I.

INTRODUCTION
Virus that causes women’s cervical cancer is gaining ground as
causes of oral cancer in men(Mike Stobbe Associated Press).The cervix is
part of the women’s reproductive system.It is the lower part of the uterus
.The uterus is the hollow pear-shape organ where a baby grow’s during
women’s pregnancy.The cervix form a canal that opens into the vagina,which
leads to the outside of the body.Cancer of the cervix (cervical cancer)is the
abnormal growth of cervical cells.normal cervical cells grandually developed
precancerous change into cancer.This process takes many year but
sometimes less than a year.

Cervical cancer has two main type squamous cell carcinoma and
adenocarcinoma.This squamous cell carcinoma about 80-90% cervical
cancer,cancer begins in the thin flat,scaly surface celle that line in the
bottom of the cervix,while adenocarcinoma approximately 10-15% of cases
develop in the glandular surface cells that line in the upper portion of the
cervix.

The exactly cause of cervical cancer was not yet identified, but
there are many risk factor believe to have an effect.The most significant risk
factor are the Humanpapiloma virus(HPV)and the sexual history.And the
other risk factor poverty, pap test history, tobacco use, eating habits,
weakendimmune system, having multiple sex partners, sexually active at
early age, before the age of 18,multiple pregnancy especially to those
women that have the first baby before the age of 18,using contraceptive pill,
family history of cervical cancer and also the history of abnormal cells.

In the worldwide, cervical cancer is the second most common

cancer affecting women and second leading causes of cancer death in
women.In asia Pacific region, it ranks second only to breast cancer as the
most cancer among women in the region.

Cervical cancer do not have any symptoms at early stage.That’s

why annual pap test is so very important.Pap smear test and pelvic exam
can catch cancer in the early stage or can find precancerous change of the
cervix.It can treated in the early stage but if it is in the high stage you need
to have a lifetime treatment.

A.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1.What is cervical cancer?
2.How common is cervical cancer?
3.Who gets cervical cancer?
4.What are the signs and symptoms of cervical cancer?
5.What causes cervical cancer?

B.SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
This study is conducted to know about the causes of cervical
cancer,to give knowledge to the reader to this disease how women gets
these kind of disease. It helps a lot to the women for them to secured their
health. Because many women have this kind o disease don’t know where
they get it or how they get it. It is also a best guide to the women who are
already sexually active specially to the teenagers or to the young age. Some
women do not have concerned to their health if they don’t have any
symptoms of this disease so it could be a help to them to encourage to
access in medical check up for them to know of they are healthy or not.
Because there are some kind of disease that don’t have any symptoms at
early stage like this cervical cancer. This cervical cancer is not a simple
disease it is very harmful it killed thousands of women lives.

Limitation of the Study

This study is limit only on the causes of cervical cancer. To know

what are the causes of this disease and to be familiarize of cervical cancer.
Also to give information to avoid this kind of disease.
Definition of Terms
Cervical cancer – it is the abnormal growth of cervix cells and grows out of
control.

Cervix – it is the neck of the uterus that connects to the vagina.

Malignant – it is a cancerous tumors spread rapidly and grow into cancer.

Benign – non – cancerous tumors do not spread and usually not harmful
Pap smear – it is the examination of female reproductive system to detect
cancer.

Squamous cell carcinoma – a type of cervical cancer that occurs in the thin,
flat cells that line in the bottom of the cervix.

Adenocarcinoma – a type of cervical cancer that occurs in the glandular cells

that line in the upper position of the cervix.

HPV (human papollomavinis) – a sexually transmitted infection

Radiation – treatment using the radioactive substance.

