Wind Compendium

August 2007
Wind energy: A Compendium

Prepared for
Asian Development Bank

www. t er i i n. or g The Energy and Resources Institute
TIe Energy und Resources nsLILuLe zoo;

Suggested format for citation

T E R . zoo;
RepIuce LIIs IIne wILI LIe LILIe oI LIe reporL
New DeIII: TIe Energy und Resources nsLILuLe.

For more information
ProjecL MonILorIng CeII
T E R Tel. zq68 z1oo or zq68 z111
DurburI SeLI BIock I-muil ukumurLerI.res.In
HC CompIex, odII Roud Iux zq68 z1qq or zq68 z1q
New DeIII - 11o oo Web www.LerI I n.org
ndIu ndIu +q1 DeIII (o) 11

TubIe oI conLenL

Wind Energy ............................................................................................................... 1
Wind speed measurement systems and techniques.......................................................... 1
Sensors ...................................................................................................................... 1
Display and recording systems ...................................................................................... 3
Data collection............................................................................................................. 3
Wind resource map of East China .................................................................................. 5
Wind resource map of Sri Lanka .................................................................................... 6
Large wind turbines ..................................................................................................... 7
Types of wind turbines ................................................................................................. 7
Technical description.................................................................................................... 9
Wind rose ................................................................................................................... 9
Weibull distribution ...................................................................................................... 9
Power curve .............................................................................................................. 10
Current status ........................................................................................................... 11
State of art of technology ........................................................................................... 12
Research and development ......................................................................................... 1+
Certification and testing of wind turbines ...................................................................... 1+
Technology development trends and status .................................................................. 15
Najor players ............................................................................................................ 17
Small wind turbines.................................................................................................... 17
Typical power curve for small wind turbines.................................................................. 19
Applications............................................................................................................... 19
Costs........................................................................................................................ 20
Najor barriers............................................................................................................ 20
Regional status.......................................................................................................... 21
!nstalled and proposed wind power capacity in Australia ................................................ 21
!nstalled wind power capacity in Asia ........................................................................... 21
Case studies.............................................................................................................. 22
1) Wind power development project [2| .................................................................. 22
2) The Exmouth Advanced Nini Wind Farm [2|......................................................... 23
3) !mplementation of Wind Energy Projects[2| ......................................................... 25
Small wind turbine manufacturers................................................................................ 27
References................................................................................................................ 28
Bibliography .............................................................................................................. 28

Wind Energy

WInd energy Is kIneLIc energy ussocIuLed wILI movemenL oI
uLmospIerIc uIr. TIese movemenLs oI uIr ure cuused by uneven
IeuLIng oI uLmospIere by soIur rudIuLIons, IrreguIurILIes In LIe
eurLI surIuce und roLuLIon oI LIe eurLI. WInd IIow puLLerns ure
uIIecLed by LIe eurLI's LerruIn, bodIes oI wuLer, und vegeLuLIon. TIe
wInd energy cun be converLed In Lo eIecLrIcuI or mecIunIcuI
energy, usIng wInd mIIIs und LurbInes.

Wind speed measurement systems and techniques

UndersLundIng oI wInd resources, uvuIIubIe In LIe nIcIe regIon, Is
essenLIuI eIemenL Ior ImpIemenLuLIon oI wIndIurm projecL.
EconomIcuI IeusIbIIILy oI LIe wIndIurm IIes In uccuruLe ussessmenL
oI wInd poLenLIuI In LIuL regIon. A quuIILy wInd resource
ussessmenL Is IuncLIon oI uccuruLe mIcrosILIng, meusuremenL
LecInIques, quuIILy equIpmenLs und duLu unuIysIs LecInIques.
QuuIILy oI wInd Is dependIng upon speed und dIrecLIon. A wInd
resource ussessmenL uL uny sound sILe sIouId IuIIII IoIIowIng
purumeLers.
1. MeusuremenL purumeLers
z. EquIpmenL Lype und quuIILy
. Sensor meusuremenL IeveIs
q. MeusuremenL uccurucy, duruLIon und duLu recovery
. DuLu sumpIIng und recordIng InLervuIs
6. DuLu sLoruge IormuLs
;. DuLu processIng procedures
8. DuLu reporLs
WInd meusurIng sysLems consIsL oI sensors, sIgnuI condILIonIng
unILs, und dIspIuy und recorders.

Sensors
MosL wInd sensor consIsLs oI pIysIcuI devIce, wIIcI IoIIows
uLmospIerIc moLIons. ConLInuous und InLermILLenL meusuremenLs
ure possIbIe wILI LIe sensors. BusIc wInd sensors ure u)
AnemomeLer und b) wInd vune.

a) Anemometer
Cup unemomeLers ure LIe mosL commonIy used InsLrumenLs Ior
meusuremenL oI neur IorIzonLuI wInd speeds. n LIIs, uL IeusL one
cup uIwuys Iuces wInd und LIus uerodynumIc sIupe converLs wInd
pressure Lo roLuLIonuI Lorque. TIe roLuLIon oI cup Is IIneurIy
proporLIonuI Lo LIe wInd speed over specIIIed runge.

2Wind energy: Trends and status

Figure 1 Anemometer

TypIcuI specIIIcuLIons oI unemomeLer Is sIown In LubIe 1.
Table 1 Typical specifications of anemometer[1]
Specifications Anemometers
Measurement range 0 m/s to 50 m/s
Starting threshold < 1 m/s
Operating temperature range -40C to 60C
Operating humidity range 0% to 100%
System error < 3%
Recording resolution < 0.1 m/s

b) Wind vane
WInd vune Is used Lo meusure wInd dIrecLIon und IL Is
IundumenLuIIy u body mounLed unsymmeLrIcuI ubouL LIe verLIcuI
uxIs, on wIIcI IL Is Iree Lo Lurn wILI poInLer uL one end und u IIuL uL
oLIer. TIe mosL IumIIIur one Is wILI u IIn connecLed Lo u verLIcuI
sIuIL.
TIe vune conLInuousIy seeks u posILIon oI equIIIbrIum by
uIIgnIng ILseII InLo wInd. MosL wInd vunes use poLenLIomeLer Lype
Lrunsducer LIuL ouLpuLs un eIecLrIcuI sIgnuI reIuLIve Lo posILIon oI
vune. AIIgnmenL oI vune Lo Lrue norLI Is zero degree us reudIng oI
wInd vune. A LypIcuI wInd vune Is sIown In IIgure z.
Figure 2 Wind Vane.

