the function
f
x y a
x
= + +

0 2 ...(8)
f
y x b
y
= + +

(7) (8)
2
2
Solving and we get
x y a
x y b
+ = -
+ = -

103

. ., 4 2 2
2
3 2
2
3
2
(8)
3
2
3
2
(4 2 )
2
2
i e x y a
x y b
x b a
b a
x
b a
Substituting x in we get
b a
b
y
b a
a b
+ = -
+ = -
= -
-
=
-
=
-
- +

=
- -
=
= -

2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
int , 2
3
2
2: , 2
3
2 , 2 1
. 2 2 1
3 0
2
min , 2
3
b a
Thecritical po is a b
b a
Step At a b
f f f
and
x y x y
f f f
x y x y
b a
Wehave imumvalueof the functionat a b
-
\ -

-
-

= = =

\ - = -

= >
-
\ -

( ) ( ) ( )
( )[ ]
2
2
3: min ( , )
2
2 ( , ).
3
2 2 2
2 2 2
3 3 3
2 2
2 2 2
3 3
Step The imumvalueof f x y is obtained by putting
b a
x and y a bin f x y
b a b a b a
Minimumvalue a b a b a b a b
b a b a
a b a a b a b b
-
= = -
- - -
= + - + - + + -

- -
= + - + + - - +

104

2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 4 5
( 2 )( 0
3 3
4 5 8 10
2 2
9
4 5 8 9 27 18
9
13 23
9
b a a b
a b a b
ab b a ab
a ab ab b
ab b a a ab b
b a ab
- -
= + - -

- - +
= + - - +
- - + - +
=
+ -
=

2 6 5 5 3 4
9. tan
3 2 2 2 1 6
2 6 5
...(1)
3 2 2
5 3 4
...(2)
2 1 6
int (3 2, 2 6, 2 5)
int sec
x y z x y z
Find the shortest dis cebetweenthelines and
Solution
x y z
Let
x y z
Any po onthe first lineis P and
any po onthe ond lin
l
m
l l l
- - - - - +
= = = =
- - -
- - -
= = =
- -
- - +
= = =
-
+ - + - +
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
(2 5, 3, 6 4)
(2 3 5 2 ) (6 2 3 ) (5 2 4 6 )
. ., 17 41 32 66 114 99
( , ) 17 41 32 66 114 99
34 32 66
32 82 114
34, 82, 32
eis Q
PQ
i e PQ
Let f
f
f
f f f
m m m
l m l m l m
l m lm l m
l m l m lm l m
l m
l
l m
m
l m l m
+ + - -
\ = + - - + - - - + - + +
= + - - + +
= + - - + +
= - -
= - + +

= = = -

max min ' '
0, 0
. ., 34 32 66 0
32 82 114 0
For a imumor a imumof f we should have
f f
i e
l m
l m
l m

= =

- - =
- + + =

2
1, 1
(1, 1) 34 0
Solving thesetwoequations we get
f
At
l m
l m
= = -
- = >

105

2
2 2 2
2 2
. 0
f f f
l m l m

- >

2
2
(1, 1) ( , ) min .
. ., (1, 1) , min .
(1, 1), 17 41 32 66 114 99
9
9 3
At the function f has imum
i e At PQ has imumwhich gives the shortest length
At PQ
Shortest length PQ
l m \ -
-
- = + + - - +
=
\ = = =
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
10. min 1
1 1 1
1
' '
1 1 1
( , , ) ( ) 1 ...(1)
, ,
Find the imumvalueof x y z subject tothecondition
x y z
Solution
Let f x y z
g
x y z
Let the auxillary function F be
F x y z x y z
x y z
By Lagranges method thevalues of x y z
l
+ + + + =
= + +
= + + -

