Ammunition General

TM 9-1300-200
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY TECHNICAL MANUAL
AMMUNITION, GENERAL
This copy is a reprint which includes current

pages from Changes 1 through 5.
HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
OCTOBER 1969
TM 9-1300-200
C5
CHANGE ) HEADQUARTERS
) DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
No. 5 ) Washington, DC, 30 September 1993
AMMUNITION, GENERAL
TM 9-1300-200, 3 October 1969, is changed as follows:
1. Make the following pen-and-ink note on page 1-9, Table 1-2, Ammunition Color Coding:
"NOTE: The color coding for Smoke, WP and PWP w/explosive burster for both the 2nd Generation and the 3rd
Generation are identical. The correct color coding for both these generations of WP and PWP ammunition is a yellow
band with red markings, as shown in the 2nd Generation."
2. Remove old pages and insert new pages as indicated below. New or changed material is indicated by a vertical bar in
the margin of the page.
Remove pages Insert pages
A A and B
i thru v (vi blank) i thru vi
1-1 and 1-2 1-1 and 1-2
1-2.1 and 1-2.2 1-2.1 and 1-2.2
1-13 (1-14 blank) 1-13 and 1-14
2-9 and 2-10 2-9 and 2-10
2-19 and 2-20 2-19 and 2-20
3-1 and 3-2 3-1 and 3-2
3-17 and 3-18 3-17 and 3-18
4-1 and 4-2 4-1 and 4-2
4-5 and 4-6 4-5 and 4-6
4-23 and 4-24 4-23 and 4-24
4-29 and 4-30 4-29 and 4-30
6-1 and 6-2 6-1 and 6-2
6-3 and 6-4 6-3 and 6-4
6-15 (6-16 blank) 6-15 and 6-16
7-1 and 7-2 7-1 and 7-2
7-4.1 (7-4.2 blank) 7-4.1 and 7-4.2
7-11 and 7-12 7-11 and 7-12
8-1 and 8-2 8-1 and 8-2
8-11 and 8-12 8-11 and 8-12
8-15 thru 8-18 8-15 thru 8-18
8-21 and 8-22 8-21 and 8-22
9-1 thru 9-4 9-1 thru 9-4
9-7 and 9-8 9-7 and 9-8
9-20.1 thru 9-20.3 (9-20.4 blank) 9-20.1 thru 9-20.4
10-1 thru 10-23 (10-24 blank) 10-1 and 10-2
A-1 and A-2 A-1 thru A-4
Index 1 and Index 2 Index 1 and Index 2
TM 9-1300-200
C5
3. File this change in front of the publication for reference purposes.
By Order of the Secretary of the Army:
GORDON R. SULLIVAN
General, United States Army
Chief of Staff
Official:
MILTON H. HAMILTON
Administrative Assistant to the
Secretary of the Army
04899
Distribution:
To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-34-E, Block 805, Requirements for TM 9-1300-200.
TM 9-1300-200
Change 4
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
No. 4 ) Washington, DC, 1 September 1989
AMMUNITION, GENERAL
TM 9-1300-200, 3 October 1969 is changed as follows:
1. Make the following pen-and-ink change:

Cross out text (using a large X) on pages as listed below and retain color illustrations as indicated.
Cross out Retain color illustration

1-3 1-4
1-5 1-6
1-12 1-11
2. Remove old pages and insert new pages as indicated below. New or changed material is indicated by a vertical bar in
the margin of the page. Added or revised illustrations are indicated by a black bar adjacent to the identification number.
Remove pages Insert pages

A A
iii and iv iii and iv
iv.1 and iv.2 None
v and vi v (vi blank)
1-1 and 1-2 1-1 and 1-2
None 1-2.1 thru 1-2.4 (blank)
None 1-13 (1-14 blank)
2-5 and 2-6 2-5 and 2-6
2-13 and 2-14 2-13 and 2-14
2-19 and 2-20 2-19 and 2-20
3-1 and 3-2 3-1 and 3-2
6-3 and 6-4 6-3 and 6-4
7-1 thru 7-4 7-1 thru 7-4
None 7-4.1 (7-4.2 blank)
7-5 and 7-6 7-5 and 7-6
CARL E. VUONO
Chief of Staff
Official:
WILLIAM J. MEEHAN II
Brigadier General, United States Army
The Adjutant General
Distribution:
To be distributed in accordance with DA From 12-34B-R, Requirements for Ammunition, General.
TM 9-1300-200
C3
No. 3 ) Washington, DC, 4 June 1983
AMMUNITION, GENERAL
1. Remove old pages and insert new pages as indicated below. New or changed material is indicated by a vertical
bar in the margin of the page. Added or revised illustrations are indicated by a vertical bar adjacent to the
identification number.
Remove Pages Insert Pages

1-3 thru 1-12 1-3 thru 1-12
2-19 and 2-20 2-19 and 2-20
8-17 and 8-18 8-17 and 8-18
E. C. MEYER
Chief of Staff
Official:
ROBERT M. JOYCE
Major General, United States Army
Distribution:
To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-40, General Information applicable to all organizations which
have a conventional munitions mission.
TM 9-1300-200
C2
CHANGE
No. 2
} HEADQUARTERS
WASHINGTON, DC 4 March 1977
AMMUNITION, GENERAL
1. Remove old pages and insert new pages as indicated below. New or changed material is indicated by a vertical
bar in the margin of the page. Added or revised illustrations are indicated by a vertical bar adjacent to the
identification number.
i and ii i and ii
v v/(vi Blank)
1-1 and 1-2 1-1 and 1-2
4-1 and 4-2 4-1 and 4-2
4-7 and 4-8 4-7 and 4-8
None 4-8.1 through 4-8.
11-1 through 11-9 11-1 through 11-
A-1 and A-2 A-1 and A-2
BERNARD W. ROGERS
Official: Chief of Staff
PAUL T. SMITH
Major General, United States Army
Distribution:
To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-40, General Information Applicable to all Organizations which
have a conventional munitions missions.
TM 9-1300-200
INSERT LATEST CHANGED PAGES.

LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES DESTROY SUPERSEDED PAGES.
NOTE
The portion of the text affected by
the changes is indicated by a vertical
line in the outer margins of the page.
Changes to illustrations are
indicated by a vertical line adjacent
to the identification number.
TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES IN THIS PUBLICATION IS 242

