POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

A presented by

S.srilekha MailId:srilekha246@gmail.com III EEE

K.sowjanya Mailid:K.sowjanya@gmail.com III EEE

RAMIREDDY SUBBARAMIREDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

NH-5, KADANUTALA, BOGOLU (MANDALAM) KAVALI SPSR NELLORE (DIST) PIN: 524201

POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT BY ACTIVE SHUNT FILTERS

Keywords
Shunt active filters, Instantaneous reactive power algorithm, Indirect control technique.

controller. And in each case, results different are presented of for load types

characteristics.

Abstract
A current supply balance three-phase harmonics, power-factor, the loads shunt correct and is customers magnitude.

active filter to eliminate supply

nonlinear/linear

INTRODUCTION
The main objective of electric utilities is to supply its with However continuous this is sinusoidal voltage of constant becoming increasingly difficult to do so, because the sizes and number of non-linear and poor power factor loads are increasing rapidly. In this, a Shunt active filter currents, power is implemented supply load factor balancing correction to and for compensate harmonic

unbalanced

implemented, using a threephase insulated gate bipolar transistor controlled based voltage current source

inverter with a dc bus capacitor as an active filter. Two control algorithms are implemented, one based on Instantaneous reactive power theory and other one based on Indirect currents current for control Hysterisis technique, to provide reference

different

types

of

load power

and Active power filters and Hybrid power filters. Electronic loads have earned the name "nonlinear load" to describe the way they draw power. The injected harmonics, reactive currents power cause low burden, system unbalance, and excessive neutral efficiency and poor power factor. Power system engineers have turned to regulation to force the use of lower-harmonic power supply design has Harmonic become a contamination

characteristics, firstly by using instantaneous reactive theory and then Also in an indirect case of

current control technique. distribution system, the overall load on the system is seldom found to be balanced. Presence of harmonics in power system leads to transformer heating, communication interference and solid state device malfunctioning etc. Therefore it is important to reduce dominant harmonics below the specified IEEE 5191992 harmonic standard. On the other hand, reactive power creates the problem of voltage regulation along with increased losses on lines. And the problem of unbalance is very harmful for all types of 3phase electrical machines. In induction motors, which contribute towards almost 50% load on the power system, even an unbalance of few percentages will cause excessive currents in armature windings and rotor bars, which leads to heating and hence reduces life of machines. The solutions used to alleviate these problems are by using conventional passive filters

major concern for power system specialists due to its effects on sensitive loads and on the power distribution system. Harmonic current components: increase power system losses, cause excessive heating in rotating machinery, can create significant interference with communication circuits that share common rightof-ways with AC power circuits, And can generate noise on regulating and control circuits causing erroneous operation of such equipment.

LIMITATIONS OF PASSIVE FILTERS: Conventionally, passive tuned LC filters have been used to decrease line current harmonics and to increase the load power factor by compensating fixed fundamental frequency industrial passive present second the reactive power in environments. order filters

reactive

power,

which

is

undesirable. CLASSIFICATION OF

ACTIVE POWER FILTERS: Parallel (or shunt) active filters have been recognized as a valid solution to current harmonic and reactive power compensation of non-linear loads. The principle of operation of active filters is based on the injection of the current harmonics required by the load. Thus the basic principle of Shunt Active Power filter is that it generates a current equal and opposite in polarity to the harmonic current drawn by the load and injects it to the point of coupling source thereby current forcing to be the pure

However, in applications these following

disadvantages: a) The source impedance strongly affects filtering characteristics. b) These are not suitable for fast varying loads, because of their inherent sluggish response time. c) When the harmonic current components increase, the filter can be overloaded. d) Parallel resonance between the power system and the passive filter causes amplification of harmonic currents on the source side at a specific frequency. e) The passive filter may fall into series resonance with the power system so that voltage distortion produces filter. f) Under light load conditions these filters generate excessive excessive harmonic currents flowing into the passive

sinusoidal. As a consequence, the characteristics of the harmonic compensation dependent algorithm calculation harmonics. Active power filters can be classified as: 1. Shunt filters. 2. Series filters. Active Active on of are the load strongly filtering for the current

employed

3. Hybrid filters

Active THE THREE PHASE ACTIVE FILTERING SYSTEM: The fundamental building block of the active filter is shown below.

The active filtering system is based on a philosophy that addresses the load current distortion from a time domain rather than a frequency domain approach. The most effective way to improve the distortive power factor in a non-sinusoidal situation is to use a nonlinear active device that directly compensates for the load current distortion. The performance of these active filters is based on three basic design criteria: 1) The design of the power inverter (semiconductor switches, inductances, capacitors, dc voltage) 2) PWM control method (hysteresis, triangular carrier, periodical sampling)

3) Method used to obtain the current reference or the control strategy used to generate the reference templates.

