Statistics Revision 2 Solutions

1(i) Let the random variables X and Y denote the number of cups of coffee and tea sold
in a minute respectively.
Then ) 5 . 1 ( ~
o
P X and ) 5 . 0 ( ~
o
P Y
123 . 0 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( = = = Y P X P (shown)
(ii) Let the random variables ' X and ' Y denote the number of cups of coffee and tea sold
in a minute respectively.
Then ) 5 . 4 ( ~ '
o
P X , ) 5 . 1 ( ~ '
o
P Y and ) 6 ( ~ ' '
o
P Y X +
285 . 0 ) 4 ' ' ( ) 5 ' ' ( = + = < + Y X P Y X P (shown)
(iii) ) 2 ( ~
o
P Y X +
( P exactly 3 cups are sold in one minute) 180 . 0 ) 3 ( = = + = Y X P
P ( 3 cups of coffee and 0 cups of tea are sold in one minute)
076 . 0 ) 0 ( ) 3 ( = = = = Y P X P
P ( all drinks sold in one minute are coffee | exactly 3 drinks were sold in one minute)
421 . 0
18 . 0
076 . 0
= = (shown)

2. , 12 ( ~ B X 0.8)

2 . 0 2 . 0
8 . 0 6 . 9
) 2 . 0 )( 1 (
) 8 . 0 )( 12 (
) 1 (
) (
) (
) 1 (
+

=
+

=
+

=
=
+ =
r
r
r
r
q
p
r
r n
r X P
r X P

>
=
+ =
1
) (
) 1 (
r X P
r X P
, 1
2 . 0 2 . 0
8 . 0 6 . 9
>
+

r
r
ie 4 . 9 < r
Hence, ) 1 ( ) 0 ( ... )......... 8 ( ) 9 ( ) 10 ( = > = > = > = X P X P X P X P
<
=
+ =
1
) (
) 1 (
r X P
r X P
, 1
2 . 0 2 . 0
8 . 0 6 . 9
<
+

r
r
ie 4 . 9 > r
Hence, ) 2 ( ) 10 ( ) 11 ( ) 12 ( = < = < = X P X P X P
Reconciling (1) and (2) gives most probable value 10 = people (shown)

3. 4 . 3 ( ~
o
P X )

1
4 . 3
1 ) (
) 1 (
+
=
+
=
=
+ =
r r r X P
r X P

, 1
1
4 . 3
1
) (
) 1 (
>
+
>
=
+ =
r r X P
r X P
ie 4 . 2 < r
Hence, ) 1 ( ) 0 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( = > = > = > = X P X P X P X P
, 1
1
4 . 3
1
) (
) 1 (
<
+
<
=
+ =
r r X P
r X P
ie 4 . 2 > r
Hence, ) 2 ( ...... .......... ) 5 ( ) 4 ( ) 3 ( > = > = > = X P X P X P
Reconciling (1) and (2) gives most probable value of 3 = X (shown)

4(i) Let the random variable X denote the number of broken eggs in a box of 500.
Then , 500 ( ~ B X 0.008)
196 . 0 ) 3 ( = = X P (shown)
(ii) P ( a single box containing no broken eggs) 018 . 0 ) 0 ( = = = X P
Let the random variable Y denote the number of boxes( out of 100) which contain no
broken eggs.
Then , 100 ( ~ B Y 0.018)
072 . 0 ) 4 ( = = Y P (shown)

5. Let the random variables X and Y denote the mass of sugar in 1kg and 0.5kg labelled bags
respectively.
Then , 1005 ( ~ N X ) 2
2
and , 505 ( ~ N Y ) 2
2

(i) 00621 . 0 ) 1000 ( = < X P (shown)
(ii) , 1010 ( ~
2 1
N Y Y + 8)
( )
4
2 1
10 035 . 2 1000

= < +Y Y P (shown)
(iii) , 5 ( ~
2 1
N X Y Y + 12)
( ) ( ) 926 . 0 0
2 1 2 1
= > + = > + X Y Y P X Y Y P (shown)
, 10050 ( ~ ..........
10 2 1
N X X X X
g
+ + + = 40)
( ) ( ) 25 . 0 75 . 0 = < = > m X P m X P
g g

25 . 0
40
10050
=
|
|

\
|
<
m
Z P
734 . 10045 674 . 0 ) 25 . 0 (
40
10050
= = =

m invNorm
m
(shown)

6 (i) Let the random variables X and Y denote the examination marks obtained by boys and
girls respectively.
Then , 55 ( ~ N X ) 11
2
and , 58 ( ~ N Y ) 8
2

, 3 ( ~ N X Y 185)
587 . 0 ) 0 ( ) ( = > = > X Y P X Y P (shown)
(ii) 106 . 0 ) 20 ( = X Y P (shown)
(iii) ( ) 151 . 0 ) 20 ( 20 ) 20 ( = < + > = > X Y P X Y P X Y P (shown)
(iv)
|