CONSISTING OF THE FOLLOWING:
Page * Change Page *Change

No. No. No. No.
Cover 0 2-24 blank 0

A and B 5 3-1 and 3-2 5
i 5 3-3 thru 3-16 0
ii 2 3-17 and 3-18 5
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iv thru vi 5 3-20 blank 0
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Change 5 A
TM 9-1300-200
LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES cont.
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No. No. No. No.
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7-13 0 9-20.1 thru 9-20.4 5
7-14 blank 0 10-1 and 10-2 5
8-1 and 8-2 5 10-3 thru 10-24 blank Deleted
8-3 thru 8-10 0 11-1 thru 11-8 2
8-11 and 8-12 5 12-1 thru 12-6 0
8-13 and 8-14 0 13-1 thru 13-7 0
8-15 thru 8-18 5 13-8 blank 0
8-19 and 8-20 0 A-1 thru A-4 5
8-21 and 8-22 5 Index 1 and 2 5
8-23 thru 8-25 0 Index 3 and 4 0
8-26 blank 0 Index 5 1
9-1 thru 9-4 5 Index 6 5
9-5 and 9-6 0 Index 7 and 8 2
9-7 and 9-8 5 Authentication page 0
9-9 thru 9-16 0
* Zero indicates an original page.
Change 5 B
* TM 9-1300-200
TECHNICAL MANUAL
No. 9-1300-200
} HEADQUARTERS
WASHINGTON, DC, 3 October 1969
AMMUNITION, GENERAL
Paragraph Page
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL
Section I. Introduction ....................................................................................................................1-1 1-1
II. General discussion .........................................................................................................1-3 1-1
CHAPTER 2. EXPLOSIVE AND CHEMICAL AGENTS
Section I. Solid propellants ............................................................................................................2-1 2-1
II. Liquid propellants ...........................................................................................................2-7 2-5
III. Low explosives ............................................................................................................2-11 2-6
IV. High explosives ............................................................................................................2-15 2-11
V. Chemical agents ..........................................................................................................2-19 2-19
CHAPTER 3. SMALL ARMS AMMUNITION ........................................................................................3-1 3-1
4. ARTILLERY AMMUNITION
Section I. General ..........................................................................................................................4-1 4-1
II. Complete rounds ............................................................................................................4-5 4-3
III. Fuzes ...........................................................................................................................4-12 4-18
IV. Practice, dummy, blank and subcaliber ammunition .....................................................4-15 4-26
V. Precautions ..................................................................................................................4-19 4-29
VI. Packing and marking ...................................................................................................4-21 4-30
CHAPTER 5. ROCKETS
II. Complete round .............................................................................................................5-5 5-3
III. Warhead ........................................................................................................................5-7 5-3
IV. Motor ............................................................................................................................5-13 5-4
V. Launchers .....................................................................................................................5-15 5-6
VI. Fuzes............................................................................................................................5-17 5-6
VII. Identification and packing..............................................................................................5-19 5-7
VIII. Shoulder-fired rockets ..................................................................................................5-29 5-11
IX. Ground-to-ground rockets ............................................................................................5-23 5-13
X. Aircraft rockets .............................................................................................................5-25 5-12
XI. Precautions in storage and handling..............................................................................5-21 5-13
XII. Firing precautions ........................................................................................................5-27 5-14
CHAPTER 6. GRENADES
II. Hand grenades ...............................................................................................................6-3 6-3
III. Rifle grenades ................................................................................................................6-4 6-6
IV. Identification and packing ...............................................................................................6-6 6-12
V. Precautions in storage and handling ...............................................................................6-7 6-15
VI. Precautions in firing .......................................................................................................6-9 6-15
CHAPTER 7. LAND MINES..................................................................................................................7-1 7-1
8. DEMOLITION MATERIALS ...........................................................................................8-1 8-1
9. PYROTECHNICS ..........................................................................................................9-1 9-1
10. BOMBS ................................................................................................................................. DELETED
CHAPTER 11. SCATTERABLE MINES
Section I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................11-1 11-1
II. Mine dispersing subsystem, aircraft: M56 .....................................................................11-3 11-1
*This manual supersedes TM 9-1900/TO 11A-1-20, June 1956 including all changes.
Change 5 i
TM 9-1300-200
Paragraph Page
CHAPTER 12. GUIDED MISSILES .....................................................................................................12-1 12-1
13. PROPELLANT ACTUATED DEVICES..........................................................................13-1 13-1
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................................................A-1
INDEX.....................................................................................................................................................................Index 1
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure No. Title Page
1-1 Color identification of typical pyrotechnic items .................................................................................... 1-4

1-2 Deleted
1-3 Color identification and typical marking of packing boxes and fiber containers .................................. 1-11
2-1 Shapes and forms of propellant grains ................................................................................................ 2-2
2-2 Relative sizes of propellant grains ....................................................................................................... 2-2
2-3 Burning of propellant grains.................................................................................................................. 2-3
2-4 Progressive burning of propellant grains (multiperforated) ................................................................... 2-3
2-5 Ball powder X25 .................................................................................................................................. 2-4
2-6 Explosive trains-artillery ammunition ................................................................................................... 2-7
2-7 Detonating wave amplified by use of a booster ................................................................................. 2-12
2-8 Schematic arrangements of explosive train components ................................................................... 2-14
3-1 Typical cartridge (sectioned) ................................................................................................................ 3-1
3-2 7.62-mm bullets (sectioned) ................................................................................................................ 3-2
3-3 5.56-mm and caliber .50 spotter-tracer bullets (sectioned) ................................................................... 3-3
3-4 Caliber .30 bullets (sectioned) .............................................................................................................. 3-4
3-5 7.62-mm cartridges .............................................................................................................................. 3-5
3-6 5.56-mm cartridges .............................................................................................................................. 3-6
3-7 Caliber .30 cartridges .......................................................................................................................... 3-7
3-8 Caliber .30 carbine and caliber .45 cartridges ...................................................................................... 3-8
3-9 Caliber .50 cartridges .......................................................................................................................... 3-9
3-10 20-mm cartridges .............................................................................................................................. 3-10
3-11 Typical 30-mm cartridges .................................................................................................................. 3-11
3-12 Caliber .22 cartridges ......................................................................................................................... 3-12
3-13 Caliber .38 cartridges ......................................................................................................................... 3-13
3-14 12-gage shotgun shells ...................................................................................................................... 3-14
3-15 Linked 7.62-mm cartridges ................................................................................................................ 3-14
3-16 Links for caliber .30 and caliber .50 ammunition ................................................................................ 3-15
3-17 Bandoleer, magazines, filler and clips ................................................................................................ 3-16
3-18 Cartridges in 20-round cartons in ammunition box ............................................................................. 3-17
3-19 Cartridges, link belt, cartons, bandoleers and ammunition box .......................................................... 3-18
3-20 Ammunition boxes in wire bound box ................................................................................................ 3-18
4-1 Types of complete rounds ................................................................................................................... 4-2
4-2 High-explosive projectile ..................................................................................................................... 4-4
4-3 High-explosive rocket-assisted projectile ............................................................................................. 4-5
4-4 High-explosive antitank projectile......................................................................................................... 4-6
4-5 Burster chemical projectile .................................................................................................................. 4-7
4-6 BE chemical (smoke) projectiles ......................................................................................................... 4-8
4-6.1 155-mm projectile, HE, M483A1 ....................................................................................................... 4-8.1
4-6.2 Warhead M251 ................................................................................................................................ 4-8.2
4-6.3 Typical CBU ..................................................................................................................................... 4-8.2
4-6.4 Dual purpose munition ..................................................................................................................... 4-8.3
4-7 Illuminating projectiles ......................................................................................................................... 4-9
4-8 Armor-piercing projectile .................................................................................................................... 4-10
4-9 Armor-piercing capped cartridge ....................................................................................................... 4-11
4-10 Antipersonnel (APERS) cartridge ...................................................................................................... 4-12
4-11 Canister cartridge .............................................................................................................................. 4-13
4-12 Flash reducer .................................................................................................................................... 4-13
4-13 Propellant temperature indicator with thermometer ........................................................................... 4-14
4-14 Percussion primer ............................................................................................................................. 4-15
4-15 Combination electric and percussion primer ...................................................................................... 4-16
4-16 Burster charge ................................................................................................................................... 4-16
4-17 Booster charge................................................................................................................................... 4-17
4-18 Base-detonating fuze ........................................................................................................................ 4-19
4-19 Point-initiating, base-detonating fuze ................................................................................................. 4-20
4-20 Point-detonating fuze ........................................................................................................................ 4-21
4-21 Impact fuze ....................................................................................................................................... 4-22
Change 2 ii
TM 9-1300-200
Figure
No. Title Page
4-22 Time fuse, powder train ................................................................................................................... 4-23

