Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
(Eciu
Rmrrtfci
CHARLES
E.
C.
ROLFE
HANDBOOK
OF
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
ILLUSTRATING THE HISTORY OF
THE LANGUAGE
BY
W. M. LINDSAY, M.A.
FELLOW OF JESUS COLLEGE, OXFORD
Chicago
COPYRIGHT, 1897, BY
OAF
Norfoooti
J. S.
PREFACE.
WHILE
I often
writing
my
the
specimens of Latin, chronologically arranged, to which The proposal of student might be referred.
Messrs. Allyn and Bacon, that a Handbook of Latin Inscriptions illustrative of the history of the language should be compiled for their educational series, was
therefore very welcome. From merely turning over the pages of a book of this kind one will sometimes
learn more than from the most elaborate array of rules, just as the successive pictures of a panorama are often
more instructive than the showman's lecture. In a few cases, where it seemed advisable, documents which cannot strictly be called Inscriptions have been
'
'
included (Nos.
The expression of 4, 65, 67, 78, 83, 84). long i by i with an apex, instead of by the tall form of the letter, in Chap. III., is a concession to typographical convenience.
W. M. LINDSAY.
OXFORD, ENGLAND, August,
1897.
iii
CONTENTS.
CHAP.
I.
PAGB
.........
.
LIT1
II.
47
III.
IV.
....... ......
94
114
131
INDEX
HANDBOOK
OF
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS.
CHAPTER
I.
more we find it resembling the Greek forms But there was one thing which, century altered more and more the appearance of by century, Latin words, and that was the Latin accent. The Latin
speech, the
and
inflexions.
accent was, like ours, an accent of stress. The accented syllable was uttered so strongly as to spoil the clear utterance of the following syllables and just as in our own language the noun ' minute/ derived from Latin
;
minutum, has come to be pronounced minit instead of minute,' so too in Latin a word like genos came to be
'
t
'
pronounced indistinctly, incorrectly, irrationally, as genus. The cause of the change is the same in the Latin as in
the English word.
We
word minute/
'
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
and leave the following syllable without a chance of being properly pronounced. Precisely in the same way
the
Roman
ance of the
put the strength of his voice into the utterfirst syllable of genos, with the result that
of -nos, but
the second syllable was not given its full, proper sound was hurried over in such a fashion that the
sound that reached the ear was rather -nus than -nos. But there is this difference between the Latin language and our own. Though we have long since abandoned the correct pronunciation minute' and have universally
'
'
minlt,'
we
still
Roman, when he became conscious that the in which he pronounced genos was really with the way sound of u not of o in the second syllable, he gave up the old spelling genos and adopted a new spelling, genus. That is what is meant by saying that Roman spelling was phonetic, while ours is traditional.
Of the alterations undergone by Latin words and inflexions from one century to another, the most noticeable were the changes in unaccented vowels, such as the vowel
2.
however, spelled as
If
we
remove these alterations and restore the words to their proper vocalism, the affinity of Latin with Greek is much more easy to perceive. The older form of genus,
namely genos, is exactly identical with the corresponding Greek word yeVo?, if we pronounce the Latin word as the Romans pronounced it, with hard g. Again, the Latin Second Declension looks as if it were different from the
'
'
is -us,
while the
merely the Latin weakening of unaccented vowels that has effaced the resemblance. Before the Latin stress-accent on the first
But
here,
too,
it
is
syllable
its
weakening influence on
the second, a word like dolus was pronounced and spelled or any dolos, with the same ending -6s as Greek So'Aos
other noun of the Second Declension.
back we go in the history of the Latin language, the more we find its forms resembling the Greek vocalism
;
and in studying Latin forms we must always bear in mind that the great influence at work in changing their
appearance was the Latin accentuation. 3. What, then, were the rules of Latin accentuation, and at what periods in the history of Eome did it bring
about these alterations in the vowels of unaccented syllables ?
it is impossible to say preLatin word was accented on the cisely when, every The Perfect of folio, for example, had first syllable.
At some very
early time,
fe-,
and that
is
why
the
second syllable whose proper pronunciation was -fall(with an a) came, in time, to be pronounced and spelled
(with an e). We, with an accent of much the same type as the Koinan, can easily realize how fefalli passed gradually into fefelli; for in our own pronunciation of
-fell-
'prevalent' we see the same weakening, hurrying over, or slurring of the unaccented syllable. Similarly, the old name Numasio- became Numesio-, and
words
like
in time (see
6) Numerio-.
it
At what time
was that
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
first syllable
of each
and every Latin word we cannot tell, nor yet at what precise period the new fashion came in of accenting the
antepenultimate syllable where the penult was short and the penult itself where it was long. The new fashion is the rule of Classical Latin; e.g. dedecoris, Gen. of dedecus,
is
accented on the antepaenultima because the paenultima a short syllable, while decoris, Gen. of decor, having a long penult, is accented on the penult. We may guess
is
took a gradual, not a sudden, one place about 350-250 B.C., and that words like Numerius, that is to say, words of four syllables with the first three
that the change
short,
were
still later
in succumbing to the
new
persisted on the
')
first
tendency. syllable of
our
'
capitalist
till
But we know
that the
it is called, was long enough in pracmark, where possible, on the second It is syllable of each and every word of the language.
the syllable immediately following the accented syllable which in a language with stress-accentuation is always the chief sufferer. The old Latin accent being, as we
first syllable of each word, it was the second syllable of the word which lay most exposed to The only kind of second syllaits masterful influence.
bles
which resisted that influence successfully were Decedo, for syllables which had a long simple vowel.
its
second syllable unimpaired, but de-caido became deceido, then decido; and de-cddo became Sometimes the short vowel was decedo, then decido.
example, preserved
5
re-peperi
place
'
altogether;
became
'
and
re-tetuli, rettuli.
The
effect of this
Old
Law
of Accentuation
on the
language was enormous. Every word which had a short second syllable had that syllable effaced by Syncope or
by Vowel-weakening, an a becoming an e Every word which had a diphthong (later i, in the second syllable had that diphthong altered; ai
else altered
see below).
to ei (later written
to ou (later written
4.
and pronounced i), au (through eu ?) and pronounced u). The adoption of the new law of accentuation, the
it
'Paenultima Law,' as
B.C.
is
arrest the
process of Vowel-weakening.
century
we
see e reduced to
aget,
3d Sg. Pres.
becomes
genus.
when unaccented, sinks to u\ genos becomes The precise rules of Vowel-weakening and Syncope cannot be given here. They may be learned from historical grammars such as my Historical Latin Gram0,
71 sqq.
we must
part of the period illustrated in this secthink of the language as dominated by the
Older
Law
on
And
not merely the second syllable, but the final syllable too suffered under the overpowering influence of the stressaccentuation of the beginning of the word. Ai in a final syllable became in time ei (Class. Lat. ), and oi suffered
the same change.
Thus the
of the
Nom.
Plur. of the
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
150
Second Declension, which was pronounced ei up to about B.C. and was written ei even later, was originally oi. The Dat. Abl. Plur. of the same Declension ended origi-ois,
nally in
ing to -eis, Class. Lat. -is. The -ai of the Dat. Sg. of the Third Declension became -ei, Class. Lat. -i, and so
on.
Our
this
when
oldest inscription (No. 1) belongs to a time Vowel-weakening had not so far developed as
:
thus
we have Numasio-,
not Numesio-; fefdked, not fefeked. cannot assign a date to the earliest examples of 6. Vowel-weakening. But another phonetic change, which
We
of Latin words,
we can
s
Between vowels an
'
became
Ehotacism/ in the course of the fourth century B.C., just Greek an s in the same position became at first h, then was dropped. If we eliminate these changes from
as in
the Latin and Greek case-forms of a word like genos, we see how similar is the early declension in the
yc'vos,
two languages
Singular
Gen.
:
which became genus (7^05), " " generis, " " generus, an occasional form genesos (7^e<ros)
" "
generei (Class. Lat. generl),
Dat. Loc.
genesai
genesi (7^0-1)
"
"
Nom. genesa
Gen.
(ytveo-a)
genesom (yevfowv)
which became genera (7^ea, then " " generom, then generum
(yevtuv, then yev&v),
and so
on.
Our two oldest Latin inscriptions (Nos. 1 and 2) belong to a time when this change of intervocalic s to r had not yet been effected. Thus we have Numasio- for Class.
Lat. Numeric-, Toitesior not
7.
-eria-.
Another characteristic of
still
the diphthongs
remained
For
the Latin
diphthongs, even when in the accented syllable, came in course of time to have their true pronunciation modified.
The true, original pronunciation gave the diphthong the combined sound of its separate elements. Oi was pronounced with the sound of o immediately followed by the sound of
i
;
a immedi-
But in time the ately followed by the sound of i. of i affected the o, and the o came to be neighbourhood
pronounced like German 6; then the
this 6e, written oe,
i
sunk to
e,
and
came
u.
finally to be uttered as if it
The
root of the
word
Toitesia-
apparently the same word with which we are familiar in Classical Latin under the form tutus. Similarly the a of ai became a under the influence of the neighbouring i
;
then the
and what was originally ae and written ae; while the be pronounced
i
sunk
to
e,
ai
came
to
last stage
e,
all, the descent into the simple vowel-sound reserved for the Post-classical period.
of
was
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
older language, the retention of the diphthongs in their Cf. my Historical original form, ai, oi, ou, and so on.
80 sqq. Grammar, eh. x. 11, Bennett, App., 8. With the forms of the letters in which the language was written at this early epoch we need not much concern ourselves, for the object of our study is the history of the language itself, and not the history of its writing.
But
it
may
Romans took
their
alphabet bodily from the Greek colonists who were their neighbours, and adopted the habit of writing in the first
instance for the purpose of trading with them. The Latin alphabet is thus nothing but the Greek early
alphabet; and though on Greek soil these early forms of letters developed in one direction and on Latin soil
in another, the are familiar
still
Greek and Latin alphabets with which we shew enough resemblance to convince
us of their original identity. The Romans retained Q, the Greek Koppa, a letter which went out of use in the
Attic alphabet, but they dropped letters like Theta and Phi, which had no sounds in the Latin pronunciation to correspond to them. To express the peculiarly Roman
sound
they used at
first
Digamma, the sign of our sound of w, with the sign for our sound of h. These two signs in the old Greek alphabet were F and H, and the combination
FH expressed a
sound occasionally found in early Greek words which came near the early Roman sound of /. Thus in our
Latin inscription the ancient Perfect (3d Sg.) of facio, viz. fefakeid is written FHEFHAKED, with the
earliest
The
incon-
venience of having a double symbol for a single sound led to the dropping of the second element, so that F became the Latin letter to express the sound /. The E
FHEFHAKED probably expresses the sound of the diphthong ei, for in the early Greek alphabet the letter E stood for what would in the Attic
in the last syllable of
(1)
e,
(2)
rj,
(3)
The K
of
FHEFHAKED
Latin writing.
Greek that corresponded to the Latin unvoiced guttural, and was at first always used in this function. But the
Greeks pronounced their /c-sound in a way that seemed to
a
Eoman
ear as
much
and so
a Greek word like Kvfapvu was written by the Eomans in their own characters with a g, guberno. The result of this
want
in
of clear distinction
between the
k-
Greek pronunciation was that the Eomans used the letter Gamma, written C or < in the early Greek alphabet, as often for a fc-sound as for a g- sound,
and in course
of time
came
the necessity for distinguishing these sounds forced itself upon them, instead of reverting to the old usage of K for the &-sound and C for the (/-sound, they
at last
invented a
to the C.
new symbol
is
That
for the #-sound by adding a stroke the origin of the Eoman letter G. See
ch.
i.
my
Historical
Grammar,
5,
Bennett, App.,
1, 3.
In the Dvenos Inscription (No. 2) the #-sound of virgo and the fc-sound of cosmis are written with the same
letter
is
expressed
10
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
by K; so that
this inscription gives us a good example of the early indiscriminate use of these letters.
We
must
not, however,
o or fc-sound. Though written -CO it was pronounced -GO, just as the names Gains and Gnaeus in Classical Latin were in abbreviations written in the oldwith the
fashioned style (7., On., though they were never pronounced with any but the 0-sound.
9.
Of the forms
may have
little.
prevailed in this earliest period, we can say It is a common case in the history of a language,
early stages are
that
its
marked by an abundance
'
of
the
fittest
'
survive.
How many
and how various modes of declining ISTouns and Pronouns and of conjugating Verbs may have sunk
in the 'struggle for existence
7
before
we have
sufficient
records of the language, we cannot tell. Our earliest inscription shews us a Perfect of facio whose existence
guessed,
had
it
accidentally preserved to us. Fefakei form of fekei (Class. Lat. /eci), as pepigi
how many similar by-forms the Perfects may have had, it is impossible to say. It
scription,
a significant
Dvenos
In-
letter of it
can be deter-
mined with
to us.
its
We
forms equivalents in Classical Latin. 10. But from the middle of the third century B.C. we have more material for ascertaining the actual forms
11
of the early language, and can draw up paradigms of the Declensions in some such shape as this
:
First Declension,
SING.
e.g. terra.
PLUR.
Nom.
Nom.
paterfamilias)
terrai,
then
terrai
(cf. class,
Gen.
terrdsom, then
Zerrarom
(1) terra,
which became
then
Ace.
Abl.
terras
Second Declension,
SING.
e.g.
Nom. M.
Gen.
dolos
Nom. M.
then dolei ~
(N. cZonom)
cZoZi
(N. dona, then dona) Gen. (1) dolom, then doZom (2) dolosom, then a*oZorom
(1)
Dat.
doidi,
which became
(2)
a"oZd,
doloi, after-
wards dropped
Ace.
dolom
ooZod*
Ace.
doZos
Voc. dole
Abl.
Third Declension,
SING.
e.g.
Nom. N. genos
M.F. (maer, orator, warns)
Gen. (1) geneses, then generis (2) genesos, then generos,
afterwards dropped
Nom. N.
genesd,
grenera
then
grenera,
M.F. (wares
Gen.
(?), naves)
12
Handbook of Latin
SING.
Inscriptions.
PLUR.
Dat.
Ace.
(matrem, navim*)
Ace.
(matres,
Demonstrative Pronouns
'
ho-, h6-,
this
'
61-so- ,
'
that
'
SING. Nona.
M.
he-ce
F. hdi-ce
then oZZa
M.
Gen.
Dat.
hod-ce, hocce
ollod
olloios,
oZZoi,
hoios (?)
Acn'-ce (?)
then olleios
oZZei
then
Loc.
Aei-ce
(the
class.
= class.
there
')
M. hon-ce
F. hdn-ce
ollom
olldm, then -am
ollod
Abl.
M.N.
hod-ce, hocce
F. hdd-ce, hacce
olldd
PLUR.
Nom.
M.
hoi,
olloi,
then
oZZetf
oZZai,
N. AoY-ce
Gen.
Dat.
|
I
then
/tei's
(un-
Abl. /
accented)
Ace.
M. Aos
F.
oZZos
Ms
oZZas
-ce
The
to be
added
13
:
Pronoun
qui-
Nom.
M.
qui-s
F. qud-i
N. quo-d
qui-d
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
then quoiei
quern
M.
F. gwam, then
Abl.
M.N.
V.
PLUR.
Nom.
M.
ques
F. qudi
N. gwai
Gen.
'
ADI.
quibus
Ace.
M.
F.
11.
like
this
legor
(1) legeso (?), then legese, legere (2) legeres
2d Sg. 3d
legestf)
2d Sg. 3d Sg.
1st PI.
Sg.
leget(i)
legetor
1st PI.
legemos
legetes
legemor
legemenoi, then
legontor
-ei
2d
3d
PI.
PI.
2d
PI.
legont(l}
3d
PI.
14
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
12. At the time when the imitation of Greek literature was begun by Livius Andronicus, c. 250 B.C., the older law of accentuation, by which the first syllable of every word received the accent ( 3), had been replaced by the new law, the law which remained in force in classical Latin. By the new law the accent fell on the paenultima, if the paenultima were long, and on the antepaenultima if the paenultima were short. The older accentuation,
still
persisted in four-syllabled
w w
^,
e.g. fdcilius,
bdlineum
balneum),
vigilia,
how
Law
the first century B.C. the change from the old to the would gradually be effected.
new Accentuation
Long words
like
have two accents, a main accent and a secondary, just as long words with us, e.g. characteristic,' have a secondary accent on the first
tempestatibus
at all times
'
' 7
would
syllable,
char-,
as well as the
of Accentuation the
belonged to the initial syllable 'tern.-,' the secondary accent would fall on the antepenultimate syllable -sta-.' Under the new law the main accent was transferred to
the antepenultimate, the secondary to the initial syllable. So that the change from the old to the new accentuation
in such a
word
as tempestatibus
change from tempestatibus to tempestdtibus. 13. In any account of the accentuation of a language this secondary accent, though it is to be found in all
languages,
is
seldom mentioned.
which
is
thought of
15
seems to have played a part in that curious primitive metre which was employed by the Romans in their rude
native poetry before the introduction of the artificial metres of the Greeks, and which held its place beside these foreign importations for a considerable time. It is
known
and seems
to
have been,
like our
own
metres, regulated
by
word
and not by the quantity (long or short) of the syllable. The Saturnian line probably consisted of two portions,
the
first
The
first
The
xxx
xxx,
xxx
||
Naevio poetae,
:
is
occasionally found
/
xx(,)
xx,
xxx
xxxx,
xx
||
Proserpina puer.
any one
may be a secondary accent. For example, in the Scipio Epitaph, No. 25, the first half of one line is made up of the words
dedet Tempestatebus,
16
that
is
Handbook of Latin
dedit Tempestatibus
i
Inscriptions.
of the Storm.'
number
of
accent-beats in the hemistich, three in all but they are not three main accents. There are two main accents,
first syllable of dedet and that on the of Tempestatebus ; but the third, the antepaenultima accent on the first syllable of this word, is a secondary
accent.