\
|
= + =
+ +
25 . 46 8
4
1
11
4
1
, 5 . 56
2
58 55
~
2
2 2
N
Y X

024 . 0 70
2
=
|

\
|
>
+ Y X
P (shown)
(v) , 52 2 55 58 ( ~ 2 = N X Y ) 548 4 11 8
2 2
= +
013 . 0 ) 0 2 ( ) 2 ( = = X Y P X Y P (shown)

7(i) Let the random variable X denote the weight of a person.
Then , 70 ( ~ N X ), 10
2

, 280 ( ~
4 3 2 1
N X X X X T + + + =

) 400


159 . 0 ) 300 ( = > T P (shown)
(ii) 309 . 0 ) 75 ( ) 300 4 ( ) 300 3 ( = > = > = > + X P X P X X P (shown)

8. ( P getting a 7 from a single throw of a pair of dice)
( P = combination is 6,1) + ( P combination is 5, 2) + ( P combination is 4, 3)

6
1
6
1
6
1
2
6
1
6
1
2
6
1
6
1
2 =
|

\
|
|

\
|
+
|

\
|
|

\
|
+
|

\
|
|

\
|
=
Let the random variable X denote the number of 7s obtained in 100 throw of a pair of dice.
Then , 100 ( ~ B X

)
6
1

Since , 5
6
100
> = np 5
6
500
> = nq and 100 = n is large,
,
6
100
( ~ N X

)
9
125
approx and 0089 . 0 ) 5 . 25 ( ) 25 ( = > = > X P X P (shown)
(Note that a direct utilisation of the original binomial distribution without any approximation
to solve for the required probability is also acceptable.)
Let the number of tosses be n
Then we have 9 . 0
6
5
1 9 . 0
6
1
1 1
|

\
|

|

\
|

n n

63 . 12
6
5
ln
) 1 . 0 ln(
1 . 0
6
5
=
|

\
|
|

\
|
n
n
, ie 13 = n since it is discrete (shown)

9. Let the random variable X denote the number of forms used in a year.
Then , 250 ( ~ B X

)
3
1

Since , 5
3
250
> = np 5
3
500
> = nq and 250 = n is large,
)
9
500
,
3
250
( ~ N X approx
95 . 0
9
500
3
250
5 . 0
95 . 0 ) 5 . 0 ( 95 . 0 ) ( =
|
|
|
|

\
|

< = < = <
n
Z P n X P n X P
1 . 96 645 . 1 ) 95 . 0 (
9
500
3
250
5 . 0
= = =

n invNorm
n

Hence, 97 forms must be kept till ensure the 95% probability criteria is met. (shown)
(Note that rounding down to 96 would instead give a probability of less than 95% which is
unacceptable)
Let the random variableY denote the number of unusable forms present in a batch of 250.
Then , 250 ( ~ B Y

)
100
1

286 . 0 ) 1 ( = Y P (shown)

10 (i) Let the random variable X denote the number of particles produced via radioactive
disintegration in a one second interval
Then ) 69 ( ~
o
P X
Since 10 69 > = , , 69 ( ~ N X ) 69 approx
) 5 . 59 ( ) 60 ( < = < X P X P 126 . 0 =
(ii) Redefining X

as the number of particles produced in a 2 second interval,
Then ) 138 2 69 ( ~ =
o
P X
144 . 0 ) 5 . 150 ( ) 150 ( = > = < X P X P (shown)
(iii) Redefining X

as the number of particles produced in a 10 second interval,
Then ) 690 10 69 ( ~ =
o
P X
345 . 0 ) 5 . 700 ( ) 700 ( = > = > X P X P (shown)

11. Let the random variable X denote the sample mean value of size 15.
Then
|
|

\
|
=
15
16
15
4
, 60 ~
2
N X
0264 . 0 ) 58 ( = < X P (shown)
(Note that CLT is not used because the distribution involved was originally normal.)
947 . 0 ) 62 58 ( = < < X P
Expected Number of samples with means lying between 58 and 62
95 7 . 94 ) 947 . 0 ( 100 = = (shown)

12 (i) Let the random variable X denote the weight of a chocolate.
Then , 10 ( ~ N X 4)
197 . 0 ) 5 . 10 5 . 9 ( = < < X P (shown)
(ii) , 250 ( ~ ..... ..........
25 3 2 1
N X X X X T + + + + = 100)
236 . 0 ) 253 247 ( = < < T P (shown)
(iii) Let the random variable X denote the average weight of chocolates in a box.
Then
|

\
|
25
4
, 10 ~ N X and 197 . 0 ) 1 . 10 9 . 9 ( = < < X P (shown)