4-23 Time fuse, gear trains ...................................................................................................................... 4-24
4-24 Proximity fuses ................................................................................................................................ 4-25
4-25 Concrete-piercing fuse ..................................................................................................................... 4-26
4-26 Recoilless rifle, target practice cartridge........................................................................................... 4-26
4-27 Mortar target practice cartridge ........................................................................................................ 4-27
4-28 (Deleted)
4-29 (Deleted)
4-30 (Deleted)
4-31 (Deleted)
4-32 (Deleted)
4-33 (Deleted)
4-34 Dummy projectile ............................................................................................................................. 4-28
4-35 Blank cartridge ................................................................................................................................. 4-28
4-36 (Deleted)
4-37 Typical wooden packing box ............................................................................................................ 4-31
5-1 Principles of rocket propulsion.......................................................................................................... 5-2
5-2 Major components of rocket motor ................................................................................................... 5-4
5-3 Packaging of small, complete round rocket ...................................................................................... 5-7
5-4 Typical rocket motor container for large motor ................................................................................. 5-8
5-5 Typical warhead container for large warhead.................................................................................... 5-8
5-6 Hermetically sealed container for proximity fuze .............................................................................. 5-9
5-7 Metal container for proximity fuze .................................................................................................... 5-9
5-8 Wooden packing box for proximity fuzes.......................................................................................... 5-9
5-9 Exterior and cross section of 66-mm LAW rocket ............................................................................. 5-10
5-10 6mm LAW system............................................................................................................................ 5-10
5-11 Typical 1.6-lnch rocket ..................................................................................................................... 5-11
5-12 Long range, ground-to-ground rocket................................................................................................ 5-12
5-13 Typical 2.75-inch aircraft rocket ....................................................................................................... 5-13
6-1 Representative grenades ................................................................................................................. 6-2
6-2 Hand grenade types ......................................................................................................................... 6-4
6-3 Illuminating hand grenade ................................................................................................................ 6-5
6-4 Hand grenade simulator ................................................................................................................... 6-5
6-5 Grenade launcher ............................................................................................................................ 6-6
6-6 Grenade cartridge ............................................................................................................................ 6-7
6-7 Projection adapter ............................................................................................................................ 6-8
6-8 HEAT rifle grenade .......................................................................................................................... 6-9
6-9 Burning-type (colored smoke) rifle grenade ...................................................................................... 6-10
6-10 Bursting-type (WP smoke) rifle grenade........................................................................................... 6-11
6-11 Typical fiber container for rifle grenade ............................................................................................ 6-12
6-12 Typical packing boxes for grenades ................................................................................................. 6-14
7-1 Representative types of land mines.................................................................................................. 7-2
7-2 APERS mine ready for firing-A, by observer; B, by enemy ............................................................... 7-3
7-3 Typical bounding-type practice APERS mine ................................................................................... 7-4
7-3.1 Typical Nonmetallic practice APEAS mine, M17 .............................................................................. 7-4.1
7-4 Nonmetallic APERS mine ................................................................................................................ 7-5
7-5 Heavy AT mine ................................................................................................................................ 7-5
7-6 Heavy AT mine with fuse installed (cross section) ............................................................................ 7-6
7-7 AT mine activator............................................................................................................................. 7-6
7-8 Nonmetallic AT mine and fuse ......................................................................................................... 7-7
7-9 Light AT mine and fuse .................................................................................................................... 7-8
7-10 Off-route AT mine ............................................................................................................................ 7-8
7-11 Practice heavy AT mine ................................................................................................................... 7-9
7-12 Insert light AT mine and Inert fuze.................................................................................................... 7-9
7-13 Installation of a boobytrapped AT mine ............................................................................................ 7-9
7-14 Incendiary burster ............................................................................................................................ 7-10
7-15 Representative methods of using firing devices in boobytrap installation.......................................... 7-11
7-16 Packing box for APERS mine........................................................................................................... 7-12
7-17 Packing box for APERS practice mine and replacement parts.......................................................... 7-12
7-18 Heave AT mine as shipped .............................................................................................................. 7-12
7-19 Metal packing box for 8 AT mines and 8 AT mine fuzes or 12 light AT
practice mine without fuzes .............................................................................................................. 7-12
8-1 Tetryol demolition block ................................................................................................................... 8-2
8-2 Plastic demolition charges................................................................................................................ 8-3
8-3 Composition C4 block charge........................................................................................................... 8-3
Change 4 iii
TM 9-1300-200
Figure
No. Title Page
8-4 Cratering-type block demolition charge .........................................................................................8-4
8-5 15-Pound shaped demolition charge .............................................................................................8-5
8-6 40-Pound shaped demolition charge ............................................................................................8-5
8-7 8-Second delay friction detonator ..................................................................................................8-7
8-8 8-Second delay friction detonator ..................................................................................................8-7
8-8 15-Second delay friction detonator ................................................................................................8-7
8-9 8-Second delay percussion detonator............................................................................................8-8
8-10 15-Second delay percussion detonator..........................................................................................8-9
8-11 Universal explosive destructor ......................................................................................................8-9
8-12 Explosive destructor......................................................................................................................8-10
8-13 Friction tinge blasting fuse igniter ..................................................................................................8-11
8-14 Weatherproof time-blasting fuse igniter.........................................................................................8-11
8-15 Time blasting fuse (safety fuse).....................................................................................................8-12
8-16 Time blasting fuse.........................................................................................................................8-12
8-17 Typical detonating cord .................................................................................................................8-13
8-18 Delay-type demolition firing device................................................................................................8-13
8-19 Pressure-type demolition firing device...........................................................................................8-14
8-20 Pull-release type demolition firing device ......................................................................................8-14
8-21 Pull-type demolition firing device...................................................................................................8-15
8-22 Pressure-release type demolition firing device ..............................................................................8-15
8-23 Release-type demolition firing device............................................................................................8-16
8-24 Percussion primer .........................................................................................................................8-16
8-25 Blasting caps.................................................................................................................................8-16
8-26 Use of explosive priming adapter ..................................................................................................8-17
8-27 Bangalore torpedo demolition kit ...................................................................................................8-19
8-28 Earth rod explosive kit...................................................................................................................8-20
8-29 Demolition charge assembly .........................................................................................................8-21
8-30 Demolition priming assembly ........................................................................................................8-21
8-31 Projected charge demolition kit-arrangements of components in case...........................................8-22
8-32 Projected charge demolition kit-laying cable over antipersonnel mine fields ..................................8-23
8-33 Typical projected charge (rigid type) being pushed by a medium tank ...........................................8-24
8-34 Linear projected charge.................................................................................................................8-25
8-35 Linear projected charge (cover removed) ......................................................................................8-25
9-1 Types and comparative sizes of military pyrotechnics ...................................................................9-2
9-2 Representative ignition train..........................................................................................................9-4
9-3 Aircraft parachute (illuminating) flare.............................................................................................9-5
9-4 Aircraft parachute flare with shade ................................................................................................9-6
9-5 Airport flare ...................................................................................................................................9-8
9-6 Surface trip flare ...........................................................................................................................9-9
9-7 Guide flare ....................................................................................................................................9-10
9-8 Ramjet engine igniter ....................................................................................................................9-11
9-9 Aircraft signal patterns ..................................................................................................................9-12
9-10 Handheld marine smoke signal .....................................................................................................9-13
9-11 High drift signal .............................................................................................................................9-14
9-12 Aircraft float light...........................................................................................................................9-15
9-13 Grenade-launcher ground signal ...................................................................................................9-16
9-14 Rocket-propelled ground signal .....................................................................................................9-17
9-15 Air burst simulator .........................................................................................................................9-18
9-16 Boobytrap simulator ......................................................................................................................9-18
9-17 Ground burst simulator..................................................................................................................9-19
9-18 Artillery flash simulator..................................................................................................................9-20
9-19 Hand grenade simulator ................................................................................................................9-20.1
9-20 Explosive simulator.......................................................................................................................9-20.1
9-21 Packing box for ground signals......................................................................................................9-20.2
9-22 Packing box for aircraft signals .....................................................................................................9-20.2
10-1 thru 10-26 .....................................................................................................................................................Deleted
Change 5 iv
TM 9-1300-200
Figure
No. Title Page
11-1 Sequence of mine functioning ........................................................................................................... 11-1