14. The secondary accent plays a part, too, in the phonetic changes of the language, for the vowels of the syllables on which it fell were not weakened or syncopated like the unaccented vowels. The process of Vowel-
(see
Eoman
Literature. Unaccented 6 was weakened to u, e.g. genus from older genos (cf. Gk. y/os), dolus from older dolos (cf. Gk. SoAos), a weakening which was probably fully effected in pronunciation by the end of the third century
though the older spelling was often retained. Indeed, in words where an unaccented 6 was preceded by the spirant u (v), a spirant which had the sound of our
B.C.,
to,
e.g.
down
two
it's
side
by
However, in pronunciation deiuds may very likely have become deiuus at the same time as dolos became dolus. As
early as the time of Plautus
we
for
it
must have been from some form like deius that the shortened form of the word deus arose. Similarly bouom
17
(Gk. /?O(/:)CDI/) Gen. Plur. of bos became by the Latin Phonetic law which shortened every long vowel before
final -m, bouom, and this unaccented 6 passed in pronunciation to u, with the result that bouum became
bourn.
was similarly weakened to i. Generis, for example, is the new form of generes, originally An unaccented d which had before the geneses ( 6). of the Roman literature sunk to e, was accordbeginning But before r or ingly now reduced a stage further to i.
Unaccented
e
a consonant-group the e-sound remained. Peperi ffom did not become pepiri, like cecidi from cddo. Remex pdrio
form
u,
ii,
and in time came to be pronounced and written i. The change to i occurred earliest where the next syllable contained an i which preceded a vowel,
(cf.
e.g. surripio
from rdpio
15.
surrupui in Plautus), incipio from cdpio (cf. occupo). At the same time that unaccented e became I and
unaccented 6 became
certain positions
Thus
Teyyco)
e
;
and 6 in same vowel-sounds. became i before ng in words like tingo (Gk. o became u before ng in words like unguis (Gk.
u,
we
find accented e
ow).
App.,
iv.
18
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
INSCRIPTIONS.
" Praenestine fibula," a brooch [fibula] found at Praeneste (perhaps fifth cent. B.C.). (C.I.L. xiv. 4123.}
I.
The
'
This
is
The vowels
are not
yet weakened in the syllable following the accent, which would fall at this period on the first syllable of each word ( 3), e.g. Nilmasioi. Thus we have fefaked, but
not yet 'fefeked'; Numasioi, but not yet 'Numesioi.' The first of these words, fgfaked, is a by-form, which soon became obsolete, of the classical Perf of facio, cor.
name
and
in other
Our inscription
(
is earlier
than the
change of
between vowels to r
6).
style of its writing is very ancient, for the reduplication syllable fe is separated from the rest of the
The
word, and the sound / is expressed by FH, the Greek digamma, followed by the sign for h. This appears to have been the earliest method of expressing the sound
/,
a sound
made
two
lips,
not with
the upper teeth and the lower lip. This bilabial fsound, which may be compared to the sound we make
blowing out a candle, was, in the Greek writing of the time, expressed by this combination of
with our
lips in
of
*
*
19
-1
\J
letter H, a letter
which was
after-
wards used as a symbol of the long e-sound, but whose In course earlier use was as a symbol of the breathing.
of time the
this double
(
Romans came
8).
symbol FH, and retained only the sign F On the terminations -OB of Maiiios. -d of med, -ed
-oi,
II.
at
The "Dvenos bowl/ a triple sacrificial bowl, found /^ Rome. (Egbert, Introd. Study Lat. Inscr:, p. 16.)
7
loueis
(? -nes) at
delink qoi
noisi
med
Ope^ Toitesiai
JDuenos
il
.4. '
'
med
Cj
*
feced (? feked)
ff fflut^v.
1
en
Manom einom
WcL*
/b^-^
med Mano
/^^tUt
^stsi~~
stated,'
*
(rertiapsVa'riy
'
6urtn ceriTB.c.)
Jovios (?) ad deos qui me mittet (? mittat), ne te indo comis Virgo sit, adstet, nisi Opem Tuteriae *pacrem vis.,
Benus me
stato
(
fecit in
Manum
enim.
v (i.e. sistito). ;
n
Gods
rt^-
Who
f>'
may Proserpine not be kind to thee, nor stand by thee, unless thou /._. wouldst have the Help of Tuteria propitious. Benus made me for Manus indeed. On the ninth day set me
offers (as offering) to
me
to the
of the Sky,
Manus.
The rendering
of
it
given
is
above understands
it
bowl
to
if
be used only in offerings to Manus, one of the Di Manes, or gods of the lower world, but to none of the gods
20
Handbook of Latin
air.
Inscriptions.
is
of the upper
An
exception
made
in the case of
Ops Tuteriae, apparently a religious designation of the same kind as the priestly invocations which Aulus Gellius (xiii. 23. 2)
Luam
Batumi,
Salaciam Neptuni,
Volcani,
Martis.
Horam
Maiam
Einom seems
tibi
enim in the
viii.
line
enim,
tibi,
(A.
84).
The
.
Cf Jupiter Stator the stayer of the rout/ procul abstandus est (amor) Plaut. Trin. 264, etc. The neuter sense appears in asted. Duenos would be in Class. Lat. Benus,
and
a proper name connected with the Adj. bonus (cf. the old form of which was duonus (see my Hist. bene), Gram. ch. x. Nei, afterwards ra, is used in the 13).
is
cf.
Virg. A.
iii.
683 ni teneant
to be Ace. Sg. of a
'
in the above rendering, supposed El-stem Adj. from the root of pax, This Adj. stem pacri- is common meaning propitious.
Fakari(m)
is,
in this sense in other dialects of Italy; but in Latin literature we have no example of the Adj., though the
Noun
i paXy in the sense of divine favour,' is common enough; e.g. Plaut. Trin. 837 ni tua pax propitia foret
praesto;
numine.
is,
31, sine pace tua atque inuito This use of a parasitic vowel between c and r however, un-Latin, and pakari may represent an Adj.,
Virg. A. x.
pacarem.
The formation
is,
. .
of noisi
is
sense of nisi
With Nei
asted,
21
KOL Ko'pas. The word comis had, in later use, &-rj[jLr)Tpos the more homely sense civil ' but cf the oracle of Marcius (Livy, xxv. 12), ludi qui quotannis comiter Apollini fiant. Archaic features of this inscription are (1) the use of
'
.
q (2) the distinction of the lending of the 3d Sg. Subj. mitat (which probably has the Fut. sense, an early sense of the Subjunctive Mood), and the d-ending
for qu in qoi
;
3d Sg. Opt. sied, asted (which here, it should be noticed, have the true Optative use, I pray that Proserof the
(
pine
may
and of the 3d
not be kind to thee, may not stand by thee -"), Sg. Perf. Ind. feked (3) the' retention of
;
the group sm, e.g. cosmis, Class. Lat. comis; (4) the use of the letter C for the fc-sound, cosmis, as well as the {/-sound, uirco; (5) the retention of s between vowels, e.g.
Toitesiai.
is
of the guttural-symbols, c in cosmis, uirco, k in pakari, and either c or k in feced (? feked), is not easy to say Nor is the use of the diphthongs quite clear in ( 8).
noisi,
einom, noine.
the dialectal
name
the monosyllabic diphthong qoi. In contrast with the Praenestine Fibula, notice feced for the other's fefaked ( 9) and the Dat. Sg. in -o, Mano, for the other's -oi, Numasioi ( 10).
loueis or loues, apparently Ace. Plur.
Masc. of the
I0-stem
Jovio-,
an Adj. derived from the root dyewLat. Ju-piter), the original sense of which was
We
find
in-
scriptions, e.g.
22
etc.
at.
ii.
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
On
this
76.
i
20
Lot. Language,
ei
chap.
The diphthong
This
is
passed into
qoi.
diphthong. The weakened form, ei, which properly belonged to the unaccented use of the Relative, became in
5).
med, see
19.
with
17).
nei
ted, old
form of
te,
med of me
donee).
19).
endo,
later indo,
cf.
indu, a Prep,
compounded
do
(cf.
of in (older en,
Gk.
lv)
and a
viii.
lost Prep,
18.
See
my
Hist.
the Prep, stands loueis at deiuos (Hist. between the Adj. and Noun, its Pronoun, ted endo Gram. ch. viii. 1), and follows
Gram.
ch.
Notice,
how
(cf.
its
Noun when no
Gram.
ch. vi.
Adj.
13.
is
used, en Manom.
On sied,
see Hist.
compounds.
Why
The true preNoisi is difficult to explain. cursor of Class. Lat. nisi (nisi) would be nesei. Ope. exand pakari should not have the final Ope
pressed in writing, while Manom and einom have, is hard to say, unless the reason lay in the consonantinitial of
the following word t-, v-, while Manom is followed by a vowel-initial and einom is in pausa,' at the end of a sentence.
'
Toitgsiai.
On
;
oi,
later u, see
10.
7.
is disyllabic, -ai
see
23
The explanation of
2.
this
word
is
very doubtful.
Pronounce dusee
feked.
On
n, see
14.
einom.
clear.
The exact relation of this word to enim is not The true representative of einom would be in
Class. Lat.
mum.
-e
of noine
apparently representing the diphthong ei ( 8). The two words die and noine form one word-group, to judge from
the remark of Aulus Gellius
'
(x. 24. 7): 'diequinte' et adverbio copulate dictum est, secunda in diequinti pro 11. eo syllaba correpta. See my Hist. Gram. ch. ii.
'
statod.
On
vi.
14.
We may
of
earliest period
eke out these scanty remains of the very with the corrupt and uncertain fragments
some
religious
inscribed
Collegii
A.D.,
Borne.
1.
%.
<ty$
&^"i^t.
24
3.
Handbook of Latin
satur fu fere
Inscriptions.
sali
Mars limen
sta berber,
f
4.
enos
enos
Marmor
iuuato.
Marmor
iuuato. iuuato.
>t
enos
6.
Marmor
triumpe,
triumpe. triumpe,
triumpe.
triumpe.
all certain.
Neither the reading nor the sense of the above is at The Carmen Arvale was probably like the
Saliaria <vix sacerdotibus suis satis intellecta'
i.
Carmina
(Quintilian,
6.
40)
and the
us by the fact that the workman who has carved the inscription has made a number of blunders, which we
2.
incurrere in -plures.
verber.
4.
satur
semones
6.
alternatim
Marmor, juvato.
triumphe!
How much
much
is
of all this is genuine Early Latin, and how the mere jingling perversion of old phrases by
25
did not understand them, it is difficult to The mere fact that Lases (with s retained between
who
vowels) and pleoris (with intervocalic s turned to r) occur in the same inscription shews us that it has not been
preserved unchanged.
enos.
The very
first
word
offers
difficulty.
It is
But the parallel of (e)^ in generally rendered nos. Greek from the root (e)mo- does not quite warrant the
inference of (e)no in Latin from the root of the 1st Plur. Pron. Perhaps enos iuuate represents en nos iuuate, i.e.
*injuvate nos
(cf.
Gram.
ch. vii.
On the Tme'sis see Hist. adjuvate nos). and 011 the absence of double con1,
Nouns from luo and The Asyndeton, luem ruem for luem
sins is gen-
TUO, lues
et
and
is
rues.
ruem,
erally explained as an athematic 2d Sg. of sino with ' Imperative sense, often called Injunctive (cf. Gr. 8o-s). Mannar is apparently some reduplicated form of the
<
name Mars.
the
ancient usage.
(S.
ii.
also occur in
20
C. S.
to address a deity
(S. ii. 6. 20) (C. S. 15-16)
fitting
name
sive tu
Matutine pater seu Jane libentius audis. Lucina probas vocari, Seu Genitalis.
When
the consonant r occurred in two neighbouring was often dropped, e.g. in-
Hence Ma(r)mers.
26
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
form that preceded Class. Lat. plures was ploer- (not 6, 7). pleor-), the earlier stage of which was plois- (
fu
is
athematic 2d Sg. Imperative of 0. Lat. fuo, whence Gram. ch. vi. 8). limen sail seems
merely limen
'
sali
'
stay thy scourge.' The translation stafervere desist from raging/ or better (with the active use of
'
above) cause raging to stop,' leaves us to explain how berber can represent Class. Lat. fervere or 0. Lat. fervere. Semunis is generally equated with the
stare, p. 20,
sememes aut semideos mentioned by Martianus Capella (ii. 156), semo apparently standing for semi-homo (cf.
nemo).
Another rendering
is
'the Sowers'
'
(cf.
semen).
used as an Adverb
instead of
alternately,' like
On
and on
of
-one- for
is
triumpe.
The use
(
ph
not
found
IV.
till
23).
The Carmina
<vix
we have
suis
seen,
satis
were styled
intellecta.' by Quintilian Horace speaks of them in the same way (Epp. ii. 1.
sacerdotibus
86):
iam
Saliare^ Numae carmen qui laudat et illud, quod mecum ignorat, solus uolt scire uideri.
We
M~>o
rrv
Beginning of Literature.
?
%-"*'
and
still
as the follow-
~(a)
diuom tempta (?
leg.
( T)
divorum patrem
plicate.
divorum deo
deum) sup-
This
is
to be a syncopated
of calidus,
(b)
; .
Hymn to Janus. Cante seems form of canite; cf. caldus, a by-form current at the end of the Eepublican period.
es,
Sancus lanis
duonus Oerus
es,
duonus lanusque
fpomeliosum recum,
Sancus Janis
es,
bonus Cerus
es,
bonus Janusque
meliorum regum.
This
is
Hymn.
Plur. is of
Manes
Manus
On duonus
is
see Hist.
Gram.
p. 155.
Cerus, con-
appears in dialectal divinity-names like Cerfo-, Cerso-, etc. On the s of -meliosum see 6. The first syllable may be
the old Preposition po (cf. Gk. OTTO), a by-form of ab, seen in po-situs, po-lio, po-lubrum, a wash-basin (Hist. Gram. ch. vii. 2). recum. On for g see 8.
p
(
'
i , , ,
(c)
tquomne
cum
tonas, Lucesie,
praetremunt
te.
quomne, an old form of cum (quom) augmented by the The eu of Leucesie (connected with lux) is particle -ne.
1
mark
28
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
became ou in Latin. Tet is a way In tremonti we have apparently the oldest form of the 3d Plur. -onti (cf. Dor. Gk. -OVTL, Att. -overt), which became, with loss of final -i,
strange, for I.-Eur. eu
of writing ted, like at for ad, p. 22.
14).
In Early Latin an
enclitic
e.g. prae te tremunt for praetremunt sub vosplaco for supplico vos, ob vos sacro for obsecro vos.
pilumni populi.
This
is
tribes/
Pilumnoi
Nom.
Plur. in -oi
hompilum, a
javelin.
Poplo-
is
which date from the fourth century onwards, have early Latin inscriptions of a dialectal type. (C.I.L. i. 43 sqq.
;
xiv.
4094 sqq.)
:
V. Praenestine Vases
(a) Belolai pocolom,
'fr
h
V^
Bellulae poculum.
(6) Lauernai pocolom.
(e)
Vulcani poculum.
Aisclapi pocolom.
Lavernae poculum.
(c)
Aesculapii poculum.
(/) Salutes pocolom,
Salutis poculum.
Saeturni pocolom,
Saturni poculum.
These are
deity to
all
longing to temples,
(except possibly the first) vases beand inscribed with the name of the
In the Rudens
29
mention of sacra urna Veneria, a vessel belonging to the temple of Venus, and inscribed with the name of the goddess. Sceparnio, who has been
helping one of the attendants at the temple to draw water, finds himself left alone with the vessel in his possession,
and
is
afraid he
may
(v.
sit.
478)
nam
"for
it is
haec
litteratast,
lettered
and
itself
proclaims
its
owner's name."
10. Saeturno- is the Genitive terminations, see name of the god Salurno-, found the older form of the
On
Hymns, according
to Festus
qui deus
Aisdapio-
is
Gk.
'
Diouem Prosepnai,
(d) Oastor
Amucos
Polouces,
Castor,
Amycus, Pollux.
(6)
Mirqurios Alixentrom,
(e)
$J
c (c)
Pollux,
Luna, Amycus.
JK
The backs of these bronze mirrors have figures of deities, with the name written beside each figure. We thus get
an interesting glimpse at the early popular (apparently diaProsepna- is nearer lectal) names of the Greek deities.
30
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
the Dor. Gk. Uepa-e^ovd than the Class. Lat. Proserpina, which has been altered on the false analogy of proserpo.
The Dative
the letter
s.
case Prosepnai
was
mistaken for
Hence
in
its i for e
"Gen. Sg. of the 1st Decl. in -ais." Mirqurios is with a dialectal form like Rustic Latin stircus for
No.
33).
stercus (see
tr
probably repre-
sents the actual pronunciation, for the group dr seems to have become tr in Latin, e.g. atro- for *adro-, nutrix for
etc.).
*Poludouces would be
the earliest representative on Latin soil of TIoAvSev/oys then, with Syncope of the second (on ou for eu, see 7)
;
*Poldouces, which would become Pollouces, The o of the Polouces of (d) (on I for II, see 17).
syllable
(
3),
Poloces of
(c) is
Losna has
The
22).
On
Canumede, see 8. Menerua, probably still a quadrisyllable, was originally *Menes-ua ( 6), the vowel
the
c of
by
'
(cistae).
fileai dedit,
dedit.
fecid,
31
Tho
fecid
is
and
perhaps dialectal
foijiliai.
On
med
7. 19, and on Romai (Locative), class. Romae, These jewel-boxes usually have elaborate carving on the lid, sometimes with names indicating the personages
see
delineated.
Among
:
names
of gods
may
be mentioned
Tondms
Tyndareus,
Acme-
meno Agamemnon,
1
2),
Praenestine
others) in a
scene,
cista (probably later in date than French collection has a curious kitchen with words attributed to the various personages enp. 303):
recie
-t)
made mi
feri porro
'
confeci
'
made
'
mi
regie
strike
away
'
have done
<
boil (? it boils)
nobly for
misc sane
A.
me
'
misce sane
'yes! give
confice piscim
confice
piscem
'I
am
carrying
'
me wine
"
'
; y'
the whole being entitled coenalia, cenalia Neut. Plur., dinner scene.'
'
confice
22),
porod, recie, ( probably not due to mere 19) carelessness of orthography, but represents the tendencies
32
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
On the single r of of the pronunciation of the day. If misc and on the Ablatival d, 10. see 17, porod,
is
not a miswriting for misce, it must come from a 3d Conj. *misco, Imperat. misce (on the dropping of final On the single s of asom, see IT, e, see below, 21). Piscim shews the true Ace. ending of 2. and on -ora,
I-stems, often altered to the -em of Cons.
Stems
is
(Hist.