13.
|

\
|
n
N X
36
, 74 ~
( ) ( ) 146 . 0
36
74 72
146 . 0 72 854 . 0 72 =
|
|
|
|

\
|

< = < = >

n
X P X P X P
10 054 . 1 ) 146 . 0 (
36
74 72
= = =

n InvNorm
n
(shown)
14.(i) Since sample size 30 = n is large, by CLT,
|

\
|
30
5 . 4
, 5 . 4 ~ N X approx.
0984 . 0 ) 5 ( = > X P (shown)
(ii) Since sample size 30 = n is large, by CLT,
|

\
|
30
25 . 2
, 5 . 4 ~ N X approx.
0339 . 0 ) 5 ( = > X P (shown)

15. Let the random variable X denote the amount in a packet of the first drink.
Since 36 = n is large, by CLT,
, 7200 200 36 ( ~ ..... ..........
36 3 2 1
= + + + + = N X X X X T

) 8100 15 36
2
= approx.
987 . 0 ) 7000 ( = > T P (shown)
Let the random variableY denote the amount in a packet of the second drink.
Since 50 = n is large for both batches of drinks, by CLT,
, 10000 200 50 ( ~ ..... ..........
50 3 2 1 1
= + + + + = N X X X X T ) 11250 15 50
2
= approx
, 10000 200 50 ( ~ ........ ..........
50 3 2 1 2
= + + + + = N Y Y Y Y T ) 20000 20 50
2
= approx
and , 0 ( ~
2 1
N T T D = ) 31250
572 . 0 ) 100 ( ) 100 ( ) 100 | (| = < + > = > D P D P D P (shown)

16. Let the random variable X denote the number of sixes obtained in the throwing of 10 dice.
Then )
6
1
, 10 ( ~ B X ;
3
5
) ( = X E and
18
25
) ( = X Var
Since 50 = n is large, by CLT,

|
|
|
|

\
|
=
|

\
|
36
1
50
18
25
,
3
5
~ N X approx and 977 . 0 ) 2 ( = < X P (shown)

17 (a)(i) |

\
|
>

=
3
1
10
i
i
X P
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 5 5 5
! 2
! 3
2 5 5
3 2 1 3 2 1
= = = + = = = = X P X P X P X P X P X P
( ) 54 . 0 6 . 0 ) 3 )( 3 . 0 )( 6 . 0 )( 6 . 0 (
3
= + = (shown)
(Note that permutation is involved in the computing process)
(ii) Since 100 = n is large, by CLT,
, 360 ( ~
100
1
N X
i
i
=
) 324 approx and 711 . 0 350
100
1
= |

\
|
>

= i
i
X P (shown)
(b) Since 100 = n and 200 are large for both separate sets of observations, by CLT,
)
100
24 . 3
, 6 . 3 ( ~ 100 N X approx. , )
200
24 . 3
, 6 . 3 ( ~ 200 N X approx
and , 6 . 3 6 . 3 6 . 3 2 ( ~ 2 200 100 = N X X ) 1458 . 0
200
24 . 3
100
24 . 3
2
2
= +
( ) ( ) 996 . 0 6 . 4 2 6 . 4 2 200 100 200 100 = < = + < X X P X X P (shown)
18. Unbiased estimate of population mean 14 . 1 = =

n
x
(shown)
Unbiased estimate of population variance
( )
082 . 0
1
1
2
2
=
(
(

=


n
x
x
n
(shown)
19. Unbiased estimate of population mean 1189
10
1890
1000 = + = (shown)
Unbiased estimate of population variance
( )
( )
8 . 537
) 1000 (
1000
1
1
2
2
=
(
(

=


n
x
x
n
i
i
(shown)

20. To test: 5 . 1506 :
0
= H 5 . 1506 :
1
> H level of significance: 5%
, 8 . 1506 = x ; 11 = n by the GC(Z-test) , 05 . 0 10 52 . 2
10
< =

p
Hence,
0
H is rejected and there is sufficient evidence at the 5% level that the machine is
providing overweight bags. (shown)

21. To test: 6 :
0
= H 6 :
1
H level of significance: 5%
If
0
H is to be accepted at the 5% level, then
) 025 . 0 (
50
8 . 0
6
) 025 . 0 ( invNorm
x
Z invNorm <
|
|

\
|

= <
222 . 6 778 . 5 96 . 1
50
8 . 0
6
96 . 1 < < <
|
|

\
|

< x
x
(shown)
(Note: the above inequality is formulated by looking at the bell curve below: )

, 0 ( ~ N Z 1)

Area= 0.025 Acceptance Area=0.025
Region

) 025 . 0 ( invNorm ) 025 . 0 ( invNorm
Test statistic Z must lie in this acceptance region