TypIcuI specIIIcuLIon oI wInd vune Is sIown In TubIe z.
Table 2 Typical specification of wind vane[1]
Specifications Wind vane
Measurement range 0 to 360
Starting threshold < 0.1 m/s
Operating temperature range -40C to 60C
Operating humidity range 0% to 100%
System error < 5%
Recording resolution <1

Display and recording systems
SeIecLIon oI dIspIuy sysLem depends upon LIe user`s need.
MIcroprocessor bused uuLomuLIc duLu Ioggers ure commonIy used
wILI IucIIILy Lo record sIgnuIs Irom muILIpIe IeveIs und sensors.
Figure 3 Display and Recording system

Data collection
TIe duLu generuLed by duLu Iogger Is In bInury IormuL. On sILe, LIe
duLu generuLed by duLu Iogger Is sLored In EPROM, EEPROM or
IIusI curd. TIIs Is LIen brougIL Lo LIe cenLruI pIuce und proceeded
LIrougI upproprIuLe soILwure Lo gIve duLu In desIred IormuL.
SeIecLIon oI wInd monILorIng sysLem depends upon sysLem
uccurucy, reIIubIIILy, suILubIIILy und cosL, wIIIe quuIILy oI sensor
depends upon ILs responsIveness, uccurucy, precIsIon und
reIIubIIILy.
n wInd resource ussessmenL reIuLed sLudIes LIe upper-IeveI
sensors sIouId be mounLed uL IeusL o. m ubove LIe Lower Lop Lo
mInImIze LIe Lower sIudIng eIIecLs. Sensors preIerubIy Lo be
mounLed on IndependenL booms. ong mounLIng Iurdwures ure Lo
be used II LIe sensors ure Lo be posILIoned oII LIe sIde oI LIe Lower.
n LIe cuse oI IuLLIce Lowers LIe posILIon oI LIe sensor
sIouId be uL IeusL Lower wIdLIs und 6 Lower dIumeLers In LIe cuse
oI LubuIur Lowers. or LrIunguIur IuLLIce Lowers LIe Lower wIdLI Is
meusured us LIe IengLI oI LIe one Iuce.
TIe sensors sIouId be mounLed oII LIe Lower sIde InLo LIe
prevuIIIng wInd dIrecLIon. DuLu ure more represenLuLIve
oI LIe surroundIng ureu wIere LIe LerruIn Is reIuLIveIy I+uL. n
compIex LerruIn LIe uppIIcuLIon oI duLu beyond sLuLIons ImmedIuLe
vIcInILy Is IImILed. TIe wInd Increuses rupIdIy wILI IeIgIL neur LIe
ground und Is greuLIy uIIecLed by LIe presence oI IrreguIurILIes In
LIe ground or by LIe obsLucIe sucI us Lrees und buIIdIngs.
ObsLrucLIons muy udverseIy uIIecL LIe wInd reudIngs LIereby LIe
wInd cIurucLerIsLIcs oI LIe sILe.
UsuuIIy, LIe sLundurd exposure oI wInd InsLrumenLs over IeveI
open LerruIn Is 1o m ubove ground. BuL In LIe cuse oI duLu
coIIecLIon Ior wInd energy uppIIcuLIons LIe exposure oI
InsLrumenLs sIouId be sucI LIuL ubsoIuLe openness be LIere uL
IeusL Ior LIe prevuIIIng wInd secLors or In oLIer words LIe
InsLrumenLed musL sIouId be us Iur uwuy us possIbIe Irom IocuI
obsLrucLIons Lo LIe wInd.
or uccurucy, now duys, sensors ure InsLuIIed uL Iub IeIgIL oI
WEGs, wIIcI ure pIuned Ior LIe projecLed wIndIurm.
SIgnIIIcunL vurIuLIons In LIe meun monLIIy wInd speed or LIe
meun unnuuI wInd speed cun occur Irom one yeur Lo unoLIer.
MInImum one cuIendur yeur duLu sIouId be LIere buL probubIy
Lwo Lo IIve yeurs oI duLu Is needed Lo esLubIIsI u suIIIcIenLIy
uccuruLe wInd cIImuLe. Two yeurs oI duLu sIouId be suIIIcIenL Lo
gIve u sumpIe unnuuI meun wInd speed wILIIn 1o % oI LIe Iong-
Lerm meun. To reduce LIe uncerLuInLy Lo % wouId requIre ubouL
q- yeurs duLu.
GroundIng IucIIILy Is essenLIuI wIen eIecLronIc duLu Ioggers und
sensors ure used Lo coIIecL duLu. EIecLrIcuI surges, IIgILnIng
Induced spIkes or surges or dIIIerence In LIe ground poLenLIuI ure
poLenLIuI probIems LIuL muy cuuse sensor IuIIures or duLu Iogger
IuIIures.

Wind resource map of East China

Figure 4 Wind Resource map of East China
Source: http://swera.unep.net/


Wind resource map of Sri Lanka

Figure 5 Wind Resource Map of Sri Lanka
Source: http://swera.unep.netJ

Large wind turbines

Types of wind turbines
WInd LurbInes ure cuLegorIsed on LIe busIs oI LIeIr uxes und
roLors.
Based on axis
PrImurIIy on LIe busIs oI LIe uxIs, wInd LurbInes ure cuLegorIsed us
IorIzonLuI uxIs wInd LurbInes und verLIcuI uxIs wInd LurbInes.

Horizontcl cxis uind turbines
A wInd LurbIne In wIIcI uxIs oI roLor`s roLuLIon Is puruIIeI Lo wInd
sLreum und LIe ground Is cuIIed us IorIzonLuI uxIs wInd LurbIne.
MosLIy uII LIe wInd LurbInes uvuIIubIe now duys Ior commercIuI
uppIIcuLIon ure IorIzonLuI uxIs wInd LurbInes. TIese ure uvuIIubIe
In LIe runge oI 6o kW Lo z MW Ior onsIore uppIIcuLIon, wIereus
Ior oIIsIore uppIIcuLIons MW cupucILy wInd LurbIne Is
commercIuIIy uvuIIubIe.
TIe wInd pusses over boLI surIuces oI LIe uIrIoII sIuped bIude
buL pusses more rupIdIy over LIe upperJIonger sIde oI LIe uIrIoII,
LIus creuLIng u Iower-pressure ureu ubove LIe uIrIoII. TIe pressure
dIIIerenLIuI beLween Lop und boLLom surIuces resuILs In
uerodynumIc IIIL. SInce LIe bIudes oI u wInd LurbIne ure
consLruIned Lo move In u pIune wILI LIe Iub us ILs cenLre, LIe IIIL
Iorce cuuses roLuLIon oI bIudes uround LIe Iub. n uddILIon Lo LIe
IIIL Iorce, u drug Iorce perpendIcuIur Lo LIe IIIL Iorce Impedes roLor
roLuLIon. A prIme objecLIve In wInd LurbIne desIgn Is Ior LIe bIude
Lo Iuve u reIuLIveIy IIgI IIIL-Lo-drug ruLIo. TIIs ruLIo cun be vurIed
uIong LIe IengLI oI LIe bIude Lo opLImIze LIe LurbIne`s energy
ouLpuL uL vurIous wInd speeds.

Verticcl cxis uind turbine
n LIIs Lype oI wInd LurbInes LIe uxIs oI roLuLIon Is perpendIcuIur
Lo LIe wInd sLreum und LIe ground.
VerLIcuI-uxIs wInd LurbInes IuII InLo Lwo mujor cuLegorIes:
DurrIeus LurbInes und SuvonIus LurbInes. NeILIer Lype Is In wIde
use Loduy.