= + + + + + -

3
2
3
2
3
2
3 3 3
' ' min
0 2 0 ...(2)
2
0 2 0 ...(3)
2
0 2 0 ...(4)
2
1 1 1
0 1 0 ...(5)
(2) , (3) (4)
2
. .,
for which f is imumareobtained
by the following eqations
F
x x
x x
F
y y
y y
F
z z
z z
F
x y z
From and we get
x y z
i e x y
l l
l l
l l
l
l
= - = =
= - = =
= - = =
= + + - =
= = =
=
1
3
...(6)
2
z
l
= =

(6) (5)
3
1 3
Substituting in we get
or x
x
= =
106

2 2 2 2 2 2
3
1 3
3
1 3
(3, 3, 3) int min . min
3 3 3 27
or y
y
or z
z
is the po where imumvalueoccur The imumvalueof
x y z is
= =
= =
\
+ + + + =

3
2
11. tan , tan
72 . .
tan 2 , , .
2 . . 72
. ., 2 72
Athinclosed rec gular boxis tohaveoneedgeequal totwicetheother and acons t
valume m Find theleast surfaceareaof thebox
Solution
Let the sides of therec gular boxbe x x y
Thenvolumeis x x y
i e x y
i
=
=
2
2
2
2
. ., 36 ...(1)
2(2 . ) 2(2 . ) 2( . )
4 6 ...(2)
min
4 6
36
e x y
The surfaceareais givenby
S x x x y x y
x xy
Nowwehaveto find the imumsurfacearea
S x xyunder thecondition
x y
=
= + +
= +
= +
=
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
4 6 ,
36
' '
( , ) 4 6 36 ...(3)
, , ' ' min
0 8 6 2 0 ...(4)
Let f x xy
g x y
Let the auxillary function F be F f g
F x y x xy x y
By Lagranges method thevalues of x y z for which F is mumis obtained
fromthe following equations
F
x y xy
x
l
l
l
= +
= -
= +
= + + -
= + + =
2
0 6 0 ...(5)
0 0 0
F
x x
y
F
z
l
= + =
= =

107

2 2
2
2
0 36 0 36 ...(6)
6
(5) ...(7)
6
(6)
36
...(8)
F
x y x y
From we get x
Substituting x in we get
y
x
l
l
l
l
= - = =
= -
= -
= =

( )
1
1
12. max
. ., ( , , ) ...(1)
0 0 ...(2)
0 0 ...(3)
0
m n p
m n p
m n p
m n p
n m p
m n
Find the imumvalueof x y z when x y z a
Solution
Let f x y z and g x y z a
Let the auxillary function F f g
i e F x y z x y z x y z a
F
mx y z
x
F
ny x z
y
F
p x y
z
l
l
l
l
-
-
+ + =
= = + + -
= +
= + + + -
= + =
= + =
1
0 ...(4)
0 0 ...(5)
p
z
F
x y z a
l
l
-
+ =
= + + - =
2
2 2 3
2
6
, (4)
48
6 12 0 8
. ., 2
2 (7) (8)
3, 4.
min (3, 4)
min 4(3) 6(3)(4)
108
Substituting x y in we get
i e
Substituting in and we get
x y
S has a imumvalue at
The imumvalueof S
l
l
l l l
l
l
l
= - =
- + - = =-
= -
= -
= =
\
= +
=

1
1
(2) , (3) (4) ,
m n p
n m p
From and we get
mx y z
ny x z
l
l
-
-
- =
- =

1 m n p
p x y z l
-
- =

108

1 1 1
. .,
. .,
m n p n m p m n p
i e mx y z ny x z p x y z
m n p
i e
x y z
m n p m n p
x y z a
- - -
= =
= =
+ + + +
= =
+ +

( )
max
max
n n p
m n p
m n p
Hence imumvalueof f occurs when
am
x
m n p
an
y
m n p
ap
z
m n p
The imumvalueof
m n p
f a
m n p
+ +
+ +
\
=
+ +
=
+ +
=
+ +
=
+ +

