Assess the claim that globalisation has accelerated organised crime.

Evaluate or estimate the nature, ability and quality of. Define globalisation scale, speed, cognition increasing linkages, renegotiation of sociocultural and economic boundaries coalescence of cultures (Findlay 2000:8), process dominated by western values and culture neoliberal ideology. Compression of time and space. Late 20th and 21st century. Snyder 2002:3) Marfleet and Kiely (1998:3) Define organised crime crime violation of any law either divine or human. Aggravated offence against human morality or welfare. Define the link between the two. How has globalisation accelerated? What was it like before? Case studies Notes Advantage of fast moving technological advances such as travel or migration, the internet, and the freedom of circulation and establishment of global markets make the globe a small place of activity and begetting crime. (mwan 1) Certain crimes and perpetrators permeate borders How states can deal with global crime globalisation strategies such as multinational agreements (mwan 1) Global crime accentuating character in most nations occurring across frontiers. Exmaples drug trafficking, weapons trafficking, human trafficking, Money laundering, corruption, violent crimes including terrorism, war crimes, cyber crimes. Eduardo 2002 virulent synergy between globalisation and organised crime By understanding how effects of globalisation aid transnational crime better placed to mitigate negative effects, international legal cooperation. Organised crime major economic power $1.5 trillion influence. Globalisation creates new and exciting opportunities, and among the most enterprising and opportunistic are the globes criminals. (HDR 1999:43) Money laundering money flows to countries with less stringent control. Improvements in liquidity of financial markets, new trading opportunities, internet and increased travel links allows transactions to be spread across a greater number of jurisdictions. Negatives corrupt financial systems, erodes public confidence, distorts competition, jeopardizes free, legitimate business with deleterious socio-political consequences. Interlinked nature money laundering necessary consequence of drug trafficking. (mwanza 7,Eduardo) Human trafficking fastest growing branch organized crime. Terrorism establishment of global transport network, global media aided by internet access, satellite television, modern technological advances in weaponry, international funding. (Bequai 2002) Findlay 2000 59-73 falling frontiers between states brought about by increased migration, instantaneous cyber and audio-visual communication and freedom of circulation facilitate

easier communication. Bettered transport links. Easier for people to travel and communicate rapid development of travel, global networks, electronic commerce and the information economy. Findlay transnational crime as a market condition resulting from the internationalisation of capital, the generalisation of consumerism and unification of economies that are in a state of imbalance (59) Crime is an economic choice globalisation of capital from money to electronic transfers of credit, information technology and the seemingly limitless expanse of immediate and instantaneous global markets have enabled the transformation of crime beyond people, places, and even beyond victims Globalisation of markets is outpacing regulation Global integration is proceeding at breakneck speed but the process is uneven and unbalanced , with uneven participation of countries and people in the expanding opportunities of globalisation. Process which concentrates power and marginalizes the poor. George 1999 current corporate driven neoliberal globalisation results in increasing inequalities between rich and poor less developed state institutions and economies will create own means to survive through crime. Positive relationship between poverty and crime. Globalisation excludes segments of economies and societies from the networks of information available to the dominant society. Unemployment, alienation, desperation (mwanza 13) Local problems transcend borders. Terrorism , drug trade, weapons trade. It is evident from Findlays (2000, 6-19) writings that the globalisation of markets has profoundly transformed the structures of employment, distribution of wealth and consumption through modernization, development and urbanization. Internationalisation of crime requires global solutions implementation of standards and law enforcement mechanisms that would impede transnational crime. Multinational agreements led by UN Transnational organized crime responds to market incentives but outside the structures of legitimate authority and power ( mitt 104) Sue Strange The emergence of transnational organized crime is the major threat to the world system today 121 UN Secretary General Boutros Ghai transnational crime is a universal force that scoffs at frontiersand takes advantage of new technologies to insinuate itself insidiously into the machinery of national economies Hyper-competition, acceleration of economic and technological processes providing heightened uncertainty and insecurity. Reduces state autonomy (mitt 108) and accelerates cross border flows. The rise of transnational crime is spurred by technological innovation, advances in transportation especially airlines, improvements and the expansion of communication networks internet, satellite, fibre optics increased mobility for people, contraband and illicit goods.(mitt 110) Embrace easier access to wider markets that globalization provides (mitt 110) Increased networking opportunities with other crime syndicates (mitt110) Global cities are the main loci of transnational criminal organizations (mit 112) Technological, financial and transport hub. (mitt 112)

Cyber crimes exploit vulnerabilities in electronic infrastructure theft, blackmail, extortion. Cripple state capacity Deregulation creates more space for illegal activity Cross border alliances Colombian Cartels work with Russian organizations to open heroin and cocaine markets in eastern Europe Colombians supply the product and the Russians distribute Traditional notions of territorial jurisdiction is being brought into question (mitt 115) Mitt globalisation characterised by social disintegration (mitt 116). Dependency ideas courtesan states which provide services and are marginalized in a globalised world system East Asia and prostitution - foregoes state protection of women and children in favour of global market forces. Mitt 117 Globalisation decreased expenditure in social sector void which lucrative global crime fulfils. (mitt 118) Transnational crime embodies both globalisation and counter-globalisation. (mitt 122)