INSTANTANEOUS REACTIVE POWER ALGORITHM BASIC ALGORITHM: Inverter switching signals

Hysterisis current controller VSaVSbVSc Transformation to two phase quantities pL qL HPF I Ca,b,c Calculation of ilh And Command AF currents q* p* p*+pav

I*Ca,b,c

I Lb I Lc

VRef Voltage control Vdc

Calculation of p,q

pav

Basic Block diagram of instantaneous reactive power algorithm As shown in the above figure, the control circuit of the active power filter consists of the current control circuit for the PWM converter, the calculation circuit for the compensating current references within the block. These circuits are designed on the basis of the instantaneous reactive power theory, which can be explained as follows. The ac components of real and reactive power are extracted after processing through two high-pass-filters and the harmonics of the three-

phase load currents iLha , iLhb , iLhc , are obtained by the following calculation: 1 iLha 1 2 iLhb = 3 2 i Lhc 1 2 0 3 e 2 e 3 2

e p * + pav e q *

The Harmonic Current Calculator: Here, this task is performed by using the algorithm as described above. Also this is the most important component in the control system. In short, it accepts the load current and sinusoidal templates from the PLLSine wave generator and returns the value of harmonic content of the load current for further control purposes. The D.C side capacitor should not be asked to supply even a fraction of the active power required by the load since it will run down rapidly if that happens. Hence, the Calculator must ensure that neither under steady state nor under load transient conditions the calculated current will contain an active fundamental component. However, it is not possible to ensure this under transient conditions strictly. Then the Calculator must reduce the active component to zero as fast as possible. Any delay on the part of this Calculator in removing the active power component in its output will be translated as higher and higher value for the D.C side capacitor especially considering the unavoidable filtering in the DC voltage control loop. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: The simulation was performed on the MATLAB/SIMULINK package. Here, the reference currents were obtained by using the instantaneous reactive power theory. They were then compared with the inverter currents and a hysterisis PWM loop was used to generate pulses for the inverter.

Also, the system operation for the following different types of loads was considered and the results for both steady state and dynamic response of active filter are presented below. A three phase diode bridge with an RL load: Load changes from Unbalanced nonlinear load: 2phase 4.6KW Non linear load. Combination of both linear and non linear loads: 0.8pf linear

3phase 5KW to 10KW.

balanced 10KWload and 10KW non linear load. The results for the above different types of loads are presented using instantaneous reactive power theory.

Harmonic spectra of supply current and load current at 10KW load: Vs (RMS) 415V Is(RMS) 15.07A IL(RMS) THD(Is) THD(Vpcc) 15.71A 3.68% 3.01% THD(IL) 27.52% Load 10 KW

From the above results, it can be stated that by using shunt compensator, the THD in supply current is reduced nearly below to IEEE519 standard and also the supply power factor is corrected to nearly unity.

Dynamic response of AF, under non linear load change from 3phase 5KW10KW-5KW.

50 0 Vs 0 -0 50 0 . 2 50 0 Vp cc 0 -0 50 0 . 2 5 0 Is 0 -0 5 0 . 2 5 0

05 .2

0 .3

05 . 3

0 . 4

05 .4

0 .5

05 .5

0 .6

05 .2

0 .3

05 . 3

0 . 4

05 .4

0 .5

05 .5

0 .6

05 .2

0 .3

05 . 3

0 . 4

05 .4

0 .5

05 .5

0 .6

ILa

0 -0 5 0 .2 5 0

05 .2

0 .3

05 .3

0 .4

05 .4

0 .5

05 .5

0 .6

ILb

0 -0 5 0 .2 5 0

05 .2

0 .3

05 .3

0 .4

05 .4

0 .5

05 .5

0 .6

ILc

0 -0 5 0 .2

05 .2

0 .3

05 .3

0 .4

05 .4

0 .5

05 .5

0 .6

20 ICa 0 -20 0.2 20 ICb 0 -20 0.2 20 ICc 0 -20 0.2 1000 800 600 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6

Vdc,Vref

INDIRECT CONTROL TECHNIQUE ALGORITHM TECHNIQUE: Vdc *

V dc
Vsa Vsb Vsc

FOR

INDIRECT

CURRENT

CONTROL

Estimation of average DC bus voltage, the amplitude of inphase component of reference supply currents using PI controller

Computation of the amplitude of supply voltage and in phase unit current vectors

Isp*
Computation of in-phase components of reference supply currents (using in phase unit current vectors)

usa usb usc

I sad* Isbd * Iscd*

Computation of 3-phase reference currents

I sa* Isa I sb I sc

Isb*

I sc*

Hysterisis current controller

6 gating signals Inverter switching signals

CONTROL SCHEME: Above figure shows the basic control scheme of the AF using indirect current control. Three-phase voltages at PCC along with dc bus voltage of the AF are used for implementation of control scheme. In real time implementation of the AF a band pass filter plays an important role. The three-phase voltages ( vla , vlb , vlc ) are sensed at Point of Common Coupling(PCC) using potential transformers and conditioned in a band pass filter to filter out any distortion. The threephase voltages ( vla , vlb , vlc ) are inputs and three-phase filtered voltages ( vsa , vsb , vsc ) are outputs from band pass filter.

