1.

PRESENT SIMPLE
ACTION it shows: 1. a REPEATED, USUAL action. Eg. I go to school every day. 2. a PERMANENT action, a GENERAL truth: Eg. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. 3. a future action, the subject MUST do it: Eg. I fly to Istanbul tomorrow. (I must sign a contract.) 4. in sportive comments, recipes, demonstrations, explanations: Eg. First you take 3 eggs, you add milk, put flower instructions,

Affirmative: Subject + verb: I go home every day. ! If the subject is (he she it) the verb gets an S/ES. If the verb ends in s, ss, sh, ch, o , x then the verb gets ES. Eg. He goes home every day. Interrogative: DO/ DOES + subject + verb? : Do you love me? Does he like apples? ! After DO/DOES the verb does not get S/ES. DO= I , YOU, WE, THEY DOES= HE SHE IT Negative: Subject + do/ does + not+ verb: They do not like milk. He does not want to dance.

DO NOT = DONT I , YOU, WE, THEY DOES NOT= DOESNT HE, SHE, IT

TIME ADVERBS: when you see them you must use Present Simple. Every/ each+ second/ minute/hour/day/week/month/year/ February/ Monday. Always, usually, often, sometimes, from time to time, rarely, seldom, frequently, occasionally, never, ever.

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS
ACTION: 1. it shows an action which takes place NOW. Eg. I am drinking lemonade now. 2. a future action that the subject WANTS to do: Eg. I am flying to Istanbul, as I want to see my boyfriend. (I want to see him). 3. if we have ALWAYS, CONSTANTLY, FOREVER, the speaker is angry. Eg. Those children are ALWAYS shouting!! (they make me angry) Affirmative: subject + TO BE + verb + ING: I am going home. Interrogative: TO BE + subject+ verb + ING? Are you going home? Negative: subject + TO BE+ NOT+ verb+ ING. They are not going home.

! THIS TENSE IS USED IN DESCRIPTIONS!!

TIME ADVERBS: NOW, AT THE MOMENT, AT PRESENT Verbs that can be used only at PRESENT SIMPLE: VERBS OF PERCEPTION: see. Hear, notice, smell, taste, feel VERBS OF THINKING: think, consider, feel, understand, know, realize, suppose, believe, remember, forget, recall, recollect, expect, mind VERBS OF FEELINGS: want, wish, desire, like, hate, dislike, care, refuse, forgive, mind, adore, hope, intend, agree VERBS INDICATING QUALITIES OF PEOPLE OR OBJECTS: be, belong, own, have, contain, include, comprise, weigh, measure, cost, resemble, consist, require, need MISCELLANEOUS VEBRS (verbs that trick you): concern, matter, mean, seem, signify, appear (= seem), keep (= continue). EXCEPTIONS: there are 8 verbs that can be used at both Present Simple and Continuous, but they have 2 different meanings:
1)

See a. Present Simple = see with your eyes: I see a dog in the garden. b. Present Continuous = to meet: I am seeing my mother tomorrow. 2) Think a. Present Simple= give an opinion: I think that you are nice. b. Present Continuous= think of something: I am thinking of/about you. 3) Expect a. P.S. = hope, believe: I expect you will come. - b. P.C. = await, wait: I am expecting a letter from you. 4) Have a. P.S. = own, posses: I have a car. - b. P.C. = eat, take: I am having breakfast. I am taking a shower. 5) Be a. P.S. = to exist: He is at home. b. P.C. = a temporary behavior: Usually Tom is polite, but today he is being rude. 6) Smell a. P.S. = how it smells: Flowers smell nice. - b. P.C. = what I smell: I am smelling a rose. 7) Taste a. P.S. = how it tastes: The cake tastes delicious. b. P.C. = what I taste: Mother is tasting the soup. 8) Feel a. P.S. = how it feels: The silk feels soft. b. P.C. = what I feel: I am feeling this material to see if it is silk.

PAST SIMPLE
ACTION: 1. it shows an action that started and was finished in the past, and we know the exact moment when it happened. Eg. I went to school yesterday. 2. it shows a short action which interrupts a longer action, which is normally in the Past Continuous. Eg. I was sleeping, when you rang at the door. (my sleep was interrupted by your rang). Affirmative: S + Vb ED/ 2ND FORM. ! The verbs get either the ED termination, or if they are irregular, the second form. Work Worked go- went- gone. Eg. I worked very much last week. / He went home yesterday. Interrogative: DID + S + Vb? Did you go home yesterday? ! After DID, the verb is used as in the brackets (), without ed or 2nd form. Negative: S+ DID+ NOT+ Vb. They did not go home yesterday. DID NOT= DIDNT TIME ADVERBS: YESTERDAY, THE OTHER DAY, THE DAY BEFORE YESTERDAY, LAST+ HOUR, DAY, WEEK, MONTH, YEAR, FERBUARY, MONDAY, IN+ 1990, JUNE, ON+ MONDAY, ..+ AGO, ONCE,