Gram.
for
it
ch.
iii.
8).
The
spelling coenalia
interesting,
proves that even at this early period the Latin cena had been wrongly connected with the Greek
Nemi.
Diana M, Livio M,
praitor dedit,
dedit.
On
tions.
the
Dat.,
Diana,
see
10.
Final
-s
is
often
omitted in the
Nom.
Sg. of I0-stems
on early
'
inscrip'
20).
it
IX.
ii.
On
lip of
bronze vase.
(Ephemeris Epigraphica,
299.)
Q, Lainio Q,
f,
Q. Laenius Q. f. praefectus
33
of the Prep, along with its Noun, protrebibos, corresponded to the pronunciation, for Prep,
The writing
It was the single word-group. times (see my Hist. Gram. ch. ii. spelling tribubus did not express
the sound in the classical period of the second syllable, but was a grammarian's device to distinguish, e.g. arcubus
The
seems to shew
begun
2.
On
X.
i.
(C.I.L.
187.)
M, Mindios L,
Apolones
fi,
Va,
fi,
aidiles
uicesma parti
dederi,
M. Mindius L. fi., P. Conditius Va(lerii) fi. aediles vicesimam partem Apollinis (" belonging to Apollo ") dederi
(sc. aedi).
is
uicesma(m), with its Syncope of the penultimate vowel, not a pure Latin form, parti(m). On this old Ace. of
.
pars, preserved in the Adverb partim (cf maximam partem used adverbially), see above, 10. Apolones (on I for U see the Greek declension of the 17) preserves
name, like
10.
Castoris.
On
-es,
see
dedere
original
I.
(On
dialectal
dedro
34
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
XL
i.
(C.LL.
181.)
f.
L, Terentio L,
L, Aprufenio 0,
f,
f.
L. Turpilio 0,
f.
M, Albani
L,
f,
T.
Munatio T,
.
.
L. Terentius
M. Albanius
raised
money
by
fines) dederunt.
On
Nom.
10.
The
Sg. Albani(s) represents a common declension of I0-stems (Hist. Gram. ch. iii. On the dropping of 6).
final s see
20,
and on the o of
molta-,
15.
XII.
63.)
On
0,
(C.LL.
i.
M, Pourio
f,
M. Furius
Marti
C(aii) f(ilius)
dedit.
diphthong see shews the tendency of the pronuncia7) tion of the day (see below, praidad shews the 20). old d termination of the Abl. Sg. ( 10) and the diph-
The
and
militare
thong ai
i.e.
7).
Mavorti, or
is
Whether Maurte
say.
is
a in Marti,
ing of
-eit,
hard to
-te
On
is
the
of
-et
of dedet, a spellsee
8.
as the
of Maurte
-tei,
XIII.
On
Manlio Aci.
C.
35
B.C.,
but a magistrate
(consul) of
is
;
Ariminum.
The
ancient but an Abl. like poplo without final d is not a feature of inscriptions of this time (see on No. 34).
of inscriptions belonging to the close of the second century is the use of u for the older o in final
syllables.
mark
form are
XIV. Dedicatory
Scav. 1890, p. 10.)
.
.
inscription,
found at Jlome.
(Not.
[Trejbonius Q,
f,
Trebonius Q.
f.
misio
Notice [Tre]bonius with u beside donom with o. Nuis a dialectal form, the true Latin equivalent being Numerius (see on No. 7, above). On the e of meretod and
14, 19.
XV. Dedicatory
(C.LL.
i.
inscription,
companion
to the above.
190.)
0.
1,
donnm
C.
l(ibertus)
donum
dat
The i of libens and merited are spellings which did not come into general use till a later time. On this, the
inscription of a freedman, they are not inconsistent with
antiquity.
The
and r
between
36
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
XVI. Dedicatory
Praeneste.
inscriptions
on a
pillar
found at
(a) L, Gemenio L,
Pel, Hercole
L. Geminius L.
/.
Pel(igna,
sc. tribu)
Herculi
donum :
et dat libens merito pro se suisque eisdem legibus on the same conditions ') aram Salutis. ('
(b) Q, K,
Oestio Q,
f,
Q.
(et)
K(aeso) Cestius Q.
Herculi
donum
de-
derunt.
dialectal deflections
from
;
pure Latin lubs should be lubes (on es for ens, see 22) merto should be mereto ; sueque and ede should be suesque, esde (?) leigibus should probably be legibus, and dedero,
;
dederont
(cf.
No. 29 below).
14.
On
19,
Throughout the
(
inscrip-
8).
On
sed, see
and on
10.
For Cestio
the
(apparently Cestios,
Nom.
Nom.
'
we should expect
Notice the
intrusion of the
modern u
XVII. Dedicatory inscription, found in the sacred grove of Diana at Nemi. (C.I.L. xiv. 4270.)
Poublilia Turpilia On, uxor hoce seignum pro On, filiod Dianai
donum
dedit,
Publilia Turpilia On. uxor hoc signum pro Cn. filio Dianae
donum
dedit.
37
(
On
7.
Hoce
for hocce
7),
a form preserved in the Class. Lat. interrogative hoccine, The double consonant is still written (for hocce-ne, 14).
single
(
17).
The
i
of seignum perhaps indicates merely (cf. sigillum) received before gn. (See
ei
ii.
my
144.)
On
filiod,
see
19,
and on
(Cagnat,
L'Annee
donom
L, Albanius K,
f,
dedit,
f. dedit.
e.
Aesculapio
.
donum
L. Albanius K.
Two nearly contemporary inscriptions, whose date can be fixed, differ in their spelling of -os, -om, etc.
XIX. Dedicatory inscription on an Kome; 217 B.C. (C.LL. 1. 1503.)
Hercolei sacrom M, Minuci 0.
f.
altar
found at
dictator uouit,
Herculi sacrum.
M. Minucius
Sg.
C. f. dictator vovit.
Minuci
is
the
Nom.
cium
see
(cf.
Minucim replaced MinuOn the o of Hercolei, sacrom, Albani, No. 11). 14 and on the Dat. Sg. ending -ei, 5.
;
XX. Found
at
Eome
c.
211
B.C.
(C.LL.
i.
530.)
M, Claudius M,
f,
consol
Hinnad
cepit,
M. Claudius M.
f.
consul ex
Henna
cepit.
38
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
Livy
Sicily,
Henna, in
by M. Claudius Marcellus.
consonant in the spelling of ing, for it is the earliest example of this practice on a Latin inscription ( 17); though it is hardly a fair
it may be a mere reproduction of the Greek mode of spelling the name. The reason why Hinna, and not Henna) is written is not clear. Possibly the i reflects the Greek pronunciation of as close e. (But cf. didit, No. 22, and see the remark on No. 24.)
example, since
The
variation, -us
and
:
-ol,
tion of the
same consul
at
XXI. Found
Eome;
c.
211
B.C.
f,
(C.LL.
i.
531.)
Martei M, Claudius M.
consol dedit,
Marti M. Claudius M.
It is also seen in
f.
consol dedit.
B.C.
an inscription of 200
XXII. Found
Diana
at
Nemi.
Aurilius 0,
f,
The I of Aurilius may exemplify that change of e to seen in delinio for delenio, etc. (Hist. Gram. ch. ii. On eisdim, see 22. 15 B. App. 90.)
;
plate,
}
found at Tibur,
we have two
inscriptions, one, with -us -u(m) for -os, -ora, somewhat later than the other (C.LL. i. 62). apparently
Marte sacrom,
C. Placentius Her(ii) f.
(b)
0.
Marti sacrum.
Placentius Her.
f.
C. Placentius Her. f.
Marti donum
dedit.
On donu and
dede, see
20.
The same change is noticeable on the Scipio epitaphs, the three of which that belong to the third century I 1 arrange in order of probable priority.
XXIV. Epitaph
(C.LL.
i.
31.)
f.
L. Oornelio L.
L. Cornelius L.
The
in
-les
and the
e
of Tempestatebus
e
and
i (
at
this period
when unaccented
14).
32.)
rf~ Luciom
Scipione
filios
Barbati
apud uos
Lucium Scipionem :
1
filius
Barbati
no reason to believe that each Scipio epitaph belongs to the date of the decease of the Scipio it commemorates.
There
is
40
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
apud vos :
hie cepit
dedit Tempestatibus
aedem
merito.
tion as Gk.
oino(m) (on the diphthong see 7) is the same formathe ace, Engl. one/ from the same root oLvr)
'
ploirume Nom. Plur. Masc. (on -e for -ei old form of Class. Lat. plurimo-, the still see 8) shews the older form of which had plois-, not ploir- (see my Hist.
as Gk.
oTos,
alone,
Gram.
ch. iv.
3).
2).
Romai
duonoro(m). duono- is the old form of the stem bono-, found also in Livius Andronicus'
is
(
Locative
7).
Odyssey
ending -orom, earlier -osom, and later -drum, belonged at first to Pronouns only, but was extended to Adjectives
(as
it
Noun and
iii.
Adj.
uiro
Gram.
ch.
6).
Noun ending
or Ace. Sg.
Livy (xxix. 14. 8) tells us that this title was conferred by the Senate in 204 B.C. on P. Scipio Nasica Qudiconsol caverunt eum esse) virum bonorum optimum. censor. Notice the retention of n before s in contrast
:
with cosentiont
v.
The
uncertainty about the spelling of such words is seen also 8. in cofeci and confice of No. 7 b. fuet. On e see
41
The Pronoun
is
form un weakened by loss of accent ( 14), while in v. 4 Corsica (m) Aleria(m)que it has the unaccented form hie.
urbe(m) Corsica and Aleria its chief town.' This campaign of Scipio's is mentioned by several
'
historians,
e.g.
Sardinia
et
Livy, Epit. 17, L. Cornelius consul in Corsica contra Sardos et Corsos et Hannonem
Poenorum ducem feliciter pugnavit. Aleria is the Eoman form of the Greek name 'AAaAia with Z-r for l-l (Hist. Gram. ch. ii. 8 B. App. 99) and with Vowel-weaken;
2. ing in the second syllable, meretod. On e in the second syllable see 'on the Abl. -d, 10.
1
j&
14; and
XXVI. Epitaph
consul 298
B.C.
of
L.
i.
Cornelius
30.)
Scipio
*
Barbatus;
(C.I.L.
Gnainod patre prognatus fortis uir sapiensque quoius forma uirtutei parisuma fuit
consol censor aidilis quei fuit
K
\i
^\ V
apud uos
abdoucit,
1
vir sapiensque,
apud
vos,
Taurasiam, Cisaunam,
subigit
i
It is possible
that
abdoucsit
(aljdaxit)
on the stone.
42
In the
Handbook of Latin
first line
Inscriptions.
we seem
to
have
left
the region of
Early Latin and to find ourselves in the Classical Age, for -os has been replaced by -us in the termination of the
Nom.
Sg.,
But
traces of
the earlier spelling remain in the other lines. Gnaiuod. The father's name is given in the antique form, though a
still
older spelling
had the
8),
whence the
Age, Cn. for Gnaeus, like C. for Gains. On the diph7 on the v, lost in the Classical form thong ai see
;
Gnae(v)us,
14;
and on Abl.
-d,
19.
patrg is the
Locative, originally patrl ( 10), which in the 3d Decl. usurped the place of the Ablative in Consonant Stems.
On
quoius see
10.
and on
is rare.
uirtutei
3.
it
parisuma.
The
Superlative of
par
We
paro
:
find
also in a line of
Plautus
(Owe
506):
eodem
hercle vos
pono
et
make
along with two other rare forms, the verb paro, -are, I equal, I equate, and 0. Lat. hibus for his Dat. Abl.
:
Translate
you weakened
alike:
you are exactly like them." quei with the form of the diphthong, a form belonging to the
(
3),
we had
Samnio may be Abl., "took T. and C. from which case one Ablative of the inscription,
Qnaiuod, would have the old ^-termination, while the other lacked it. But it may also be Accusative with omne sup*
plied from the next line
:
43
Taurasia
and
Cisauna
towns
in
Samnium.
Loucanam,
opsides.
10.
sc. terrain.
On
Abdoucit.
the spelling ps see Hist. Gram. ch. ii. The u of Class. Lat. duco represents
the
(
early diphthong eu ? which became in Latin ou for the Indo-European form of the verb was 7)
;
33.)
Mors
omnia breuia
gloriam maiorum.
qua
re lubens te in
terra Publi
ut essent
omnia
brevia,
majorum.
Corneli.
quare libens
terra, Publi,
te
prognatum Publio,
I place this epitaph here in order to keep it beside the other Scipio Epitaphs, though it is probably a good deal
44
later.
Handbook of Latin
It has
Inscriptions.
licuiset,
(p. 42),
I (
essent).
(
The diphthong
quei
facteis
e
5),
7). 8),
In tibe the
but
is
may
inscriptions
section. They cannot be called pure Latin inscriptions, but represent rather the dialectal variety spoken in Picenum, with final s dropped even after a long vowel, and with clipped form of the 3d Plur. ending of Verbs.
(C.LL.
i.
167 sqq.)
XXVIII.
matrona(s)
is
the dialectal
Nom.
superseded
by the Pronominal
iii.
Plural in -ai (see my Hist. Gram. ch. final -s like Pisaurese (s).
4).
It drops
XXIX.
Matri Matutae dono dederunt matronae, M(ania) Curia Polla Lima dederunt.
On
Gram.
10.
deda(nt)
is
some
dia-
lectal d-Preterite like Lat. era-s, daba-s, etc. (see ch. vi.
8).
my
Hist.
Like dedro(nt)
it
drops final
-nt.
45
XXX.
(a)
(b)
Dim
T.
Novensiles.
j.
Poppaeus Pub(lii)
Nom. Plur. (with the dialectal ending -6s) NouesSde(s). The latter shews -es- for -ens- ( 22).
Deiuos
is
like
The
inscription on the
Columna Rostrata
its
also deserves
a place here.
restoration
it
For though in
made
doubtless retains a great deal of the old inscription, and is appealed to by Quintilian as evidence of Early
Latin
(Inst.
i.
7.
verbis adjectum ultimum, quod manifestum est etiam ex columna rostrata, quae est Duellio in foro posita).
good deal of
it is lost.
(C.LL.
i.
195)
XXXI.
nouem
castreis
exfociont
clasesque
claseis
nauales
primes ornauet
.
.
cumque
copias
eis
nauebos
Poenicas omnis
.
. .
maxuolorom
socieis
mas
Oartaciniensis
.
praesented
. .
dictatored
cum
septeresmom
triresmosque naueis
quoque naualed
novem
castris effugiunt.
Macellamque
[bene']
[vi~\
rem navibus
navibus classes Punicas omnes, [item} maximas copias Carthaginienses praesente (i.e. im-
cumque
eis
46
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
nando
perante) [Hannibale] dictators illorum in alto man pug[vicif], vique naves cepit cum sociis, septiremem
.
.
[unam quinqueremesque~\ triremesque naves, quoque navali praeda populum [donavit~\ etc.
y
[primus]
of the letter
Archaic features of the above are the use throughout C both for the sound c and the sound g, the
double
expression of
consonants
ending
for
'
-d in altod, marid,
'
also
'),
of prae-sented
being in
i,
command/
;
in -out
3d Plur.
Nom.
Sg.,
in castreis, socieis,
and so
on.
But pseudo-archaisms
for
are
interspersed,
e.g.
cf.
exfociont
exfuciont
(cf.
(with Indopraesented)
of
European Uj
praedad
be ai
(
Gk.
6<f>vyov),
(
dictatored
10).
The termination
7) (cf. praesented).
Sicily.
is
The only
(i.e.
instance of a
olorom
ollorom), illorum,
where the ending -orom is quite in place, the word being a Pronoun (p. 40). inaltod. Notice the writing of the
Prep, along with
triresmosque.
spelling; but
its
Adj.
(cf. p. 32).
septeresmom
22)
is
The esm
(class,
em,
the ancient
an imitation of the
cf.
to say.
On poplom
No. 4
d.
CHAPTER
II.
syllable,
The reduction of Diphthongs, even in the accented was steadily carried on throughout this period.
is
of the second century, often retained, especially in state Ei did not wholly sink inscriptions, laws, and the like.
to
about 150
B.C.
On
time, such as the S. C. de Bacchanalibus (No. 37), a state inscription, and therefore carefully written, we find
The old expression of ei kept clearly separate from I. the diphthong ei by the letter e ( 8) went out of use about the end of the third century B.C. Ou began to
be pronounced and spelled u about the same time, though this older spelling, too, is retained in laws and inscriptions of a ceremonious character.
Oi became
oe,
as ai
became
ae,
vowel-sound, written u, about the beginning of the second century. (For these and other changes see mjHist. Gram.
ch. x. 17.
11.)
result of the
i
to
the sound
ei
weakening of the diphthong ei was that the long vowel I was often
from
i
written
44).
(e.g.
No.
48
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
second century and remained till the beginning of the Empire though from the time of Sulla I is usually indi;
cated by a
tall
form of the
c.
letter, e.g.
M EN DlCVS. The
B.C.) introduced the practice of expressing the length of other vowels by writing them double, e.g. PAASTORES, SEEDEM, a practice which
90
was retained
for
some time
The doub-
had been previously brought into fashion by the poet Ennius, and continued ever
ling of consonants in writing
afterwards to be the regular usage of Latin spelling. 18. Another affection that the language suffered in the course of this period was the shortening of certain
long vowels consonants.
when
final or
when preceding
-ra
certain final
Before final
The
had become -dm, which, being an unaccenteu And final -a had been syllable, was reduced to -urn.
shortened before the beginning of Nom. Sg. of the 1st Decl., etc.
is
Roman
literature in
the
In no extant Latin
poetry
Gk. x^P")-
words, e.g. fuga (Gk. <j>vyrj, <vyd), where the short but accented first syllable exercised a shortening effect on the following long syllable. This law of Latin pronunciation is
known
ii.
as the
16).
Law
Gram.
ch.