B. Body

Cervical cancer is the cancer of the cervix, cervix is the neck of

the uterus (womb). It connect the body of the uterus to the vagina which
leads to the outside of the body. This cancer develop when the cell of the
cervix become abnormal and grow rapidly out of control. Normal cervical cell
grandually developed precancerous change into cancer. Even though the
cervix is located within a woman vagina its cell act very much like skin cell.
These cell are exposed to toxin, viruses and bacteria that many cause
abnormal change called cervical dysplasia. The stage of dysplasia is judge by
the thickness of the layer of abnormal cells. The earliest change than can be
seen with a microscope is called mild dysplasia. It can be treated buy if not
these precancerous change may become moderate and then severe. The
fourth most severe stage dysplasia is called carcinoma in fitu. After this
occurs cancer cell may invade deeper layers of the cervix or spread nearby
sites. At the point, a woman has what is called invasive cervical cancer. But
these process takes many years but sometime less than a year. Cervical
cancer has two main types the squamous cell. Carcinoma and
adenocarcinoma. This squamous cell carcinoma is 80-90% cervical cancer,
the cancer develops in flat. Scaly surface cells that line in the bottom of
cervix. While he adenocarcinoma approximately 10-15% of cases developed
in the glandular surface cells that line in the upper part of the cervix.
Sometimes both time od cells are involved in (by. Mayo Clinic Staff) cervical
cancer called squamous adenocarcinoma. Very rare cancer cam occurs on
other cells in the cervix. The causes squamous cells glandular cells to
become abnormal and develop into cancer isn’t clear the cervix guards the
cavity of the uterus from invasim by bacteria o other foreign particles. It
allows for the passage of sperm into the cavity of the uterus. It protects the
developing emboyo during pregnancy. It opens during to labor a low for the
passage of the baby. Cervical cancer is not a simple disease it killed millions
of woman all over the world. Cervical cancer is the second most common
cancer affeling women and the second leading cause of cancer death in
woman. In the Asia Pacific region, it ranks second only the breast cancer as
the most common cancer among women. It is the fourth most common
cancer among women related death in women in the region.
 There are 1.4 million cases of cervical cancer were reported
worldwide in 2002, in the year 2005 which data available, with about
275,000 death from the disease. Almost 80 percent of all cervical cancer
cases occurs in developing country. It accounts 25 percent of all cancer
found in women. Cervical cancer occurs only in women because only women
has a cervix it occurs in their 10 to 50 years old, when many are still raising
children and contributing to their families liselihoods and security. But it
occurs at any age.

Women in undeserved communities are less likely to under go

recommended cervical cancer screening (Pap test or Pap smear), which could
account for the greater risk for the cervical cancer among these groups. Also
a when a who began sexual intercourse at an early age. Women who have
had many different sexual contacts with, uncircumsized men. Women who
have viral infections of the genitals, such as herpes. The women who are
involving this are most likely to develop cervical cancer.

Cervical cancer that is found early usually no symptoms. You

can’t detect that you have a cervical cancer at early. In women who receive
regular screening. The first sign of disease is usually an abnormal Pap test
result. That’s why women should have a regular pap smear test so that you
can detect whether you have a cervical cancer or other disease that found in
the reproductive system of a women. Cervical cancer has an early sign the
bleeding or spotting between periods. Bleeding those spotting after sexual
intercourse. Abnormal bleeding those bleeding that occurs between regular
menstrual period; menstrual period that last longer and are heavier. Than
before, bleeding after menopause. This increase o vaginal discharge that is
cloudy, bloody or full of mucus, yellow and odorous. Also a painful urination,
pelvic pain, pain during sexual intercourse. The symptoms of more advanced
cervical cancer include the loss appetite, weight loss, fatigue. (E-mail:
results@alohalabs.com) back pain, leg pain, inability to control urine or
bowel movement. If you can detect that you experience this kind of sign and
symptoms go to the gynecologist to have a pop test.

The exactly causes of cervical cancer was not yet identified,

but there are risk factors believed to have an effect. The most significant risk
factor are the s humanpapilomavirus (HPV). But there are other researcher
believe that the Human Papilomavirus (HPV) is really the cause of cervical
cancer. Around 95% of all cases of cervical cancer are linked with the Human
Papillomia Virus (HPV) Human Papiloma Viruses (HPV) are a group of more
than 100 different types of virus, but only a few strains are considered to be
high risk. The type of HPV associated with cervical cancer are nearly always
passed on during sexual contact with an infected person. Other types of HPV
can cause change in the cell of the cervix, called cervical intra – epithelial
neoplasia (CIN). It is CIN that may develop into cancer if it is not treated.
However, it is important to note that most women who are infected with this
types of HPV will not develop – CIN – the infection simply increase the risk.

It is important to remember that although factors such as a

large number of sexual partners can increase the chances of catching the
HPV , and may go on to develop CIN or cervical cancer. It is not correct to say
that women who get cervical cancer have it because they slept with a large
number (by: Dr. Rebeca Singson) of partners or because they had sex from a
young age. Other risk factor’s are smoking chemicals from cigarettes get into
the bloodstream and can effect cell throughout the body. Smokers are more
likely than non – smokers to develop certain cancer, including cervical
cancer. Smoking weaked the immune system the body’s immune system
help to protect against HPV and to destroy any cells that become abnormal.
This means that if your immune system is not working properly your body is
less able to deal with HPV infection and abnormal cell, and so you are more
at risk o developing cervical cancer. Also other risk factor is the multiple
pregnancy with three or more children have an increase risk when compared
to women with no children, especially to the women who have their first
baby before the age of 17 have double the risk of developing cervical cancer,
compared to women who have their firit baby at age 25 or more.