Calculation of reference supply currents: The amplitude of reference supply currents is computed using a PI controller over the average value of dc bus voltage ( vdca ) of the AF and its reference value( vdc ). Comparison of average and reference values of dc bus voltage of the AF results in a voltage error, which is fed to a PI controller as shown in below figure.
*

vdcerror = vdc* vdca

Here, proportional ( K p ) and integral gains ( K i ) are so chosen, such that a suitable DC bus voltage response is achieve

RESULTS WITH INDIRECT CURRENT CONTROL:

Harmonic spectra of supply current and load current at 10KW load: Vs (RMS) 415V Is(RMS) 15.3A IL(RMS) THD(Is) THD(Vpcc) 15.7A 3.58% 1.08% THD(IL) 28.78% Load 10 KW

From the above results, it can be stated that by using shunt compensator, the THD in supply current is reduced nearly below to IEEE-519 standard and also the supply power factor is corrected to nearly unity.

Dynamic response of AF, under non linear load change from 3phase 5KW10KW-5KW.
50 0 Vs 0 -5 0 0 0 .3 50 0 Vpcc 0 -5 0 0 0 .3 5 0 Is 0 -5 0 0 .3
2 0 ILa 0 -0 2 0 .3 2 0 ILb 0 -0 2 0 .3 2 0 ILc 0 -0 2 0 .3

0 5 .3

0 .4

0 5 .4

0 .5

0 5 .5

0 .6

0 5 .3

0 .4

0 5 .4

0 .5

0 5 .5

0 .6

0 5 .3

0 .4

0 5 .4

0 .5

0 5 .5

0 .6

05 .3

0 .4

05 .4

0 .5

05 .5

0 .6

05 .3

0 .4

05 .4

0 .5

05 .5

0 .6

05 .3

0 .4

05 .4

0 .5

05 .5

0 .6

20 ICa 0 -20 0.3 20 ICb 0 -20 0.3 20 ICc 0 -20 0.3 800 700 600 500 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6

Vdc,Vdcref

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

0.6

OVERVIEW OF SIMULINK MODEL:

In1 In2 In3 In4 In5 In6 Out1 A A B C A2 A1 Out2 Out3 Out4 Out5 Out6 A3 A4 A5 C B1 C1 B C B A1 A Out1 Out2

Out1 Out2 Out3 In3 Out4 In1 In2

[A] [B] [C]

+ i -

In4 In5 In6

T imer
Out3 A + g 1 2

[A] [B] [C]

pow ergui
A1 Out1 Out2 Out3 B1 C

Discrete, Ts = 3.255e-005 s.

C1

B3
aA bB cC

g + A B C + v -

[D]

inverter

CONCLUSIONS:

The shunt active compensator is effective in eliminating the supply current harmonics, correct supply power-factor, and balance the nonlinear/linear unbalanced loads for different types of load characteristics. It can also be concluded that, by using Indirect current control technique the maximum switching frequency of the IGBTs of the Active filter is reduced, because this technique controls the compensating currents of AF, by sensing the source current, which are slow varying (sinusoidal) in nature compared to the harmonic components, which are very fast varying.

REFERENCES: 1. Peng.F.Z, Akagi.H, Nabae.A, A new approach to harmonic compensation in power systems- a combined system of shunt passive and series active filters, IEEE Trans. Industry Applications, Vol. 26, pp. 983-990, Nov.-Dec.1990. 2. Akagi.H, Instantaneous reactive power compensators comprising switching device without energy storage components, IEEE Trans. Industry Applications, Vol. IA-20, no. 3, pp. 625-630, 1984. 3. Chandra.A, Singh.B, Singh B.N, Al-Haddad.K, An improved control algorithm of shunt active filter for voltage regulation, harmonic elimination, power-factor correction, and balancing of nonlinear loads, IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, Vol.15, pp. 495-507, May 2000.

SYSTEM DATA: Source voltage: 415 V L-L RMS, 50 Hz Source inductance: 0.9mH Source resistance: 0.3 Inverter DC voltage: 900 V Inverter DC capacitance value: 1500 F Inverter filter parameters: 5mH, 0.01. Dc Bus voltage PI controller parameters: Kpdc = 18.30, Kidc = 4.30. Cutoff frequency of Butterworth filter = 10Hz.