So we
may suppose
that the
shortening of final -a began with iambic words like fuga, and from them gradually extended to all Nominatives of the 1st Decl. Plautus, whose poetry follows the
Republican Period.
ordinary, everyday pronunciation of actual
life,
49
usually
employs shortened forms like cave, abl, etc., especially of such words as would be rapidly uttered in discourse,
e.g. Adverbs like modo, probe (cf. Class. Lat. male, bene, never male, bene). At a later period the shortening of final -o was extended from words of Iambic form, e.g.
eo, voco,
ddbo, to all words, in precisely the same fashion the shortening of -a had been effected in the third as century B.C. But this shortening of -o was not fully
accomplished till the Empire cf esto, etc., in Ovid. This shortening of long vowels when final or when
.
preceding a final consonant was another result of the Latin stress accentuation ( 1). The final syllable being
its
full
But the shortening was often aided by the character of the final consonant before which it stood. ourselves
We
find
it difficult
same lengthened
(
pro-
as before a final d.
We
do
not
make
the o of
'
note
'
so long as the o of
node.'
To
a Roman, too, final t exercised a shortening influence and by about the middle over a preceding long vowel
;
of the second century B.C. (posterior, that is to say, to the time of Plautus) we find the pronunciation estab-
(cf. terres),
Slightly later
r, e.g.
cureris), calcar
sc.
ferrum
'
),
orator for
older orator
oratoris,
r,
Gk.
prJTup).
shortening effect as
as
we
see
50
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
That these consonants, however, did tribundl(e), etc. not produce this result wholly of themselves, but were helped by the unaccented nature of the final syllable, we
can see from monosyllables like par, accented retain the long quantity.
19.
sol,
which being
to
Stress-accentuation must also have had something do with an earlier phonetic change, the loss of final d after a long vowel, which took place about the beginning
of the literary period. The Latin Abl. Sg. originally ended in d, e.g. terrad, dolod, etc. and in the elevated
;
poetry of Livius Andronicus and Naevius there are traces of the older form of Abl. Thus a Saturnian line of
'
:
x-
^-
x-
||
capitibus opertis,
they passed from Troy in the night, veiling their heads.' But there is probably no trace of it in Plautus, certainly none in his dialogue verses. On the S. C. de BacchanaliB.C., two years before the death of invariably written, a practice quite in keeping with the archaic orthography of a state decree. On the earlier and less formal edict of Aemilius Paulus
Plautus,
(No. 34)
it is
not found.
By
d after a
long vowel the Abl. Sg. of the Declensions came to end in -d, -d, -I, -u, -e, instead of -ad, -od, -id, -ud, -ed.
And
-tod, -ntod
-to,
suprd(d), extrd(d), porro(d), facillime(d). of the 3d Sg. and 3d Plur. Imperat. were
-nto, e.g. esto, sunto.
reduced to
Monosyllables like
ted, sed,
Republican Period.
51
retained their d longer, though the d has quite disapOn the peared by the middle of the second century.
other hand, hand, which in early literature appears as hand before an initial vowel and hau before an initial con-
'
an
'
and a
'
'
),
e.g.
hand
ignoro,
hau
scio,
d in the
classical language.
its
of
in the interchange
which we find on
t
inscrip-
between
final
and
final f d.
The
pro-
nunciation would doubtless be, for example, at templum, and in consequence we find etc., but ad delubrum, etc.
;
and apud,
set
and
scriptions a final
at, sometimes ad (cf. aput while in carelessly written insed) -t is often dropped, e.g. dede for dedet
;
(=
on.'
It is
omitted again and again on the oldest, as on the Postclassical inscriptions. Final -s after a short vowel is
scarcely allowed in the early poetry to give length by > ' position to its syllable when the next word begins with
a consonant.
Even
tu
dab?
suppli-
Cicero tells us that in his time the failure to give clear enunciation to a final s had come to be considered
have found
subrusticum ; and this corrected pronunciation seems to its way into Vulgar Latin too, for the Romance
52
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
-s, e.g.
Fr.
sommes from
initial syllable of
Final vowels, too, suffered from the stress on the final e (which often has the word.
final
tSpt,
I,
e.g. triste
dropped, especially in words which were in ordinary utterance closely joined with a following word; thus neque became nee, atque became ac (for *atc\ the Imperatives dice, duce, face became die, due, fac, etc.
See
my
Hist.
Gram.
ch.
ii.
12.
22.
change of vo- to ve-, e.g. versus for vorsus, vester for vaster. Scipio Africanus Minor is said to have brought in the new fashion. Another was the loss of g in the initial
group gn,
e.g.
own
loss of
k in
know (pronounced
like 'no'),
Plautus and Terence seem to use the spelling knee, etc. gnatus for the Noun, natus for the Participle. The loss of s, with compensatory lengthening, before
a voiced consonant was of earlier date,
e.g.
dumus
for
dusmus
place
ing.
'),
(Liv. Andr. has dusmo (Adj.) in loco, 'in a bushy Idem for is-dem (Cicero mentions this latter spell-
for exrdico.
There was a similar treatment of x (= cs), e.g. edlco But in these compounds the original form
was often restored from a sense of their etymology. Similarly n, which was in pronunciation dropped before of the vowel, was usually restored s, f, with lengthening
in the standard orthography, at least of Classical Latin; with nasalized o. e.g. consulo, pronounced cosulo, probably
Republican Period.
(A) EARLIER PART.
53
This part is marked by the dropping of final d after a long vowel in writing, as it had been already dropped in pronunciation, and by the introduction of the double
writing of double consonants.
Inscription (a notice
hung up
xi.
(C.LL.
quod
louci siet
net,
cedere licetod,
seiquis
piaclum datod.
et a,
000
moltai suntod,
eius
quod
fiet
liceto.
luci sit
Eo
neque caedito, nisi quo die res divina annua die quod rei divinae causa fiat sine dolo caedere
dato.
Siquis sciens violassit (violaverit) dolo malo, Jovi bove piaculum dato et a(eris) CCC multae sunto. Ejus
piaculi multaeque dicatori
( ?)
exactio esto.
is
Here
final -d after
a long vowel
written
single,
anua, uiolasit.
viz.
One form
is
dialectal
cedere
Umbrian
dialect of Latin
ae was already pronounced e, a pronunciation which in time affected the Latin of the capital and of the whole
Roman
world.
54
honce.
Handbook of Latin
The
full
Inscriptions.
form
is
this kind,
would be
uiolatod.
14. always dropped ( 21). This Imperative ending -tod is said to have been originally the Abl. Sg. of the Demonstrative
On 6 for
Pronoun,
*tod,
meaning
of
this
(7. iii.
'from
14. 23:
'
that,'
Hor.
abito,
i
louci
grove.'
The Locative
'in
the
grove'
(cf.
humi,
Corinthi) would at this early time be spelled loucei. siet (Hist. Gram. vi. 13), a common form in Plautus, the Greek ely, is almost an exact counterpart of
The Indowhich represents an original (o-)t^(r). Act. of Athematic Verbs shewed European Optative
ie
in the Sg.,
in the Plur.
0. Latin sies
and
i
sitis
of the
Plur. encroached
sim,
sis, sit
on the
Sg. too,
and so
in Class. Lat.
nSsei
is
replace siem, sies, siet. the older form of nl-si (m-si), in which the
I
has become
through Vowel- weakening in this unaccented word ( 14), and ei has become 1. (Cf. p. 20
on
noisi of the
Dvenos
inscription.)
res deina.
fice,
Res
divina, the
sacri-
dum rem
Republican Period.
55
ivl as
a shortening due to the Latin tendency to pronounce The form of the phrase si vis). i (cf. sis for
recurrence in this inscription is interesting, reidinai, for it indicates that res divina in pronunciaits
on
tion
See
my
Hist.
Gram.
stem
ix.
11.
was
Pronoun
ch.
so-
'that/
(Hist.
Gram.
13.)
On the termination
is
of loue, see
8 (contrast
louei, below).
bould.
Bov-
really
I-stem, as
we
it
see
um.
(
But
Gen. Plur, bo(v)-um not bovihere shews the I-stem Abl. ending -id
from
10).
Gram.
in
ch.
iii.
8.
which ended
to find here
later
-e,
so that
(
we should expect
21).
piaclum.
The
nally -tlom,
Diminutive
-culus,
by means
of a parasitic vowel
and see
see
22.
my
Hist.
Gram.
scies.
12; B. App.
91).
s,
On
56
uiolasit.
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
etc.,
The
e.g. amassim, prohibessim, are really Optatives of the same Tense of which forms in -asso, etc., e.g. amasso,
are Subjunctives (with Future meaning, Hist. Gram. The Optative sense is the usual one with ch. vi. 13).
Thus bene
was a formula of frequent use in the Augural prayer another early prayer shews Juppiter prohibessis scelus, But they have also, as here, a conditional etc., etc. In the classical language they were replaced sense.
in their Optative use
by the Pres.
Subj.,
and by the
use.
See
my
Hist.
Gram.
ch. vi.
13.
8)
may
be a mis-
But
it is
Verb
Beside this
inscription of the
dialectal forms,
Inscription,
from Luceria in
(Eph.
hoce
loucarid
stircus
nequis
fundatid
neue
cadauer
manum
iniectio
estod,
seiue
in hoc lucari (luco) stercus nequis fundet neve cadaver Siquis adversum hac fecerit, in proiciat neve parentet.
Republican Period.
57
eum
N(ummum) L manum
liceto.
injectio esto.
The
with
t
They remind us of the Oscan forms U corresponding to Latin ss; so that fundatid, parentatid might be in genuine Latin fundassit and parentatid are dialectal.
or
tassit,
No. 15).
with single consonant written for double, in and iniectio with e weakened to I. Notice the omission of final ra in aruorsu(m), and the
hocce
(originally
hod-ce,
10),
spelling
comment
are (1) the Adverbial group aruorsu(m) hac with the Abl. Sg. Fern, of the Pronoun, like praeter hac,
praeterea, etc. (cf
.
aruorsum
ead,
No. 37)
(2) the
iniectio,
Ace.
like
manum
governed
tibi
Plautus' quid
Noun
'
by touching
this
lady?
On
8.
XXXIV.
(189 B.C.)
L, Aimilius L,
seruei
Hastensium
in
turri
Lascutana habitarent
ea
essent
agrum
uellet,
oppidumque
habereque
quod
iousit
tempestate
posedisent
item
possidere
dum
poplus
senatusque
Romanus
58
Handbook of Latin
/.
Inscriptions.
L. Aemilius L.
servi in turri
Lascutana habitarent
agrum
dum
populus senatusque
Eomanus
Act(um)
Febr(uarias).
The discovery of this inscription upset Kitsch!' s theory that final -d after a long vowel was still pronounced in
the time of Plautus.
Abl.
Belying on the fact that d in the and 3d Sg. Imperat. is unfailingly written Sg. throughout the Senatus Consultum de Bacchanalibus, a
B.C., two years before the death of Plautus, Eitschl argued that the d must have been still pro-
decree of 186
nounced in these forms in the language of Plautus' day, and that when an Abl. is followed by a word beginning with a vowel in a line of Plautus there was not
The discovery, however, of this necessarily hiatus. decree of Aemilius Paulus, with its omission of Abl. -d,
shews that the retention of the
Decree
is
letter
on the Senatorial
a mere piece of conservative spelling. Since a in spelling always lags behind a change in prochange nunciation, there is every reason to believe that in the
Imperatives like
is
esto, abito,
were pro-
final consonant.
The
inscription
We
have,
e.g.
The
curious
ei of inpeirator
and
decreiuit
Republican Period.
59
sound, viz. close e. The old diphthong is still retained in Aimilius and iousit (on which see No. 37).
inscription of
M. Fulvius
i.
(C.LL.
534.)
XXXV.
M, Puluius M,
f,
M. Fulvius M.
Aetolia
cepit.
Ser. n(epos)
co(ri)s(ul)
ex
Here
Hinnad
of No. 20
Two
years later
is
name
of
M.
Aemilius Lepidus, the projector of the Via Aemilia, found near Bologna; 187 B.C. (C.LL. i. 535.)
XXXVI.
M, Aemilius M,
f,
M,
n,
Lepidus
cos.
CC1
M.
Aemilius
XIIX
f.
M.
M.
n(epos)
Lepidus
co(ri)s(ul).
CCLXVIII
The
number
of miles between
Kome
name Aemilius
16).
186
196.)
60
Q,
Handbook of Latin
Maroius
L,
f,
Inscriptions.
L,
f,
S,
Postumius
cos,
senatum con-
M,
f,
L, Valeri
P,
ita
f,
Q,
Minuci
0,
f,
De Bacanalibus
Neiquis
sibei
<yiei
foideratei
esent
exdeicendum
Seiques
censuere,
eornm
Baoanal
habuise
uelet,
esent
quei
deicerent
urbanum Eomam
uenirent deque eeis rebus ubei eorum verba audita esent utei
dum
ne minus senatoribus
ade&ent
ceiuis nisei
ea res cosoleretur.
urbanum
adiesent
isque
de
dum* ne
minus senatoribus
Oensuere,
adesent
quom
uir
Sacerdos
nequis
eset,
Magister
neque uir
neque
mulier
eset,
Neue
pecuniam
quisquam
uelet
magistratud neque
uelet,
uirum neque
inter
mulierem
coniourase
uelet
sed
neue
neue
conpromesise
quisquam
urbanum
adieset
de
senatuos
sententiad
dum
ne
minus
senatoribus
adesent
pious
fecise
quom
uelet
Oensuere,
sacra
Homines
oinuorsei
atque
ibei
mulieres
pious
neue
inter
uirei
nisei
ne
pious
tribus
arfuise
uelent
de pr, urbani
est,
sententiad
tionid
utei
suprad
ne
scriptum
exdeicatis
minus
trinum
noundinum
senatuosque
esetis,
Eorum
Republican Period.
est eeis
61
in
tabolam
rem caputalem faciendam censuere, Atque utei hoce ahenam inceideretis ita senatus aiquom censuit
earn
figier
uteique
ioubeatis
sei
ubei
facilumed
gnoscier
potisit
sei
quid
sacri
est
ita
utei
suprad
in
diebus
sient,
Q. Marcius L. f., S(purius) Postumius L. f. cons, senatum consuluerunt N(onis) Octob. apud aedem Bellonae. Sc(ribendo) adf(uerunt) M. Claudius M. f., L. Valerius P.
f.,
Q.
Minucius
C. f.
De Bacchanalibus
quifoederati essent
ita
edicendum censuere.
vellet.
Nequis eorum Bacchanal habuisse essent qui sibi dicerent necesse esse Bacchanal Siqui
habere, ei uti
deque
eis rebus,
Romam
venirent,
noster decerneret,
dum
ne minus senatoribus
adessent
vellet
quum
civis
Bacchas vir nequis adiisse Romanus, neve nominis Latini, neve sociorum
ea res consuleretur.
nisi pr(aetorem)
quis-
quam,
urbanum
sententia,
dum
ne minus senatoribus
Censuere.
adessent
quum
ea
Sacerdos nequis vir vir \neque mulier quaequam esset: Magister neque
communem
Jiabuisse vellet,
quisquam fecisse vellet, neve in publico, neve in privato, neve extra urbem sacra quisquam fecisse
vellet, nisi
Sacra in
occulto ne
pr(aetorem)
urbanum
adiisset, isque
de senatus
62
sententia,
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
dum
viri
ne minus senatoribus
adessent
quum
ea
res
consuleretur, jussisset.
universi,
vellet,
neve interibi viri plus duobus, mulieribus plus tribus, adfuisse vellent, nisi de pr(aetoris) urbani senatusque sen-
supra scriptum est. Haec uti in contione edicatis ne minus trinum nundinum, senatusque sententiam uti
tentia, uti
scientes essetis.
Eorum
adversum ea
fecissent,
quam supra
senatus
scriptum
eis
rem
Atque
uti hoc in
tabulam
utique
ahenam
incideretis:
ita
aequum
censuit;
Bacchanalia, siqua sunt, extra quam siquid ibi sacri est, in diebus X, quibus vobis tabellae datae erunt, faciatis uti
dimota
sint.
a copy of the senatus vetus auctoritas de Bacchanalibus ' mentioned by Cicero (Legg. ii. 15, 37). Livy (xxxix. 14. 7 cf. 17. 4) tells us that in 186 B.C.
is
;
This
'
edici in urbe Roma et per totam Italiam edicta mitti, ne quis qui Bacchis initiatus esset coisse aut convenisse causa sacrorum velit neu quid talis rei divinae fecisse/ This inscription is two years earlier
'
than the death of Plautus (184 B.C.), in whose comedies we have more than one allusion to the Bacchanalian
orgies
to
Aul
Mil
nunc Bacchae 858, 1016, nullae ludunt). So that this precious record of antiquity transports us into the very time of Plautus and Ennius,
ecastor
nam
Republican Period.
63
it
was spoken,
tury B.C. Being a formal state document, its forms will rather be those of a previous generation than the actual colloquial forms of the speech of the day (on final -d
of Ablatives,
etc.,
see
19).
older 6 appears instead of the later u in consoluenint, cosoleretur, etc. Diphthongs remain in their earlier
The
shape,
e.g.
though doubtless pronounced double, are written single, the practice of writing them double being a reform of
the poet Ennius
(
17).
On
see
duonus
13
;
bis),
my Hist.
Gram.
ch. x.
B. App. 104. 2 c; duellum, the precursor of bellum, was a disyllabic word, as it is in Plautus. Horace's
duellum (3
syll.)
Bacanalibus, class.
Bacchanalibus.
mute
till
to represent the
unaccented form
5),
accented.
In
thong
neiquis.
is
exemplified.
is
antiquitatis
amans
'
in A.
iii.
686
ni
64
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
Bacanal, class. Bacchanal. The final e has already been dropped ( 21), but the a of the last syllable probably
still
18)
cf.
Plaut.
Aul
adest.
which has
I.-Eur.
in the
uelit
on an
The
Indef.)
Class.
retained in
Neut., quid (Interrog., beside quod (Rel.), but in early Latin was Indef.) kept up in other cases too, such as the Nom. Plur.
Sg.
the Ace.
siques homines
Romani
gesta describere.
like opus,
necesus
is
said to be a Neuter
Noun
genus.
exact relation to the form necesse (used by Plautus), and indeed the precise composition of this
But
its
The Demonstrative Pronouns often added to the was (class, -i) of their Nom. Plur. Masc. the -s which
;
the Plur. ending of Nouns. Plautus affects these forms when the Particle -ce is added, hls-ce, illis-ce, etc. Virgil
is
Ed.
iii.
102:
amor causa
est,
cosoleretur.