11-2 Mine dispersing subsystem, aircraft: M56 .......................................................................................... 11-2
11-3 Canister assembly ............................................................................................................................. 11-2
11-4 Mine dispersing subsystem, aircraft: M56 mounted on UH-1H helicopter
(the struts, pylon assembly, pylon support, and support assembly comprise the
multi-armament kit) ............................................................................................................................ 11-3
11-5 Shipping and storage container CNU-79/E ......................................................................................... 11-4
11-6 Mine canister shipping and storage container M602 (as used in reload kit) ........................................ 11-5
11-7 Mine dispersing subsystem, M56 dispenser (DISP) control panel ...................................................... 11-7
12-1 Typical guided missile showing location of components .................................................................... 12-1
12-2 High explosive fragmentation warhead............................................................................................... 12-4
12-3 Safety and arming device .................................................................................................................. 12-5
13-1 Explosive embedment anchor ........................................................................................................... 13-2
13-2 Mechanically fired cutter ................................................................................................................... 13-3
13-3 Electrically fired cutter ....................................................................................................................... 13-4
13-4 Parachute ejector .............................................................................................................................. 13-4
13-5 Stores ejector cartridge ..................................................................................................................... 13-5
13-6 Fire extinguisher cartridges ............................................................................................................... 13-6
13-7 Cable cutter cartridges ...................................................................................................................... 13-6
13-8 Escape system cartridge set .............................................................................................................. 13-7
13-9 Training catapult cartridge.................................................................................................................. 13-7
13-10 Parachute release delay cartridge ..................................................................................................... 13-7
Change 5 v
TM 9-1300-200
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
Change 5 vi
TM 9-1300-200
CHAPTER 1
GENERAL
Section I. INTRODUCTION
1-1. Scope than routine cases in accordance with AR 75-1.
Malfunctions involving auxiliary gear or nonexplosive
This manual contains basic information on identification, components, not involving contributory safety hazards
classification, and physical characteristics of (e.g., premature arming), will be reported in accordance
conventional ammunition. With TM 90 1300-206, it with TB 9-1100-803-15.
constitutes a source book on military ammunition. e. Report of Safety Problems Involving Military
Explosives or Ammunition. The Armed Services
1-2. Forms and Reports Explosives Safety Board must be kept informed of
safety problems relating to development, manufacture,
a. Authorized Forms. DA Pam 738-750 contains testing, handling, transportation, storage, maintenance,
instructions on use of the forms required to report salvage and disposal of ammunition and explosives.
incidents involving the ammunition covered in this Commanders of major commands will forward reports of
manual. AR's 380-5, 380-6, and 380-40 cover such problems to the Board through the Deputy Chief of
classification of records and reports. Staff for Personnel, ATTN: Director of Safety,
b. Accidents. Responsibilities and procedures for Department of the Army, Washington, DC 20310.
recording and reporting accidents involving injury to General schematic plans, siting plans, and
personnel or damage to equipment or property are specifications for construction of new facilities or major
contained in AR 385-40. Use of DA Form 285 is modifications to existing facilities for manufacturing,
required. handling, transporting, storing, or testing military
explosives or ammunition will be referred to the Board
c. Fire Reports. As prescribed by AR 420-90, DA
for review, through the Deputy Chief of Staff for
Form 2324 and 2324-1 will be used to report technical
Logistics and the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel.
information and actions relating to fires or explosions
See AR 385-60 for further information.
followed by fire, incident to an Army operation or activity
in other than officially designated combat zones. DA f. Errors, Omissions and Recommended Changes.
Forms 2324 and 2324-1 are required in addition to the Reporting of errors, omissions, and recommendations
accident reports prescribed by AR 385-40. for improving this publication by the individual user is
encouraged. Reports should be submitted on DA Form
d. Malfunction. Malfunction of Class V ammunition
2028 (Recommended
(e.g., bulk explosives, demolition materials, cartridges,
propelling charges and projectiles) will be reported Changes to Publications) and forwarded direct to:
immediately by the commanding officer (or senior Commander, ARDEC, ATTN: SMCAR-LMB, Picatinny
individual) in charge of the unit. Reports will be directed Arsenal, NJ 07806-5000.
to the ammunition officer under whose supervision the
ammunition is maintained or issued. The ammunition
officer, after thorough investigation, will report other
Section II. GENERAL DISCUSSION
1-3. Classification based on the following:
a. Ammunition is classified according to its (1) Standardization (standard, substitute

physical characteristics. The basic types-artillery standard, or limited standard).
ammunition, grenades, rockets, etc.-are defined in this (2) Use (service, practice, dummy, or blank).
paragraph, in JCS Pub 1, or in AR310-25 Further
classification within these basic types is
Change 5 1-1
TM 9-1300-200
(3) Form (fixed, semifixed, separated, or D548, assigned to Projectile, 155 Millimeter, Smoke,
separate loading). HC.
(4) Kind of filler (explosive, chemical, leaflet, d. NSNs and DODAC's. The National/NATO
or inert). Stock Number, e.g., NSN 1325-00-028-5298, has
b. For purposes of handling and storage, replaced the Federal Stock Number (FSN). There is a
ammunition is identified by the following: different NSN for each item of supply. The first four
(1) Quantity-distance class. digits in an NSN are always the FSC class to which the
item belongs. The next seven digits constitute the NIIN.
(2) Storage compatibility group. The dash between the third and fourth digits in the NIIN
(3) Burning or explosive characteristics. serves to reduce errors in transmitting. There is a
These categories are discussed in detail in TM 9-1300- different NIIN for each item. A Department of Defense
206. identification code (DODIC) is added as a suffix to the
c. Further classification for handling and shipping NSN, e.g., 1325-00o-28-5298E450. The DODAC is an
is based on the following: eight-character representation consisting of the four-
(1) Department of Transportation Shipping character FSC code number and a second part
Regulations (see AR's 55-228 and 55-355 and Bureau of consisting of a letter and three digits (DODIC). Thus, for
Explosives Tariff BOE 6000). example, 1325-E450, a typical DODAC, consists of FSC
(2) Security regulations (see AR 380-5). class 1325 and DODIC E450. The DODIC, when
suffixed to more than one NSN, indicates items are
1-4. Identification interchangeable for issue and use.
e. Mode. To identify a particular design, a model
Army adopted items of materiel which have been type designation is assigned at the time the model is
classified in accordance with AR 700-20, and classified as an adopted type. This model designation,
component items designated reportable in accordance an essential part of the nomenclature, is included in the
with Circular 310-70 are officially identified by logistical marking of the item. A model designation consists of an
terms to facilitate supply in the field. Thus, the standard M followed by an Arabic numeral M1 is an example.
nomenclature, code symbols, etc., must be used in Modifications are indicated by adding an A and the
messages, requisitions, and records. appropriate Arabic numeral. Thus M1A1 indicates the
first modification of an item for which the original model
designation was Ml. An XM designation signifies that
a. Standard Nomenclature. Standard nomen-
the Item is under development. An E designates an
clature for the ammunition covered in this manual
experimental or noncertified change to an item (e.g.,
consists of an item name and a model designation.
Propellant M26E1 indicates an experimental change to
Sufficient additional information differentiates between
Propellant M26).
items having the same item name. For example:
CARTRIDGE, 152 MILLIMETER: HE, M657E2w/fuze, f. Lot Number.
PD, M720E1. (1) When ammunition is manufactured, an
b. Federal Item Identification. A National Item ammunition lot number is assigned in accord with
Identification Number (NIIN) is an approved item pertinent specifications. As an essential part of the
identification for an item of supply to which a Federal marking, this lot number is stamped or marked on the
Stock Number (FSC) in assigned. It consists of the data item, size permitting, as well as on all packing
adequate to establish the essential characteristics of the containers. It is required for all purposes of record,
item which make it unique and differentiate it from other including reports on condition and functioning, and for
item of supply. accidents in which the ammunition is involved.
c. Department of Defense Ammunition Code (2) To provide for the most uniform
(DODAC). An eight-character number divided into two functioning, all of the components in any one lot are
parts separated by a hyphen. The first part consists of manufactured under as nearly identical, conditions as
four numerals; e.g., 1320, which forms the Federal practicable. To obtain the greatest accuracy when firing
Supply Classification (FSC) code number assigned to fixed or semifixed ammunition, successive rounds
the items covered by the ammunition generic should be of the same lot number; when firing separate-
description (see SB 700-20). The second part consists loading ammunition, successive rounds should consist
of a letter and three numerals assigned to an of projectiles of one lot.
ammunition generic description with the FSC class; e.g.,
Change 4 1-2
TM 9-1300-200
number, propelling charges of one lot number, fuzes of incendiaries and toxics have been omitted are identified
one lot number and primers of one lot number. by stamped EMPTY markings.
(3) An X appearing after the lot number of a (3) Such components as empty projectiles,
cartridge case indicates a steel case. Lots reworked or bombs, inert-loaded and empty cartridge cases, In
renovated once have an A after the lot number; twice, a addition to being marked INERT or EMPTY, have four
B, etc. holes, not smaller than one-quarter of an inch, drilled 90'
(4) The ammunition data card (DD 1650), a apart, if size permits. Exceptions are Inert projectiles,
basic reference document, is a 5-by 8-inch card such as those used in target practice, practice bombs,
prepared for each lot of accepted ammunition. DD 1650 and other Inert items, the designed use of which would
is furnished with the shipping ticket with each shipment be Impaired by the presence of drilled holes. Such
of ammunition, except small arms ammunition. items are considered suitably identified when they are
Information on the data card includes lot number, date INERT marked.
packed, identity of components, expected pressures and (4) Inert, cloth-covered components, such as
Instructions. National/NATO Stock Numbers, etc. bagged propelling charges, are marked with durable,
g. Calibration of Lots. Calibration data for certain waterproof, sunfast ink.
lot of artillery ammunition are computed to improve the (5) Inert mortar propellant increments have
relative accuracy of predicted fire. The data account for INERT cut through each increment.
variations in performance due to the employment of
individual ammunition-weapon combinations. TC 6-40 1-6. Painting
contains detailed information on methods of calibration
and the application of calibration data. Ammunition is painted to prevent rust and to provide, by
the color, a means of identification or camouflage. A
1-5. Marking color coding system is employed to indicate the primary
use of items of ammunition, the presence of a
a. The marking stenciled or stamped on hazardous (explosive, flammable, irritant or toxic) filler
ammunition includes all the information necessary for and/or the color of tracers, dye loads and flash signals.
complete identification. In addition to standard Table 1-1 lists the generally used color schemes for
nomenclature and lot numbers, marking may include ammunition.
such information as the model and type of fuze, and the
weapon in which the item is fired. In the case of a. Primary Use. The color Indicating primary use
separate-loading artillery ammunition, marking includes Is applied, preferable, to the entire exterior surface as
the weight of the projectile. Except on small arms the background color of the item. However, if either
cartridges, marking does not include grade. In the case tactical or technical considerations indicate a different
of some rounds of small caliber artillery ammunition, the background color, primary use may be indicated by the
muzzle velocity may appear on the packing box; color of the markings and/or a band of color not more
otherwise, this information can be obtained from firing than 2 inches wide. Discs, squares, or triangles of the
tables and ammunition data cards. appropriate color can also be used to Indicate the
b. Service components or rounds that have been primary use of the item. The most prevalent use of this
inserted for training purposes are marked as follows: exception to the rule is found in the fact that a vast
(1) Components such as cartridges, majority of HIGH EXPLOSIVE loaded ammunition is
projectiles, fuzes, boosters, artillery primers, cartridge simply painted olive drab and marked in yellow.
cases, bombs, and flares in which all explosives, b. Hazardous Filler. Items with hazardous fillers
Incendiary, or toxic materials have been simulated by (not Indicated by the primary, use code) employ bands
substitution of inert material are identified by Impressed of color, data markings, etc., to indicate the nature of
INERT markings. the hazard. For example, the background color of a WP
(2) Such components as cartridges, smoke round may be a light green to indicate its primary
projectiles, fuzes, boosters, artillery primers, cartridge use. Markings in red will indicate incendiary
cases, bombs, and flares In which all explosives, characteristics, and a yellow band will indicate the
presence of an explosive burster.
Change 5 1-2.1
TM 9-1300-200
c. Tracers. The presence of a tracer (if the color is (2) Blank ammunition.
significant) is indicated by a series of T's in the same Figure 1-2. Deleted.
color as the tracer; dye loads, by D's in the color of the (3) Cartridge cases.
dye; and flash signals (color bursts) by C's tin the (4) Propelling charges.
appropriate color.
(5) Fuzes.
d. Color Coding. Ammunition color coding is now
(6) Propellant-actuated devices.
in its third generation. Since ammunition has a long
shelf life, some very old items may occasionally be (7) Pyrotechnic devices. (Color to used in
encountered. The three generations of color coding are pyrotechnic item to indicate the pyrotechnic effect. The
illustrated in Table 1-2. Ammunition manufactured prior tops of ground signals (fig. 1-1), for example, are
to 1962 vas generally painted as shown for the first painted in the color of the signal and embossed for ease
generation color code. The second generation coding in identification).
vas used between 1962 and approximately 1976 when (8) Demolition accessories and ammunition
the third generation code came Into use. components which do not require color coding for
e. Application of Color Coding. The color code in identification purposes.
Table 1-2, applies to all ammunition items in this
manual, except the following:
(1) Small arms ammunition (see Chapter 3).
Table 1-1. Generally Used Color Schemes for Ammunition (see Table 1-2)
Type of Ammunition Body Markings Band
High Explosive,(HE), Olive Drab Yellow None