PAST CONTINUOUS
ACTION: it shows an action that started in the past, but didnt finish as it was interrupted by a short action, usually in the Past Simple. Eg. I was going to school when a bike hit me. ( my going was interrupted by the bike) Affirmative: S+ WAS/ WERE+ Vb ING He was going home when a dog bit him. Interrogative: WAS/ WERE + S+ Vb ING? Were they going home when a dog bit them? Negative: S+ WAS/ WERE + NOT+ Vb ING. We werent going home when a dog bit us. WAS- WASNT= I, HE, SHE, IT WERE- WERENT = WE, YOU, THEY TIME ADVERBS: WHEN, WILE, JUST AS

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

ACTION: 1. it shows an action that happened in the PAST but we do not know when it happened. Eg. He has tried to talk to her. (you dont know when he tried to talk) 2. it shows an action that has just happened and the effects of it are showing now. Eg. He has just broken his leg. (the leg is still broken) He broke his leg last year. (the leg is healed) 3. it shows an action that has just happened. Eg. I have just finished my homework.

Affirmative: Subject + HAVE/ HAS +Vb ed/ 3rd form Eg. I have seen you. Interrogative: HAVE/ HAS + subject+ Vb ed/ 3rd form? Eg. Have you seen me? Negative: Subject+ HAVE/ HAS + NOT + Vb ed/ 3rd form Eg. They have not seen me. HAVE- HAVENT- I, YOU, WE, THEY HAS- HASNT HE, SHE, IT TIME ADVERBS: JUST, ALREADY, YET, RECENTLY, LATELY, SO FAR, UP TO NOW, SINCE= IT SHOWS THE DATE: since Monday morning FOR= IT SHOWS A PERIOD: for 6 hours

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

ACTION: 1. it shows an action which started in the past, continued until the present, and which may be continued even in the future Eg. He has been reading ever since he came home. 2. it shows an action that finished just a few minutes ago and its effects can be seen in the moment of speaking Eg. She is all sweat because she has been running. Affirmative: Subject + HAVE/ HAS + BEEN + Vb ING Eg. I have been working for 4 hours and I am still working. Interrogative: HAVE? HAS + subject+ BEEN+ Vb ING? Eg. Has he been watching tv since he came home? Negative: Subject+ HAVE/ HAS+ NOT+ BEEN+ Vb +ING Eg. You have not been watching tv since you came home.

HAVE- HAVENT-= I, YOU, WE, THEY HAS- HASNT= HE, SHE, IT TIME ADVERBS: SINCE, FOR

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

ACTION: it shows an action that started in the past before another action which also started in the start. So we have 2 actions that take place in the past. The first is at Past Perfect Simple and the second at Past Simple. Eg. I got a top mark, because I had studied the lesson very well. (first I studied and then I took the mark) Affirmative: Subject+ HAD +Vb ed/ 3rd form Eg. I went to the party after I had finished my work. Interrogative: HAD+ subject+ Vb ed/3rd form? Eg. Had you finished your work before you went to the party? Negative: Subject +HAD+ NOT+Vbed/ 3rd form Eg. I hadnt finished my work before I went to the party. TIME ADVERBS: HARDLY, SCARCELY, NO SOONER

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

ACTION: we have 2 actions that happen in the past. The first which happens continues up to the present and may be even in the future. Eg. Mother had been cooking for three hours when I came home. (first mother came home, and started cooking. After three hours I came
7

home, and she was still cooking, and now when I am talking she is still cooking). Affirmative: Subject + HAD+ BEEN+ VbING Eg. I had been working for 5 hours when my sister came home. Interrogative: HAD + subject+ BEEN+ VbING? Eg. Had you been working for 5 hours when my sister came home? Negative: Subject+ HAD+ BEEN+ NOT +VbING Eg. I hadnt been working for 5 hours when my sister came home.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES IF
1.

it shows an action which is in the FUTURE IF if if If clause Present Simple/ Continuous you ask me.

Main clause Future, Present Eg. I will come with you

2.

it shows an action which is in the PRESENT IF if if If clause Past Simple you asked me.

Main clause Would, should,could + VB Eg. I would come with you

3.

it shows an action which is in the PAST IF if if If clause Past Perfect Simple you had invited me.

Main clause Would, should, could+ have+ Vb ed/3rd Eg. I would have come with you