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root
[deg] 10 27 10 21 10.5 54
tip
[deg] 10 25 9.5 19 9.5 46
root
[deg] 39 48.5 43 48.5 46 51.5
tip
[deg] 36 46 40.5 45.5 43 43
Pitch to chord ratio chart
2 /
b m
N R s t =
Height to chord ratio:
Stator ~ 2
Rotor ~ 1.3
umber of blades
Turbine Flow Path
Untwisted blades
Cooling
Swirl cooling method
Metal temperature limit =1250K=950C
1
st
stage (nozzle and blade) had to be cooled
Cooling air
Stage 1 nozzle & blade 2.3%
Stage 2 blisk1%
Stage 1 blisk2%
( )
1
1250
0.03 4.5%
100
TIT K
x
= =
Life Time Prediction - Uncooled Blades
( ) ( )
2 2 2
1
2
c tip
r R r o = O
185
C
Mpa o =
350
C
Mpa o =
Blade temperature
Stage 2 1076K
age 3 877K
Centrifugal stress (max)
Stage 2 185Mpa
Stage 3 350Mpa
Life time estimation
Critic section at the root
Material Waspalloy
Stage 2: 10 000 hours (SF=1.3)
Stage 3: 20 000 hours (SF=1.3)
Cooled Blades - Stress
Centrifugal & bending stress
Life time fixed to 10 000 hours
Larson miller chart
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
S
t
r
e
s
s
[
M
P
a
]
Blade section
Blade Section Stress
Safety Factor
Bending Stress
Centrifugal Stress
Cooled Stage Temperatures
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1100 1300 1500
B
l
a
d
e
H
e
i
g
h
t
[
c
m
]
Temperature [K]
Temperature Profile
Metal
Temperature
1D
Gas temperature pattern factor 1.1
Safety margins 30%.
3D
28%
Gas Metal
Gas Coolant
T T
T T
c
= =
(
= =
(
3
17 10 0.023
sec
c air
p
P h A kg
m m
C
= = =
Cooling
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
300 500 700 900 1100 1300
D
i
s
k
r
a
d
i
u
s
[
m
]
Temperature [K]
Blisk metal temperature
stage1
stage 2
stage 3
15
35
55
75
95
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
S
t
r
e
s
s
[
M
P
a
]
Radius [m]
Blisk radial stress
stage 1
stage 2
stage 3
Blisk Life Time Prediction
50
100
150
200
250
300
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
S
t
r
e
s
s
[
M
p
a
]
Radius [m]
Blisk tangential stress
Blisk Life Time Prediction
Critical sction towards the tip
Stage 1 blisk: 42 000 hours (SF=1.5)
Stage 2 blisk: 16 000 hours (SF=1.5)
Stage 3 blisk: 1 560 000 hours (SF=1.5)
Combustor Design Considerations
Performance Objectives:
High combustion efficiency ~ 99%
Low overall system total pressure loss ~
3%
Stable combustion at all operating
conditions
Minimum size, weight, cost.
Effective hot part cooling
Required TIT met
Proper temperature distribution at the
exit
Low emissions
Relightability
Design Parameters
34 . 0 ) 05 . 0 exp( 1 =
A
=
ref
L
D
L
q
P
L
L
PF
6110 . 1
300
75 . 1
3
3
= = O
b
K
T
air
Vol e P
m
016 . 1
*
, *
=
=
pr
combustor out pcombustor pturbine
h
T C TIT C
f
= f / fstoi = 0.255
% 5 . 3
3
3 4
=
A
P
P
SFC = Fuel Flow / Power Produced
= 0.23 kg/kW-hr
Dimensions
Combustor Cross sectional area= 0.0055 m
2
Radius Liner = 0.003 m
Length of Primary Zone = 0.1048 m
Length of Dilution Zone = 0.0698 m
Total Combustor Length = 0.1746 m
Volume = 0.0061 m
3
Air Distribution
:
0.0015m
25 . 1
5 . 0
max
=
(
(
+
=
j g
g
j
m m
m
J
Y
d
Primary Zone Air ~ 24%
Dome Air ~ 5 %
Dilution ~ 28%
Nozzle Air ~ 2 %
Liner Cooling ~ 32%
Turbine Cooling ~ 9%
Recirculation Zone
6943 . 2 tan
) / ( 1
) / ( 1
3
2
2
3
=
= u
sw hub
sw hub
n
D D
D D
S
Materials & Cooling
Combustor Liner - Silicon Nitride
High temperature strength
High oxidation resistance
Low cycle fatigue strength
High cycle fatigue strength
High corrosion resistance
Combustor Housing - Inco 909
Elevated high temperature strength
Low cycle fatigue strength
Thermal Barrier Coating - SN-220
Low emmisivity
Low thermal conductivity
Oxidation resistant
Chemically inert
Resistant to thermal shock
Resistant to wear/erosion
Heat Exchanger
m2 6.04
) * ( 6 . 2
min
= =
U
C NTU
A
)
1
1
)(log
1
1
(
=
r
C
r
C
NTU
c
c
1
1 1
i o
U
h h
=
+
z
i H
k
h Nu
H
| |
=
|
\ .
1.25 0.4
0.023 Re Pr
H H
Nu =
Heat Exchanger - Pressure Drop
f L
P gh A =
2
2
L
L V
h f
H g
| |
| |
=
| |
\ .
\ .
If it is known that for turbulent flow: f = 0.316/Re
1/4
For hot gas, pressure drop of 0.245 atm is obtained.
For cold air the pressure loss is 0.003 atm.
h
L
= frictional head loss [m]
Engine Design
Shafts
1
st
Stage Compressor
2
nd
Stage Compressor
Combustor
Stage 1
Nozzle
Stage 1
Turbine
Stage 1 Turbine
Second & Power Turbines
Second & Power Nozzles
Heat Exchanger
Heat Exchanger
Heat Exchanger
Fuel System
Fuel System
Fuel System
Overall Flow Path
Clearances
Seals
Mountings
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Questions?