22 - 23 November, 2010 Institution of Civil Engineers

Bridge Design to Eurocodes

- UK Implementation

Design Illustration Concrete Bridge Design

Graeme Walker, Gifford Paul Jackson, Gifford

Introduction

Design example prepared for the Concrete Bridge Development Group Precast, prestressed beam and slab bridge selected to demonstrate as many aspects of the codes as possible Follows UK NAs and PDs, but makes clear the source of all information

Scheme Design

2 span integral bridge, each span 20m long 7.3m wide c/way + 2m wide footways either side Superstructure 8 standard precast, pretensioned concrete Y beams with a 160mm deep in-situ RC deck slab; in-situ diaphragms at abutments and pier Substructure precast concrete piles with pile caps

Actions
Permanent Actions - Self weight - Differential settlement - Differential shrinkage Variable Actions - Wind - Thermal - Traffic Loads

Traffic Loads
Division of carriageway into notional lanes
Carriageway width Width of notional lanes Number of notional lanes Width of remaining area w w1 n1 wr = 7.30 m = 3.00 m = 2 = 1.30m

Positioning of the notional lanes does not have to correspond to the position of the lane markings on the bridge. Instead, the lanes & the remaining area are positioned to create the most severe load effects for each element under consideration.

Traffic Loads Load Model 1

Normal traffic in EN 1991 is represented by (LM 1), which is the equivalent of HA loading in BD 37. For each lane, LM1 consists of 2 parts: a) A double axle loading, referred to as tandem system, or TS. b) A uniformly distributed load (UDL).

Traffic Loads Load Model 3

LM3 represents Abnormal Vehicles. The UK NA defines a series of load models. The vehicles are applied in the worst position and are combined with LM1 loads at their frequent values.
165 kN 165 kN 1.2m 165 kN 165 kN 165 kN 165 kN 165 kN 165 kN 165 kN 1.2m 4.0m 180 kN 180 kN 4.4m 100 kN

SV 196
Overall Vehicle Width 3.0m
0.35m

1.2m

1.2m

1.2m

1.2m

1.2m

1.6m

Direction of Travel
0.35m

Critical of 1.2m or 5.0m or 9.0m

3.0m

Traffic Loads Load Model 1

UDL = 0,61 X 9,0 = 5,5kN/m2

3m 3m 1,3m

Lane 1 Lane 2

TS Axle = 1,0 X 300 = 300kN UDL = 2,2 X 2,5 = 5,5kN/m2

TS Axle = 1,0 X 200 = 200kN = 2,2 X 2,5 = 5,5kN/m2 No TS

Remaining Area UDL

Lanes and remaining area interchangeable for worst effect

Traffic Loads Load Model 3

3m 3m 1,3m

Lane 1 Lane 2 Remaining Area

Frequent value of LM1 Frequent value of LM1

SV / SOV

Frequent value of LM1

Lanes and remaining area interchangeable for worst effect SV/SOV normally replaces lane 2 (or 3+), not lane 1

Global Design at SLS

As for most prestressed structures, SLS criteria governed 3 checks were required: - Decompression (near tendons) - Crack widths (elsewhere + in RC) - Stress limits

Decompression
For XD (chloride) exposure, decompression limit is checked for the frequent load combination All concrete within the minimum cover distance of the tendons remain in compression

Decompression

Decompression Check required here! (if a tendon)

Beam section showing strand position

Decompression
Same design to BS 5400 resulted in a similar level of prestress Same design to EN 1992 but with no chloride exposure allowed a 25% reduction in prestress

Transfer and Tendon Arrangement

Tendon or rebar?

Beam section showing strand position

Design at ULS
Flexural design differs little from BS 5400-4 More shear reinforcement required for prestressed members However, interface shear governed in the design example
(B12 @ 75mm c/f B12 @ 250mm adjacent to supports)

Fatigue Method 1
Cumulative fatigue damage due to the predicted cyclic load history of the structure calculated Impractical for most structures

Fatigue Method 2 Simplified method

Not applicable to tendons Calculate stress range due to cyclic portion of the frequent load combination
Allowable to EN 1992-1-1 Allowable to PD for this case Stress range under frequent load = 70 MPa = 85 MPa = 128 MPa

50% increase in reinforcement required over pier

Fatigue Method 3 Damage Equivalent Stress Range

Applicable to bars and tendons Stress range calculated under a special load model Stress range multiplied by factors reflecting site specific influences to give damage equivalent stress range
Stress range under fatigue load model 3 Damage equivalent stress range Permissible stress range = 96 MPa = 140 MPa = 141 MPa

No additional reinforcement required

Conclusion
Prestressed sections designed to EN 1992 comes out very similar to those designed to BS 5400 for normal structures Same design to EN 1992 but with no chloride exposure allowed a 25% reduction in prestress