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The first missionaries were introduced the art of printing to some talented Filipinos.

Thus, the first books in the country were those printed and published only in the Spanish times. . What were these books? 1.) In 1593, Doctrina Cristiana, the first religious book , was published in the Philippines through a xylograph. Padre Juan de Plasencia, O.P. and Padre Domingo de Nievo, O.P. authored the book, which contained Pater Noster, Ave Maria, Credo, Regina Caeli, The Ten Commandments, The Seven Mortal Sins, Confession and Catechism. The book was written in Spanish and Tagalog. Juan de Vera, a Filipino Chinese mestizo printed Doctrina Christiana in Tagalog. 2.) Nuestra Seora del Rosario , the second book published in 1602 was written in Tagalog by a Dominican Padre Blancas de San Jose, who also introduced typography. This contained the a few known saints biographies, novenas, and responses to frequently asked questions on religion. (Panganiban, 1987). Lerning Tagalog easily, Blancas printed another book, Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala in 1610 with the help of Tomas Pinpin, who became known as the Prince of Filipino Printers. Under the direction of Blancas de San Jose, Pinpin authored a book on that same year: Librong Pagaaralan nang manga Tagalog nang uicang Castilla.(Agoncillo, 1960)

3.) In 1703 and 1712, Padre Antonio de Borja translated the first novel in Filipino, and Padre Augustin Mejia in Ilokano. The novel was originally written in Greek and was based on a Bible story. This was Barlaan at Josaphat. 4.) Pasyon, which is sung during the celebration of Mahal na Araw (Holy Week) was written in Tagalog by: Gaspar Aquino de Belen in 1704, Don Luis Guian in 1750, Padre Mariano Pilapil in 1814, and Padre Ancieto dela Merced in 1856. According to critics, dela Merceds version of Pasyon is the most well-written among the four. It consisted of 8 syllables in each stanza: Iyong itulot sa amin Diyos amang maawain Mangyaring aming dalhin Hirap sakit at hilahil Ng Ama naming giliw. 5.) Urbana at Felisa , written by Padre Modesto de Castro in the 19th century, was considered as one of the most popular and well-read book during the Spanish regime. Urbana at Felisa is composed of a collection of letters (34 letters) or correspondence between the siblings. Urbana, the younger sister is studying in one of the colleges in Manila while Felisa remained in the province. In the letters Felisa sends to her sister, she advises the right and proper way of conducting herself, and in accordance with the Christian teaching: Sa Katungkulan sa Bayan Sa Pagpasok sa Paaralan Ang Pakikipagkaibigan

Sa Pakikipagkapwa Tao Ang Salitaan Paglagay sa Estado 6.) In 1865, Padre Mariano Sevilla, a Filipino priest from Tundo wrote Flores de Mayo.This is based on Italian Mazzanellis Misa de Magggio or Buwan ng Mayo . Ang mgaDalit Kay Maria are made up of songs praising and honoring the Mary, Virgin Mother. It became customary to sing these during processions every month of May in different places in the Philippines, such as Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Cavite, Batangas and Quezon.

Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Espanola Y Tagala corregida Reglos por Los Religiosos de las Ordenes Impressa con Licencia en (San) Gabriel de las Orden de (Santo) Domingo. En Manila, 1593.

In English Language: Christian Doctrine in Spanish and Tagalog Language, with correct rules for the Religious Order. Printed with License (Imprimatur) in Saint Gabriel of the Holy Dominican Order. In Manila, 1593. There is some controversy about which of the versions is the first book of the Spanish Philippines, with some scholars believing that the Chinese language version titled Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua China (Wuchi tien-chu cheng-chiao chen-chuan shih-lu) by Fray Miguel de Benavides, O.P was printed in 1590 to 1592 by the Chinese printer Keng Yong in Manila before the Spanish and Tagalog versions. One of the earliest references to both versions come from Gmez Prez Dasmarias, the seventh governorgeneral of the Philippines, who wrote a letter to Philip II of Spain on June 20, 1593, that read:

DOCTRINA CHRISTIANA
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Doctrina Christiana was an early book of Roman Catholic Catechism, written by Fray Juan de Plasencia, and is believed to be one of the earliest books printed in the Philippines, in the year 1593.[1] The Doctrina Christiana is remarkable not only for having been printed at such an early age in a elaborated Gothic font of the Spanish language, but also for having copies made in Tagalog versions, both in Latin script and the commonly used Baybayin script of the natives at the time, plus another translation made in traditional Chinese language. In Pre-Spanish Language Frontal Text:

Sire, in the name of Your Majesty, I have for this once, because of the existing great need, granted a license for the printing of the Doctrinas Christianas, herewith enclosedone in the Tagalog language, which is the native and best of these islands, and the other in Chinesefrom which I hope great benefits will result in the conversion and instruction of the peoples of both nations; and because the lands of the Indies are on a larger scale in everything and things more expensive, I have set the price of them at four reales a piece, until Your Majesty is pleased to decree in full what is to be done.[2]

Literally translated from Spanish as Christian Doctrine the primary goal of the book was to propagate the Christian teachings across the Philippines archipelago. Common Catholic vocal prayers were all included in the book. After a syllabary comes the Pater Noster, followed by the Ave Maria, Credo, Salve Regina, Articles of Faith, Ten Commandments, Commandments of the Holy Church, Sacraments of the Holy Church, Seven Mortal Sins, Fourteen Works of Charity, Confession and Catechism. Missionary fathers placed the Doctrina among the books necessary to have in print in foreign lands. As such, the Filipino book is similar to the one printed in Mexico in 1539 in Spanish and local Mexican vernacular, followed by St. Francis Xaviers "Doutrina Christo" in Malay language printed by the Jesuit press at Goa, in India, in 1557. Another Doctrina was printed in Spanish and the native languages at Lima in 1584. Physical characteristics The book was printed on paper made from the paper mulberry.[3] The size of the volume, which is unbound, is 9 by 7 inches, although individual leaves vary somewhat due to chipping. Some of the leaves have become separated from their complements, but enough remain in the original stitching to indicate that

Contents of the book The book consists of thirty-eight leaves and seventy-four pages of text in Spanish, Tagalog transliterated into roman letters, and Tagalog in Tagalog characters (Baybayin Script), under a woodcut of St. Dominic, with the verso originally blank, although in contemporary versions bears the manuscript inscription, "Tassada en dos reales", signed Juan de Cuellar.

the book was originally made up in four gatherings, the first of twelve leaves, the second of ten, the third of ten, and the fourth of six. Although the book is of the size called quarto, the method of printing must have been page by page, so it is doubtful that each sheet was folded twice in the usual quarto manner, but more probable that it was printed four pages to a sheet of paper approximately 9 by 14 inches, which was folded once. The volume was printed using the xylographic technique, printing each page of text from one hand-carved wood block. Vertical lines long the inner margins of some pages were made by the inked edge of the block, and the grain of the wood appears as striations throughout the printed areas. Printed copies in existence Apart from the copy that may be found at the Library of Congress in Washington, DC, there aren't any other known copies in existence today. Both the quality of the paper, passing of time, natural agents and destructive events, such as earthquakes and fires all contributed to the disappearance of most printed copies. The only known existing copies of early Philippine books are those that were sent to Europe during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuriesso there may

be additional copies uncatalogued in some library. Such was the case for the copy sent to the King of Spain Philip II by the Governor of the Philippines in 1593. This is believed to be the same copy that reappeared in 1946 in the possession of a Paris bookseller and collector who specialized in Pacific imprints. William H. Schab, a New York dealer, purchased the book from him and took it to the United States, where he resold it to Lessing J. Rosenwald, who in turn presented it to the Library of Congress, where it remains. The only known surviving copy of the Chinese version is at the Biblioteca Nacional in Madrid.

SENAKULO
The Senakulo (from the Spanish cenaculo) is a Lenten play that depicts events from the Old and New Testaments related to the life, sufferings, and death of Christ. The senakulo is traditionally performed on a proscenium-type stage with painted cloth or paper backdrops that are called telon. It takes at least eight nights - from Palm Sunday to Easter Sunday to present the play. Christ is presented traditionally as meek and masochistic, submitting lamblike to his fate in obedience to authority.

