PROBLEM2.

10
KNOWN: Wall thickness. Thermal energy generation rate. Temperature distribution. Ambient fluid
temperature.
FIND: Thermal conductivity. Convection heat transfer coefficient.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady state, (2) One-dimensional conduction, (3) Constant properties, (4)
Negligible radiation.
ANALYSIS: Under the specified conditions, the heat equation, Equation 2.21, reduces to
2
2
0
d T q
dx k
+ =

With the given temperature distribution, d

2
T/dx
2
= -2a. Therefore, solving for k gives
3
2
1000 W/m
50 W/m K
2 2 10 C/m
q
k
a
= = =

<
The convection heat transfer coefficient can be found by applying the boundary condition at x = L (or
at x = -L),
| | ( )
x L
dT
k h T L T
dx

=
=
Therefore
| |
2
2
2 2 50 W/m K 10 C/m 0.05 m
5 W/m K
( ) 30 C 20 C
x L
dT
k
kaL dx
h
T L T b T
=

= = = =

<
COMMENTS: (1) In Chapter 3, you will learn how to determine the temperature distribution. (2)
The heat transfer coefficient could also have been found from an energy balance on the wall. With
in out
0
g
E E E + =

, we find 2hA[T(L) - T

] + 2 q LA = 0. This yields the same result for h.

x
2L = 100 mm
q = 1000 W/m
3

= 20C
h = ?
T

= 20C
h = ?
T(x) = a(L
2
x
2
) + b
q
conv
q
cond
PROBLEM2.17
KNOWN: Electrical heater sandwiched between two identical cylindrical (30 mm dia. 60 mm
length) samples whose opposite ends contact plates maintained at T
o
.
FIND: (a) Thermal conductivity of SS316 samples for the prescribed conditions (A) and their
average temperature, (b) Thermal conductivity of Armco iron sample for the prescribed conditions
(B), (c) Comment on advantages of experimental arrangement, lateral heat losses, and conditions for
which AT
1
= AT
2
.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional heat transfer in samples, (2) Steady-state conditions, (3)
Negligible contact resistance between materials.
PROPERTIES: Table A.2, Stainless steel 316
( )
ss
T=400 K : k 15.2 W/m K; = Armco iron
( )
iron
T=380 K : k 67.2 W/m K. =
ANALYSIS: (a) For Case A recognize that half the heater power will pass through each of the
samples which are presumed identical. Apply Fouriers law to a sample
q = kA
T
x
c
A
A
( )
( )
2
c
0.5 100V 0.353A 0.015 m
q x
k= 15.0 W/m K.
A T
0.030 m / 4 25.0 C t

A
= =
A


<
The total temperature drop across the length of the sample is AT
1
(L/Ax) = 25C (60 mm/15 mm) =
100C. Hence, the heater temperature is T
h
= 177C. Thus the average temperature of the sample is
( )
o h
T= T T / 2 127 C=400 K. + =

<
We compare the calculated value of k with the tabulated value (see above) at 400 K and note the good
agreement.
(b) For Case B, we assume that the thermal conductivity of the SS316 sample is the same as that
found in Part (a). The heat rate through the Armco iron sample is
Continued ..
PROBLEM2.17 (Cont.)
( )
( )
2
iron heater ss
iron
0.030 m
15.0 C
q q q 100V 0.601A 15.0 W/m K
4 0.015 m
q 60.1 10.6 W=49.5 W
t
= =
=

where
q k A T x
ss ss c 2 2
= A A / .
Applying Fouriers law to the iron sample,
( )
iron 2
iron
2
c 2
q x 49.5 W 0.015 m
k 70.0 W/m K.
A T
0.030 m / 4 15.0 C t
A
= = =
A


<
The total drop across the iron sample is 15C(60/15) = 60C; the heater temperature is (77 + 60)C =
137C. Hence the average temperature of the iron sample is
( ) T= 137 + 77 C/2=107 C=380 K.

<
We compare the computed value of k with the tabulated value (see above) at 380 K and note the good
agreement.
(c) The principal advantage of having two identical samples is the assurance that all the electrical
power dissipated in the heater will appear as equivalent heat flows through the samples. With only
one sample, heat can flow from the backside of the heater even though insulated.
Heat leakage out the lateral surfaces of the cylindrically shaped samples will become significant when
the sample thermal conductivity is comparable to that of the insulating material. Hence, the method is
suitable for metallics, but must be used with caution on nonmetallic materials.
For any combination of materials in the upper and lower position, we expect AT
1
= AT
2
. However, if
the insulation were improperly applied along the lateral surfaces, it is possible that heat leakage will
occur, causing AT
1
= AT
2
.
PROBLEM 2.36
KNOWN: Three-dimensional system described by spherical coordinates (r,,) experiences
transient conduction and internal heat generation.