109
UNIT V MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
INTRODUCTION: When a function f(x) is integrated with respect to x between the limits a and b, we get the
definite integral

If the integrand is a function f(x,y) and if it is integrated with respect to x and y repeatedly between the
limits
and
(for x) between the limits
and
(for y)
We get a double integral that is denoted by the symbol

Extending the concept of double integral one step further, we get the triple integral

EVALUATION OF DOUBLE INTEGRALS
Before starting on double integrals lets do a quick review of the definition of a definite integrals for
functions of single variables. First, when working with the
Integral,

We think of xs as coming from the interval . For these integrals we can say that we are
integrating over the interval . Note that this does assume that , however, if we have then
we can just use the interval .
Now, when we derived the definition of the definite integral we first thought of this as an area problem.
We first asked what the area under the curve was and to do this we broke up the interval into n
subintervals of width and choose a point, , from each interval as shown below,

Each of the rectangles has height of and we could then use the area of each of these rectangles to
approximate the area as follows.
110

To get the exact area we then took the limit as n goes to infinity and this was also the definition of the
definite integral.

To evaluate
, we first integrate f(x,y) with respect to x partially, treating y as

a constant temporarily, between
and
. The resulting function got after the inner integration and

substitution of limits will be a function of y. Then we integrate this function of y with respect to y
between the limits
and
as usual.
PROBLEMS BASED ON DOUBLE INTEGRATION IN CARTESIAN COORDINATES:
PART A
1. Evaluate

Solution: Let I =

2. Evaluate:

Solution:Let I =

PART B
1. Evaluate: over the area between y = x
2
and y = x.
Solution:The limits are: x varies from 0 to 1 and y varies from x
2
to x.
111

I =

2. Evaluate:
over the region in the first quadrant of the circle x

2
+y
2
=1.
Solution: In the given region, y varies from 0 to
and x varies from 0 to 1.

I =
dx
Put x = sin. Then dx = cosd. q varies from 0 to /2.

3. Evaluate:

+
1
0
2 2
) (
x
x
dydx xy y x

Solution : Let I=

+
1
0
2 2
) (
x
x
dydx xy y x =

+
1
0
2 2
) (
x
x
dydx xy y x =

+
1
0
3 2 2
3 2
dx
xy y x
x
x

=
+ -
+
1
0
4 4 2 / 3 3
3 2 3
.
2
dx
x x xy x x
=
1
0
2 / 7 4
5
5
6
5
) 3 )(
2
7
(
8
- +
x x x

= ) 0 (
6
1
21
2
8
1
-
+ + =
- +
168
28 16 21
=
56
3
168
9
=

112

DOUBLE INTEGRATION IN POLAR COORDINATES:
To evaluate
, we first integrate w.r.to r between the limits
and
. Keeping is
fixed and the resulting expression is integrated w.r.to from
to
.
In this integral
and
and

PROBLEMS BASED ON POLAR FORMS USING DOUBLE INTEGRATION:
PART A
1. Evaluate:

Solution:

2. Evaluate:

Solution: Let I =

PART B
1. Evaluate:
over the cardioids r = a (1+cos).

Solution: The limits of r: 0 to a (1+cos) and The limits of : 0 to .
I =

Put 1+cos = t then sin d = dt
113
When = 0, t = 2
When = , t = 0.

2. Evaluate

Solution: are the polar coordinates for the above integral
e

3. By Transforming into polar coordinates , Evaluate

over annular region between

the circles

Solution: Putting

114

CHANGE THE ORDER OF INTEGRATION:
The double integral fx y
will take the form fx y
when the order of

integration is changed. This process of converting a given double integral into its equivalent double integral by
changing the order of integration is often called change of order of integration. To effect the change of order of
integration, the region of integration is identified first, a rough sketch of the region is drawn and then the new
limits are fixed.
PART A
1. Find the limits of integration in the double integral

Solution: The limits are: y varies from 0 to 1 and x varies from 0 to 1-y.
2. Change the order of integration

Solution: The given region of integration is bounded by y=0, y=a, x=y & x=a.
After changing the order, we have, I =

3. Change the order of integration for the double integral

Solution:

PART B
1. Change the order of integration in I =
and hence evaluate it.

