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DESIGN OF HIGH-SPEED DIGITAL BANDPASS FILTERS WITHOUT MULTIPLIERS

Michael A. Soderstrand * Electrical and Computer Engineering Department University of California Davis, CA 95616 Phone: (916)752-2669

Abstract

Using a special case of the frequency-sampling design approach with N = 6 , it is possible to design FIR band-pass filters without the need for multipliers. The technique is highly modular and thus lends itself to VLSI implementation and since it uses only adders and registers (delays), it can be implemented with a very high sampling frequency X ( 2 ) (eg: 100 MHz). The basic band-pass filters are limited to center frequencies at multiples of n / 3 , and thus are somewhat restrictive. However, by applying a multi-rate technique and adding an additional low-sampling-rate filter, it 0 is possible to place center frequencies at any multiple of I n/18. Further stages can refine the center frequency to any multiple of 2 * / ( 6 " ) where n is the number of stages. The low-sampling rate filters may be time multiplexed, but they do create undesirable image spectrums unless they are centered at one of the original n / 3 multiples. AdjustFigure 1: Basic Band-Pass Filter ment of the sampling frequency can place these band-pass filters at any desired center frequency. An alternative to varying the sampling frequency is to make use of a com- Usually, the band-pass filter itself can be used to form the plex multiplier in the reduced-sample-rate filter. This is notch filter using a signal cancelling approach. conveniently realized using GQRNS arithmetic. In the case of a very broad-band spread-spectrum signal, high sampling rates are required to accommodate the necessary band-width. These high sampling rates pre1 Introduction clude the use of multipliers in the band-pass filters. In this paper we shall demonstrate how four equally spaced bandIn the reception of broad-band signals such as spread- pass filters can be placed between DC and the Nyquist spectrum BPSK communications systems, it is often nec- frequency without the need of multipliers. These filters essary to eliminate narrow-band interference from such only provide lOdb attenuation compared to the other frethings as "push-to-talk" transmissions [l, 2 , 3 ] . This prob- quencies, but are well suited to the problem stated in the lem is analogous to the problem of detecting narrow-band previous paragraph. If more attenuation is needed, then a signals or sinusoidal signals in the presence of broad-band process of decimation by six, low-pass filtering of the decsignals and noise. One simple technique to accomplish this imated signal, and zero-padded up-sampling followed by a detection is the use of a bank of bandpass filters tuned to second stage of band- pass filtering can yield a minimum various frequencies in the band of interest. Detection of of 20db attenuation and a much narrower band-pass filter. excessive power in one of these band-pass filters compared Using a similar technique, band-pass filters at multiples to the others would indicate the presence of a narrow-band of 2n/(6") can be generated for n-stage systems, but the interferer. With this knowledge, a notch filter of appro- filtering must be done with complex filter coefficients in priate design could be used to eliminate the interference. order to prevent images due to the down-sampling. This can be accomplished through Quadratic Residue Number 'This work was supported in part by a grant from the United States Air Force through the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, Sysiem (QRNS)arithmetic using only one integer multiplier per band-pass stage at the reduced-sample rate. CA.
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0-7803-0593-0/92$3.00 1992 IEEE

Basic Band-Pass Filter

Figure 1 shows the basic bank of four filters. The filter labeled BPo is actually a low-pass filter (ie: band-pass filter centered at DC). Similarly the filter labeled BP3 is actually a high-pass filter (ie: band-pass filter centered at the Nyquist frequency). Because these filters are located at center frequencies that are multiples of a/3, they do not require any multipliers for their realization. Figure 2 gives the output spectrum for the four filters of Figure 1. Because this structure is modular and uses no multipliers, the hardware can be constructed very easily in VLSI and can be built with only adders and registers, thus allowing very high sampling rates.

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Narrow-Band Band-Pass Filter

Our first modification to Figure 1 is to down-sample the output BPi of each of our four filters by decimating by six. The decimated signal is then passed through a band-pass filter with exactly the same characteristics as filter BPo. We then up-sample by six inserting zeros inbetween the samples of the output of the reduced-sampling-rate filter BPo. Finally, we use an interpolating filter that is identical t o BPi t o yield the final band-pass filter. Figure 3 shows the structure and Figure 4 gives the output spectrum for the four filters of Figure 3. (NOTE: The output spectrum for these filters was generated by passing White Gaussian Noise through the entire filter system and measuring the output spectrum. This results in the somewhat rough appearance of the spectrum. The actual spectrum is quite smooth.)

Other Band-Pass Filters

If we were to replace the reduced-sample-rate low-pass filter BPo of Figure 3 with B reduced-sample-rate band-pass filter such as BP1 or BP2 or the high-pass filter BP3, we would generate band-pass filters a t multiples of */18 between DC and the Nyquist frequency. Unfortunately, each of these band-pass filters would be accompanied by an image filter creating a pair of band-pass filters. Figure 5 shows the result of these image filters. One method of eliminating these image filters is to use reduced-samplerate filters with complex coefficients. At first this may seem to be impossible while maintaining the high samo pling frequency through-put f r the filter. However, the use of QRNS arithmetic can realize these filters with one simple integer multiplier per band-pass filter [4]. This will allows us to realize single band-pass filters at any multiple of n/(6") for an n-stage system.

Conclusions

Figure 2: Transfer Function Magnitudes for the four BandPass Filters of Figure 1

The four filters of Figure 1 can be used effectively to monitor the energy content of the four frequency bands between

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Figure 3: Narrow-Band Notch Filters DC and the Nyquist frequency. Figure 3 can realize narrower filters at these same frequencies. Finally, Figure 5 can realize filters at sixteen frequency bands between DC and the Nyquist frequency. These band-pass filters can all be realized in VLSI with extremely high sampling rates.

References
[l] M.A. Soderstrand, H.H. Loomis, and K.V. Rangarao, Improved Real-Time Adaptive Detection, Enhancement, or Elimination of Multiple Sinusoids , IEEE Midwest Symp. on Circuits and Systems, Monterey, CA, May 1991.

[2] M.A. Soderstrand, H.H. Loomis, and K.V. Rangarao, Elimination of Narrow-Band Interference in BPSKModulated Signal Reception, IEEE Intemational Symp. on Circuits and Systems, Singapore, June, 1991.
[3] K.V. Rangarao, Adaptive Digital Notch Filtering, M.S. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, September 1991.
[4] M.A. Soderstrand and

R.Miller, A Moving Recursive CNTT Implemented in GQRNS Arithmetic, IEEE Figure 4: Transfer Function Magnitudes for the four BandIntemational Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Pass Filters of Figure 3 Portland, OR,May 1989.

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Figure 5 : Transfer Function Magnitudes for the four Band-Pass Filters with Spectrum Images due to Down-Sampling

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