FI ND: Heat diffusion equation.

SCHEMATI C: See Figure 2.13.

ASSUMPTI ONS: (1) Homogeneous medium.

ANALYSI S: The differential control volume is V =drrsindrd, and the conduction terms are
identified in Figure 2.13. Conservation of energy requires

q q q q q q E E
r r+dr +d +d g st
+ + + =

& &
. (1)

The generation and storage terms, both representing volumetric phenomena, are

[ ] [ ]
g st
T T
E qV q dr r sin d rd E Vc dr r sin d rd c .
t t



= = = =
& &
& & (2,3)

Using a Taylor series expansion, we can write

( )
( )
( )
r+dr r r +d +d
q q q dr, q q q d , q q q d .
r




= + = + = + (4,5,6)

From Fouriers law, the conduction heat rates have the following forms.


[ ]
r r
q kA T/ r k r sin d rd T/ r = = (7)


[ ]
q kA T/r sin k dr rd T/r sin

= = (8)


[ ]
q kA T/r k dr r sin d T/r .

= = (9)

Substituting Eqs. (2), (3) and (4), (5), (6) into Eq. (1), the energy balance becomes

( )
( )
( ) [ ] [ ]
r
T
q dr q d q d +q dr r sin d rd dr r sin d rd c
r t
= &




(10)

Substituting Eqs. (7), (8) and (9) for the conduction rates, find


[ ] [ ]
T T
k r sin d rd dr k dr rd d
r r r sin












[ ] [ ] [ ]
T T
k dr r sin d d q dr r sin d rd dr r sin d rd c
r t




+ =


& (11)

Dividing Eq. (11) by the volume of the control volume, V, Eq. 2.29 is obtained.

2
2 2 2 2
1 T 1 T 1 T T
kr k k sin q c .
r r t
r r sin r sin






+ + + =




& <

COMMENTS: Note how the temperature gradients in Eqs. (7) - (9) are formulated. The numerator
is always T while the denominator is the dimension of the control volume in the specified coordinate
direction.
PROBLEM2.49
KNOWN: Steady-state temperature distribution for hollow cylindrical solid with volumetric heat
generation.
FIND: (a) Determine the inner radius of the cylinder, r
i
, (b) Obtain an expression for the volumetric
rate of heat generation, q, (c) Determine the axial distribution of the heat flux at the outer surface,
( )
r o
q r , , z
''
and the heat rate at this outer surface; is the heat rate in or out of the cylinder; (d)
Determine the radial distribution of the heat flux at the end faces of the cylinder, ( )
z o
q r, z
''
+ and
( )
z o
q r, z
''
, and the corresponding heat rates; are the heat rates in or out of the cylinder; (e)
Determine the relationship of the surface heat rates to the heat generation rate; is an overall energy
balance satisfied?
SCHEMATIC:
boundary
Insulated
a = 20
o
C
b = 150 C/m
o
2
k = 16 W/m-K
c = -12 C
o
d = -300 C/m
o
2
T(r,z) = a + br + cln(r) + dz r(m), z(m)
2 2
+z = 2.5 m
o
-z = 2.5 m
o
z
r
r
i
0 r = 1 m
o
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Two-dimensional conduction with constant
properties and volumetric heat generation.
ANALYSIS: (a) Since the inner boundary, r = r
i
, is adiabatic, then ( )
r i
q r z 0. ,
''
= Hence the
temperature gradient in the r-direction must be zero.
i i
r
i
T
0 2br c/ r 0 0
r
c |
= + + + =
|
c
.
1/ 2 1/ 2
i
2
c 12 C
r 0.2 m
2b
2 150 C/ m
| | | |
= + = =
| |
\ . \ .
<
(b) To determine q, substitute the temperature distribution into the heat diffusion equation, Eq. 2.26,
for two-dimensional (r,z), steady-state conduction
1 T T q
r 0
r r r z z k
c c c c | | | |
+ + =
| |
c c c c
\ . \ .