Using contraceptire pill also slightly increase risk factory of

developing cervical cancer. To those women who use the contraceptire pill for
more than ten years. Poverty also a risk factor of having cervical cancer,
because women who are poor may not have access to medical service that
detected and treat precancerous cervical condition. When such women
develop cervical cancer, the disease usually remains cancer risk. Also the
paptest history not having regular paptest increase the chance of
unrecognized cervical cancer. Between 60% and 80% of women with newly
diagnosed cervical cancer have not have pop test in at least five years. Also
the eating habits a diet that doesn’t include ample amount of fruits and
vegetables can increase a woman’s risk developing cervical cancer. Taking
diethystilbestrol (DES) a rare type of cervical cancer has been diagnosed in a
small number of women whose mother’s took diethyslstilbestrol, this drug
that was prescribe between 1940 and 1971 the risk of cervical cancer seems
to be for some women believed to be at increased of miscarriages. Mother
took the drug during their first 16 week of pregnancy. Also the family history
of cervical cancer, cervical cancer seems to run in some families. If your
mother or sister had cervical cancer your chance of developing the disease is
two or three times higher than average. This tendency may sometime be
cause by an inherited condition that makes some women less able to fight
off HPV infection than other. Infection with Chlamydia also increase the risk
factor of cervical cancer, Chlamydia , a relatively common kind of bacteria
that can infect the female reproductive system, is spread by sexual contact.
Some recent studies suggest that women with blood test result. Showing
past o current Chlamydia infection are at greater risk of cervical cancer than
women with negative blood test result. And also the other sexually
transmitted disease (STD) can increase also the risk factor of having cervical
cancer such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis or HIR/AIDS. Having had
cancer of the vagina or valve. Also a risk factor of having cervical cancer.
Although HPV is a main risk, factor of having cervical cancer it doesn’t mean
that all who gets cervical is sexually active, there are some women get
cervical cancer who are not sexually active. Not also everyone with a risk
factors will develop cervical cancer. Also people without risk factor can
develop the disease.

Cervical cancer is a viscious killer of women today, yet it need

not be, for the cervix is easily seen and treated, provide the diagnosis is
made early. Every women 20 year’s and older should have a pelvie
examination and a pop smear at least once each year , and every six months
if there is any suspicion of cancer or a history of malignancy among the other
members of the family. The good thing about this disease is highly curable.
The pop test is considered to be ultimate toll to detect the cervical cancer
this test help to detect any unusually changes in the cells of the cervix. You
have to undergo in this test so that you can know whether you have a
cancer, because cervical cancer don’t hare any symptoms at early stage.
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) has nothing to do with a Human Immune Virus
(HPV), the virus that causes AIDS. The HPV Humanpapillomavirus vaccine
(Gardisil), which was approved by the food and drugs administration in June
2006 is another way to, protects againts HPV infection. The vaccine protects
againts the main types of HPV that cause cervical cancer. Although the
vaccine is most effective if given to girls before they become sexually active,
the vaccine may also benefit women who are already infected with one or
more types of HPV by protecting them againts the HPV types they don’t
have. Another HPV vaccine is the cervix it may soon be approved by the
(FDA) food and drugs administration.

If the pap test finds serious changes in the cells of the cervix,
the doctor will suggest more powerful test such as a colposcopy. Diagnosis is
made by doing biopsy of the cervix, or a magnified visual inspection of the
cervix aided by using (colposcopy). Diagnosis is made by doing a biopsy of
the cervix, or an acetic acid (e.g vinegar) solution to highlight abnormal cells
on the surface of the cervix. In this procedure, the doctor uses of the vagina
and cervix in detail.

If there are still some concern of precancerous cells, the doctor

may use the LUMA cervical Imaging system. The doctor uses this device after
a colposcopy. The colors and patterns on the map help the doctor tell
between healthy tissues and tissue that might be diseased.

This is the test for women with normal cervix. Because the
paptest is a screening test rather than diagnostic test, if you have an
abnormal result, you will need to have other test colposcopy and biopsy etc.
colposcopy I the certain symptoms suggest cancer or if the pop test show
abnormal cells, you will need to have an additional test called colposcopy. In
this procedure you will lie on the exam table as you do with pelvic exam. A
speculum is placed in the vagina to exposed the cervix. Cervical biopsies.
Several types of biopsies are used to diagnose cervical precancers and
cancer. Colposcopy biopsy for this types of biopsy, a doctor first examines
the cervix with a colposcopy to find a abnormal areas. Using a biopsy forceps
the doctor will remove a small section of the abnormal area on the surface of
the cervix. The abnormal area of cervix around 1/8 inch removed. Endo
cervical cure hage this procedure is usually done at the same time as the
colposcopy biopsy. A narrow instrument is inserted into the endocervical
canal. Some of the tissue lining the endocervical canal is removed by
scraping with the curette. Conization in this procedure the doctor removes a
cone – shape piece of tissue from the cervix. LEEP (LLETZ) the tissue is
removed with a thin wire loop that is heated by electrical current and acts as
a scalpel. Cold knife cone biopsy a surgical scalpel o a laser as a scalpel is
used rather than a heated wire to remove tissue.