Source : www.daviddarling.info
Figure 6 Types of Wind turbine

Based upon speed of rotor
Constcnt speed uind turbines
SucI wInd LurbInes operuLe uL u consLunL roLor speed (revoIuLIons
per mInuLe or RPM) und ure opLImIzed Ior energy cupLure uL u
gIven roLor dIumeLer uL u purLIcuIur speed In LIe wInd power curve.

Vcricble speed uind turbines
A wInd LurbIne In wIIcI LIe roLor speed Increuses und decreuses
wILI cIungIng wInd speed, LIereby producIng eIecLrIcILy wILI u
vurIubIe Irequency; Is known us u vurIubIe speed wInd LurbIne.

Direct drive generators
n dIrecL drIve conIIguruLIon u generuLor Is coupIed Lo LIe roLor oI
u wInd LurbIne dIrecLIy. L oIIers IIgI reIIubIIILy und Iow
muInLenunce.

Djjshore uind jcrms
WInd LurbInes cun be InsLuIIed on oII sIore und onsIore. n LIe
oIIsIore wInd Iurms, LurbInes ure InsLuIIed In LIe seu. As wuLer Ius
no surIuce rougIness, wInd speed In LIese ureus Is IIgIer LIun
onsIore. TIe cupucILy IucLors oI oIIsIore wInd LurbInes LIereIore,
ure consIderubIy IIgIer LIun onsIore wInd LurbInes.

Figure 7 OIIsIore wInd LurbInes

Dnshore uind jcrms

WInd LurbInes InsLuIIed on IIIIy regIons, on mounLuIns, on burren
Iunds und on cosLuI ureus ure consIdered us onsIore. TIe
LopogrupIy oI LIe regIon Ius sIgnIIIcunL ImpucL on energy
generuLIon Irom wInd LurbInes. VurIous poInLs need Lo be
consIdered Ior mIcrosILIng oI onsIore wInd LurbInes sucI us wuke
eIIecL, IIII eIIecL, LunneI eIIecL, und purk eIIecL eLc.
On IIIIs, IL Is observed LIuL wInd speeds ure sIIgILIy IIgIer us
compured Lo pIuIn ureus. TIIs Is due Lo IucL LIuL wInd becomes
compressed on LIe wIndy sIde oI LIe IIII, und once LIe uIr reucIes
LIe rIdge IL cun expund uguIn us ILs sours down InLo LIe Iow
pressure ureu on LIe Iee sIde oI LIe IIII.

Figure 8 An onsIore wIndIurm

Technical description
CupLurIng wInd`s kIneLIc energy depends upon conversIon
eIIIcIency und power oI LIe wInd. WInd power generuLIon cun be
gIven by IoIIowIng equuLIon,

P = 1JzpAv

WIere, P= Power generuLed, p= DensILy oI LIe uIr, A= SwepL ureu
oI roLor und V= veIocILy oI LIe wInd.

Wind rose
Igure q IndIcuLes LIe uveruge percenLuge oI LIme LIuL LIe wInd
bIows Irom dIIIerenL dIrecLIons on u monLIIy or unnuuI busIs.

Figure 9 Wind rose

Weibull distribution
VurIuLIon In wInd speed cun be descrIbed usIng WeIbuII
dIsLrIbuLIon. WeIbuII dIsLrIbuLIon Ius Lwo purumeLers numeIy 'A`
purumeLer und 'K` purumeLer. K purumeLer Is LIe sIupe IucLor,
wIIcI usuuIIy IIes In beLween 1 Lo . DependIng upon meun wInd
speed, WeIbuII purumeLers cIunge. SIupe IucLor Is used Lo
deLermIne probubIIILy oI purLIcuIur wInd speed. WeIbuII
dIsLrIbuLIon cun be IormuIuLed us

P (V) = ((kJc) (VJc) k-1 e - (VJc) k

WIere, P (V) Is probubIIILy oI IuvIng wInd speed V, c Is scuIe
IucLor.

Source : ILLp:JJwww.wIndpower.orgJenJLourJwresJweIbuII.ILm
Figure 10 Weibull distribution

Power curve
TIe power curve oI u wInd LurbIne Is u grupI represenLIng
reIuLIonsIIp beLween LIe power uvuIIubIe Irom LIe wInd mucIIne
und LIe wInd speed. As sIown, LIe power Increuses exponenLIuIIy
wILI wInd speed (uL cube oI wInd speed).

Figure 11 Power curve of a wind turbine

0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Wind speed (m/s)
P
o
w
e
r

(
k
W
)
Current status
TubIe gIves InsLuIIed cupucILIes In vurIous counLrIes In zoo und
zoo6.

Table 3 Total installed capacity in various countries

Installed capacity(MW)
Rank Country 2005 2006
1 Germany 18,415 20,622
2 Spain 10,028 11,615
3 United States 9,149 11,603
4 India 4,430 6,270
5 Denmark (incl. Faroe) 3,136 3,140
6 China 1,260 2,604
7 Italy 1,718 2,123
8 United Kingdom 1,332 1,963
9 Portugal 1,022 1,716
10 France 757 1,567
11 Netherlands 1,219 1,560
12 Canada 683 1,459
13 Japan 1,061 1,394
14 Austria 819 965
15 Australia 708 817
16 Greece 573 746
17 Ireland 496 745
18 Sweden 510 572
19 Norway 267 314
20 Brazil 29 237
21 Egypt 145 230
22 Belgium 167 193
23 Taiwan 104 188
24 South Korea 98 173
25 New Zealand 169 171
26 Poland 83 153
27 Morocco 64 124
28 Mexico 3 88
29 Finland 82 86
30 Ukraine 77 86
31 Costa Rica 71 74
32 Hungary 18 61
33 Lithuania 6 55
34 Turkey 20 51
35 Czech Republic 28 50
36 Iran 23 48
Rest of Europe 129 163
Rest of Americas 109 109
Rest of Asia 38 38
Rest of Africa & Middle
East
31 31
Rest of Oceania 12 12
World total 59,091 74,223
Source : www.wIkIpedIu.com
Asian installed Wind power capacity
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
I
n
d
i
a

C
h
i
n
a

J
a
p
a
n

T
a
i
w
a
n

S
o
u
t
h

K
o
r
e
a

P
h
i
l
i
p
p
i
n
e
s

O
t
h
e
r
s

Country
M
W
Up to 2005 2006

ToLuI InsLuIIed cupucILy In AsIu Is us IoIIows.
Figure 12 ToLuI InsLuIIed cupucILy In AsIu

State of art of technology
Igure 8 gIves brIeI Ideu ubouL LurbIne deveIopmenLs sInce 1q8o.
SIze oI LurbInes Increused Irom o kW In 1q8o Lo MW (ooo kW)
In zoo. MW LurbIne Is desIgned und deveIoped by REpower und
Is operuLIng In Germuny sInce zooq (sIown In IIgure q). So Iur LIIs
Is LIe IurgesL wInd LurbIne uvuIIubIe In LIe worId.
PresenLIy, wInd LurbInes oI 8ookW, 1zokW, 1ookW,
16okW, 16;okWzoookW, zookW, zookW, oookW und
6ookW ure uIso uvuIIubIe und InsLuIIed successIuIIy.