Versions In urban areas, there are modernized versions of the senakulo that run for only one or two hours. They may be presented in different types of venues: on the traditional stage, on the streets, in a chapel, in a large room, or out in the open. Comedy, courtship, and special effects may be incorporated. Furthermore, modern senakulos tend to focus not on Christs submissiveness, but on his reason and resolve in courageously standing up for the downtrodden against their oppressors, perhaps suggesting how current problems may be resolved. Street senakulos is another form of penance where the people are walking with the procession. People near the church wait eagerly to witness the reenactment. Locals act as Roman soldiers with their menacingly painted masks and armors, pounding on doors to search for Jesus. Most anticipated among the episodes are the judgment of Jesus, the Crucifixion and His Seven Last Words. Spectators may range from devotees to the merely curious. For some, it is the time to reflect on the life of Jesus, while others take it as a chance to spend time with family and friends. The routine of the reenactment has not changed, but its presentation is infused

with a fresh flavor to reach the modernworld absorbed consciousness of the new generation.

Salubong is an Easter Sunday predawn ritual that reenacts the Risen Christ's meeting with His mother. It is performed in the churchyard under a specially prepared arch where the veiled image of the Virgin Mary has been placed. A child dressed as an angel is lowered by ropes from a high platform to lift the mourning veil of the grieving Mother. The church bells are rung, and there is a procession of the images of Christ and his mother that ends up inside the church. The participants in the procession are segregated by gender. The men and boys follow the image of Jesus Christ, while women and girls follow the image of Mary. The procession ends with the two groups meeting in the church, where Mass is said.

Panuluyan or Panunuluyan (
Tagalog for "asking for lodgings") is a Philippine Christmas dramatic ritual narrating the Holy Family's search for a place to stay in Bethlehem for Jesus Christ's birth through song. Origin The panunuluyan originated from the Mexican nine-day Christmas ritual called posadas. The only difference

between the two is that the panunuluyan only takes place over one night. Mexican sailors from the galleons during Spanish colonization probably brought the custom to Tagalog and Bicol towns. The ritual The panunuluyan is held on Christmas Eve. The procession begins with the images of St. Joseph and the Virgin Mary on floats being wheeled out of the church courtyard at about seven in the evening. Two singers vocalize the two parts, accompanied by musicians. They stop at three or four homes throughout the barrio or town, which represent different inns or houses in Bethlehem. At each, they plead for lodging in song. The singers representing the house owners or innkeepers all refuse to provide lodgings and give various reasons. One sings that his house is overflowing with guests; a couple may claim to be too poor to take them in; another person gives the excuse that the real owner is out; another argues that it is unsafe to let in strangers at night. The ritual ends towards midnight, at the church where the midnight Mass is about to begin. At the singing of the "Gloria" the nativity scene is unveiled at the altar.

the Palacio de la Zarzuela near Madrid, where, allegedly, this type of entertainment was first presented to the court.[1] The palace was named after the place called "La Zarzuela" because of the profusion of brambles (zarzas) that grew there, and so the festivities held within the walls became known as "Zarzuelas". There are two main forms of zarzuela: Baroque zarzuela (c.1630 1750), the earliest style, and Romantic zarzuela (c.18501950), which can be further divided into two. Main sub-genres are gnero grande and gnero chico, although other sub-divisions exist. Zarzuela spread to the Spanish colonies, and many Hispanic countries notably Cuba developed their own traditions. There is also a strong tradition in the Philippines where it is also known as sarswela/sarsuela.[2] Other regional and linguistic variants in Spain include the Basquezartzuela and the Catalan sarsuela. A masque-like musical theatre had existed in Spain since the time of Juan del Encina. The zarzuela genre was innovative in giving a dramatic function to the musical numbers, which were integrated into the argument of the work. Dances and choruses were incorporated

Zarzuela (Spanish
pronunciation: [arwela]) is a Spanish lyric-dramatic genre that alternates between spoken and sung scenes, the latter incorporating operatic and popular song, as well as dance. The etymology of the name is not totally certain, but some propose it may derive from the name of a Royal hunting lodge,

as well as solo and ensemble numbers, all to orchestral accompaniment.

