View F Vi Factor

Dr. Prabal Talukdar Associate Professor p g g Department of Mechanical Engineering IIT Delhi

View/Configuration Factor g
Also called shape factors factors. Radiation exchange between two or more surfaces depends strongly on the surface geometries and orientations, as well as on their radiative properties and temperature temperature. To compute radiation exchange between any t two surfaces, we must first introduce f t fi t i t d the concept of a view factor.

Definition
The view factor Fij is defined as the fraction of the radiation leaving a surface i that is intercepted by j.

dAjcosj

Derivation
Rate at which radiation leaves dAi and is intercepted by dAj may be expressed as dqiJ=Ii cosi dAi dJ-i
Ii = intensity of radiation leaving surface i dJ-i = soild angle subtended by dAJ when viewed from dAi = cosJ dAJ/R2

dqiJ= Ii(cosi cosj/R2 )dAidAJ Assuming surface i emits and reflects diffusely q ( ) dqij=Ji(cosi cosJ/R2 )dAidAJ

Derivation (contd) ( )
The total rate at which radiation leaves surface i and is intercepted by j may then be obtained by integrating over the two surfaces. That is
q i j = J i cos i cos j R
2

dA i dA j

Ai A j

where it is assumed that the radiosity Ji is uniform over the surface Ai.
Fij = radiation that leaves Ai and is intercepted by Aj/total radiation leaving Ai
= qij /

AiJi

Final Expression p
1 Fij = Ai

Ai A j

cos i cos j R
2

dA i dA j

Similarly, the view factor Fji defined as the fraction of the radiation that leaves Aj and intercepted by Ai can be expressed as p y p

1 Fji = Aj

Ai A j

cos i cos j R
2

dA i dA j

Assn: diffuse emitters and reflectors and have uniform radiosity

View Factor Relations

Reciprocity Relation: p y AiFij = AjFji Summation Rule:

F
j=1

ij

=1

What is Fii ? Value of Fii for a convex or flat surface? Fii = 0

View Factor Relations (contd) ( )

Radiation exchange in an enclosure of N surfaces: N2 g view factors required F11 F12 F1N F F22 F2 N 21 F N1 F N 2 FNN Summation rule can be applied to get N equations which gives N view factors Application of Reciprocity relation for N(N-1)/2 times gives N(N-1)/2 view factors So we need essentially N2-N-N(N-1)/2

Example p
For a 3 surface enclosure we need enclosure, 32-3-3(3-1)/2=3
F12 = F11= F11 F21= F22= 1 0 A1/A2 1-A 1 A1/A2
1 2

View Factor Relation

Additive nature of view factor
Fi ( j) = Fik
k =1 n

A i Fi ( j) = A i Fik = A i Fi1 + A i Fi 2 + A i Fi 3 + + A i Fin

k =1

A jFj( i ) = A1F1i + A 2 F2i + A 3 F3i + + A n Fni A jFj( i ) = A k Fki

k =1 n

Fj(i ) =

A F
k =1 n

k ki

A
k =1

Problem

View factor for coaxial parallel disks

View factor for perpendicular rectangles with a common edge

The Crossed-Strings Method g

View Factors between Infinitely Long Surfaces developed by H C Hottel in the 1950s H. C.