Source: www. energIeverbruucIer.de
Figure 13 Trends In wInd LurbInes` cupucILIes

Figure 14 MW oIIsIore wInd LurbIne

TubIe q gIves LecInIcuI deLuIIs oI vurIous wInd LurbInes.

Table 4 Technical details of wind turbines

Model
REpower
5M
Vestas
V120
Multibrid
M5000
Enercon
E-112
Siemens
3.6 MW
GE Energy
3.6s
Rated
capacity
5.0 MW 4.5 MW 5.0 MW 4.5 MW 3.6 MW 3.6 MW
Rotor
diameter
126 m 120 m 116 m 114 m 107 m 104 m
Swept area 12.469 m2 11.310 m2 10.568 m2 10.207 m2 8.992 m2 8.495 m2
Gearbox 3-step 3-step 1-step - 3-step 3-step
Generator
asynchronou
s generator
(doubly fed)
asynchronou
s generator
(doubly fed)
permanent-
magnet
synchronous
generator
synchronous
generator
asynchronou
s generator
asynchronou
s generator
(doubly fed)
Weight

Rotor blade 17.8 t 12.3 t 16.5 t 21 t 16 t N.A.
Rotor with
hub
120 t 65 t 110 t N.A. 90 t 85 t
Nacelle 290 t 145 t 200 t N.A. 120 t 210 t
Nacelle +
Rotor
410 t 210 t 310 t 500 t 210 t 295 t
Tower 750 t 220 t 1.138 t 2.500 t 250 t 250 t
Hub height 120 m 90 m 102 m 124 m 80 m 76.5 m
In operation
since
2004 2007 2004 2002 2004 2004
Specific
power
401 W/m
2
398 W/m
2
473 W/m
2
441 W/m
2
400 W/m
2
424 W/m
2


Research and development

OrgunIzuLIons IIke nLernuLIonuI Energy Agency (EA), NuLIonuI
RenewubIe Energy uboruLory (NRE), und RSO NuLIonuI
uboruLory ure InvoIved In R&D In vurIous uspecLs reIuLed Lo wInd
energy, IncIudIng deveIopmenL oI vurIous wInd LurbIne purLs.
RSO NuLIonuI uboruLory und Gurrud Hussun ure workIng In
commercIuI modeIIIng. oIIowIng ure some reseurcI ucLIvILIes
wIIcI ure beIng currIed ouL gIobuIIy:
1. nLegruLIon oI wInd und Iydropower
z. OIIsIore wInd energy LecInoIogy deveIopmenL
. DynumIc modeIs oI wInd Iurm Ior power sysLem sLudIes
q. ModeIIIng und conLroI oI grId converLer
. DeveIopmenL und vuIIduLIon oI desIgn meLIodoIogIes und
desIgn LooIs Ior Iow und moderuLe wInd regImes
6. ModeIIIng oI InLerconnecLIon oI wInd LurbInes wILI LIe
grId.
;. PurumeLerIsuLIon oI IIow dIsLorLIon uround LIe wInd
LurbIne nuceIIe
8. SLudy oI ucousLIc emIssIons oI wInd LurbInes
q. uIIure AnuIysIs oI geurboxes oI wInd LurbInes
1o. SIorL-Lerm wInd IorecusLIng und deveIopmenL oI u nexL
generuLIon wInd resource IorecusLIng sysLem Ior LIe Iurge-
scuIe InLegruLIon oI onsIore und oIIsIore wInd Iurms
(ANEMOS projecL)

Certification and testing of wind turbines

TIe nLernuLIonuI EIecLroLecInIcuI CommIssIon (EC) Ius
prepured u serIes oI InLernuLIonuI sLundurds. EC SLundurd 61qoo
perLuIns Lo wInd energy generuLors (WEGs). Muny counLrIes Iuve
uccepLed EC sLundurds.
TubIe sIows LIe sLundurds uIreudy uvuIIubIe und sLundurds
wIIcI ure sLIII under deveIopmenL by EC.

Table 5 IEC standards for WEGs
Part Title Status Publication Date
1 Design requirements (Ed. 3.0) Available 2005-08
2 Design requirements for small wind turbines (Ed. 2.0) Available 2003-06
3 Design requirements for offshore wind turbines
Work in
Progress
-
4 Design and specifications of gearboxes
Work in
Progress
-
11 Acoustic noise measurement techniques (Ed. 2.0) Available 2002-12
12 Wind turbine power performance testing Available 2005-12
Part Title Status Publication Date
13 Measurement of mechanical loads Available 2001-06
14 Declaration of apparent sound power level and tonality values Available 2005-03
21
Measurement and assessment of power quality characteristics of
grid connected wind turbines
Available 2001-12
22 Certification of wind turbines Rules and Procedures
Work in
Progress
-
23 Full-scale structural testing of rotor blades Available 2001-04
24 Lightning protection Available 2002-07
25 Communications for monitoring and control of wind power plants
Work in
Progress
-
Source: http://www.iec.ch
Technology development trends and status
A LecInoIogy deveIopmenL mup Ior wInd LurbIne power generuLIon
Is sIown In LubIe 6.
Table 6 Technology development map for wind turbine power generation
Constant-Speed Wind Turbines Variable-Speed Wind Turbines Direct-Drive Wind Turbines Advanced Wind Turbines
Feature and Advantages
Technology
Characterization
Tubular rolled steel tower. Off-
the-shelf gearbox and induction
generator. Digital controls and
SCADA system
Tubular rolled steel tower. Double
high speed gearbox shaft. Off-the-
shelf induction generator. Digital
controls and SCADA system.
Tubular rolled steel tower. No
gearbox, reduced cost. Low-
speed direct-drive generator.
Improved controls and
SCADA.
Tubular steel or composite
tower. No conventional
gearbox. Advanced low-
speed generator drive.
Advanced controls and
SCADA.
Efficiency Limited by fixed generator
speed.
Slightly greater due to variable
generator speed
Slightly greater due to variable
generator speed
Slightly greater due to
variable generator speed
Re s Remote sites w/ PNL Class 4 or
greater wind speed near
transmission lines
Remote sites w/PNL Class 4 or
transmission lines
Remote sites w/PNL Class 4 or
transmission lines
Remote sites w/PNL Class
3 or greater wind speed
near transmission lines
Challenges and Disadvantages
Cost Design for fluctuating torque
load increases cost
Full-span pitch control and power
electronics increase cost
Weight and cost of low-speed
generator offset by absence of
gearbox
Optimize design to minimize
cost
Operation Fatigue failure of parts due to
fluctuating wind and torque
loads
Complexity of full-span pitch controls
increases maintenance cost
Durability of low-speed turbine
under fluctuating loads
Optimize design to minimize
O&M cost and maximize
reliability
Technology
Needs
Design for extreme loads to
handle wind gusts
Solid-state power electronics Low-speed generator design,
new control system
Optimization for reliability
and low cost
Costs
Equipment $680/kW $700/kW $650-$750/kW < $600/kW
Relative O & M $16kW/yr $23/kW/yr $15k-$16k/kW/yr $15k/kW/yr
Busbar 3.5-5.5kWh 3.5-5.5/kWh 3.0-5.0/kWh 2-4/kWh
Development Timeframe
Research 1970-1985 1985-1993 1992-1995 1994-2002
Development
Timeframe
1980-present 1991-1995 1994-1999 1995-2004
Demonstration 1980s 1992 1994-1999 2001-2006
Commercialization ~ 1980 1993-present 1996-present 2007
Markets
Key Issues Structural and load-bearing
component reliability. Cost of
energy. Moderate cost reduces
prospects in competitive market.
Complex control system, power
electronics, component reliability.
Moderate cost reduces prospects in
competitive market.
Complex control system,
power electronics, cost and
reliability of new generator.
Lower cost improves prospects
in competitive market.
Reliability, cost of energy,
Low cost likely to result in
significant market.
Impact on Established and mature: Established: Enhanced performance Maturing: reduced cost would Emerging: low cost would
Constant-Speed Wind Turbines Variable-Speed Wind Turbines Direct-Drive Wind Turbines Advanced Wind Turbines
Technology
Outlook
dominant market share in U.S. leading to growing market share
worldwide.
improve worldwide market. result in large worldwide
market.
Source: Renewable energy technology assessment guide 2004
GIobuI WInd Energy OuLIook zoo6, pubIIsIed by GIobuI WInd
Energy CouncII projecLs scenurIos oI wInd power deveIopmenL,
numeIy (I) reIerence scenurIo, (II) moderuLe scenurIo, und (III)
udvunced scenurIo.
ReIerence scenurIo Is bused upon EA projecLIons In zooq,
pubIIsIed by EA In WorId Energy OuLIook. ModeruLe scenurIo
Lukes InLo consIderuLIon LIe gIobuI poIIcy meusures Lo supporL
renewubIes eILIer under wuy or pIunned. Advunced scenurIo
consIders IeusIbIIILy oI 1o% undJor 1z% worId`s LoLuI eIecLrIcILy
producLIon by zozo, comIng Irom wInd.
AIso LIese scenurIos ure IurLIer projecLed In z Lypes us
1. ProjecLIons up Lo zoo und
z. ProjecLIons up Lo zoo.
oIIowIng LubIe gIves un Ideu ubouL LIese projecLIons.
Table 7 Global Wind Energy Outlook
Global wind energy outlook for 2030 Global wind energy outlook for 2050
Global scenario Reference Moderate Advance Reference Moderate Advance
Cumulative wind power capacity (GW) 364 1129 2107 577 1557 3010
Electricity Output (TWh) 892 2769 5179 1517 4092 7911
Percentage of world electricity (High
energy efficiency)
5 15.6 29.1 6.6 17.7 34.3
Annual Installed capacity(GW) 24.8 58.3 129.2 34.3 71 168.6
Annual Investment (Euro bn) 21.2 45 84.8 28.8 54.2 112
Jobs (million) 0.48 1.14 1.44 0.65 1.39 2.8
Annual CO2 Saving
(million tonnes)
535 1661 3100 910 2455 4747
Source : Global Wind Outlook 2006