On
For
ii
Latin,
e.g.
societas,
laniena,
we
But the
conpromesise below suggests that this e is a relic of the old use of e for the diphthong-sound ei.
e of
Republican Period.
nominus.
65
The
I.-Eur.
Gen. Sg. of Consonant (3d Decl.) The Greeks adopted -6s, or -6s.
the second
(
ending, the
Romans
10),
though
in early Latin
we
a form which
10).
On
my
Latin Lan-
Apparently the
jubeo contained a diphthong originally, so that Class. Lat. jussi has taken the place of a discarded jusi. We
even find a diphthong in the Present tense, in early Latin (see ioubeatis, below). This indicates that there been two rival stems, iub- and ioub-, to which the confusion of quantity has been due.
may have
puer;
cf.
Naevius,
Bell.
Pun.
ii.
(a Saturnian line):
not
q.
The The
spelling here
had come to have the same sound in Latin, and so were interchanged. Similarly, the Prep, cum (I.-Eur.
kom)
45).
is
often written
quom
poplicod.
to a confusion
This curious spelling popl- is usually referred between publicus (from pubes, long u
and
b)
66
extrad.
Handbook of Latin
These Adverbs in
-a
Inscriptions.
Fern, (see
my
Hist.
Gram.
ch. vii.
plois (Hist.
Gram.
of min-us; but ou is
more
probably a mere spelling of the sound u ( 16). is merely a way of writing oinu-uorsei, and was
doubtless pronounced as a quadrisyllable.
as in class, uni-versi.
Before v
i
arfuise,
class,
adfuisse.
22.
at this
time of writing (and pronouncing) r for d before / 8. This peculiarand v, see my Hist. Gram. ch. ii.
ity of
legal formula
SCR
tius
tio
couentionid.
was originally noventius (from novus). Why conshould have o and nuntius the vowel u is not clear.
of com- made the difference. This is Possibly the the I-stem Ablative ending -id, quite different from the
-*,
later
10).
noundinum, class, nundinum, a Gen. Plur. (cf. socium, above), which came to be used as Neut. Sg. nundinum,
dies,
from novem and din-, a by-stem of a day. On ou for earlier ove cf. the remarks above on the vocalism of contio and nuntius.
-i.
It is derived
acientes esetis.
stantive
Verb
found in Plautus
arfuise, above.
too, e.g.
Poen. 1038.
aruorsum.
See on
Republican Period.
ead shews that in praeter-ea, propter-ea,
Sg. Fern.
etc.,
67
ea
is
an Abl.
and aruorsu
hoc (No. 33). See on exstrad, above. suprad. caputalem. The u has not sunk to
hoce, that
is
hocce
17),
10).
-e
These Adverbs in
were
Possibly the 2d Decl. had in times two Ablative endings (1) -od, used for very early
e.g.
modo,
cito, etc.;
(2) -ed,
reserved for Adverbs only. Potis Masc., Fern, (here Fern.), pote potisit, i.e. potis sit. In course of time the Neut., were originally distinct.
Hence class. Neut. pote came to be used in all cases. for pote est, used with all subjects, Masc., Fern., potest or Neut. Virgil employs potis est e.g. Aen. xi. 148
}
:
at
non Evandrum
tabellae
'
tabelai, class,
despatches.
Tabulae would be
22).
sum
No.
32).
XXXVIII. Dedicatory
legium coquorum.'
inscription of a Faliscan
xi. 3078.)
'
col-
(C.LL.
Gonlegium quod est aciptum aetatei agedai, Opiparum ad ueitam quolundam festosque dies,
Quei soueis argutieis opidque Uolgani
68
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
donum
Magistreis
L.
Latrius
K.
f,
0,
Saluena Yoltai
coiraueront,
Collegium quod est acceptum aetati agendae, opiparum ad vitam colendam festosque dies, qui suis argutiis opeque Vulcani condecorant saepissime convivia ludosque,
coqui hoc dederunt imperatoribus summis
ter,
(i.e.
Jupi-
Juno, Minerva),
Jovi Junoni Minervae Falisci qui in Sardinia sunt donum dederunt. Magistri L. Latrius K(aesonis) f(ilius), C.
Salvenna Vultae
f(ilius) curaverunt.
The
metre (Saturnian
corant, Volgani
etc.
;
-cept-), ququei (for cog-), Notice the double consonant in summeis, a doubling
etc.
The g-guttural of colo (for quolo) is seen in beside incola. inquilinus, soueis. Ou was originally the vocalism of the accented,
quolundam.
of the unaccented,
(I.-Eur.
s(w)e"wo-).
older
The same
Republican Period.
Senarii
69
copying
lesson
(C.LL.
m.
p.
962):esse condecet.
Similarly the ov of novus becomes u in the unaccented e.g. de-nuo for de novo.
16), cf. coiraueront, below.
hue
the unaccented form of hoc Ace. Sg. Neut. (for This unaccented form came to be re*lwd-ce, 10).
is
(0.
La't.
hoc, Hist.
Gram.
vii.
5).
Nom.
Plur. ending
(see eeis,
-s
to the
No. 37).
XXXIX. The
found at Sora.
(C.LL.
i.
1175; x. 5708.)
0,
f.
M, P, Vertuleieis
Quod
Decuma
Semol
Donu danunt
Hercolei
maxsume mereto;
f(ilii),
parens timens hie vovit, voto hoc soluto, decima facta, pollucta, liberi libentes
merito;
70
Vertuleieis.
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
On
this
and
cf. leibereis,
below.
Cf. Virg.
rebus non asper egenis. heic. The Adv. hie 'here' was originally the Locative Case of the Pronoun hie, and was spelled with ei, as
here.
Similarly
illlc
'
there'
was Loc.
Gk.
e'/cet).
of
ille
(illlc
illeic (cf.
Pollucere Herculi
phrase for
Stick.
Plaut.
233:
ut
decumam partem
vi.
Herculi polluceam.
'
polluctum,' quod a porriciendo est fictum; quom enim ex mercibus libamenta projecta sunt Herculi in ararn, turn polluctum est.
Varro L.L.
54 id dicitur
danunt.
Third Plurals of this formation are a feature of Old Latin. Cf Liv. Andr. Odyssey :
.
Gram.
vi.
uoti
... condemnes.
Cf Virg.
.
voti reus
and damnabis
tu quoque votis.
XL. Statue of
c.
181
B.C.
(C.I.L.
f,
538.)
L, Manlius L.
L. Manlius L.
deducendae.
Republican Period.
71
Nasica and
The other two commissioners were P. Cornelius Scipio C. Maminius (Livy xl. 34; cf. xxxix. 55). The Gerundive in -undus (originally deducundae.
existed side by
(originally
-om-do-)
side
-endus
-em-do-)
in
but
was
dropped in the
ch. vi. 18).
classical
period (see
my
Hist.
Gram.
Marcellus, found
at
M. Claudius M. f. Marcellus
This inscription has a more ancient appearance than the preceding, owing to its retention of the old spellings consol ( 14) and Marcelus ( 17).
XLII. The
c.
146
B.C.
L,
(C.I.L.
of
Mummius;
(a)
Mummi
cos.
Bomam
quod
redieit
aedem
et signu
L.
Mummius
L.
f.
co(n)s(ul)
deleto,
Romam
quod in
rediit triumphans.
bello voverat,
Ob has
et
hanc aedem
signum
72
(&)
Handbook of Latin
Sancte,
Inscriptions.
Mummius domun
decumam ut
alieis
Sancte.
de decima victor
tibi
Lucius
Mummius donum
sese.
te
facias).
decimum
aliis
Mummius,
No. 39).
accompanying the
Mummius, but a
;
made
when
ch in Achaia,
ph
is
in triumphans (but
strange.
in Corinto), at so
early a period
(a)
this form of the Nom. Sg. of 10Mummi(s). see on Minuci, No. 19. stems, ductu auspicio imperioque. This was a current phrase.
Cf. Plant.
On
Amph. 196:
ductu imperio auspicio suo.
The
Republican Period.
73
quantity of the final syllable may be due to the precedence of i, just as diei retains long e, shortened mjidei. Even Ovid scans redilt, etc. (but cf. petiei, No. 46).
hasce.
to require
mono-
On
(See 13.) 20. The last line of the inscription signu(m) see may be an Iambic Senarius.
(6) promiserat.
is
now
lost.
The word is doubtful, for the inscription The vulgar reading is pro usura.
i.
1022,
v.
420.
path for him in amassing and spending." facilia, to make a dactyl, must be pronounced faclia, like balneum for balineun (see 3).
On faxis see p. 56. Xs is a common spelling at this period for x (see below on saxsum, No. 45).
(B)
TO SULLA.
is
found.
in
North
135
B.C.
(C.I.L.
i.
549.)
74
Sex,
Handbook of Latin
Atilius
Inscriptions.
ex
senati
M,
f,
Saranus
procos.
consulto
intei
Atestinos et Veicetinos
finis
Sex. Atilius
M.
f.
Sarranus
terminosque statui
still
Saranus.
senati is not
it
an unusual Genitive.
to be in his
Hist.
Gram.
p.
my
132
XLI V.
B.C.
(C.I.L.
fecei
551.)
uiam
miliarios
tabelariosque
sunt
Nouceriam meilia
II Oapuam XXCIIII Muranum 1XXIIII Oosentiam CXXIII Ualentiam ClXXX ad freturn ad statuam CCXXXI Kegium CCXXXVII suma af Oapua Eegium meilia CCCXXI et eidem
praetor in Sicilia fugiteiuos Italicorum conquaeisiuei redideique
homines
DCCCCXVII
eidemque primus
fecei
ut de agro poplico
viam fed ab Rhegio ad Capuam et in ea via pontes omnes miliarios tabellariosque posui. Hinc sunt Nuceriam milia LI, Capuam LXXXIV, Muranum LXXIV, Consentiam
CLXXX, ad /return ad statuam CCXXXI, JRhegium CCXXXVII; summa ab Capua Rhegium milia
CXXIII^ Valentiam
CCCXXI.
Et idem praetor
conquisivi, reddidique
mus fed ut de agro publico aratoribus forum aedisque publicas hie fed.
Republican Period.
75
By this time i and ei express the same sound, and the diphthong is merely used to express the long sound of the simple vowel e.g. ponteis omneis were at no
;
period pronounced with the diphthong ei ( 16). Double consonants are written single throughout the inscription, e.g.
tabelaiios.
suma, redidei. The spelling rh for Greek p did not come in Regie. till the end of the Republic.
poseiuei.
The form
posui, a
form due to
false
anal-
Pono, ogy, has not yet ousted the true form po-sivi. for *po-s(i)no, is a compound of the old Prep, po
(Gk.
OTTO)
and
po-sivi
as its
and properly formed its Perfect Supine po-situm. But the analogy of
sino,
moriitum,
etc., suggested that a Supine positum should have a Perfect posui; and this erroneous form gradu-
ally ousted the other, which, however, is exclusively used by the older writers. (See my Hist. Gram. ch. xi. 21 B. App. 261. 4.) meilia. The word was at this time pronounced with
;
double
l\
but on this inscription double consonants About the time of Augustus II bei
tween
ch.
and
9.
was reduced
to
I.
Hence
See
milia, older
my
Hist.
Gram.
Cosentiam, see
af.
22.
is
The
See
uncertain.
my
Gram.
ch. vii.
2.
i
eidem.
22).
The
76
Handbook of Latin
The
ei.
Inscriptions.
conquaeisivei.
between ai and
poplico, see
on poplicod, No.
37.
paastores.
This method of indicating a long vowel, by doubling it, just as a long consonant was written double, was introduced by the poet Accius, and gained
favour for a time.
Afterwards
it
was discarded
for
the "apex," an accent-sign placed above the vowel to See 17. indicate the length, e.g. PASTOR ES.
heic.
Thig
is
hie,
No. 39.
a Scipio, in Saturnian metre.
XLV. Epitaph of
i.
(C.I.L.
34;
vi. 1289.)
L,
Cornelius On,
f,
On, n, Scipio,
magna
aetate
quom parua
posidet hoc
saxsum
nunquam
is
annos gnatus
XX
loceis
mandatus
sit
mandatus,
L. Cornelius Cn.
f.
Magnam
aetate
cum parva possidet hoc saxum. Cui Vita defecit non Honos honorem,
qui
is hie situs,
nunquam
Annos natus
viginti is ( 9
Ne
mandatus.
Republican Period.
77
quom. Since quo had come to be pronounced like co the two are often interchanged (see on oquoltod, No. 37).
posidet.
is
word, but double in annos, below. saxsum. Xs is a common way of writing x in early inscriptions, and indeed in Latin of all periods (cf.
exstrad No. 37,faxseis No. 42, saxso No. 66 (5), etc.). On this form see 10. The Eelative in Latin quoiei.
formed
Gen. and Dat. by adding to its Instrumental Case quo the Gen. and Dat. of the Demonstr. Pron.
its
Gram.
ch. v.
6).
'
honore(m) (so below), Ace. after defecit the absence of -m see 20.
virtutei,
i.e.
stinted/
On
virtuti (
(originally
-tid, 10), while the classical form virtute (originally virtuti, 21) is really the Loc. ( 10).
hie is the
is is
Adv.
hie.
7 It may also be naturally taken as Nom. Sg. 'he. Dat. Plur. agreeing with loceis assigned to this grave
' '
(cf.
loculus)
is,
where
hie
would be the
proper Pron.,
not
unknown
The reading
Manes).
quairatis.
loceis is
The
old spelling
'
retained,
Adverbial qui how do not ask how it was that honour was not assigned to him/ lit. do not ask about honour how it was/ etc. This is the common Latin
'
idiom,
e.g.
novi
te
qualis
sis,
o-e
OOTIS
?.
78
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
Another rendering is 'do not ask about his honours, for they (lit. which were never granted him.' ')
'
Epitaph of Cn. Cornelius Scipio Hispanus, in Elegiac metre; praetor 139 B.C. (C.I.L. i. 38; vi. 1293.)
On, Cornelius On,
f,
XL VI.
tr,
mil.
II Xuir
si,
iudik,
Xuir
sacr,
fac,
sibei
me
esse creatum
f.
virtutes generis
progeniem mi genui facta patris petii, majorum obtinui laudem, ut sibi me esse creatum
laetentur; stirpem nobilitavit honor.
si.
On
19
;
stlis, slis,
B. App.
old forms of Us, see Hist. Gram. ch. x. 104. 1 d. Notice the k of iudik (andeis).
42
b).
On
the spelling
with
i,
takable for *meis), see my Latin Language, ch. ii. 9. On the dropping of -m see 20. This progenie(m).
(f pro-
No. 42
Bueche-
ler prefers to
petiei.
The
ei
of accumulaui
is
due
Republican Period.
to the desire to avoid the spelling
ii
79
which might
rep-
resent^' or even
optenui.
Op represents the sound actually pronounced, we know from Quintilian (i. 7. 7). The metre requires sibl, but the old spelling is sibei.
as
retained.
nobilitauit.
Cf
tibei
No. 42
6.
By
ened before a
(see
18).
XLVII. Epitaph
Kome;
of
(C.LL.
i.
1007
vi.
15346.)
paulhim est, asta ac pellege, hau pnlcrum pulcrai feminae, nomen parentes nominarunt Olaudiam, suom mareitum corde deilexit souo,
hospes,
quod
deico,
domum
Sepulcrum (from sepelio) was vulgarly derived from without and pulcher beautiful.'
' '
'
Commodus
1
means
'
'
graceful
:
PH. suo quisque loco (uiden?) capillus satis compositust commode ? SC. ubi tu commoda es, capillum commodum esse credito.
Lanifica
ladies.
is
Roman
80
Handbook of Latin
is
Inscriptions.
Ei
used on this inscription not only for the older diphthong (as in deico, heic, abei), but also for a long Another mixture of simple i as in deilexit (cf. 16).
old
is
feminae.
Gram.
Souois
ii.
9).
the older spelling, while suo- was originally to the unaccented use of the word (cf. ndvus proper beside denuo; see on soueis, No. 38).
the proper form before an initial consonant,
initial
Hau was
hand before an
vowel
19).
deicito
testumonium poplice
. .
ei
.
Neiue
is
Mag,
queiquomque
ferre
erit
1.
comitia
. .
.
conciliumue
quei
habebit
eum
sufragium
scito factus
nei sinito
...
ex
h,
facere
oportebitne non
. . .
fecerit
sciens d, m, seine
earn
recuperacon. . .
oporteat
dato
iubetoque
eum
ita
pariat
dumnari populo facitoque joudicetur, Sei condemnatus ad q, urb, det aut bona eius poplice possideantur facito,
Seiquis
mag,
multam
eiq,
inrogare
uolet
partus
familias
sei
taxsat liceto
lexs
esto quasei
Republican Period.
is
81
proxsumeis qnibus
. . .
haace lege
mine
1.
est is in diebus
eis in diebus popolum plebemue V proxsumeis quibus quisque eorum mag, inperiumve inierit Oastorus palam luci in forum uorsus et eidem iouranto.
queique eorum
sciet h,
in
diebus
apud
sese
q,
iouranto per
h,
1.
louem deosque
facturum
.
.
fac-
turum neque
seese
aduorsum
scientem
.
d,
m,
h,
Quei ex
magistratum inperiumue
. . .
nei
petito neiue
eum
(neve
monium
Neve
.
is
in publico luce praetextam neve soleas (habeto). Mag(istratus) quicumque comitia condliumve habebit
eum suffragium
lege plebive scito
ferre ne sinito
factus
erit,
m(alo)
facere oportuerit oportebitve non fecerit sciens d(olo) multa ; sive adversus hanc legem fecerit (.
. . .
pecuniam qui
Si
(quos
recuperatores
si ita
pariat,
condemnari populo facitoque judicetur. Si condemnatus (erit, quanti condemnatus erit, praedes) ad q(uaestorem) urb(anum) det aut bona ejus publice possideantur facito.
Siquis mag(istratus) multam irrogare volet (qui
volet,
dum
minoris) partis familiae taxat, liceto eiq(ue) omnium rerum siremps lex esto, quasi si is hac lege (pecuniam quae supra
scripta est exegisset.
Consul
.)
qui nunc
est, is
in diebus
sciet
82
Handbook of Latin
(jussisse, juranto
.
Inscriptions.
uti
lum plebemve
factus
ei
infra scriptum
est.
mag(istratum) inperiumve
inierit,
tum
in
est.