Moro-moro (Comedia) is a play that


became popular in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period. It depicted battles between Christians and Moros-as Muslims in the Philippines are popularly known-with the Moros as the perpetual villains who always lost to the Christians in the end. Moros y Cristianos (Spanish: [moos i kistjanos]) or Moros i Cristians (Valencian: [moz i kistians]) literally in English Moors and Christians, is a set of festival activities which are celebrated in many towns and cities of Spain, mainly in the southern Valencian Community; according to popular tradition the festivals commemorate the battles, combats and fights between Moors (or Muslims) and Christians during the period known asReconquista (from the 8th century through the 15th century). The festivals represent the capture of the city by the Moors and the subsequent Christian reconquest. The people that take part in the festival are usually enlisted in filaes or comparsas (companies that represent the Christian or Moor legions),

and for several days, they parade with bombastic costumes loosely inspired by Medieval fashion. Christians wear fur, metallic helmets, and armor, fire loud arquebuses, and ride horses. In contrast, Moors wear ancient Arab costumes, carry scimitars, and ride real camels or elephants. The festival develops among shots of gunpowder, medieval music, and fireworks, and ends with the Christians winning a simulated battle around a castle. The most well-known Moors and Christians festival takes place in Alcoi (Valencian Community) from 22 to 24 April, around the Feast Day of Saint George (Catalan: Sant Jordi, Spanish: San Jorge). According to legend, after James I of Aragon reconquered the city of Alcoi, the Moors, in turn, tried to recover it shortly after. But, when they were about to start the battle again, Saint George miraculously appeared to the Moors, who were frightened away. Other remarkable Moors and Christians festivals are celebrated in the towns of Bocairent (Medieval town 15 February), La Vila Joiosa (with its desembarc), Villena with approximately 12,000 participants (most crowded festival), Biar, Cocentaina, Crevillent, El Campello, Elda, Muro d'Alcoi, Oliva (third weekend in

July), Ontinyent, Orihuela, Petrer, Pollen a and some districts of Alicante city. The most ancient festival is celebrated in Cocentaina (nowadays in the Alicante province, but then was part of the Kingdom of Valencia), dated from 1586. There are also very interesting Moors and Christians performances in Andalusia, especially in regions that were formerly part of the Moorish kingdom of Granada. Unlike the Moors and Christians pageants from Levante, the focus is here on the versed dialogues between the main contenders. Performances are mostly organized in rural towns and villages, such as Vlor, Granada, a small pueblo in the EasternAlpujarras. A version of this festival survives in the Philippines in the form of the moromoro play, staged during fiestas. The show begins with a parade of stars in their colorful costumes. Actors playing Christians wear blue costumes while those playing Moors wear red costumes and are fully ornamented.

To tourists or non-ilokanos hearing dung-aw, it sounds like a phrase that is more sang than spoken. It usually peaks to a crescendo of discordant shouting then tapers of to melodic whimpering. The Tradition of Dung-aw What others dont know is that dung-aw is the ultimate ilocano show of emotion. Ilocanos are very stoic people. They take each blow that life brings stonefaced and unfazed. Be it poverty, sudden crashes of fortune or simply the hardship of daily labouring; Ilocanos are the goats that take in everything, saving what they can and moving forward steadily without much complaint. Dung-aw is the song of the soul that ilocanos sing to ease the pain of losing a loved one. It is the release of the pentup flood of indignation and suffering. A cry from a heart that can no longer keep its peace. In a wake, when one person starts chanting dung-aw, a lot more people follow, so that the whole chorus sounds like one synchronized voice punctuated by an occasional scream. Not just women, but also men, sing this song of grief. The song usually ends with every singer humming or whispering a personal sonata, heartbreaking and tear-filled. But more often than not, people know that dung-aw is over when the one chanting it collapses in exhaustion.

The Art of Dung-aw


Ilocanos have a collection of dirges or dung-aw, chanted or wailed in funeral wakes lamenting the passing of the dead.