Igure 1, IndIcuLes cumuIuLIve gIobuI wInd power poLenLIuI |1|

Iigore 1g ProjecLIons oI gIobuI cumuIuLIve wInd power poLenLIuI
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
M
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a
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A
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a
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c
e
d
2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Years
M
W
Major players
TubIe 8 gIves InIormuLIon ubouL mujor wInd LurbIne pIuyers und
LIeIr murkeL sIure In zoo6.
Table 8 Market share in 2006
Supplier Country MW Share (%)
Vestas Denmark 4239 28.2
Gamesa Spain 2346 15.6
GE Energy USA 2326 15.5
Enercon Germany 2316 15.4
Suzlon India 1157 7.7
Siemens Germany 1103 7.3
Nordex Germany 505 3.4
Repower Germany 480 3.2
Acciona Spain 426 2.8
Goldwind China 416 2.8
: Sun & Wind 2/2007

Small wind turbines
Source : http://www.smallwindenergy.ca
Figure 16 Small wind turbine


SmuII wInd LurbIne usuuIIy consIsLs oI LIe IoIIowIng componenLs.

Rotor
BIudes und sIuIL LogeLIer Iorm roLor. BIudes ure usuuIIy mude up
oI IIbregIuss, meLuI, reInIorced pIusLIc or wood. TIe roLor dIumeLer
deLermInes Iow mucI energy cun be cupLured Irom LIe wInd.

Generctor,clternctor
TIIs produces eIecLrIcILy Irom roLuLIon oI bIudes. UsuuIIy
eIecLrIcILy produced by generuLor Is In DC Iorm wIIcI Is IurLIer
converLed Lo AC by meuns oI un uILernuLor.

Gecr box
MosL oI LIe smuII wInd LurbInes ubove 1okW use u geurbox Lo
syncIronIse LIe roLor speed Lo LIuL oI LIe generuLor.

Nccelle
TIIs Is Lo proLecL geurbox und uILernuLorJgeneruLor Irom exLernuI
eIemenLs.

Tcil tcne, cu sstem
TIIs Is Ior uIIgnmenL oI IorIzonLuI uxIs wInd LurbIne Lowurds wInd.
n some sysLems, LIe roLor Is downwInd oI LIe generuLor, so IL
nuLuruIIy uIIgns wILI LIe wInd. Some yuw sysLems cun be oIIseL
Irom LIe verLIcuI uxIs Lo reguIuLe roLor power und speed by LIILIng
LIe LurbIne sIIgILIy upwurd.

oIIowIng componenLs ure uIso suppIIed us purL oI smuII wInd
LurbIne sysLems.
ConLroI und proLecLIon sysLems
Towers
TIIL up Lowers - usuuIIy Ior sysLems under 1ooo W (1 kW)
Guyed Lowers - usuuIIy used Ior sysLems beLween 1 kW Lo o kW
SeII supporLIng Lowers - usuuIIy Ior LurbInes ubove o kW
BuLLery
nverLer
RecLIIIer
MonILorIng sysLem

Typical power curve for small wind turbines
Source : www.omafra.gov.on.ca
Figure 17 Typical power curve for small wind turbines

Applications
DependIng on wInd resource, smuII wInd LurbInes ure cuLegorIzed
In cuLegorIes und ure IIsLed us per uppIIcuLIons In LubIe q.
Table 9 Applications of small wind turbines
Small Wind Turbine Category
Battery Charging & Light
Seasonal Loads
Residential & Heavy Seasonal
Loads
Commercial, Institutional, Farms,
and Remote Communities
Typical power rating up to 1000 W 1-30 kW 30-300 kW
Typical grid connectivity Mostly off-grid, some on-grid Mostly On-grid*, Some Off-grid On-grid*, Isolated-grid, or Off-grid
Typical applications Mobile uses (sailboats,
recreational vehicles, etc.)
Seasonal applications
(small cottages, hunting
lodges, etc.)
Rural & 'urban perimeter'
residential homes (small
loads)
Specialty power s (radar
and telecomm devices,
measurement instruments,
Cathodic protection,
remote weather stations, etc.)
Commercial parks & camps
Electric fencing
Off-grid rural houses with
large lot sizes (usually >1 acre)
On-grid rural houses with
large lot sizes (usually >1 acre)
where DC appliances are driven
by wind turbine/batteries or where
some electricity is stored on the
grid through Net Metering
Larger cottages or hunting
lodges with significant share of
electricity from wind
On-grid or isolated-grid
large farms
Off-grid small farms where
small wind complements a diesel
generator set and/or solar
photovoltaic
On- or off-grid commercial
or institutional buildings
Isolated-grid communities
where wind is complemented by
diesel generators and/or other s
Source : ILLp:JJwww.smuIIwIndenergy.cu