Solution: Let I =

The given region of integration is bounded by x=0, x=1, y=x
2
and x+y=2.
In the given integration x is fixed and y is varying.
So, after changing the order we have to keep y fixed and x should vary.
After changing the order weve two regions R
1
& R
2

I = I
1
+I
2

I =

115

2. Evaluate

by changing the order of integration.

Solution: The given region is bounded by x=0, x=1, y=x and x
2
+y
2
=2.
I =

After changing the order weve,
The region R is splinted into two regions R
1
& R
2
.
In R
1
: limits of x: 0 to y & limits of y: 0 to 1
In R
2
: limits of x: 0 to
& limits of y: 1 to
I = I
1
+I
2
I
1
=

I
2
=

I =

3. Evaluate by changing the order of integration in

Solution: Let I =

The given region of integration is bounded by x=0, x=4, y =

, y
2
= 4x
116

After changing the order weve
Limits of x: y
2
/4 to 2y
Limits of y: 0 to 4
I =
= 16/3.
4. Change the order of integration in

-
=
1
0
2
2
) , (
x
x
dydx y x f I
Solution: Given

-
=
1
0
2
2
) , (
x
x
dydx y x f I
The given region of integration is bounded by x=0, x=1, y=x
2
and x+y=2
In the given integration x is fixed and y is varying
So, after changing the order we have to keep y fixed and x should vary.
After changing the order we have two regions R
1
& R
2

I = I
1
+ I
2

-
+ =
1
0 0
2
1
2
1
) , ( ) , (
y
x
dxdy y x f dxdy y x f I

PROBLEMS BASED ON AREA AS A DOUBLE INTEGRAL:
v Area of the region R in Cartesian form is given by
R R
dxdy or dydx

v Area of the region R in polar form is given by
R
rdrdq

PART A
1. Find the smaller area bounded by y = 2-x and x
2
+y
2
=4.
Solution: Required area =

PART B
1. Find the area of the region outside the inner circle r=2cos and inside the outer circle r=4 cos by
double integration.
Solution: Required Area =
=2

117

2. Find the area of the circle of radius a by double integration.
Solution: Transforming Cartesian in Polar coordinates
(i.e.) x=rcos & y=rsin. Then dxdy = rdrd
limits of : 0 to
and limits of r: o to cos

Required Area = 2xupper area
=2

3. Find
over the area bounded between the circles r = 2sin & r= 4sin.
Solution: In the region of integration, r varies from r=2sin& r= 4sin and varies from0to .
I =

4. Find the area enclosed by the ellipse

Solution: Area of the ellipse = 4 x area of the first quadrant =4

5. Find the area inside the circle r=asinq but lying outside the cardiod r=a(1-cosq)
Solution: Given curves are r=asinq and r =a(1-cosq)
The curves intersect where a sin q = a (1-cosq)
a sin q = a a cosq a sin q + a cosq = a sin q + cosq =1

2
1
cos
2
1
sin
2
1
= + q q
2
1
cos
4
cos
4
cos sin = + q
p
q
p
q
118

4
sin
2
1
)
4
sin(
p p
q = = +
4
) (
4 4
p
p
p p
q - = + or

4 4
) ( 0
p
p
p
q q - = + = or
2 2 4
2 p p
p
p
p q = - = - =
2
) ( 0
p
q q = = or
\The required area =

-
4 /
0
sin
) cos 1 (
p q
q
q
a
a
rdrd =
2 /
0
sin
) cos 1 (
2
2
p
q
q
q d
r
a
a
= ( )
- + -
2 /
0
2 2
2
cos 2 cos 1 ( sin
2
p
q q q q d
a