| | ( ) ( )
1 q
r 0 2br c / r 0 0 0 0 2dz 0
r r z k
c c
+ + + + + + + + =
c c

| |
1 q
4br 0 2d 0
r k
+ + + =

| |
( )
2 2 3
q k 4b 2d 16W/ m K 4 150 C/ m 2 300 C/ m 0W/ m
(
= + = + =

<
(c) The heat flux and the heat rate at the outer surface, r = r
o
, may be calculated using Fouriers law.
( ) | |
r o, o o
r
o
T
q r z k k 0 2br c / r 0
r
c
''
= = + + +
c
|
|
.
Continued
PROBLEM2.49 (Cont.)
( )
2 2
r o,
q r z 16 W / m K 2 150 C/ m 1 m 12 C/1 m 4608W/ m
''
= = (

<
( ) ( ) ( )
r o r r o, r o o
q r A q r z where A 2 r 2z
''
= = t
( )
2
r o
q r 4 1 m 2.5 m 4608W / m 144, 765 W = = t <
Note that the sign of the heat flux and heat rate in the positive r-direction is negative, and hence the
heat flow is into the cylinder.
(d) The heat fluxes and the heat rates at end faces, z = + z
o
and z
o
, may be calculated using Fouriers
law. The direction of the heat rate in or out of the end face is determined by the sign of the heat flux in
the positive z-direction.
At the upper end face, z = + z
o
: <
( ) | |
o
z o o
z
T
q r, z k k 0 0 0 2dz
z
c
''
+ = = + + +
c
|
|
.
( )
( )
2 2
z o
q r, z 16 W / m K 2 300 C/ m 2.5 m 24, 000 W / m
''
+ = = + <
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
z o z z o z o i
q z A q r, z where A r r t
''
+ = + =
( )
( )
2 2 2 2
z o
q z 1 0.2 m 24, 000 W / m 72, 382 W t + = = + <
Thus, heat flows out of the cylinder.
At the lower end face, z = - z
o
: <
( ) | |
z o o
z
o
T
q r, z k k 0 0 0 2d( z
z
)

c
''
= = + + +
c
|
|
.
( ) ( )( )
2 2
z o
q r, z 16 W / m K 2 300 C/ m 2.5 m 24, 000 W / m
''
= = <
( )
z o
q z 72, 382 W = <
Again, heat flows out of the cylinder.
(e) The heat rates from the surfaces and the volumetric heat generation can be related through an
overall energy balance on the cylinder as shown in the sketch.
r
r
q(r ,z) = -4,608 W/m
2
o
z
z
z
z
q(r,-z ) = -24,000 W/m
o
2
q(r,+z ) = +24,000 W/m
o
2
q (r,-z ) = -72,382 W
o
q (r,+z ) = +72,382 W
o
q ( ) = -144,765 W r ,z
o
z
r
Continued
PROBLEM2.49 (Cont.)
in out gen gen
E E E 0 where E q 0 + = = =


( ) ( )
in r o
E q r 144, 765W 144, 765W = = = +

<
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
out z o z o
E q z q z 72, 382 72, 382 W 144, 764 W = + = = +

<
The overall energy balance is satisfied.
COMMENTS: When using Fouriers law, the heat flux
z
q
''
denotes the heat flux in the positive z-
direction. At a boundary, the sign of the numerical value will determine whether heat is flowing into
or out of the boundary.
PROBLEM2.59
KNOWN: Plane wall, initially at a uniform temperature T
i
, is suddenly exposed to convection with a
fluid at T

at one surface, while the other surface is exposed to a constant heat flux '' q
o
.
FIND: (a) Temperature distributions, T(x,t), for initial, steady-state and two intermediate times, (b)
Corresponding heat fluxes on '' q x
x
coordinates, (c) Heat flux at locations x = 0 and x = L as a
function of time, (d) Expression for the steady-state temperature of the heater, T(0,), in terms of
''

q T k, h and L.
o
, ,
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional conduction, (2) No heat generation, (3) Constant properties.
ANALYSIS: (a) For T T
i
<

, the temperature distributions are
Note the constant gradient at x = 0 since ( )
x o
q 0 q . '' '' =
(b) The heat flux distribution, ( )
x
q x,t , '' is determined from knowledge of the temperature gradients,
evident from Part (a), and Fouriers law.
(c) On ( )
x
q x,t t '' coordinates, the heat fluxes at the boundaries are shown above.
(d) Perform a surface energy balance at x = L and an energy balance on the wall:
( )
cond conv cond o
q q h T L, T (1), q q . (2)

'' '' '' '' ( = = =

For the wall, under steady-state conditions, Fouriers law gives
( ) ( )
o
T 0, T L,
dT
q k k . (3)
dx L

'' = =
Combine Eqs. (1), (2), (3) to find:
( )
o
q
T 0, T .
1/h L/k

''
= +
+