22. To test: 2000 :
0
= H 2000 :
1
< H level of significance: 2%
Sample mean x 75 . 1996
64
108
2000 = =
Unbiased estimate of population variance
( )
( )
111 . 1
) 2000 (
2000
1
1
2
2
=
(
(

=


n
x
x
n

by the GC(Z-test) , 05 . 0 0 < = p
(Note that actual p value is so small that the GC has interpreted it to be approximately zero)
Hence,
0
H is rejected and there is sufficient evidence at the 2% level that the manufacturer is
over-estimating the average length of his light bulbs. (shown)

23. To test: 65 :
0
= H 65 :
1
> H
Since
0
H is accepted if 5 . 66 x and rejected if , 5 . 66 > x then
006 . 0 ) 5 . 2 (
100
36
65 5 . 66
= > =
|
|
|
|

\
|

> = Z P Z P
Level of significance is %. 6 . 0 (shown)

24(a) For every year that passes, the child will grow taller by 6cm. (shown)
(b) No, it would not make sense since it implies that an infant at the time of her birth would
be 80cm tall. (shown)
(c) For an American female at 8 years old, 128 ) 8 ( 6 80 = + = y cm (shown)
Such an interpretation would be valid since the age of 8 years falls within the
regression analysis range.

For an American female at 25 years old, 230 ) 25 ( 6 80 = + = y cm (shown)
Such an interpretation would be invalid since the age of 25 years is an extrapolated
estimation, and in this particular context, it is not reasonable to assume an American female
would grow linearly with age indefinitely. (shown)

25 (a)

(b) By the GC, regression line of y on x is 142 . 0 389 . 0 = x y (shown)
When , 60 = x C y

= = 2 . 23 142 . 0 ) 60 ( 389 . 0 (shown)
(c) (i) t x t
x
60
60
= = ; 142 . 0 36 . 23 142 . 0 ) 60 ( 389 . 0 = = t t y (shown)
(ii) ; 273 273 = + = z y y z 142 . 0 389 . 0 273 = x z
x z 389 . 0 86 . 272 + = (shown)
(d) When temperature is measured at fixed time intervals, it is obvious that time is the dependent
variable while temperature assumes the independent variable role; hence obtaining the
regression line of y on x would be more sensible.
Should time be measured against predetermined temperature levels, then the regression line of
x on y would be appropriate since the independent/dependent variable roles are now reversed.
(shown)

26 (i) By the GC, regression line of T on V is 874 . 0 = T 69 . 27 + V (shown)
(ii) When , 60 = V 13 . 80 69 . 27 ) 60 ( 874 . 0 = + = T km/hr (shown)
(iii) Let the random error in T be described by , 0 ( ~ N E 16), then for , 60 = V required probability
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(
D
e
g
r
e
e

C
e
l
c
i
u
s
)
Time (Min)
0329 . 0 ) 87 . 10 ( ) 13 . 80 91 ( = > = > = E P E P (shown)
27 (i)

= , 56 u

= , 69 u , 560
2
=

u , 887
2
=

v 704 =

uv

( )
315 . 1
8
56
560
8
) 69 )( 56 (
704
2 2
2
=

n
u
u
n
v u
uv
b
Using ), ( u u b v v = we have
583 . 0 315 . 1 )
8
56
( 315 . 1
8
69
= = u v u v (shown)
Hence, equation of regression line of y on x is
387 . 2268 315 . 1 583 . 0 ) 1971 ( 32 . 1 325 = = x y x y (shown)
(ii)
( ) ( )
998 . 0
8
69
887
8
56
560
8
) 69 )( 56 (
704
2 2
2
2
2
2
=

n
v
v
n
u
u
n
v u
uv
r (shown)
(iii) (a) When , 1974 = x 327 387 . 2268 ) 1974 ( 315 . 1 = = y (shown)
(b) When , 1974 = x 346 387 . 2268 ) 1988 ( 315 . 1 = = y (shown)

28 (i) The product moment correlation coefficient output as given by the GC based on the
data table is moderately weak ( 545 . 0 = r ); hence finding the regression line of y on x
is not too suitable. (shown)
(ii) The product moment correlation coefficient output as given by the GC based on the
data table is very strong ( 982 . 0 = r ); also it is observed that the number of words defined
correctly by a child depends on his/her age ( ie x is independent variable, y is dependent
variable), therefore finding the regression line of y on x is definitely suitable. (shown)

(iii) The equation of the regression line of y ln on x ln is given by x y ln 953 . 1 240 . 0 ln + =
(shown)

29(i)

(ii) Model (a) would be more appropriate as the scatter diagram above reflects
a rather obvious inverse relationship between the two variables. (shown)






0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
l
n
y
lnx
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
T
I
m
e

t
o

r
u
p
t
u
r
e
,

t
Stress, X