except 20MM
High Explosive, (HE), Yellow Black None
20m
Explosive Binary Olive Drab Yellow Broken
Munitions Yellow
High Explosive Olive Drab Yellow Black
Plastic (HEP)
High Explosive Anti- Black Yellow None
tank (HEAT)
Antipersonnel and Olive Drab Yellow Yellow
anti-tank mines Triangles
Incendiary Light Red Black None
High Explosive Yellow Black Light Red
Incendiary (HEl)
Armor Piercing Black White Light Red
Incendiary (API)
Armor Piercing (AP)
(a) with bursting
charge Black Yellow None
(b) without bursting
charge Black White None
Canister Olive Drab White None
Flechette loaded Olive Drab White None
Change 4 1-2.2
TM 9-1300-200
Table 1-1. Generally Used Color Schemes for Ammunition (see Table 1-2) (continued)
Type of Ammunition Body Markings Band
Illuminating
(a) separate
loading Olive Drab White White
(b) fixed or
semi-fixed White Black None
Practice Blue White

(a) with low
explosives to
indicate function-
ing Blue White Brown
(b) with high explosive
to indicate
functioning Blue White Yellow
(c) Without explosive
to indicate
functioning Blue White None
Screening or Marking
Smoke Ammunition
(a) Filled with other
than white
phosphorus Light Green Black None
(b) Filled with white
phosphorus Light Green Light Red Yellow
Inert (training) ammunition Bronze,

not designed to be delivered Gold,
in a delivery system Brass Black None
Chemical
(a) Filled with a
riot control
agent Gray Red Red
(b) Filled with an
incapacitating
agent Gray Violet Violet
(c) Filled with a
toxic chemical
agent other than
binary agents Gray Dark Green Dark Green
(d) Filled with
a toxic chemical Broken Dark
binary nerve agent Gray Dark Green Green
Change 4 1-2.3 (1-2.4 blank)

C3, TM 9-1300-200
number, propelling charges of one lot number, fuzes of holes, not smaller than one-quarter of an inch, drilled
one lot number and primers of one lot number. 90° apart, if size permits. Exceptions are inert
(3) An X appearing after the lot number of a projectiles, such as those used in target practice,
cartridge case indicates a steel case. Lots reworked or practice bombs, and other inert items, the designed use
renovated once have an A after the lot number; twice, a of which would be impaired by the presence of drilled
B, etc. holes. Such items are considered suitably identified
(4) The ammunition data card (DD 1650), a when they are INERT marked.
basic reference document, is a 5-by 8-inch card (4) Inert, cloth-covered components, such as
prepared for each lot of accepted ammunition. DD 1650 bagged propelling charges, are marked with durable,
is furnished with the shipping ticket with each shipment waterproof, sunfast ink.
of ammunition, except small arms ammunition. (5) Inert mortar propellant increments have
Information on the data card includes lot number, date INERT cut through each increment.
packed, identity of components, expected pressures and
instructions, Federal Stock Numbers, etc. 1-6. Painting
g. Calibration of Lots. Calibration data for certain
lots of artillery ammunition are computed to improve the Ammunition is painted to prevent rust and to provide, by
relative accuracy of predicted fire. The data account for the color, a means of identification or camouflage. A
variations in performance due to the employment of color coding system is employed to indicate the primary
individual ammunition-weapon combinations. FM 640 use of items of ammunition, the presence of a
contains detailed information on methods of calibration hazardous (explosive, flammable, irritant or toxic) filler,
and the application of calibration data. and/or the color of tracers, dye loads and flash signals.
1-5. Marking a. Primary Use. The color indicating primary use

