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Year Manufactured
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Crane Loads
Crane loads increasing Codes becoming more complex Consequences of misapplication more severe Chance of engineering errors increasing
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Presentation Outline
The Problem Overview Wharf Designers Perspective Crane Designers Perspective Putting the Two Together Q&A and Feedback
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Crane Purchaser
Suppliers submit
Supplier A Supplier B Supplier C 180 k/wheel 200 k/wheel 220 k/wheel
Not defined
Operating or out-of-service? Unfactored or factored? Wind profile? Increase for storm condition?
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Wharf Structures
ACI 318 Building Code and Commentary ASCE 7-05 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures AISC Steel Construction Manual
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1.3 0.90 0.75/.7 0 1.6* 0.90 0.70/.6 5 * 1.3 if directionality factor is not included
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C crane L
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Some designers treat crane dead load as live load and use the 1.6 factor. This results in 23% overdesign; 1.6 / 1.3 = 1.23.
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Tie-down Design
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ga s
oil
Displacement
metering pin
35
30
25
V runaway crane
20
V gantry V slow
15
10
0
1 4 9 1 4 1 9 2 4
Displacement
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H D
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Basic Loads Storm Wind Load Load Combinations and Factors Tie-down Loads
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Basic Loads
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Inertial Loads
IMP: Vertical impact due to hoist acceleration Lateral due to trolley acceleration Lateral due to gantry acceleration
LATT: LATG:
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Overload
COLL: Collision SNAG: Snagging headblock STALL: Stalling hoist motors
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Environmental Loads
WLO: Wind load operating (In-Service) WLS* : EQ: Wind load storm (Out-of-Service) Earthquake load
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Shape Coefficient, Cf
Empirical values: FEM, BSI, etc. Wind tunnel tests are more accurate Boundary layer Angled wind effects Shielding effects
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Angled Wind
Wind Tunnel Test Liftech Equations Fx
Reaction
Fz
45
90
135
180
Fz
Wind Direction, Degrees
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Fx
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Gust Duration
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Vt / Vhour
V3 sec V hourly
Ratio of probable maximum speed averaged over t seconds to hourly mean speed. Reference, ASCE 7-05. 47 of 85
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Height, m
1000
1500
2000
Wind pressure, Pa
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Variation in WLS
Variable MRI Gust duration Profile Variation 25 to 50 yrs 3 sec to 10 min Open terrain to ocean exposure Effect on V Effect on F * 7.5% 15.6% 46% 5-10% 113% 10-20%
Basic wind speed Gust duration Use local civil code Profile Other factors Shape coefficients Wind tunnel tests
Do not mix and match between codes for pressure and load factors !
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Load Combinations
Load combinations
Operating Overload Storm wind (out-of-service)
Design approaches
Generally Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
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Recommendations
Requesting crane wheel load data Specify wind criteria Ask for basic loads Combine per ACI load factors Requesting crane bids Provide factored load tables Ask to fill in tables Specify allowable factored loads
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Tie-down Loads
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Tie-Down Failures
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F tiedown
F gantry
1 B (1 + e )FWind h D 2 (1 + e ) 1 A = = 1 B 1 FWind h D 2 A
4 3
2 1
No error in V
0 1
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Example:
Error in wind speed = 10%; = 1.4 Error in wind pressure = 21%
5
4 3
2 1
No error in V
0 1
Factor ACI
0.9 0.9 1.3*
FEM
1.0 1.0 1.2
x 0.9 = x 1.3 =
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Problem Recap
Crane supplier and wharf designer work with incomplete and inconsistent data Reasons: Crane supplier generally uses Service Load approach Wharf designer generally uses Factored Load approach Neither knows what basis the other uses
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Solution
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Crane purchaser provide or facilitate detailed information Port Crane Purchaser Wharf Designer Crane Supplier
sing Mi s k Lin
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Recap
Obtain detailed crane and wharf design data Stick to one crane design code Stick to one wharf design code Use consistent design basis Facilitate communication
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Q&A
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Crane Loads & Wharf Structure Design: Putting the Two Together
Thank you
This presentation will be available for download on Liftechs website: www.liftech.net
Arun Bhimani, S.E. President Liftech Consultants Inc. www.liftech.net
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