Costs
TubIe 1o gIves brIeI Ideu ubouL LIe cosLs oI smuII wInd LurbInes.
Table 10 Cost Comparison of small wind turbine
Small wind turbine category
Typical power rating 300 to 1,000 W Above 1 kW to 30 kW Above 30 kW to 300 kW
Average capital cost of turbine $2352/kW $2520/kW $1848/kW
Average total installed cost $4200-$5376/kW $5040/kW $2772/kW
Average annual operations & maintenance $33.6-109.2/yr $966/yr $2772/yr
Typical installation by User Professional Professional
Typical lifetime** 10-15 yrs 20 yrs 25 yrs with major
component replacement
typically after 15 yrs
Source: http://www.smallwindenergy.ca ; $= US dollar as in 2004

Major barriers
oIIowIng Is u resuIL oI survey, currIed ouL by AWEA Lo unuIyse
poLenLIuI burrIers Ior smuII scuIe wInd LurbIne growLI.
Table 11 Result of survey carried out by AWEA to analyse potential barriers for
small scale wind turbine growth.
Source : AWEA small wind turbine global market study 2007

Regional status

Installed and proposed wind power capacity in Australia
ToLuI wInd power InsLuIIed cupucILy, by LIe end oI zoo6, In
AusLruIIu Is q6 MW. CurrenLIy, muny projecLs ure under
consLrucLIonJunder LenderJIeusIbIIILyJupprovuI pIuse In vurIous
sLuLes, uILer compIeLIon oI LIese projecLs, LoLuI InsLuIIed cupucILy oI
AusLruIIu wIII become 616MW. TubIe 1z gIves brIeI Ideu ubouL
proposed InsLuIIuLIon cupucILy In vurIous sLuLes oI AusLruIIu.
Table 12 Proposed wind energy capacity installations in Australia
State
Proposed wind generating
capacity (MW)
New South Wales 1,193
Victoria 2,010
Queensland 176
South Australia 1,986
Western Australia 243
Tasmania 555
Australia 6,163
Source: www.wikipedia.com

Installed wind power capacity in Asia
ToLuI InsLuIIuLIon oI wInd power cupucILy In AsIu, us on December
zoo6, Is sIown In Igure 6. CurrenLIy, ndIu und CIInu Ius
InsLuIIed cupucILy oI ;11 MW und zq6 MW respecLIveIy. Jupun Is
pIunnIng Lo Increuse LIe InsLuIIed wInd power cupucILy Lo ooo
MW by zo1o.
Figure 18 Total installed wind power capacity in Asia

13.07%
24.41%
58.78%
1.76%
1.62%
0.36%
Japan China India Taiwan South Korea Rest of Asia
Case studies

Wind power development project [2]

Summary of practice
Countrg: PeopIe's RepubIIc oI CIInu Prooince,Areo: XInjIung
AuLonomous RegIon und ProvInces oI HeIIongjIung und IuonIng
Sectorol 1ssues: RenewubIe Energy
Cross-Sectorol 1ssues: EnvIronmenLuI Governunce, Humun
CupucILy BuIIdIng, EnvIronmenLuI TecInoIogIes
1mplementotion Leoel: ocuI IeveI Durotion: 1qq8-zoo
Sponsors: 1) AmounL: $q8.;M z) Sources oI Iunds: ADB $8M,
Co IInuncIng $zz.oM, Borrower $18.M Actors 1nooloed:
nLernuLIonuI OrgunIsuLIon, PrIvuLe SecLor

Description of practice

cclround,objectites
CombusLIon oI IossII IueIs Ius Ied Lo serIous IocuI envIronmenLuI
probIems In LIe PRC, noLubIy uIr poIIuLIon. An uggressIve progrum
oI energy conservuLIon und deveIopmenL oI non-couI energy
uILernuLIves, IncIudIng renewubIe energy (wInd energy, soIur, eLc.)
couId IImIL LIe Increuse In GHG emIssIons In LIe Ionger Lerm.
WILI moderuLe ucLIon, LIe PRC couId druw us mucI us 6 percenL oI
ILs energy needs In zozo Irom renewubIe energy sources.

Dutline oj prcctices,uctions
1) ObjecLIves oI LIe prucLIce TIe objecLIve oI LIe ProjecL Is Lo
produce eIecLrIcILy In un envIronmenL-IrIendIy munner by
deveIopIng wInd-bused power generuLIon und LIereby uvoId
emIssIons oI suIpIur dIoxIde; nILrogen oxIde; LoLuI suspended
purLIcuIuLes (TSP); und curbon dIoxIde ussocIuLed wILI
convenLIonuI LIermuI power generuLIon.
z) OuLIIne oI LIe prucLIce TIe scope oI LIe ProjecL comprIses (I)
consLrucLIon oI wInd Iurms uL DubuncIeng In LIe XInjIung
AuLonomous RegIon (o MW); uL ujIn In HeIIongjIung
ProvInce (zq MW); und uL XIwuIzI In IuonIng ProvInce (zq
MW); und (II) LecInIcuI ussIsLunce Ior BurrIer RemovuI und
nsLILuLIonuI SLrengLIenIng Lo promoLe wInd-bused power
generuLIon In LIe LIree provInces.

Results/impact
TIe ProjecL wIII produce eIecLrIcILy In un envIronmenL-IrIendIy
munner und LIereby uvoId uIr poIIuLIon. n purLIcuIur, over ILs
IIIeLIme, IL wIII uvoId emIssIons oI ubouL 11,ooo Lons oI suIpIur
dIoxIde, ubouL ;,qoo Lons oI nILrogen oxIdes; ubouL ,ooo Lons oI
purLIcuIuLes und ubouL 1.qq mIIIIon Lons oI curbon dIoxIde. L wIII
uIso ucceIeruLe LIe use oI wInd-bused eIecLrIcILy In LIe PRC.