The treatment in the pre – invasire stage , when it has

affected only the outer layer of the lining of the cervix may include the
Conization, this simple surgery involves removing with a scalpel a cone –
shaped piece of cervical tissue where the abnormality is found. Laser
surgery, this operation uses a narrow beam of intense light to kill cancerous
and pre- cancerous cells. Also the electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP).
Cryosurgical, this technique involves freezing and killing cancerous and
precancerous cells. Hysterectomy this major surgery involves removal of the
cancerous and precancerous areas, the cervix and the uterus.

The treatment for invasire stage may involve:

Hysterectomy surgery is usually recommended for younger women because
it often can preserve one or both ovaries along with their estrogen
production which is important in maintaining bone strength: Radical
trachelectomy, women with early stage cervical cancer may be able to
preserve their fertility by having this furgical procedure, which involves
removing the cervix and the lower part of the uterus. Radiation, high energy
rays shrink tumors by killing the cancer cells. The radiation destroying
precancerous and preventing them from developing into true cancer. You will
need follow – up exam sure that the abnormally does not come back.

The good news is that survival rates for (HPV

Humanpapillomavirus) the cervical cancer are also increase. That’s because
tumors caused by HPV respond better to chemotherapy and radiation (Co –
author: Dr. Maura Gillison of Johns Hopkins University).

The vaccines have been developed that can protect women

from HPV infection is up to 70 percent of cervical cancer cases could
prevented. On the whole , it is better to know the various causes of cervical
cancer may help the patients to a large extent to care well from the disease.
Than to have a lifetime threatening. According to the new study the sexually
transmitted virus that causes cervical cancer in women the HPV Human
Papilloma virus is poised to become (By: Mike Stobbe – Associated Press)
one of the leading causes of oral cancer in men. Because you can’t only get
this disease by sexual intercourse but also be during oral sex.

A. Findings

I found that this cervical cancer disease killed millions of

women around the world. That the leading risk factor of this disease is the
Human Papilloma Virus which is sexually transmitted virus. I found that those
women who are sexually active can have a high possible to acquired this
virus especially to those women that had sex at early age, a women had
many different sexual contacts, a woman who have had children at very
early age.
 I found also that smoking is also a risk factor o cervical
cancer. Also to those women using contraceptive pill for 10 years. And also in
the mother that take diethystilbestrol drug during pregnancy it will harm to
their baby because it is also a risk factor of cervical cancer to their child
when it grow I also found that if you have an other sexually transmitted:
disease it is also a risk factor of cervical cancer. I found this all risk factors
have an effect but the real exactly causes of cervical cancer was not yet
identified.

I found also that women age 40 to 50 years old cervical

cancer most by occurs but it occurs at any age. I also found that cervical
cancer has no symptoms at early stage, so you can’t detect that you have a
cervical cancer at early stage. I also found that the sexually transmitted virus
that causes cervical cancer in women is poised to become one of the leading
causes of oral cancer in men. I found that you can also get cervical cancer
even if you haven’t had sex yet because you can also get HPV by having oral
sex.

B. Recommendation

I will recommend to all especially to the women that

careful your health to many disease that we are facing now a days.
Especially this cervical cancer because it is not simple disease it killed
millions of women around the world. It ranks as the 2nd to breast cancer that
cause the death of many women. I recommend that have a regular pap test
because it is very important way to detect if their is a spot of cancer, so that
it can be treated earlier.

I will recommend also that fewer to have many sexual

partners the leading risk factor of this cervical cancer disease is a sexually
transmitted disease. I will also recommend that avoid using cigarettes
because it is a risk factor of cervical cancer, have a balance diet, stop using
contraceptive I’ll especially if you are using this for more than 5 years, to the
pregnant mother don’t take a diethylstilbestrol drug because it can harm to
your baby to have a risk factor of cervical cancer when she grow up. I will
recommend also to cure if you have other sexually transmitted disease
because it is also a risk factor of cervical cancer. So if you are having this risk
factor don’t have a doubt to consult the doctor. Pap test is a very nice way to
know whether you early to treat it also earlier than to have a lifetime
threatening.