Ei
forum
consistunto ante aedem) Castoris palam luce versus et eidem in diebus apud q(uaestorem)
sese
quae ex hoc
lege
facturum, neque
sese
facturum scientem d(olo) m(alo), neque sesefacturum neque intercessurum (quo quae ex hoc lege oportebit minus Jlant).
Qui ex hac lege non juraverit, is magistratum imperiumve ne petito neve gerito neve habeto neve in senatu (sententiam
dicito dicereve
eum) nequis
.
sinito neve
eum
censor in sena-
turn legito.
pequniam.
The
spelling qu for
probably a mere misspelling of pareat. condumnari. Before a labial in the earlier literary period see on a reduced vowel often sinks to u, not e (I)
;
oinuorsei,
No.
37.
partus.
For
this Gen.
taxsat.
form of
Taxat, Pres. Subj. of *taxo (for *tag-so) a bytangOj as viso of video, was retained in the legal
}
phrase dum taxat, which in Classical Latin has become a mere Conj. dumtaxat (see my Latin Language, ch. ix. On xs for x, a prevalent spelling on this inscrip7).
tion, see
Republican Period.
siremps.
83
This is a mysterious word which puzzled the Latin Grammarians. It occurs in the prologue of the Amphitruo of Plautus (v. 73)
:
it is
fairly
common
in this formula:
7
(see
my
ix.
8).
XLIX. The Aletrium Temple inscription, on the front of a temple at Aletrium in Latium. (C.I.L. i. 1166.)
L,
Betilienus L,
sententia
f,
senatus
facienda
semitas in oppido
ubei ludunt
omnis,
campum
CCCXvL
censorem
fecit,
Ob hasce
res
L. Betilienus L. f(ilius) Varus haec quae infra scripta sunt de senatus sententia facienda curavit: semitas in
itur,
campum
ubi
CCCXL,
fornicesque
fecit,
Ob hasce
senatus
filio
No. 54
a.
84
inarcem.
Handbook
of Latin Inscriptions.
often written to-
Gram.
11).
calecandam.
(x<xAt),
balinearium.
On
platea from
Gk.
iii
TrXareta), see
Here we seem to have the meaning of oppidum 'the town on the plain' original The word is as opposed to 'the fortress on the hill.'
opidum adque arduom.
the same as Gk.
TreSov,
ground,
eTrtVeSos,
flat.
So the
Adv. oppido
iousit.
is
like plane.
iousiset,
On
No.
37.
L. at
The Lex Repetundarum, on bronze tablets, found Rome, 123-122 B.C. (C.LL. i. 198.) (Extract.)
. .
De nomine deferundo
. .
iudicibusque legundeis,
lectei
Quei ex
h,
1,
pequniam ab
eum annum
1,
erunt ad iudicem, in
eum annum
eius deferto,
quei ex h,
nomenque
.
erit
de
CDL
uireis quei in
.
.
eum annum
.
ex
h,
1,
lectei
erunt aruorsario
ei ei
priuignusue
siet
queiue
sobrinus siet
sodalis
.
propiusue
eum
ea
cognatione
siet,
attingat
queiue
siet
. .
d,
m, itaque
. . .
iouratoque,
Ubei
turn in earn
uicensumo
eis
CDL
siet
uirei in
is
eum annum
ei
lectei
siet
quoi
queiue
ei
priuignusque
queiue
sobrinus
ei sodalis
siet
queiue
Republican Period.
tr, pi, q,
85
1,
a, d, a,
tribunus mil,
IIII primis
aliqua earum
1.
Bubria
mare
erit
neiue amplius de
siet
aut quod
h,
1,
nomen delatum
siet,
Quos
se
Ouiros ex h,
.
. .
1,
palam apud
coram
Is
unde petitum erit quominus, Ouiros ediderit iuraritue, Turn eis pr, facito utei is unde petetur die LX postquam eius nomen delatum erit quos is quei petet ex h, 1, ediderit de eis
.
indices quos
nomen ex
seiue
.
h,
.
1,
delatum
erit
indices ex h,
1,
non
legerit edideritue
eodem conlegio siet ex h, 1, non eum pr, aduorsariumue mora non erit quo minus legat edatue ioudicem legat, ita lectei erunt eis in earn rem ioudices sunto eorumque eius Quei
.
.
Pr, quei ex h,
1,
quaeret
unde petetur ex h, 1, legerint quos ediderint eosque patronos quei petiuerit et unde petitum erit quei eorum uolet extaboleis poplicis Eisdem ioudices
facito
.
.
is
quei petet et
.
. .
unius
rei in
perpetuom
erunt
sient,
.
.
Quei indices
quam
1,
in
rem
quei pequniam ex
h,
1,
h,
.
capiet
eum
ceperit
moueto neiue
. .
.
earn
rem fraudei
esto,
De nomine
l(ege)
Qui
ex h(ac)
.
.
pecuniam ab
erunt,
erit,
postquam CDL viri ex hac lege in) ad judicem, in eum annum qui ex h(ac)
in jus educito
factus
nomenque ejus deferto. Si dejeraverit calumniae causa non (postulare, is praetor nomen recipito
itaque facito
.
utdie
86
Handbook of Latin
detulerit, is cujus
Inscriptions.
nomen
qui in
eum annum
(
. .
nomen delatum) erit de CDL viris ex h(ac) l(ege) lecti erunt, adversaria
.
nomen delatum
propiusve
gener socer vitricus) privignusve sit quive ei sobrinus eum ea cognatione attingat, quive ei sodalis
sit.
{is
nomen delatum
ex hac lege
erit juret,
eum annum
nan
lecti sint,
qui se earum aliqua neqessitudine, quae supra scripta sint) attingeret scientem d(olo) m(alo) itaque is edito juratoque.
Ubi
is ita
ediderit, turn in
cujusque ita
nomen
detulerit, praetor,
quo cujus-
eis
CDL viri
.
in
eum annum
lecti
sit
dum
nequis judex)
piusve
sit,
eum
sit quive ei sobrinus (sit proea cognatione attingat, quive in eodem collegia sit
quive) ei sodalis
cap(italis),
vir a(gris) d(andis) a(ssignandis), tribunus mil(itum) l(egionibus) IIII primis aliqua earum sit fueritve, quive in senatu sit fueritve, quive l(ege) Rubria
III vir
III
quive (III vir coloniae deducendae creatus sit fueritve, ab urbe Roma plus milia passuum) aberit, quive trans
.
mare
erit ;
eum
erit
(legat
amplius de una familia unum, neve edatve, qui pecuniae captae condemnatus est
neve
aut quod
cum
sit
Junia sacra-
mento actum
Quos
juret
is
aut quod h(ac) l(ege) nomen delatum sit. Cviros ex h(ac) l(ege) ediderit, de eis ita facito
se
palam apud
Republican Period.
se
87
edidisse
scientem
dolo
malOj quern ob
earum causaearum
Is
rum aliquam de ea
unde petitum
per
is erit
re judicare
non
liceat quive se
nisi
eis
Turn
pr(aetor) facito ut is
LX postquam
. . .
ejus
nomen delatum
qui petet ex h(ac) l(ege) ediderit de eis judices quos (volet Qui ex hac legat nomen detulerit, si is, cujus) nomen ex h(ac) l(ege) lege
erit,
is
delatum
sive (ex
erit,
L judices
CDL
viris qui in
ex h(ac) l(ege) non legerit edideritve, eum annum ex hac lege lecti
eodem
non
(ediderit, turn ei
erit
per)
quomi-
nus
ediderit
dum
non
de eis
re judicare
liceat,
malo) judicem
legat.
Qui
ita
lecti
erunt
ei
rem judices
sunto, eorumesto.
que ejus
antur.
(rei
Pr(aetor) qui ex h(ac) l(ege) quaeret facito (eos viros) quos is qui petet et unde petetur ex h(ac) l(ege)
hac
in perpetuo
erit
habeat.
Ea
nomina) qui
unde petitum
qui eorum
Idem judices permittito potestatemque scribendi facito). unius rei in perpetuum sint. Qui judices (ex hac lege lecti
erunt,)
quam
in
rem
ei
judices
lecti
88
Handbook of Latin
. . .
Inscriptions.
h(ac) l(ege)
h(ac) l(ege)
in perpetuum sunto
capiet,
eum
.
ob earn
.
ceperit (ne
quid ob earn
rem fraudi
its
Noun
(e.g.
the spelling qu for cu (quu) (e.g. pequniam), the occasional use of a single for a double consonant (necesitudine atingat), the retention (not, however, consistently) of the old diphthongs (e.g. ious, iourato), and of 6 for u
(e.g. detolerit),
in use
are
Nom.
quei,
The
Prohibitive Particle
on which see
neiquis,
No. 37.
LI.
(a)
. .
.
108
B.C.
(C.LL.
i.
565.)
louiae
Heisce magistreis
Venems
et
murum
aedificandum
coirauerunt ped,
CCd^XX
loidos fecerunt
Ser. Sulpicio
M,
Aurelio cos,
(6)
. .
.
106
B.C.
(C.LL.
i.
566.)
murum
et
pluteum long,
p,
1XXX
p,
XXI
faciund,
106
.
B.C.
(C.LL.
i.
567.)
murum
et
pluteum
Republican Period.
89
(a) Hi magistri Veneris Joviae murum aedijicandum et ludos fecerunt Ser. Sulpicio curaverunt ped(es) M. Aurelio cos.
CCLXX
Cereris
(b)
Hi
magistri
murum
et
pluteum long(os)
pedes
LXXX
Hi
alt(os) p(edes)
XXI
faciund(os) curavere
magistri Castori
Polluci
murum
et
pluteum
Notice the
Nom.
Plur. in
eis
on
eeis
No. 37,
B.C.
(C.I.L.
571.)
Pagus Herculaneus
Oonlegium
seiue
sciuit a,
d,
Terminalia,
magistrei
louei
compagei
sunt
utei
in
porticum paganam
conlegio
esset
seiue
magistri
quasei
sei
sunt
ludos
f,
louei
compagei
locus
0,
in
teatro
0,
f.
tarn
fecissent.
cos,
...
Coelio
Ahenobarbo
Pagus Herculaneus
scivit a(nte)
d(iem)
X Terminalia.
cum paganam reficiendam pecuniam consumerent ex lege pagana arbitratu Cn. Laetorii Cn. f. magistri pagi; utque
ei collegio, sive
90
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
(7.
esset tarn quasi si ludos fecissent ... L. Domitio Cn. f(ilio) Ahenobarbo cos.
Coelio C. f(ilio),
pequniam.
teatro.
(
For
No.
51.
The use
of th for Gk.
in
23).
LIII.
tablet
. . .
Lex Cornelia de
XX
B.C.
iei
Quaestoribus, on a bronze
(C.I.L.
ante
k,
i.
found at
Cos,
Rome
81
202.)
quei
nnnc sunt,
Decembreis primas
de
in
eis,
Eomanei
sunt, uiatorem
unum
legunto, quei
ea
uiator
appareat,
quam
decuriam uiatorum ex
praeconem unum legunto, quei in ea decuria praeco appareat, quam decuriam praeconum aerarium ex noneis Decembribus primeis quaestoribus ad
de
eis,
quei
ciues
Eidemque Eomanei
cos,
ante
k,
Decembr,
primas
sunt,
eo
ordine
arbitrabuntur,
lectus
eius
ita
erit,
legunto,
is
Quam
decuria
erunt,
is
quisque
esto
decuriam
ita
in
ea
uiator
decuriae
uiatores
erit,
Quamque
ea
decuria
in quisque decuriam
praeco lectus
eius
in
praeco
esto
ita
eis
utei
ceterei
decuriae
praecones erunt,
Sirempsque
bus
q(uaestori)
in
omnium rerum
decuriam
in
iuus
tribus
lexque
esto,
quasei
sei
uiatores
earn
uiatoribus
antea
lectei
Sirempsque eis praeconibus deque eis praeconibus quaestori omnium rerum iuus lexque esto, quasei sei in earn decuriam in tribus praeconibus antea ei praecones
sublectei essent,
lectei
sublectei
essent,
quam
erit,
in
Republican Period.
Quos quomque quaestores ex lege
legere
91
scito
plebeiue
eo
uiatores
sublegere
oportebit,
ei
quaestores
iure
ea
lege
uiatores
stores),
IIII
quei
nunc
sunt,
uiatores
III legerunt
scito praecones
sublegere oportebit,
ei
quei
nunc
sunt,
praecones
III
legerunt
dum
niquem
legant,
quoius
in
locum
licebit,
plebeiue scita
uiatorem
non
quaestor
queiquomque
rogatam
sunt,
.
erit
hanc
legem
solitei
de
.
.
tribus
uiatoribus
habere
sumere
This inscription
is
and
examples of archaic forms will be understood by reference to the notes on previous inscriptions. With
its
iei cf.
mieis,
No.
46.
On
1011.)
Philematio,
ipse recepit,
meo
officio
92
(6)
Handbook of Latin
L, Aurelius L,
haec, quae
1,
Inscriptions.
colle
Hermia lanius de
Viminale,
me
coniunxs,
qum
'
officio.
'
jus
on
the last inscription) v. 4. supera supra/ a form affected by Lucretius, v. 6. necis potior, 'fall into the hands of
'
death.'
92
post-
quam meus
rex
est potitus
'
:
hostium,
v.
'
after
my
i
11
ueixsit.
The
by
nature, vixi; on
qum
is
a spelling of
quum
(here
possibly the Prep, cum)) which was common at this time, and which is often found in our Mss. of Plautus, etc.
v. 12. avaritie.
also
by
Lucretius.
The 5th Decl. form of avaritia is used Each new generation of poetry brought
iii.
additions to the 5th Decl. from the ranks of the 1st (see
my
i.
Hist.
Gram.
ch.
13).
Sulla,
82-79
B.C.
(C.I.L.
(a)
(6)
(c)
L, Oornelio L,
L, Oornelio L,
f,
Notice the
denote
Long
e is
written ee in
LVI. Inscription of the Commune Lyciorum, 81 (Greek and Latin.) (C.I.L. i. 589.)
B.C. ?
Republican Period.
Oomnmni
restitute in
93
tolino et poplo
Eomano
On
Hist.
4.
9.
25,
Gram.
ch.
ii.
at
Furfo in
S.-
Italy,
B.C.
. .
(C.I.L.
Sei
i.
603.)
quod ad earn aedem donum datum donatum dedicatumque erit, utei liceat oeti uenum dare, Ubei uenum datum
erit,
id
profanum
esto,
Venditio
locatio
aedilis
esto,
quam
rem
Quae
fecerint,
quod
se sentiat earn
pequnia recepta
erit,
quo ad eas
id
seit, liceto,
Quod emptum erit aere aut argento ea pequnia, quae pequnia ad id emendum datum erit quod emptum erit, eis rebus eadem lex esto, quasei sei dedicatum sit,
factum,
Sei qui heic sacrum surupuerit, aedilis multatio esto, quanti
uolet,
aut
is
found in
quod non
So
alid in Lucretius
i.
263
ex
quando
alid
The word
fifeltares is obscure.
CHAPTER
III.
The number
of
raphy of Greek loan-words. The Greek letters Upsilon (Y, our y) and Zeta (Z, our z) supplanted the earlier
transliteration
by
u, ss
(s)
(e.g.
some words that were pure and way The Greek Latin, e.g. silva, wrongly written sylva. Aspirate Mutes were expressed by th, ph, ch, instead of tj p, c, as hitherto, and Greek initial Rho by rh-. 24. A change in the 2d Decl. is described by Cicero
found their
into
(Orat. xlvi. 155) as having been effected in his own lifetime, viz. the disuse of the old Gen. Plur. ending -urn (-om)
my
Hist.
Gram.
ch.
iii.
and
cf.
duonoro(m), No.
of
25).
25.
The Orthography
Ciceronian
and Augustan
e.g.
Latin exhibits
many
i,
frequently for
ns for
etc.
s in
vicensumus,
etc.,
for
in
vicensumus, maxumus,
Julius Caesar
94
is
said to have
i
on
Classical Period.
95
State inscriptions, optimus, maximus. Long Vowels are now indicated by the 'apex,' a mark like the Greek
acute accent.
e.g. ete,
Traces of the apex still remain in French, and other alphabets derived from the Latin. After a diphthong II is now written I while ss becomes
;
s after
e.g.
causa, misi
(cf.
repromeisserit,
No.
59).
LVIII. Epitaph on
(CLLL.
Eucharis
i.
an
actress,
Eome;
omneS
c.
50
B.C.
1009;
Liciniae
vi. 10096.)
l(iberta)
docta
erodita
artes
uirgo
uixit an(nos)
XIIIL
leti
domns,
cum
floreret artibus
mea
Musarum manu,
prima popnlo apparui,
studium patronae, cura, amor, laudes, decus silent ambusto corpore et leto tacent,
reliqui fletum nata genitori
meo
mecum
natales dies
96
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
domn.
heic,
Early forms on this graceful inscription are quei, ubei, and the like. Deposierunt shews the older perfect
planted by
Erodita
is
cf exfociont
.
on
may with
is
;
its %
infestus.
Domus
1.
19
but in
declined according to the 5th Decl. in all the early writers we never find
1.
1 and
it
other
Noun
cf.
Gk.
Cisalpinae, on a
B.C.
205.)
re quisque et
Qua de
aquo inGallia
cis alpeina
damnei
ab eo
infectei
uolet,
et
quei
ibei
d(eicundo)
se
p(raerit)
postulauerit,
idque
non
k(alumniae)
k(aussa)
facere
iurauerit:
turn is
quo d(e)
erit
eum
exformula repromittere
sei
satis
darei
debebit,
Quei eorum ita non repromeisserit seiquid interim damni datum factum ue
erit,
quam ob rem
damnei
postulatum
turn
mag(istratus) proue
mag(istratu) Iluir
Classical Period.
97
d(e)
e(a)
r(e)
ita
ins
deicito
indicia
dato
iudicareque
ita pos-
r(e),
quom
tulatum
satisue
esset,
damnei
esset,
.
