EE-2192

INDUCTION GNERATOR

Name Index No Group Department Date of Performance Date of Submission Instructed by

: Weerakkody W. N. L. : 100573H : G 13 : Electrical Engineering : 05/12/2012 : 19/12/2012 : Ms. Narmada Senaratne

DISCUSSION

1. Why the no-load test was designed to result in a lower frequency than the rated frequency of 50Hz? In the absence of a load the active power output of the generator is at its minimum. Therefore the slip of the generator is very close to zero. Due to this the generator will achieve its rated voltage before the frequency reaches 50Hz. If allowed by the time the generator reaches 50Hz it will necessarily work above the rated voltage causing damages to the system. As load is added to a generator its slip increases causing frequency to drop. So to work under rated voltage the generator has to work below 50Hz at no load. When no power is delivered to the outside, slip speed (NS - Nr) 0. This implies fs fr therefore 50 Hz fr

2. Cause of variation of the voltage and current waveforms of the generator when loading The current gets reduced when load is applied. Also when we are loading, the output power will also increase and generator torque also gets increased. So when we increase the load, the voltage gets reduced. As the voltage gets reduced the rotor speeds also get reduced. Due to the voltage reducing and increasing of load, the generated current gets reduced. As the load increase the load current gets increased. Due to the decrement of rotor speed the frequency get reduced. When we are unloading the vice versa of this phenomenon happens. Therefore voltage and current waveforms of generator vary when loading. 3. Importance of both self excited and grid connected induction generators in Sri Lanka power generation. Induction generator is basically used for mini or micro power plants. It is not suitable for the high power applications. As we talking about the Sri Lanka it is much suitable because its very cheap comparatively and can have a smooth output. Sri Lanka has lot of small waterfalls. Therefore mini and micro hydro power station can be established in Sri Lanka very easily. Induction generators are much more suitable for mini and micro hydro power stations. It is simply because they do not require regulation procedures making them ideal solutions for windmills, heat recovery systems and similar applications. In such applications, power factor correction can be provided by capacitors, and the generators terminal voltage can be controlled by the external power system. But these do not suit high power applications. The comparatively low

price with respect to other generators is another advantage. So these generators are very economical and are compact in size. Some advantages of induction generators are, Simple in construction Compact in size Light in weight Robust in operation Cheaper in cost Reliable in service Free from routine maintenance

Self-Excited

Self-excited induction generators are good mainly used in wind powered electric generation application especially in remote areas. An external power supply is not needed to produce the

magnetic field. Therefore in remote areas of Sri Lanka this is the ideal solution for need of electricity. They do not inherit the weakness of permanent magnet generators where the magnetic field deteriorates as time elapses causing the generated voltage to drop by big numbers. These are gradually replacing synchronous alternators in standalone power generation due to low unit cost and ease of maintenance and operation. They satisfactorily cope with dynamic loads under low speed operation.

Grid Connected

Grid connected systems are normally between 10kW and 100kW. The power must be conditioned using an inverter before fed to the grid. Self-commutated inverters, due to their own oscillators need a reference from the utility grid to hold synchronization. When linked with a battery they may become part of an uninterrupted power supply, which is important in the event of a blackout. Linecommutated inverters are actuated by utility- line power. Both types of inverters produce sine-wave grid quality output, but act differently in the event of a grid blackout. Line commutated version may fail to operate in blackouts. 4. Characteristics of each graph

1. Self Excited Induction Generator

a. No Load characteristics for varying capacitance and constant prime mover speed. i. Line Voltage Vs Magnetizing Current Line Voltage increases with Magnetizing current. It is very close to the linear relationship. ii. Line Voltage Vs Capacitance Line voltage increases with Capacitance. It seems like no linear relationship between them .

b. No Load characteristic for varying prime mover speed and constant capacitance. i. Voltage Vs Speed Voltage increases with the Speed. We can see it varies nearly in a linear manner. ii. Frequency Vs Speed Frequency increases with the Speed. There is linear relationship according to the graph obtained. iii. Magnetizing Current Vs Speed Magnetizing Current also increases with the Speed. Except some observations relationship looks linear.

c. Performance of loaded generator with constant speed. i. Voltage Vs Load Current Voltage Decreases with Load Current. ii. Frequency Vs Load Current Frequency remains constant when Load Current is varies. In our observations ,it is slightly varying. iii. Generator Current Vs Load Current Generator current slightly decreases with increasing of Load current. But very close to constant situation. d. Performance of the loaded generator without speed regulation. i. Voltage Vs Load Current Voltage decreases with Load Current. ii. Frequency Vs Load Current Frequency is fairly constant with the increase of Load current.

iii. Torque Vs speed Torque is decreasing with the increase of speed. 2. Grid connected Induction Generator i. Power Output Vs Speed Power Output is increasing with Speed. Relationship is closely linear. ii. Line Current Vs Speed Line Current increases with Speed. iii. Efficiency Vs Speed Efficiency increases with increasing Speed. Most of cases is looks linear and after some value it gets constant. iv. Power Factor Vs Speed Power Factor is also increasing with Speed.