= ( )
+ - -
2 /
0
2 2
2
cos 2 1 cos sin
2
p
q q q q d
a
= ( )

+ - - -
2 /
0
2 2
2
cos 2 1 cos cos 1
2
p
q q q q d
a

= ( )
-
2 /
0
2
2
cos 2 cos 2
2
p
q q q d
a
= ( )
-
2 /
0
2
2
cos cos 2 .
2
p
q q q d
a

= ( )

-

2 /
0
2 2 /
0
2
cos sin
p
p
q q q d a =
+
-

2 /
0
2
2
2 cos 1
1
p
q
q
d a
=
+ -
2 /
0
2
2
2 sin
2
1
1
p
q
q a =
+ - 0 0
2 2
1
1
2
p
a
=
4
) 4 (
4
1
2
2
p p -
=
-
a
a
6.Find by double integration, the area enclosed by the curves

Ans:

Sub (1) in (2) we get

Therefore the point of intersection of (1)&(2) is (0,0) and (4a,4a)
x Varies from 0 to 4a and y varies from

The required Area =

119

EVALUATION OF TRIPLE INTEGRALS
To evaluate
, we first integrate with respect to x , treating y and

s as constants temporarily. The limits
and
may be constants or functions of y and z, so that the resulting

function got after the innermost integration may be a function of y and z. Then we perform the middle
integration with respect to y, treating z as a constant temporarily. The limits
and
may be constants or
functions of z, so that the resulting function got after the middle integration may be a function of z only. Finally
we perform the outermost integration with respect to z between the constant limits
and
.
The following sketch shows the relationship between the Cartesian and spherical coordinate systems.

Here are the conversion formulas for spherical coordinates.

We also have the following restrictions on the coordinates.
and

In the next section we will show that
120

=

=

Hence

Therefore the integral will become,

PROBLEMS BASED ON TRIPLE INTEGRATION
PART A
1. Evaluate:

Solution: Let I =

121

2. Evaluate:

Solution: Let I=

3. Evaluate:

Solution: Let I=

4. Evaluate:

Solution: Let I =

PART B
1. Evaluate

+
+ +
a x y x
z y x
dzdydx e
log
0 0 0

Solution :

+
+ +
a x y x
z y x
dzdydx e
log
0 0 0
=

+ + +
a x
y x z y x
dydx e
log
0 0
0
] [ =

+ +
-
a x
y x y x
dydx e e
log
0 0
) ( 2
) (
122

=

-
+
+
a
x
y x
y x
dx e
e
log
0 0
) ( 2
2
=
- -
-
a
x
x
x x
dx e
e
e e
log
0
2
2 4
2 2
1

=

+ -
a
x x
x
dx e e
e
log
0
2
4
2
3
2
=
a
x x
x
e e
e
log
0
2
4
2
3
2

+ -
=
+ - -
+ - 1
4
3
8
1
4
3
8
1
log log 2 log 4 a a a
e e e
=
8
3
4
3
8
1
2 4
- + - a a a
2. Evaluate ( )

+ +
a b c
dxdydz z y x
0 0 0
2 2 2

Solution :

+ + =
a b
c
dydz x z x y
x
I
0 0 0
2 2
3
3
=

+ +
a b
dydz cz cy
c
0 0
2 2
3
3

=

+ +
a
b
dz cyz
cy y c
0 0
2
3 3
3 3
=

+ +
a
dz cbz
cb b c
0
2
3 3
3 3

=
a
cbz z cb bz c
0
3 3 3
3 3 3

+ + =
3 3 3
3 3 3
cba a cb ba c
+ + = ] [
3
2 2 2
a b c
abc
+ +
3. Find the volume bounded by the cylinder x
2
+y
2
=4 and the planes y+z=4 and z=0.
Solution: The limits are:
Z varies from: 0 to 4-y
X varies from: -
to

Y varies from: -2 to 2.
Required volume = 2
= 2

= 2

dy= 2

=2

= 8
since y
is an odd function.
= 16
=16

= 16x2x
= 16
4. Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the plane
and the coordinate plane.