.
infectei
.
datum
dum
r(e)
praefec(tus)ue
d(e)
e(a)
ea
ieis
nomina
et
municipium
quod ex
quae proxsume
s(cripta)
s(unt)
accipietur,
includantur
con-
concipei s(ine)
ei
uidebuntur,
nequid
quei
d(e)
e(a)
r(e)
aget
petetue
neiue ea
nomine esse
possit;
s(criptae)
sunt, aut
iei,
Mutinam
inter
ineo
iudicio includei
con-
curet,
nise
quos
id
contestabitur,
ieis
nominibus
fuerint,
quae
in
earum
qua
formula s(cripta) s(unt), et nisei sei Mutinae ea res agetur, Neiue quis mag(istratus) proue mag(istratu) neiue quis pro
erit intercedito
The prevalence
of
ei-
forms
is
archaic character of State inscriptions. Notice the frequent junction of Prep, and Noun, a
practice maintained in
repromeisserit.
On
-ss-
see
25.
originally belonging to
206.)
Heraclea in
S.
Italy;
45
B.C.
98
.
. .
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
Quod quemquem h(ac) l(ege) profiterei oportebit, apud quern ea professio fiet, eius quei profitebitur nomen
ea
is,
et
quae
professus
erit
et
quo
die
professus
sit
intabulas
publicas referunda
curato,
ita
et,
tabulas
rettulerit
intabulam
idque
aput forum
maiorem partem
Queiquomque frumentum populo dabit damdumue curabit, quorum nomina h(ac) l(ege) ad co(n)s(ulem)
sinito,
Quei ad uersus
HS
.
eorum quoi frumentum dederit, is in tr(itici) m(odios) I IDOD populo dare damnas esto eiusque pecuniae quei
ante
Quemquomque
suum
aedificium
uiam publicam
oportebit, quei eorum earn uiam arbitratu quoius oportuerit, non tuebitur, earn uiam
aed(ilis),
quoius
arbitratu
earn
tuerei
oportuerit,
tuemdam
locet
locato,
antequam
habeto,
aput
forum
ante
et
tribunale
suom propositum
sit et
quam
aedifierit,
uiam tuendam
cium ea uia
quorum ante
facito
sit,
procuratoribusue
eorum
et
domum
denuntietur
sit,
se
earn
uiam locaturum
palam in
praerit
foro
facito,
Eamque locationem per q(uaestorem) urb(anum) eumue quei aerario Quamta pecunia earn uiam locauerit, tamtae
quodie locaturus
eosque,
pecuniae
eum
quorum ante
aedificium
ea
uia
erit
proportion!,
quamtum
tudine et inlatitudine
Classical Period.
praerit intabulas
Ei, quei earn
99
publicas
uiam tuemdam
eum
Sei
is
quei ad tributus
earn
pecuniam diebus
sciet
XXX
neque
procurator eius
tributus
erit,
adtributionem
factam
satis
esse,
ei,
quoi
ad
non
soluerit
erit,
fecerit,
is
pecuniae ad tributus
ei,
tamtam pecuniam
dare debeto,
et
eius
quamtae dimidium
is
quoi ad tributus
erit,
Inque earn
rem
quo
dato
iudiciumue ita
urbem inducta
erunt,
quominus
ortum
h(oris)
et
diei
E(oma)
esse
liceat,
e(ius)
Quae loca serueis publiceis ab cens(oribus) habitandei utendei caussa ad tributa sunt, ei quominus eis loceis utantur,
. .
.
Queiquomque inmunicipieis
ciliabuleis
IHIuir(ei) erunt
alioue
indemortuei
se
cilium habebit et
Komae
census
erit,
100
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
fuit,
utei leges
sei
quid
is
h(anc) l(egem)
populus
iuserit,
commu-
abeo turn,
sc(ito)
quom primum
pl(ebei) ue
dedit,
rectae essent.
Neue
optemperetur,
Julius Caesar, like Augustus and some succeeding Emperors, found time for the study of Grammar amidst
We may
orthography of any of his laws would be carefully revised by him; so that we have here the way in which
a Grammarian,
who was
at the
world, judged that Latin words should be written in a formal document. That Caesar did not scruple to introduce the forms of spoken Latin into State inscriptions
we know from
it
was he who
effected the
adoption of spellings like optimus, maximus (with i for the older u) in inscriptions of the kind. (Quint. I. vii. 21
'
optimus maximus/ ut mediam i litteram, quae veteribus fuerat, acciperent, Gai primum Caesaris inscriptione
traditur factum.)
The Prep, and Noun (Adj.) often form a word-group, as in denuo (de novo), etc., e.g. intabulas.
Classical Period.
101
damnas
ology.
is
It
Sanates (a legal term for allies who had revolted but afterwards returned to their allegiance, ' quasi sana
mente ') beside sanati, Manes beside 0. Lat. memo- and the like. *Damnatis became damnas, as the Plautine forms nostratis, Arpinatis, etc., became nostras, Arpinas.
the use of
curious spelling (due to an etymological theory ?) is for n in the Gerund and Gerundive, e.g.
etc.
(C.I.L.
685, 692.)
(a) L, Antoni Oalui peristi 0, Oaesarus uictoria,
(6)
Esureis et
me
celas,
bullets
These sentences were carved by soldiers on the leaden which they shot against the defenders of Perusia,
by
They shew us how Latin was written by uneducated Romans at that period. Notice the spelling
Octavianus.
with ei for later i, and the retention in plebeian Latin of the old Gen. ending -6s (-us) of the 3d Decl., The first sentence has an echo of a Caesarus ( 10).
esureis
Trochaic Septenarius.
this time,
This was the popular metre at and in uneducated hands was generally con-
structed with regard to accent rather than to quantity. Two interesting monuments of Augustus follow, the
proclamation about the Ludi Saeculares, and the autobiographical notice of the Emperor. They should
official
102
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
60),
be compared with the Law of Julius Caesar (No. and the Decree of the Emperor Claudius (No. 64).
LXII. Commentarius Ludorum Saecularium, found (Ephemeris Epigrar recently in the bed of the Tiber.
phica, viu.
.
. .
ii.)
Ludique noctu
sacrificio
confecto
sunt commissi in
centumque
uerbis
positis,
et
X matronae
sellisternia
K,
lun,
in
Oapitolio
proprium
inmolauit
imp,
Augustus, ibidem
alterum
M, Agrippa, precati
luppiter optime
est
autem sunt
uti
ita:
tibi
maxime
in illeis
libreis
scriptum
quarumque rerum ergo quodque melius siet populo E, Quiritibus tibi hoc boue mare pulchro sacrum fiat te quaeso precorque
;
Ad
in
Deinde ludi Latini in theatro ligneo quod erat constitutum campo secundum Tiberim sunt commissi, eodemque modo
matres familiae habuerunt, neque sunt ludi interfieri et
sellisternia
missi
iei
edictum propositum,
;
XV
Cum
bono more
uir
s, f.
die,
ludorum-
Classical Period.
et
103
:
ad honorem deorum
nostri esse
et
statuimus
offici
uti
luctum
minuant,
fecit
catus
pthoibus
pre-
libreis
siet
p,
scriptum
est,
quarumque
1
rerum
popanis et
precorque,
libeis et
pthoibus sacrum
te
quaeso
bouem
et
feminam imp, Caesar Augustus, ibidem alteram M, Agrippa precatus est hoc modo
:
luno regina, uti tibi in illis libris scriptum est, quarumque rerum ergo quodque melius siet p, E, Quiritibus, tibi boue
femina pulchra sacrum
fiat
;
te quaeso precorque,
Deinde
CX
Augustus] praeit
siet p,
in haec uerba
.
est
quod melius
E, Quiritibus
perfecto
pueri
erat
patrimi et
matrimi
et puellae totidem
.
eodem-
Carmen composuit
Q, Horatius Placcus,
this interesting record of Augustus' the Carmen Saeculare of Horace should be read, reign, atallam is obscure. The word has been connected with
In connection with
may be a Diminutive cf. Hispallus from Hispanus. Notice the spellings quoi (the form in use even in
;
104
Handbook of Latin
illeis
Inscriptions.
Quintilian's time),
libels and the frequent use of the phonetic spelling, while obsei, exsemplis, opseruari was the grammatical, pthoibus. The last example ex-
hibits the
We
should write
etc.
pthisis,
not
by Mommsen).
diui Augusti, quibus
subiecit, et inpensarum,
fecit,
Eerum gestaYum
populi Kom(ani)
populumque Eomanum
Ees publica ne
me
cum
consulibus
prouidere Populus autem eodem anno me consulem, cum co(n)s(ul) uterque bello cecidisset, et trium uirum rei publicae
constitueudae creauit,
Qui parentem
ciis
meum
legitimis ultus
eorum
Bella terra et
man
ciuilia
Exterexcidere
quam
Mfllia ciuium
Eomanorum adacta
sacra"mento
meo fuerunt
quingenta,
Ex
in municipia
sua stipendis
iis
plura
omnibus agros a me emptos aut pecuniam quam Naues cepi sescentas praeter eds, si a me dedi, pro praediis
trecenta et
Classical Period.
105
sum
uiciens
semel impera'tor,
eis
Cum
deinde
pluris
triumphos
de-
supersedi,
solutis.
Ob
res d
me
manque
quos
prospere *gesta"s
quinquagiens et
dis
supplicandum
esse
immortalibus,
Dies
autem,
per
est, fuere
DCCCLXXXX,
In
meum
cum
nouem,
agebam septimum
Dictaturam
et senatu et
trigensimum annum tribuniciae potestatis. apsenti et praesenti mihi datam ... a populo
et
M, Marcello
L,
Non
recusaui in
summa
quam
ita administraui,
populum uniuersum meis impensis latum turn datum annuum et perpetuum non
quo erat
Patriciorum
sen&tus,
conlega"
Oonsu-
numerum auxi
ter legi,
egi,
Senatum
M. Agrippa"
feci,
consul quintum iussu populi et In consuMtu sexto censum populi Lustrum post annum alterum et qua-
dragensimum
capita
Quo lustro ciuium Eomdnorum censa sunt quadragiens centum millia et sexaginta tria millia,
Iterum consulari cum imperio lustrum solus feci 0. Oensorino et 0, Asinio cos, Quo lustro censa sunt ciuium Eomanorum
capita quadragiens centum millia et ducenta triginta tria millia,
feci Sex,
sunt ciuium
et
Pompeio et Sex, Appuleio cos, Qao lustro censa Romanorum capitum quadragiens centum millia
millia,
Legibus nouis
latis
com-
106
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
multarum rerum exempla imitanda posteris traditi, Vota pro ualetudine mea suscipi per consules et sacerdotes
Ex
iis
runt uiuo
collegia
me
aliquotiens consules,
apud omnia
puluina'ria pro
ualetudine mea,
Nomen meum
men,
nicia potest^s
et sacrosanctus ut
essem
et
mini
esset,
lege sanctum
Pontifex maximus
ne fierem in uiui conlegae locum, populo id sacerdotium deferente mihi, quod pater meus habuit, recusaui. Oepi id sacerdotium
aliquod post annos eo mortuo qui ciuilis motus occasione occupauerat, cuncta ex Italia ad Oomitia
mea
tanta multitudine,
Valgio consulibus,
Aram
Honoris et Virtutis ad
quo consulibus Q, Lucretio et M, Vinucio in urbem ex Syria redi, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellauit,
.
The
spelling of
an inscription of
we
may
for
Augustus
attention to orthography and other The apex of dediixi shews us that of grammar. points the u of the Perf. of duco was pronounced long like the
was noted
Ms
u of the Pres.
of the
(cf.
Mstmm).
Saec.).
Notice apsenti
(cf.
opseruari
Comm. Lud.
Classical Period.
107
at Lyons.
LXIV.
. .
.
Inscription of the
Emp. Claudius
Equidem primam omnium illam cogitationem hominum quam maxima primam occursuram mihi prouideo, Deprecor, ne quasi nouam istam rem introduci exhorrescatis, sed ilia potius
cogitetis
quam multa
in
hc
sit,
ciuitate
Quondam
dam
extern! ut
Numa Eomulo
quim'us, propter temeratum sanguinem, quod patre Demaratho Corinthio natus erat et Tarquiniensi matre generosa" sed inopi
ut quae
tali
cum domi
migrauit
repelleretur
Komam
regnum adeptus
et hoo
Huic quoque
discrepat,
et
filio
nepotiue eius,
nam
si
inter auctores
insertus
si
Seruius
Tullius,
post-
quam
cum omnibus
aduce suo
nomen
rei
nempe pertaesum
est
mentes regni
Quid nunc commemorem dictaturae hoc ipso consulari imperium ualentius repertum apud maiores nostros quo in asperioribus bellis aut in ciuili motu difficiliore uterentur, aut in auxilium
108
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
transla"tum imperium,
solutoque
ad
Quid communica'tos postremo cum plebe honores non imperi solum sed sacerdotiorum quoque ? lam si ndrrem bella a" quibus coeperint maiores nostri et quo
processerimus, uereor ne nimio insolentior esse uidear et quaesisse iactationem gloriae prolati imperi ultra"
oceanum, sed
illoc
et
patruus
Ti,
Oaesar
omnem
florem
scilicet
!
uirorum
Quid ergo
uobis
non Italicus
lam
quam
longo iam tempore senatores huic curiae confert, ex qua colonia inter paucos equestris ordinis ornamentum L, Vestinum familiarissime diligo et hodieque in rebus meis detineo, cuius liberi
modo cum
Ut dirum nomen
in
domum
consulatum intulit
quam
Eomanae
dicere miserabili
Idem de
frdtre eius
Tempus
conscriptis
Q-alliae
quo tendat
oratio tua;
fines
Narbonensis uenisti,
Classical Period.
109
tendi senatores
Tot eoce insignes iuuenes quot intueor non magis stint paeniquam paenitet Persicum nobilissimum uirum amiinter imagines
si
cum meum
legere,
Quod
quam
uinciae Narbonensis
iam uobis senatores mittere quando ex Luguduno habere nos nostri ordinis uiros non paenitet, Timide
quidem, p(atres) c(onscripti), egressus adsuetos familiares que
quod bello decem annos exercuerunt diuom lulium, idem opponat centum per annorum immobilem fidem obsequiumque multis trepidis rebus
plusquam expertum illi patri meo Druso Germaniam subigenti tutam quiete sua securamque atergo pa"cem praestitenostris,
runt, et
Gallis
et in
ad sueto
sit
ad bellum auocatus
nobis mine
quam
ut publice
experi-
magno
mento cognoscimus,
Claudius, too,
made a hobby
is
of grammatical studies, so
an interesting contribution to early Roman history. Notice ndrrem, dfxi, which shew that the first syllable in each of these words had a long vowel. (Cf on naro,
.
No.
73.)
The eruption of Vesuvius in 79 A.D. destroyed Herculaneum and Pompeii. In the ruins of Herculaneum a collection of papyrus rolls, the books of the period, was
110
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
At Pompeii,
i.e.
besides act-
sentences scratched
on a wall by
idlers,
have come to
light.
LXV. Herculanean Papyrus, containing the 'Incerti de Augusti Bello Aegyptiaco Carmen' (ed. Baehrens, Poet. Lat. Min. vol. i., p. 218).
. .
cum
tela parantur,
loci
cum saeua
coirent
Instrumenta necis uario congesta paratu, Undique sic illuc campo deforme coactum
Omne uagabatur
. .
.
leti
genus,
omne
timoris
Aut pendente suis ceruicibus aspide, mollem Labitur in somnum trahiturque libidine mortis,
Perculit afflatu breuis hunc sine morsibus anguis
nee urbem
Oastraque promuris atque arma pedestria ponunt, Eos intercoetus talisque ad bella paratus
Utraque sollemnis iterum reuocauerat orbes, Oonsiliis noz apta ducum, lux aptior armis,
Classical Period.
Ill
LXVI. Pompeian
(1)
iv. 538.)
Graffiti.
Accompanying a picture
of gladiators.
(C.I.L.
Tetraites Prudes
laesaerit,
Tetraites,
Prudens
Habeat
Venerem
Pompeianam
laeserit.
The famous gladiator Tetraites, or in the, Oscan form nam HerPetraites, is known from Petronius, c. 52
:
merotis pugnas et Petraitis in poculis habeo, and c. 71 valde te rogo, ut secundum pedes statuae meae catellam
:
fingas et coronas et
and
i,
laesaerit,
reflect the
pronunciation of the populace (partly Greek, partly Oscan, partly foreign and servile) of Pompeii. In time these
depraved forms found their way into the speech of the capital, and at last even into literary Latin ( 26).
(2)
Grauium
Rnfum IIuir(um)
o(ro) f(aciatis),
Gavio(3)
is
name
Oaio-.
uotum
22.
On
(4)
Sallust.
112
Handbook of Latin
Bupa que
bela
is
Inscriptions.
tibi
me
pupa, quae
me
uale.
On
cf. laesaerit
above
i.
(5)
475
on the wall of a
law-court.
quid magis
reflect the
est
saxo
durum
aut, etc.
On
Tan
may
vague sound of
it
final -m,
which shewed
its
to the preceding
vowel
20), or
may
pronunciation in one word-group of the Adv. and Adj. Cf. etiannunc for etiam nunc, a spelling tarn-durum. mentioned by Roman Grammarians and found on a Her-
culanean papyrus.
(6)
atists, v. 4.
illae
who
freely admit this scansion. be cur; quit (= quid, 20), to be metrical, should
illi,
Classical Period.
113
(G.I.L. iv. 2487.)
(7)
This
is
differing in
a specimen of the correct Latin of the time, no respect from the orthography of our text-
books.
CHAPTER
IV.
To
and
its
this period belongs the gradual decay of Latin, passage into the Eomance languages of modern
is, unfortunately, hardly possible to get from a clear and connected account of the downinscriptions ward progress of the language. For it was from the
Europe.
It
spoken language of
the
arose
is
;
Eoman
while
Romance languages
is
the written or
presented to us,
more or
less
of correctly according the inscription, or the locality to which it belongs, in It is the deviations from inscriptions and in documents.
maker
standard Latin on these inscriptions which give us a glimpse at the actual spoken Latin of the place and time; but this spoken language, Vulgar-Latin as it is
usually called, never wholly reveals itself to us until it Italian, appears as a fully developed Romance language
is,
A Latin
I
word
like blblt
by
e (close
e,
having been replaced the vowel of French ete), and the Latin
intervocalic b
by v while the
9
t,
a vowel initial
(cf. Fr. <il vien(t)/ but <vient-il?'; <il a' but 'a-t-il?'), has finally been dropped in all circum-
The pronunciation beve(t) (with v sounded like stances. our w) was probably a very old one, but the only trace of
114
115
that we could expect to find on an inscription would be that the word would now and then be written bebit,
or bibet or bive, or bevi, or even (the phonetically correct spelling) beve, though in the great majority of instances
it
rules of the
grammatical handbooks of the time, bibit. It is, then, to the faulty spellings of late Latin inscriptions that we
must look
27.