Originally,duplo was a means introduced in the celebration to relieve the monotony and sadness of the prayers for the dead.While

the karagatan is a native play; it is less formal than the duplo. among the Visayans karagatan is a parlor game. The duplo and karagatan are byno means plays po9ssessing a high artistic quality. They have no character delineation. They are both religious and social significance.

Early Works
Doctrina Christiana, Manila, 1593, is the first book printed in the Philippines. Tomas Pinpin wrote and printed in 1610 Librong Pagaaralan nang mga Tagalog nang Uicang Castilla, 119 pages designed to help fellow Filipinos to learn the Spanish language in a simple way. He is also credited with the first news publication made in the Philippines, "Successos Felices", Classical literature in Spanish (19th Century) On December 1, 1846, La Esperanza, the first daily newspaper, was published in the country. Other early newspapers were La Estrella (1847), Diario de Manila (1848) and Boletin Oficial de Filipinas (1852). The first provincial newspaper was El Eco de Vigan (1884), which was issued in Ilocos. In Cebu City "El Boletn de Ceb" (The Bulletin of Cebu), was published in 1890. Indented line

On 1863, the Spanish government introduced a system of free public education that had an important effect on the ability of the population to read in Spanish and further in the rise of an educated class called the Ilustrado (meaning, wellinformed). Spanish became the social language of urban places and the true lingua franca of the archipelago. A good number of Spanish newspapers were published until the end of the 1940s, the most influential of them being El Renacimiento, printed in Manila by members of the Guerrero de Ermita family. Some members of the ilustrado group, while residing or studying in Spain, decided to start a literary production in Spanish with the aim of serving the autonomy and/or independence projects. Members of this group included Pedro Alejandro Paterno, who wrote the novel Nnay (first novel written by a Filipino); the Philippine national hero, Jos Rizal, who wrote excellent poetry and two famous novels in Spanish: Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not), and El Filibusterismo. A potent tool in promoting Filipino nationalism in Spanish was the foundation of La Solidaridad (more fondly called La Sol by the members

of the propaganda movement) in 15 February 1885. With the help of this organ, Filipino national heroes like Jos Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Marcelo H. del Pilar, etc. were able to voice out their sentiments. Poetry & Metrical Romances * Ladino Poems - Were natives of first Tagalog versifiers who saw print: highly literate in both Spanish and the vernacular.

Dramas Religious Drama

The Panunuluyan - Literally, seeking entrance, the Tagalog version of the Mexican Las Posadas. Held on the eve of Christmas, it dramatizes Joseph's and Mary's search for Bethlehem. Cenaculo - Was the dramatization of the passion and death of Jesus Christ. Salubong - An Easter play that dramatizes the meeting of the Risen Christ and His Mother. Moriones - Refers to the participants dressed roman soldiers, their identities hidden behind colorful, sometimes grotesque, wooden masks. The Santacruzan - Performed during the month of May which have the devotion for the Holy Cross. It depicts St. Elena's search for the cross on which Christ died. Pangangaluwa - An interesting socio-religious practice on All Saint's Day which literally means for The Soul.

Corridos - Were widely read during the Spanish period that filled the populace's need for entertainment as well as edifying reading matter in their leisure moments. Awit - like corrido's, these were also widely read during the Spanish period as entertaining, edifying, reading manner in their leisure time. It is also a fabrication of the writers imagination although the characters and the setting may be European. The structure is rendered dodecasyllabic quatrains.

Prose The prose works of the Spanish Period consisted mostly of didatic pieces and translations of religious writings in foreign languages.

Secular Dramas These were generally held during the nine nights of vigil and prayers after someone's death, on the first death anniversary when the family

members put away their mourning clothes.

The Karagatan - comes from the legendary practice of testing the mettle of young men vying for a maiden's hand. The maiden's ring would be dropped into sea and whoever retrieves it would have the girl's hand in marriage. The Duplo - A forerunner of the balagtasan. The performances consist of two teams; One composed of young women called Dupleras or Belyakas; and the other, of young men calledDupleros or Belyakos. The Comedia - It is about a courtly love between, a prince and a princess of different religions. It is about a ChristianMuslim relationship.

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