is applied, preferably, to the entire exterior surface as
a. The marking stenciled or stamped on the background color of the item. However, if either
ammunition includes all the information necessary for tactical or technical considerations indicate a different
complete identification. In addition to standard background color (e.g., olive drab for certain explosive
nomenclature and lot numbers, marking may include items), primary use may be indicated by a band of color
such information as the model and type of fuze, and the not more than 2 inches wide. If neither background
weapon in which the item is fired. In the case of color nor bands are feasible, primary use may be
separate-loading artillery ammunition, marking includes indicated by disks or squares in the appropriate color.
the weight of the projectile. Except on small arms Data markings (nomenclature, lot numbers, etc.),
cartridges, marking does not include grade. In the case usually in black or white, may also be color coded. This
of some rounds of small caliber artillery ammunition, the applies if the primary color cannot be applied elsewhere,
muzzle velocity may appear on the packing box; or if a need for more than one color code is indicated.
otherwise, this information can be obtained from firing
tables and ammunition data cards. Table 1-1. Primary Use Code
b. Service components or rounds that have been Color Primary use
inerted for training purposes are marked as follows: Yellow High explosive
Brown Low explosive
(1) Components such as cartridges,
Cray Chemical
projectiles, fuzes, boosters, artillery primers, cartridge
Light green Smoke
cases, bombs, and flares in which all explosives,
Light red Incendiary
incendiary, or toxic materials have been simulated by
White Illuminating/pyrotechnic
substitution of inert material are identified by impressed
Black Armor defeating
INERT markings.
Aluminum/silver Countermeasure
(2) Such components as cartridges, Light blue Noncombat (practice)
projectiles, fuzes, boosters, artillery primers, cartridge Bronze Noncombat (training)
cases, bombs, and flares in which all explosives,
incendiaries and toxics have been omitted are identified
by stamped EMPTY markings. b. Hazardous Filler. Items with hazardous fillers
(not indicated by the primary use code)
(3) Such components as empty projectiles,
bombs, inert-loaded and empty cartridge cases, in
addition to being marked INERT or EMPTY, have four
1-3
TM 9-1300-200
RA PD 167581
Figure 1-1. Color identification of typical pyrotechnic items.
1-4
C3, TM 9-1300-200
employ bands of color, data markings, etc., to indicate all ammunition items in this manual, except the
the nature of the hazard. For example, the background following:
color of a WP smoke round may be a light green to
indicate its primary use. Markings in red will indicate (1) Small arms ammunition (see ch 3).
incendiary characteristics, and a yellow band will
(2) Blank ammunition.
indicate the presence of an explosive burster.
Figure 1-2. Deleted.
c. Tracers. The presence of a tracer (if the color is
significant) is indicated by a series of T's in the same
color as the tracer; dye loads, by D's in the color of the (3) Cartridge cases.
dye; and flash signals (color bursts) by C's in the (4) Propelling charges.
appropriate color. (5) Fuzes.
d. Color Coding. Ammunition color coding is now (6) Propellant-actuated devices.
in its third generation. Since ammunition has a long (7) Pyrotechnic devices. (Color is used in
shelf life, some very old items may occasionally be pyrotechnic items to indicate the pyrotechnic effect.
encountered The three generations of color coding are The tops of ground signals (fig. 1-1), for example, are
illustrated in table 1-2. Ammunition manufactured prior painted in the color of the signal and embossed for ease
to 1962 was generally painted as shown for the first in identification.)
generation color code. The second generation coding (8) Demolition accessories and ammunition
was used between 1962 and approximately 1976 when components which do not require color coding for
the third generation code came into use. e. Application identification purposes.
of Color Coding. The color code in table 1-2 applies to
1-5
C3, TM 9-1300-200
Table 1-2. Ammunition Color Coding
1-6
C3, TM 9-1300-200
Table 1-2. Ammunition Color Coding - Continued
1-7
C3, TM 9-1300-200
Table 1-2. Ammunition color Coding - Continued
1-8
C3, TM 9-1300-200
1-9
C3, TM 9-1300-200
1-10
C1, TM 9-1300-200
Figure 1-3. Color identification and typical marking of packing and fiber containers.
1-11
C3, TM 9-1300-200
1-7. Packing and Marking 1-10. Precautions

Ammunition is packed, and packing containers marked a. Handle explosive ammunition carefully at all
(fig. 13) in accordance with pertinent drawings and times-explosive elements, such as primers and fuzes,
specifications. Containers are designed to withstand are sensitive to shock and high temperature.
conditions normally encountered in handling, storage, b. Store ammunition in original container in dry
and transportation, and to comply with Department of well ventilated place; protect from direct rays of sun and
Transportation (DOT) regulations. Marking of other sources of excessive heat. Keep sensitive
containers includes all information required for complete initiators, such as blasting caps, igniters, primers, and
identification of contents and for compliance with DOT fuzes, separate from other explosives.
regulations (see also TM 9-1300-206).
c. Keep ammunition and its containers clean and
dry; protect from damage.
1-8. Inspecting and Grading
d. Do not disassemble ammunition components,
a. Ammunition is manufactured to rigorous
such as fuzes and primers, unless so authorized.
specifications and is thoroughly inspected before
acceptance. Ammunition in storage is periodically
inspected and tested in accordance with specific WARNING
instructions of the U.S. Army Munitions Command Any alteration of loaded ammunition,
(USAMUCOM). except as authorized in Paragraph 3-
b. Each lot of small arms ammunition is graded 2 of AR 385-63, is hazardous and
primarily on qualities that make the lot especially must not be undertaken.
suitable for use in a particular class of weapons, such as
aircraft and antiaircraft machineguns, rifles, and ground e. Do not open sealed containers or remove
machineguns. protective or safety devices, except as required for
inspection, until just before use.
c. Other than small arms ammunition is graded, as
a result of surveillance tests, on the basis of f. Return ammunition prepared for firing but not
serviceability and priority of issue. (See the appropriate fired to its original packing and mark appropriately. Use
ammunition serviceability list for grading of specific such ammunition first in subsequent firings in order to
items.) Stocks of inappropriate grade on hand for keep stocks of opened packings to a minimum.
immediate use in the field should be transferred from
one station to another within the Army command. WARNING
Use of live ammunition for training
1-9. Priority of Issue purposes as a substitute for
a. Subject to special instructions from authorized drill ammunition is
USAMUCOM, ammunition of appropriate type and prohibited. Such substitution must
model will be used in the following order: limited be considered hazardous and is not
standard, substitute standard, standard. Within this rule, permitted under any circumstances.
ammunition with the longest or least favorable storage
will be used first. Among lots of equal age, priority of g. Mark unserviceable ammunition appropriately
issue will be given the smallest lot. and return to issuing agency.
b. Proper distribution must be made of those items
which, because of their scarcity, cost or highly technical 1-11. Firing Data
or hazardous nature, are characterized as regulated Firing data for ammunition covered in this manual are
items (In this connection, see AR 711-35.) given in applicable firing tables indexed in DA Pam 310-
c. Priority of issue for given lots of ammunition is 3.
published in special instructions and in SB 700-1300-1.
1-12
TM 9-1300-200
1-7. Packing and Marking 1-10. Precautions
Ammunition is packed, and packing containers marked
(fig. 1-3) in accordance with pertinent drawings and a. Handle explosive ammunition carefully at all
specifications. Containers are designed to withstand times-explosive elements, such as primers and fuses,
conditions normally encountered in handling, storage, are sensitive to shock and high temperature.
and transportation, and to comply with Department of
b. Store ammunition in original container in dry
Transportation (DOT) regulations. Marking of
well ventilated place; protect from direct rays of sun and
containers Includes all information required for complete
other sources of excessive heat. Keep sensitive
identification of contents and for compliance with DOT
initiators, such as blasting caps, igniters, primers, and
regulations (see also TM 9-1300-206).
fuzes, separate from other explosives.
1-8. Inspecting and Grading c. Keep ammunition and its containers clean and
dry; protect from damage.
d. Do not disassemble ammunition components,
a. Ammunition is manufactured to rigorous
such as fuzes and primers, unless so authorized.
specifications and is thoroughly inspected before
acceptance. Ammunition in storage is periodically
inspected and tested in accordance with specific WARNING
instructions of the U.S. Army Armament, Munitions and Any alteration of loaded ammunition,
Chemical Command (AMCCOM). except by direction of the technical
b. Each lot of small arms ammunition is graded source concerned and under
primarily on qualities that make the lot especially supervision of a commissioned
suitable for use in a particular class of weapons, such as officer of that service, is hazardous
aircraft and antiaircraft machineguns, rifles, and ground and must not be undertaken.
machineguns.
c. Other than small arms ammunition is graded, as e. Do not open sealed containers or remove
a result of surveillance tests, on the basis of protective or safety devices, except as required for
serviceability and priority of issue. (See the appropriate inspection, until just before use.
ammunition serviceability list for grading of specific f. Return ammunition prepared for 5ring but not
items.) Stocks of inappropriate grade on hand for fired to its original packing and mark appropriately. Use
immediate use in the field should be transferred from such ammunition first in subsequent firings in order to
one station to another within the Army command. keep stocks of opened packings to a minimum.
1-9. Priority of Issue WARNING