(1)
Here are the chief faults that we and ae (also oe) are confused.
and
i9
find
(2) e
and
u, are confused.
e.g.
(3) final
vino
;
(Ital.
s,
vino) for vinum, pace (Ital. pace) for advocato (Ital. advocato) for advocatus ;
(see above).
pacem
t,
e.g.
e.g. Ital.
beve
(4) hand in hand with this loss of the case-endings went the confusion of cases and the expression of all
cases
by one case-form.
To
e.g.
distinguish the Gen. and Dat. a Prep, was used, de vino Gen., a(d) vino Dat. (Fr. de vin and a vin).
(5) b
(6)
(7) x and
(8)
ct
and
(t)
are confused.
and q are confused. In the Verb, Auxiliaries like habeo, vado, take the (10) place of Tense suffixes.
(9) c
(11)
By
<j>
had become a
spirant, as it is in
mod. Gk.
116
(12) ci
Handbook of Latin
and and
ti
Inscriptions.
follows.
are confused
when a vowel
e, i.
(13) sc
ss are
confused before
to initial
st,
(14) i(e)
was prefixed
is
sp, sc.
28.
e
The change
and i vowels
we must
word like uncia. It was in the words where ci (ce) was followed by a
Ti (te) in c first began. a similar situation was assibilated in the same way, so
etc., came to be pronounced as a with some s-sound at the beginning of the disyllable second syllable. The Romance words from Latin platea, a (wide) street, may be cited as examples of the change,
Ital. piazza,
of
ti
and
ci
Span, plaza, Fr. place. This palatalization in hiatus (i.e. before another vowel) may be
before
with c sounded assumed before cite). and e, i the sound of y at a somewhat earlier period; before other vowels g became, when pretonic, a mere spi.
The assibiwhen these vowels were e, i, came much later, about the sixth
Ital. cento, citta,
like our ch of
rant like g of
Fr. Aout.
so is often omitted in
whence
(See
my
Hist.
Gram.
ch.
ii.
7.)
29. Another change that passed over the language was the gradual loss of the distinction of quantity under the An accentuated influence of the stress accentuation.
vowel,
we may roughly
say,
became
long,
an unaccented,
117
Or rather short; e.g. orator, piper for orator, piper. the different vowels of a word came to have more or
less the Italian),
same length (much as is the case in modern and the distinction between vowels was rather
'
e) and was merged was 'open' e (rather than short' e) and was merged in ae. So with u and o. Quantitative Metre thus became an artificial branch of poetry, no longer
than long
'
'
i.
reflecting
the actual educated pronunciation, and Acits place more or less completely
according to the education of the writer. 30. Syncope, too, attacked every short post-tonic or pretonic syllable and changed the whole aspect of the lanLat. vetulus became vetlus, veclus (Ital. vecchio), guage. slmia became simya (Fr. singe), dpium became apyum (Fr. ache), cambiare became cainbyare (Fr. changer).
(Hist.
Gram.
in
ch.
ii.
7.)
mind
reading the rude accentual or half-accentual metres of later Latin; e.g. pronounce potyones (No. 69).
LXVII. Wax-Tablet
ii.
lulium luli qnoqne commagistrum snum ex die magisteri sui non accessisse ad Alburnum neque in collegio seqne eis qui
:
si
snam
qua
eis canerat,
funeraticis
snfficerent
118
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
sine
munera:
si
seque
idcirco
per
testantur, nt,
etc.,
abuerat,
On
20.
soldier.
LXVIII. Epitaph in rude Hexameters on a Pannonian Found at Borne. End of second century A.D.
iv. 346, 936.)
respice praeteriens, uiator, consobrini pietate parata;
(Eph. Epigr.
cum
annis
munere posto
tellus,
uidetis,
Pannonia terra
tumnlat Italia
XXVI,
magno
ut
sibi castris
honorem atquireret
ipse,
dolori
postea
cum
mnnns
munns
inane qnidem,
nunc diuidit
ista
tu opta, uiator,
cum
quantum in munere positum. 1. 4. A service of 25 years would entitle him to a missio honesta.' 1. 6. cum sperans, 'when hoping.' 1. 8. eum sivissent lucem
1.
2.
'
videre.
1.
1.
fortunam beatam.
13. natum.
119
LXIX. Epitaph in rude Hexameters from Carthage. End of second century A.D. or later. (C.I.L. vui. 1027.)
Vitalis
Aug.
Et Anti-
dum sum
adque meos uersus, dum transseo, perlego diploma circaui totam regione pedestrem
multa iuuentutis
feci,
quia
sum
tibi
moriturus,
pone sepulcrhum,
This thoroughly pagan epitaph of a lusty postman, who bore the not inappropriate name of Vitalis, has
some points of
linguistic interest.
Notice
(1)
the doubt
about the spelling of the chr of sepulchrum, (2) adque for atque, (3) the pronunciation of Gk. SurAo/ia as diploma, the stress accent on the first syllable having
shortened the second as in Mod. Greek, and its declension in everyday speech as a Latin A-stem (cf. schema,
-ae, Plaut.), (4) trisyllabic
v. 7.
quisque has
its
regione(m) pedestrem
is
LXX.
Tunis.
Acrostic epitaph in
120
Handbook of Latin
bene gestis omnibus
Inscriptions.
cum
in patria
mecum
rediret,
eripuit sociam,
domum
seruare
meam,
ilia
et consilio iuuare,
marmore
clusa.
Anc
1.
cum
luci daremur,
4. au, Interj.
9.
LXXI. Epitaph
Danube.
in
Third century.
membra
iucundis
Aeliae carae mini nunc hoc inclusae sepulcro, regina Ditis magni regis, precor hoc te
nam
me
dearum,
quae globo Parcarum reuoluta cuncta gubernant, qualis enim fuerit uita, quam deinde pudica,
si
possem
effari,
haec
et
primum casta, quot te audire libenter mundi spatia, Ditis quoque regia, norunt,
uita,
quod uellem,
ei
nollet
quoque ac
si
ego nollem,
intima nulla
fuere,
fila,
parca
manu
set larga
meo
in amore mariti,
nee sine
me
munera Bacchi,
121
nobili fama,
hanc
tituli
sedem
et foueas aeui
monumentnm tempore
grato,
roscida
si
et multis
5.
1. 1.
8.
suadere
= suaderem.
(
1.
9.
21. quodannis.
20.)
1.
24. for
multum generum
or
multig.
LXXII. Epitaph
A.D.
in Hexameters,
from Eome.
348
Rom.
i.
64, 101.)
uibit ubique,
Eomanus
in urbem,
primum
3.
uibit
= vivit
-mus
is
arsi.
Initial
1.
h was
27).
4.
refers to
Constantine.
1.
5.
qui = GUI.
1.
7.
Filippo
27).
122
Handbook of Latin
in
Inscriptions.
LXXIII. Epitaph
Nola.
rude
359 A.D.
(C.LL.
x. 1338.)
semper ob meritum uincis praeconia laudis et bona progenies quaeret tua fortia facta,
docet,
quidem tua ex ordine gesta naremus; iam me uincet amor, nequeo tenere dolorem.
laeta
quidem semper
Pelicis
nomine ducta,
perennem
Eusebio et Tpatio
coss,
dep(osita) in p(ace)
VI
kal, lun,
Notice the acrostic formed by the initial letters of each 1. 2. fortia facta, the current Latin line, Serbillae. phrase
for our
<
doughty deeds/
Cf. Yirg.
Aen. x. 369
bella.
3.,
i.e.
in heaven.
1.
4.
naro
is
a spelling recom(cf.
gnarus).
essis
= esses,
iacis
= iaces
27).
LXXIV. Epitaph
Fourth century A.D.
in rude Hexameters,
from Kome.
(C.LL.
vi.
30123.)
...
paucis] mensibus
actis
quam
biduatus amore
est,
amorem]
nobercam uincens,
123
The
father, at
the step-mother's instigation, refused to go to the expense of a tomb, The sound of r in two sucpropio proprio.
cessive syllables
was unpleasing
ch.
ii.
to the
Romans.
6.
Hence
nober(est).
25
Hist.
Gram.
18.)
hec
= haec.
1.
cam=novercam, fame,
etc.,
LXXV.
Fourth or
magna
per orbem.
haec
illi
nuc requies
fati,
2.
Maiorinos
3.
nuc = nunc.
LXXVI. Epitaph
Algiers.
440 A.D.
Nouatus
VII
precessit die
kal,
LXXVII. Epitaph
trict of
hie Lucianus
in rude Hexameters,
from the
dis-
cum
amicis amicus
kl,
Zenone
u(iris)
[el,
cons,],
124
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
Annemasse, near Geneva, c. 520 A.D. The sermon is preserved in a papyrus Ms. of the sixth century in the
Bibliotheque Rationale, Paris.
Habeat
hie caelestis cultur reditus suos, legat hie de lacri-
marum
riu[lis]
manepolos gaudiorum,
Exeguetas
;
praesentes
quamuis multum
fruc-
tamen fecundetas
excipetur;
aperitur,
sic refectione
perpetuis;
ilia
pauperis nutriat,
;
haec
fidelis
illic
quid
corporum suppetat pastus, hie mentium quicet quia bene largitio sparserit, hie adunet oratio;
;
ibi
Hospis eram et
col-
me
et
quod
offertur,
benedicat;
quod
instetuit,
sacrificiis,
inuitetur
caedatur in
pascatur in paruolis,
cultur
= cultor;
manepolos
praesentis; mansur
LXXIX. Epitaph
from Spain.
Christ.
te
Rom. n.
loannem Tarraeo
uatem
125
regnum,
morum,
in te modestia tenuit
sanctus
namque
numquam
libramme remeantibus
lustris
rector doctorque prefuisti monacis et populis octiens denos uita peragens feliciter annos,
LXXX. Rude
(C.I.L. vin. 5352.)
Hexameters
A.D.
una
mirabilem operam
nnlhis
malorum
poterit erigere
ualeuit,
Clemens
ipsum,
scanned according to accent and numeration of syllables, but all sense of ' quantity is lost.
lines are
'
The
1, 2.
posticius
= porta
postica.
LXXXI. Epitaph
599 A.D.
in rude Hexameters,
from Dalmatia,
expleto
annorum
circulo quinto
iussit
hnnc
sibi
126
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
ornauit
natis
LXXXII. Epitaph of an Abbot, from Spain, 630 A.D. (Htibner Inscr. Hisp. Christ. 142.)
haec tenet orna
set
tuum uenerandum
simul officium
finis
uitamcue remouit,
piam uixit animamcue locabit, omnibus Ms mox est de flammis tollere flammas,
obiit in p(ace) d,
1.
id,
Mart, era
DCLXVIII,
1.
1.
abbatix
= abbatis.
is
(27.) OTna=urna.
to.
1.
4.
It is
referred
7.
misterium
= mysteri(
orum.
1.
11. uixit
= uemt;
locabit
= locauit.
27.)
LXXXIIL
Church
at
Eavenna, probably in the early part of the seventh cent. A.D. The document is in the Library of
the Earl of Crawford and Balcarres.
127
Anastasius uir honestus Excabiss' huic chartule usufructuariae donationis suprascriptarum sex
integro
supenmminate
Eavennate
totius
supstantie
Theudosiacus
snprascripto
denature,
qui
mi presente
signum sancte crucis ficit et cora nubis ei relicta est, rogatus ab eodem testis suscribsi et de conserbandes omnibus que superius
adscripta
leguntur ad
sancta
presentia prebuit sacramenta et hanc donatione ab eodem predicto lohanne acture prenuminate sancte Eauennati aecclesie
traditam
uidi,
mubile
thario,
= mobili,
sisequae
= seseque,
(
expathario
ecole)
27),
nubis
= coram nobis,
conserbandes
= conservandis.
of the
LXXXIV. Judgment by Thierry III, King French, on a claim, by a woman named Acchildis
against
Amalgarius, of a portion of land, 679-680 A.D. The document is preserved in the Archives Rationales, Paris.
Theudericus rex Francorum, uir inluster,
Cum
dis
Amalgario interpellauit, dum dicerit eo quod porcione sua in uilla Noncobanti Bactilione ualle, quern de parti genetrici
sua Bertane quondam ligebus obuenire debuerat, post se malo
ordene retenirit
;
128
triginta et
Handbook of Latin
uno
inter ipso
Inscriptions.
quondam semper
nostris procerebus
tenuerant
ipsius
Amalgario
fuissit,
iudecatum ut de
sex,
domni
Martine, ubi reliqua sacramenta percurribant, hoc dibirit coniurare quod antedicta terra in predicto loco Bactilione ualle inter ipso Amalgario uel genetore suo G-aeltramno de annus triginta
et
numquam
fuissit,
in palacio nostro
Sed ueniens antedictus Amalgarius ad ipso placito Lusareca uno cum hamedius suos, ipso sacramento iusta quod eidem
fuit
tur, in
quantum
quam
Propteria iobi-
mus
Odinberthus recognouit,
Datum sub
annum
[eliciter],
membra
quiescunt arida,
brebe refulsit
inclita,
129
of the Palace, Denis, property in a place called Curbrius, in the province of Telle, against the claim of Ragana, Abbess of Sept Meules. 750 A.D. of Pepin,
LXXXVI. Judgment
Mayor
St.
The document
Paris.
is
Cum
resedissit
audiendum uel
eo
quern
Ohairebaldus
et
coniux
testa-
mentum ad
Sed
ipsi
legitemus
in presente adistabat
Unde
ris
per
obponere
dibuissit,
Unde
et
de
presente
ipsa
strumenta in
dixit, et postea
quam
pro ipsius
. . .
Eaganam
abbatissa uel
dum
ac causa sic acta uel perpetrata fuit, ipsi Fulradus alba uel
130
Handbook of Latin
Inscriptions.
istrnmentum manus potestadmas ad casa sancti Dionisii condonarnnt contra ipsa Kagane abbatissa nel agentis monastherii sui
Septemolas uel in contra ipsius legitemo seo successoris eorum
habiat euindicatas atque elidiatas et
sit inter eos in
postmodum
Uuinerammis recognouit
et subscripsit,
27), a spelling
which has
;
caused
much
;
drictum
(Fr. droit) uuadio with uu to express the sound of our w, now that Latin v (u) had passed into the sound of our v
;
INDEX.
[NUMBERS REFER TO PAGES.]
Ablative Sing, in -d, 50, 58. 1 sqq., 14 sq., 117 Sec;
and
v, 116.
Accent,
ondary, 15.
Accented Metre, 15, 117. ad and at, 51. ae and e, 115. Aemilius Paulus, Decree
a/, 75.
Breves Breviantes,
of, 57.
c,
Law
of, 48.
the letter, 8
before
e, i,
116.
Aleria, 41.
calecandam, 84.
Capua,
88
sq.
8.
Ancyranum Monumentum,
Apex,
76.
103.
Cerus, 27.
ci
and
ti,
116.
asomfero, 31.
atallam, 103.
Atilius Sarranus, inscr. of, 73 sq.
Columna
Eostrata, 45 sq.
ranum)
Aurilius, 38.
and
tt,
116.
Avitus,
Sermon
of, 126.
d and
131
51.
132
-din Abl. Sing., 50. Dacian Wax-tablet,
Index.
gnatus, 52.
118.
graffiti,
Pompeian
(see Pomp.).
damnas,
danunt,
100.
70.
h, initial,
lengthens by position,
51.
Declension,
Early
Latin,
11
122
Adv.,
76.
Hinnad,
hue, 69.
;
38.
of
lO-stems, Nona.
Sing,
of
(see
Duelonai, 63.
Nominative).
-i(s) for -ius, 37, 93.
Duenos, 20.
duntaxat, 82.
duonus, 40.
Dvenos Bowl,
e,
19.
written for
115.
ei,
and
ae,
k the
t
letter, 9.
ei
and
i,
47, 75.
I
ewos, 25.
for
II
Lases, 25.
/, earliest
form
of letter, 8
for
Law
Gk.
<f>,
116.
Breves)
Faliscan Collegium
inscr. of, 67.
Coquorum,
Accent)
fefaked, 18.
fifeltares, 93.
Lex Repetundarum
(see Rep.)
Luceria
117.
inscr., 56.
before
e, i,
Gnaiuod, 42.
-m,
Index.
Maurte, 34. med, 50. Minerva, 30.
polluctum, 70.
133
Pompeian
graffiti,
111 sqq.
of, 74.
Monumentum
Anc.).
dropped before
s,
f, 52.
33.
necesus, 64.
Neini, inscrr. from, 32, 36, 38.
prop(r}io, 124.
Prosepnai, 30.
pth, 103.
Numasioi,
6
18.
became
16,
u,
when
unaccented,
etc., 17.
quoiei, 77.
35
before ng,
115.
r for
d (see
ar-)
for s (see
84.
Rho-
tacism).
Repetundarum Lex,
res divina, 54.
oppidum, 84.
Optative, 21, 56.
oquoltod, 65.
(see
Romance
Paenultima
tion, 5.
languages, 114.
96.
Law
and
x,
etc., 95.
-s final,
51.
parisuma,
42.
Saeturno-, 29.
Salutus, 36.
partim, 33. Paulus (see Aemilius Paul.). Picenum, inscr. of, 44 sq. Pisaurum, inscrr. of, 44 sq.
Saturnian Metre,
sed, 50.
15.
134
seignum, 37. semunis, 26.
Index.
-urn,
and
116.
Spoletium
sto, 20.
inscr., 53.
vicesma, 33.
Sulla, inscrr. in
honour
of,
92
sq.
Vowel- weakening,
5, 17.
supera, 92.
Syncope,
5,
taxsat, 82.
ted, 50.
(see
Terebonio, 35.
ti
x and
xs for
for ss, 57.
y, 94.
s,
116.
and and
ci, ct,
116.
x, 73.
116
M for o (see
Latin, 116.
o)
and o
in Late
"Srfi
PA 2123
-
Lindsay,
L5
1
897