Solution: The limits are:
123

X varies from 0 to a
Y varies from 0 to b

Z varies from o to c

Required Volume =
=

= c

= c

= c

ux
=
ux =

4. Find the volume of the sphere x
2
+y
2
+z
2
=a
2
using triple integral.
Solution: Required Volume = 8 x volume in the positive octant = 8uxuyuz
Limits of integration are:
Z varies from 0 to a

Y varies from 0 to a

X varies from 0 to a
Volume = 8 uzuyux
= 8
z
uyux

= 8 a
uyux

= 8
sin
ux
= 8
sin
ux = 2 a
ux= 2a

= 2
=
4a
3
3
cu.units
5. Find the Volume of the ellipsoid

Solution: Required Volume = 8 x Volume in the first octant
Limits of Integration are:
124

Z varies from 0 to c1
x
2
a
2

y
2
b
2

Y varies from 0 to b
1
x
2
a
2

X varies from 0 to a.
Volume = 8 dzdydx
c1
x
2
a
2
y
2
b
2
0
b
1
x
2
a
2
0
a
0

= 8
z
0
c1
x
2
a
2
y
2
b
2
b
1
x
2
a
2
0
a
0
dydx
= 8c
1
x
2
a
2

y
2
b
2
b
1
x
2
a
2
0
dydx
a
0

=
8c
b

2
y
2
0
dydx
a
0
where b
1
x
2
a
2

=
8c
b

y
2
2
y
2

2
2
sin
1
y
0
a
a
0
dx
=
8c
b
4
b
2
1
x
2
a
2
a
0
dx
=2bc 1
x
2
a
2
a
0
dx
=2bcx
x
3
3a
2
0
a

=2bca
a
3

=
4abc
3
cu units

Engineering Mathematics

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1

=Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements &

which satisfies I is called eigen vector or latent

=Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements &

=Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements &

are to be treated as free variables. Taking

are linearly independent.

have the same Eigen values.

is the Eigen value of

is also its Eigen value.

has the Eigen

(m being a positive integer)

are the Eigen values of the matrix A-KI.

are called orthogonal vectors if

form a linearly independent set.

1(5-1)-1(1-3) +5(1-15) = 4+2-70 =-64. Therefore

1(6-4)-1(3-2) +1(2-2) = 2-1 =1. Therefore

are the same as those of A =

. Eigen values of A are 3 and -1.

are eigen values A then

are eigen values -kA)

(1) Pre multiplying by k on both sides of (1)

is the Eigen values of (kA) &

is the Eigen vector of (kA).

. Therefore the Eigen values of A are 1, 1, 5.

are eigen values A then

) Therefore the Eigen values of

is also orthogonal matrix.

a = 2 & a = -1. b = -1 & b = 2. Therefore when a=-1 then b=2

are the squares of those of A.

Eigen values are 1 & 6.

Eigen values are 1 & 5.

are 2(1) & 2(25) = 2, 50.

is the characteristic equation of a

, where I is the unit matrix of

, using this theorem

on both sides of (1) we get

=Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements &

on both sides of (1) we get

=Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements &

(Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic

on both sides of (1)

=Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements &

(Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic

on both sides of (1) we get

=Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements &

on both sides of (1) we get

on both sides of (2) we get

=Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements &

=Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements &

on both sides of (1) we get

, where D is a diagonal matrix, if called

i.e. divide each element of

and use the normalized eigen vectors of A to form

takes the form

is known as orthogonal transformation or

=Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements &

with three unknowns, let

From orthogonal transformation we know that

=Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements &

with three unknowns, let

From orthogonal transformation we know that

=Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements &

is a quadratic form in three variables.