Use of live ammunition for training
a. Subject to special instructions from purposes as a substitute for
USAAMCCOM, ammunition of appropriate type and authorized drill ammunition is
model will be used in the following order: limited prohibited. Such substitution must
standard, substitute standard, standard. Within this rule, be considered hazardous and is not
ammunition with the longest or least favorable storage permitted under any circumstances
will be used first. Among lots of equal age, priority of g. Mark unserviceable ammunition
issue will be given the smallest lot. appropriately and return to issuing
b. Proper distribution must be made of those items agency.
which, because of their scarcity, cost or highly technical
or hazardous nature, are characterized as regulated 1-11. Firing Data
items. Firing data for ammunition covered in this manual are
c. Priority of issue for given lots of ammunition is given in applicable firing tables indexed in DA Pam 25-
published in special instructions and in SB 700-1300-1. 30.
Change 5 1-13
TM 9-1300-200
Change 5 1-14
TM 9-1300-200
CHAPTER 2
EXPLOSIVE AND CHEMICAL AGENTS
Section I. SOLID PROPELLANTS
2-1. General and physical requirements, rather than on the basis of

Solid propellants are low explosives used to propel composition. As a given composition may be suitable
projectiles, rockets, etc. Nitrocellulose, though unstable, for use in several different applications, it is not
is a general ingredient of propellants. Stabilizers are practicable to classify propellants on the basis of use.
added to counteract acid breakdown products of
nitrocellulose. Propellant compositions, generally 2-3. Characteristics
referred to as smokeless powders (a misnomer), burn at a. Form. Propellant grains take the form of strips,
characteristic, linear rates affected by initial flakes, balls, sheets or cords; single-perforated or
temperatures and pressures. Propellants are identified multiperforated cylinders; and rosette cylinders (fig. 2-
by M or T numbers. See TM 9-1300-214 for specific 1). Grains vary in size and form with the weapons. In
coverage on United States propellants. rockets, for example, grains are considerably larger than
those used for artillery. Figure 2-2 shows the relative
2-2. Classification size of grains used in some artillery propellants. Small
a. From the viewpoint of composition, modern grains require no perforation or a single perforation.
propellants are classified as follows: Larger gains require more equally spaced perforations,
(1) Single base. These compositions contain usually seven, to provide a greater burning surface.
nitrocellulose as their chief ingredient. In addition to a The United States Army and Navy have favored the
stabilizer, they may contain inorganic nitrates, multiperforated grain form for use in weapons.
nitrocompounds and such nonexplosive materials as b. Burning.
metallic salts, metals, carbohydrates, and dyes. (1) General. Unconfined, nitrocellulose
(2) Double base. A double-base composition propellant burns relatively slowly and smoothly but,
contains nitrocellulose and a liquid organic nitrate, such when confined, its rate of burning increases with
as nitroglycerine, capable of gelatinizing nitrocellulose. temperature and pressure. In order not to exceed the
Like single-base powders, double-base powders permissible chamber pressure of the weapon in which it
frequently contain additives in addition to a stabilizer. is to be used, the rate of burning is proportional to the
(3) Composite. Composite propellants propellant free to burn (fig. 2-3). Therefore, propellants
contain neither nitrocellulose nor an organic nitrate. are made into accurate sizes and definite shapes.
Generally, they consist of a physical mixture of an (2) Degressive burning. As strips and cords
organic fuel (such as ammonium picrate), an inorganic burn, the burning surface decreases continuously until
oxidizing agent (such as potassium nitrate) and an the grain is consumed. Such burning is characterized
organic binding agent. A composite propellant has a as degressive.
heterogeneous physical structure. (3) Neutral burning. A single-perforated grain
burns in opposite directions. By controlling the initial
b. Use of propellant compositions is not in diameter of the perforation, the total burning surface
accordance with the foregoing classification. While hardly changes during burning. Such burning is
single-base compositions are used in cannon, small characterized as neutral.
arms and grenades, double-base compositions are used
in cannon, small arms, mortars, rockets and jet
propulsion units. Composite compositions are used in
rocket assemblies and jet propulsion units. Choice of
propellant for a specific use is determined by ballistic
2-1
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 2-1. Shapes and forms of propellant grains.
Figure 2-2. Relative sizes of propellant grains.
2-2
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 2-3. Burning of propellant grains.
Figure 2-4. Progressive burning of propellant grains (multiperforated).
(4) Progressive burning. A triperforated grain 2-4. Single-Base Propellants

can be so designed that the burning surface actually a. Pyrocellulose Powder. The first nitrocellulose
increases until burning is nearly completed and slivers propellant standardized by the U.S. Army and Navy
are formed. Such a grain is said to burn progressively. was termed pyrocellulose powder. As first
This characteristic can be made more pronounced if the manufactured, pyrocellulose powder consisted only of
grain is multiperforated (fig. 2-4). When a carefully purified nitrocellulose gelatinized in a mixture
multiperforated grain is not completely consumed, of ether and ethanol and extruded in the form of a cord
portions of the grain remain in the form of slivers. with one or more perforations.
These may be ejected as such from the weapon. The b. E.C. Powder. This partially colloided propellant
rosette or Walsh grain, with a scalloped periphery, was one of the earliest nitrocellulose compositions
reduces the amount of slivers produced by a developed. Because it contains some ungelatinized
multiperforated grain. nitrocellulose, E.C. powder is distinctly
2-3
TM 9-1300-200
more sensitive to friction than completely colloided e. Standardization of the caliber .30 carbine
powders. Data indicate that the composition is permitted use of a double-base composition in the form
sufficiently sensitive and powerful to be used as a high of spheres 0.02 or 0.03 inch in diameter, instead of
explosive as well as a propellant. For this reason, the flakes or grains (fig. 25). Commonly called ball powder,
powder has been used in hand grenades as well as in this composition is produced by dissolving wet
blank ammunition. nitrocellulose in a solvent (e.g., ethyl acetate), adding
c. Flashless and Smokeless Compositions. The diphenylamine and chalk, and then nitroglycerine. Upon
class of propellants known as flashless and smokeless agitation and addition of a protective colloid, the solution
(formerly designated as FNH and NH) comprises is dispersed in the form of small globules. When the
compositions used chiefly in artillery. Whether a volatile solvent is removed by heating, the powder
composition is flashless depends upon the gun in which solidifies in the form of spherical pellets. A wide variety
it is used. For example, the M1 composition is flashless of single-base or double-base compositions may be
when used in a 75-mm gun, but not in the 8-inch gun. produced by this process.
d. Small-Arms Powders. Both single-base and f. Essentially all propellants for rockets are of the
double-base propellants now are used in small arms. double-base or composite type, as are those for rocket
The earlier type of single-base powder for this purpose motors. Rocket propellants are manufactured in much
was known as IMR. larger grains than the largest cannon powder grains, and
rocket motor grains are manufactured in very large
2-5. Double-Base Propellants sizes. The smallest rocket powder is 0.37 inch in
a. Prior to World War II, double-base propellants diameter and 4.15 inches long. Rocket motor grains
were used in the United States for mortar and small- may exceed 12 inches in diameter and 6 feet in length.
arms ammunition but not in cannon. Since then, The smaller grains of rocket powder are manufactured
double-base compositions have been standardized for by the solvent process. The larger grains are produced
use in the smaller guns. Requirements for rocket by rolling sheeted powder into a carpet roll, which is
propellants have resulted in standardization of a number then extruded.
of such compositions. (1) Solid propellants for rockets are primarily
b. Standard double-base cannon powders are used of two types. The more common type is a double-base
in the form of perforated grains. Although these composition consisting principally of
propellants have considerably greater ballistic potential
than the single-base compositions, they are less stable.
c. Double-base mortar powders include those used
for propellant charges and those used in the ignition
cartridges, both being in the form of flakes. In general,
high nitroglycerine content gives double-base mortar
propellant compositions very high ballistic potential
values. These compositions, however, are the least
stable of the standard propellants. This is due, in part,
to the small grain size. Powders having large specific
surfaces have been found to give lower test values than
those in large grains.
d. Double-base propellants for small arms have
been used for many years. At one time, these were of
the ballistite type, in flake, disk, and grain forms.
However, these compositions have been replaced by
double-base compositions containing less nitroglycerine. Figure 2-5. Ball powder, X25.
The single-perforated grains having these compositions
are coated with dinitrotoluene or centralite and glazed
with graphite. Although they have some that less
ballistic potential than the ballistite type of powders, they
are more stable, cause less erosion of rifles, and have
less tendency to flash.
2-4
TM 9-1300-200
a colloided mixture of nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine. nitroglycerine, composite propellant is a mixture of an