Critical instruments
Awureness, CupucILy BuIIdIng, TecInoIogy, DesIgn PIunnIng und
MunugemenL

Lesson learnt
NJA

References
ADB ProjecL DuLubuse ProjecL ProIIIe OAN: PRC116-o1
ILLp:JJwww.udb.orgJDocumenLsJProIIIesJOANJ116o1.ASP

Contact
Edu H. HussIng, PrIncIpuI ProjecL SpecIuIIsL ECEN
TE: +6-z-6z-68 eIussIIngudb.org

Provider of this information
TIe APED SecreLurIuL nsLILuLe Ior GIobuI EnvIronmenLuI
SLruLegIes, z1o8-11 KumIyumugucII, Huyumu, Kunuguwu zqo-o11
Jupun AX: +81-q6-8-8oq upIedIges.or.jp

The Exmouth Advanced Mini Wind Farm [2]

Summary of practice
Countrg: AusLruIIu Prooince,Areo: On LIe NorLI WesL Cupe
neur ExmouLI, WesLern AusLruIIu Sectorol 1ssues: RenewubIe
Energy Cross-Sectorol 1ssues: EnvIronmenLuI Governunce,
EnvIronmenLuI TecInoIogIes 1mplementotion Leoel: ocuI IeveI
Durotion: zooo -zooz Sponsors: 1) AmounL: ProjecL CosL -
$qq,ooo z) Source(s) oI Iunds: unded by WesLern Power -
$zzq,ooo & TIe AusLruIIun GreenIouse OIIIce -$zz,ooo ) EIIorLs
Lo ruIseJsusLuIn Iunds Ior ImpIemenLuLIon: A grunL under LIe
RenewubIe Energy CommercIuIIsuLIon Progrum (RE Actors
1nooloed: CenLruI GovernmenL, ocuI GovernmenL, PrIvuLe SecLor,
Non-governmenLuI orgunIsuLIons

Description of practice

cclround,objectite
ExmouLI Is In LIe NorLI WesL oI WesLern AusLruIIu. TIe ureu Is
subjecL Lo cycIones, demonsLruLed by CycIone Vunce In 1qqq,
wIIcI devusLuLed LIe Lown. TIe Lown Is on un IsIunded eIecLrIcILy
neLwork und reIIes on dIeseI IueI Lo generuLe eIecLrIcILy. TIIs IueI Is
expensIve und renewubIe energy soIuLIons go some wuy In
reducIng LIIs cosL. WesLern Power joIned wILI WesLwInd TurbInes
Ior LIIs projecL Lo commercIuIIse LIeIr new zokW wInd LurbIne,
wIIcI Iud LIe cupubIIILy oI beIng ubIe Lo be Iowered Ior un
udvuncIng cycIone. TIIs coupIed wILI beIng ubIe Lo oIIseL some
dIeseI IueI consumpLIon provIded LIe ruLIonuIe Ior LIe projecL. TIe
projecL wus uIso eIIgIbIe Ior AusLruIIun GreenIouse OIIIce IundIng
us IL commercIuIIsed new LecInoIogy.

Dutline oj prcctices,uctions
1) ObjecLIves oI LIe prucLIce: TIe projecL uImed Lo commercIuIIse
LIe zokW wInd LurbIne deveIoped by WesLwInd TurbInes.
Reduce dIeseI IueI consumpLIon In ExmouLI
DemonsLruLe LIe suILubIIILy oI LIe wInd LurbIne Ior cycIone
ureus.
RuIse uwureness oI renewubIe energy In counLry ureus sucI
us ExmouLI.
z) OuLIIne oI LIe prucLIce: TIe projecL Ius
DemonsLruLed LIe beneIILs oI LIe wInd LurbIne Lo new
cusLomers oI WesLwInd, wIIcI consequenLIy Ius Increused
suIes oI LIIs mucIIne.
GIven ExmouLI u green Imuge by IuvIng u renewubIe
energy sysLem InsLuIIed Lo suppIy some power Lo LIe Lown.
Reduced dIeseI IueI consumpLIon.
ncreused communILy uwureness oI renewubIe energy und
susLuInubIIILy.
) SLukeIoIders InvoIved, decIsIon mukIng process MInIsLer Ior
Energy (WesLern AusLruIIu), SIIre oI ExmouLI, DepurLmenL oI
und AdmInIsLruLIon, RegIonuI Power BruncI oI WesLern
Power, ExmouLI CommunILy, DepurLmenL oI DeIence, und LIe
MedIu.

Results/impacts
1) mprovemenLsJcIunges WesLern Power und WesLwInd
TurbInes Iuve IdenLIIIed u number oI ImprovemenLs Ior IuLure
projecLs oI LIIs sIze, prIncIpuIIy In desIgn und consLrucLIon.
TIese ImprovemenLs ure experIenced bused und wIII beneIIL
IuLure InsLuIIuLIons oI LIIs LurbIne sIze.
z) ProbIems LIuL remuIn Lo be soIved WesLern Power Ius
Iud some probIems wILI one componenL oI LIe wInd Iurm, buL
LIIs Ius been due Lo LIe producL beIng u new producL
deveIoped especIuIIy Ior LIIs uppIIcuLIon und Is beIIeved Lo be
now resoIved. No oLIer probIems ure ouLsLundIng.
) UnexpecLed posILIveJneguLIve ImpucLs Lo duLe No
unexpecLed posILIve or neguLIve ImpucLs Iuve been recorded
Lo duLe.

Key successes
EnIuncemenL oI coIIuboruLIon umong LIe dIIIerenL
sLukeIoIders
EnIuncemenL oI cupucILy oI sLukeIoIdersJorgunIsuLIons
SIIILIng prIorILIes In socIeLy -nLroducLIon oI new und
uIIordubIe LecInoIogy

Critical Instruments
SubsIdIes, PrIvuLe IInuncIuI mecIunIsms Ior InIrusLrucLure
deveIopmenL, Awureness, PurLnersIIp, CupucILy BuIIdIng,
TecInoIogy .

Lesson learnt
TIe projecL ucIIeved ILs uIm LIrougI u process oI communILy
consuILuLIon, sLukeIoIder munugemenL, eIIecLIve projecL
munugemenL LecInIques, IndusLry purLnersIIps, und eIIecLIve
InLernuI processes und conLroIs. TIe projecL demonsLruLes u
commILmenL by WesLern Power, WesLwInd TurbInes und LIe
AusLruIIu GreenIouse OIIIce Lo susLuInubIIILy und renewubIe
energy uILernuLIves. TIe success oI LIIs projecL Ius been u resuIL oI
cooperuLIon beLween WesLern Power, WesLwInd TurbInes und key
sLukeIoIders. TIe beneIILs Lo LIe ExmouLI communILy wIII be un
Increused uwureness oI susLuInubIIILy und renewubIe energy
uILernuLIves, und LIIs Is supporLed by u beneIIL Lo WesLern Power
oI u reducLIon In dIeseI IueI consumpLIon und demonsLruLIon oI
LIIs noveI urrungemenL.

Applicability
TIe projecL Ius dIrecL uppIIcuLIons In smuII IsIunded dIeseI
eIecLrIcILy neLworks sucI us smuII Lowns, communILIes, und
uborIgInuI und pusLoruI sLuLIons. TIe wInd LurbIne Is desIgned Lo
be ubIe Lo be ruIsed und Iowered. TIIs Ius uppIIcuLIons In ureus
wIere IIgI wInds ure experIenced sucI us cycIone und Lornudo
ureus, und provIdes und eusy meuns oI consLrucLIon und
muInLenunce oI LIe LurbIne. TIe wInd LurbIne wIen coupIed Lo un
InverLer cun power IocuI Iouds or be Ied InLo u IocuI eIecLrIcILy
dIsLrIbuLIon neLwork, wILI LIe ubIIILy Lo oIIseL dIeseI IueI.

Contact
Mr AdrIun CIegwIdden, Munuger WesLern Power CorporuLIon,
SusLuInubIe Energy BruncI GPO Box qz1 PerLI, WesLern
AusLruIIu 68qz AUSTRAA
TE: +61-8-qz6-6oq, AX: +61-8-qz6-q6oo
udrIun.cIegwIddenwesLernpower.com.uu

Provider information
Mr DunIeI TIompson WesLern Power CorporuLIon,RenewubIe
Energy EngIneer GPO Box qz1 PerLI, WesLern AusLruIIu 68qz
AUSTRAA TE: +61-8-qz6-q11, AX: +61-8-qz6-q6oo
dunIeI.LIompsonwesLernpower.com.uu

Implementation of Wind Energy Projects[2]
Countrg: AusLruIIu Prooince,Areo: Sectorol 1ssues:
RenewubIe Energy Cross-Sectorol 1ssues: EnvIronmenLuI
Governunce, Humun CupucILy BuIIdIng, EnvIronmenLuI
TecInoIogIes 1mplementotion Leoel: NuLIonuI IeveI
Durotion: zoo1 Sponsors: 1) AmounL: Au$88,ooo
z) Source(s) oI Iund: CommonweuILI GovernmenL RenewubIe
Energy ndusLry DeveIopmenL GrunL LIrougI AGO Actors
1nooloed: CenLruI GovernmenL
DescrIpLIon oI LIe PrucLIce

Background/objectives

Situction cnd problems jcced
uck oI guIdunce Lo projecL desIgners und wInd energy
deveIopers us Lo LIe LecInIcuI, envIronmenLuI und socIuI
Issues LIey need Lo uddress Lo geL uII LIe upprovuIs necessury
und Lo successIuIIy buIId wInd Iurms In AusLruIIu.
ProbIems Irom Iuck oI uwureness by deveIopers, IInuncIers
und pIunnersJreguIuLors oI Issues ussocIuLed wILI u reIuLIveIy
new LecInoIogy, und LIe IIkeIy deIuys wILI upprovuI or
sIorLcuLs by deveIopers.
ProjecL deveIoped by LIe AusLruIIun WInd Energy AssocIuLIon
wILI wIde consuILuLIon wILI LIe IndusLry, governmenL und
envIronmenLuIIsLs.

Dutline oj prcctices,cctions
ObjecLIve Lo ussIsL LIe eIIIcIenL und sound deveIopmenL oI
renewubIe energy InsLuIIuLIons
1oo-puge book prepured coverIng requIremenLs und besL
prucLIce meLIods Irom sILe seIecLIon LIrougI desIgn,
consLrucLIon, operuLIon und decommIssIonIng.

Results/impacts
HIgI quuIILy documenL produced by consuILunLs
AcIIeved wIde uccepLunce us un IndusLry sLundurd oI good
prucLIce
DemonsLruLed need Ior IurLIer work by IndIvIduuI SLuLes wILI
regurd Lo LIeIr pIunnIng upprovuI, und more deLuIIed
proLocoIs Ior LIe proLecLIon oI bIrds und buLs

Key for success
EnIuncemenL oI coIIuboruLIon umong sLukeIoIders
CompeLenL LecInIcuI Ieud consuILunL wIo Is prepured Lo
consuIL wIdeIy wILI dIverse runge oI sLukeIoIders
PrepuruLIon oI u documenL LIuL Is noL Loo LecInIcuI Lo be
undersLood by u wIde runge oI peopIe

Critical Instruments
GuIdeIInes, PurLnersIIp, EmpowermenL, CupucILy BuIIdIng,
TecInoIogy, DesIgn PIunnIng und MunugemenL
esson IeurnL
No IormuI evuIuuLIon In pIuce, buL uwureness LIrougI deuIIng
wILI IndusLry und reguIuLors LIuL some ureus need IurLIer
deLuIIed work
TIIs wus unLIcIpuLed In reIuLIon Lo SLuLe und IocuI
governmenL pIunnIng upprovuI wIIcI Is noL unIIorm LIrougI
AusLruIIu
VIsuuI ImpucL und bIrd sLrIke meusuremenL Iuve been
IdenLIIIed Ior IurLIer work

Applicability
TIe AusLruIIun documenL couId be udupLed Lo use In oLIer
counLrIes. L Is expecLed LIuL reguIuLIon muy be Iess sLrIcL In some
counLrIes, buL LIe guIdeIInes wouId provIde un IndIcuLIon oI LIe
sLundurds LIuL ure possIbIe und wIuL cun be reusonubIy expecLed.

References
TIe AusLruIIun besL prucLIce guIdeIInes cun be downIouded Irom
LIe AusWEA websILe uL ILLp:JJwww.uusweu.com.uu or ordered
Iorm TIe AusLruIIun WInd Energy AssocIuLIon PO Box 1ooq GPO
Cunberru ACT z6o1 AUSTRAA

Contact
Mr KeILI Buker, Progrum Munuger ndusLry DeveIopmenL
AusLruIIun GreenIouse OIIIce GPO Box 6z1 Cunberru ACT z6o1
AusLruIIu TE: +61-z-6z;q-1q, AX: +61-z-6z;q-1qzo
keILI.bukergreenIouse.gov.uu

Provider of this information
Mr KeILI Buker AusLruIIun GreenIouse OIIIce, Progrum Munuger
ndusLry DeveIopmenL GPO Box 6z1 Cunberru ACT z6o1
AUSTRAA
TE: +61-z-6z;q-1q, AX: +61-z-6z;q-1qzo
keILI.bukergreenIouse.gov.uu
Small wind turbine manufacturers

TubIe 1 IIsLs Iew oI LIe smuII wInd LurbIne munuIucLurers ucross
LIe worId.
Table 13 Small wind turbine manufacturers
Company Country
Electrovent Canada
Cyclone China
Windmission Denmark
Oy Windside Production Finland
Vaigunth EnerTek (P) India
Fortis Netherlands
African Wind Power South Africa
J.Bornay Aerogeneradores Spain
Marlec Engineering Co. UK
Proven Engineering Products Ltd (Proven Energy) UK
Aeromax US
Southwest Windpower US
Thermodyne Systems US
Bergey Wind Power Co. US
Unitron Energy India

References
1. GIobuI WInd Energy OuLIook zoo6. WorId wInd energy councII.

Bibliography

www.duvIddurIIng.InIo
www.wIndpower.orgJenJLourJwresJweIbuII.ILm
www.wIkIpedIu.com
www. energIeverbruucIer.de
www.Iec.cI
RenewubIe energy LecInoIogy ussessmenL guIde zooq
GIobuI WInd OuLIook zoo6
Sun & WInd zJzoo;
www.smuIIwIndenergy.cu
www.omuIru.gov.on.cu
www.smuIIwIndenergy.cu

Wind Compendium

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August 2007

Wind energy: A Compendium

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