The other type consists of a mixture of an organic fuel, organic fuel, an inorganic oxidizing agent and an
an inorganic oxidizing agent and a binding agent. In organic binding agent.
either case, the mode of burning and the limitations b. A representative composite propellant is the T9
under which the compositions are used are the same. composition, which consists of the following:
(2) Most rocket motors accommodate
maximum pressures developed by the propellants of the Ammonium picrate................................ 40.7
order of 3,500 psi. When the propellant charge is Potassium nitrate .................................. 40.8
ignited, pressure within the rocket chamber generally Ethyl cellulose....................................... 4.6
increases within 0.0005 to 0.05 second. Maximum Chlorinated wax .................................... 4.6
value of this pressure is determined by burning rate of Calcium stearate ................................... 0.5
the propellant and diameter of the nozzle orifice.
Thereafter, the charge burns at a nearly constant rate. Such a composition can be manufactured by a simple
Steady-state pressure is maintained constant or mixing operation and can be molded in the desired form
decreases very slowly until the propellant is completely by pressing. While it has a desirably low temperature
consumed. sensitivity, with respect to the burning rate, the
composition tends to become brittle and crack when
2-6. Composite Propellants subjected to low temperatures. It therefore cannot be
a. Difficulty In manufacturing double-base rocket used safely at temperatures below -12° C. (10° F.). A
and rocket motor propellants in large grains coupled with further disadvantage is the relatively large amount of
undesirable ballistic effects with change in initial white smoke produced when the propellant is burned.
temperature have led to the development of composite
propellant. Containing no nitrocellulose or
of the fuel with the oxidizer (hydrazine with nitric acid,
Section II. LIQUID PROPELLANTS for example) or by such external influences as electrical
spark ignition or catalysts.
2-7. General
Liquid propellants, which can be better controlled in 2-9. Characteristics
combustion than solid propellants, have been developed Burning rate and specific impulse of solid propellant are
for large rockets, missiles and projectiles. Such controlled by propellant composition and grain design In
propellent compounds are either composite (fuel and liquid propellant rockets, however, the fuel/oxidizer mix
oxidizer combined) or independent (fuel and oxidizer in can be adjusted in flight to regulate the burning rate and
separate containers). The propellant reacts rapidly to specific impulse. Like some chemical agents and
produce gaseous products which can propel the rockets explosives, liquid propellants are hazardous, toxic,
at supersonic velocities flammable, sensitive and inherently dangerous.
2-8. Classification 2-10. Materials

Liquid propellants are classified by the type of reaction Listed below are the most common combustible and
system, as follows: flammable materials used as fuels and oxidizers with
a. Monopropellant. This system consists of fuel liquid propellants:
and oxidizer stored in one tank, and delivered by a a. FueI-alcohols (ethyl, methyl, furfural);
pump or pressurized tank for eventual reaction in the hydrocarbons (kerosene, aviation gasoline, octane,
chamber of a rocket. To initiate, a separate source of heptane, pentane); aniline, monoethylaniline, hydrazine,
ignition is required. diborane, pentaborane, liquid hydrogen and anhydrous
b. Bipropellants. These systems consist of an ammonia.
organic fuel and an oxidizer, in separate containers, for b. Ozidizer-white fuming and red fuming, nitric
dual feed, carburetion and combustion within the acids (WFNA and RFNA); oxygen, hydrogen peroxide,
reaction chamber. Reaction may be initiated by contact chlorine trifluoride and dinitrogen tetroxide.
Change 4 2-5
TM 9-1300-200
Section III. LOW EXPLOSIVES
2-11. General
Rates of transformation of explosives have been found (3) Stability over extended periods of storage
to vary greatly. One group, which includes smokeless under normal conditions.
and black powders, undergoes combustion at rates that (4) Balance for complete combustion,
vary from a few centimeters per minute to producing a minimum amount of residue and weapon-
approximately 400 meter per second. These are known bore erosion.
as low explosives. Some high explosives (e.g.,
(5) Minimal toxic and explosive hazard.
nitrocellulose) can, by physical conditioning, be
rendered capable of functioning as a low explosive (6) Capability of withstanding mechanical
when ignited. shock incident to loading, transportation and handling by
commercial and military carriers.
a. Definition. An explosive is a material that can
undergo very rapid self-propagating decomposition, with d. Low-Explosive Train. An explosive train
formation of more stable materials, liberation of heat, consists of combustibles and explosives arranged
and development of a sudden pressure effect. An according to decreasing sensitivity. This arrangement
explosive may be solid, liquid or gaseous. It may be a serves to transform a small impulse into one sufficiently
chemical compound, a mixture of compounds, or a large to function a main charge. A fuze explosive train,
mixture of one or more compounds and one or more for example, may consist of primer, detonator, delay,
elements. Military explosives are chiefly solids or relay, lead and booster charge, one or more of which
mixtures formulated to be solid at normal temperatures. may be omitted or combined. Addition of a bursting
charge renders such a train a bursting charge explosive
b. Deflagration. If a particle of an explosive
train (fig. 2-6). A propelling charge explosive train (fig.
reaches a temperature at which the rate of
2-6), on the other hand, may consist of primer, igniter
decomposition becomes significant, deflagration or
(or igniting charge-usually black powder) and some type
spattering of the particles from the surface occur prior to
of propellant.
decomposition. At a characteristic temperature, heat
output is sufficient for the reaction to proceed and be (1) Small-arms ammunition (cartridges)
accelerated without input of heat from another source. explosive trains have percussion primers, relatively
At this temperature, called the ignition temperature, small propelling charges and no igniter. Initially, the
deflagration, a surface phenomenon, begins. Gaseous firing pin explodes the primer. The flame then passes
reaction products flow away from the unreacted material through the vent leading to the powder chamber and
below the surface. Deflagration of all the particles in a ignites the propelling charge. Expansion of the resultant
mass of finely divided explosive occur almost gases ejects the bullet.
simultaneously. In a confined space, pressure (2) In artillery ammunition, the low explosive
increases, which, in turn has the effect of increasing the train includes an auxiliary charge of black powder,
rate of reaction and temperature. The final effect of called the primer charge or igniter charge. The auxiliary
deflagration under confinement is explosion, which may charge between the primer and the propelling charge is
be violent deflagration or even detonation. In the case necessary to intensify the small flame produced by the
of low explosives, such as loose black powder and primer composition sufficiently to initiate combustion of
pyrotechnic compositions, only violent deflagration can the large quantity of propellant. As in fixed ammunition,
take place. Nitrocellulose propellants can burn, or if the primer or igniter charge may be contained in the
confinement is sufficient, deflagrate so rapidly as to body of the primer. This makes one assembly of the
detonate. percussion element of the primer and the primer charge.
c. Characteristic. To qualify for military use, a low Otherwise, the primer or igniter charge may be divided
explosive (propellant) must evidence the following: between the primer body and the igniter pad attached to
separate-loading propelling charges.
(1) A controlled burning rate.
(3) In jet propulsion weapons (rockets and
(2) Capability for instant ignition and
rocket motors), the low-explosive train consists of
combustion.
propelling charge (single-perforated or multiperforated
grain of double-base or composite propellant), igniter
(usually a black powder mixture) and initiator (electric
squib or squibs).
2-6
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 2-6. Explosive trains-artillery ammunition.
2-7
TM 9-1300-200
2-12. Black Powder (3) Sensitivity. Black powder is less sensitive
a. General. Black powder, the name originally than tetryl, but is very sensitive to ignition by flame,
applied to a mixture of charcoal, sulfur, and potassium incandescent particles or electric spark. Black powder
nitrate, now applies also to compositions containing ignites spontaneously, for example, at about +300°C.
bituminous coal instead of charcoal, and sodium nitrate (+540°F.). Sodium nitrate black powder is slightly less
instead of potassium nitrate. sensitive to impact than potassium nitrate black powder.
(1) Standard black powder contains 74.0 ± (4) Stability and moisture absorption. In the
1.0 percent potassium nitrate, 15.6 ± 1.0 percent absence of moisture, black powder is highly stable. Its
charcoal, and 10.4 ± 1.0 percent sulfur. Its principal ingredients are essentially nonreactive with each other,
combustion products are CO2, CO, N2, K2CO3, K2SO4, even at +120°C. (+250°F.). Heating black powder
and K2S. above +70°C. (+160°F.) tends to vaporize the sulfur.
(2) The sodium nitrate black powder used for This results in a change in composition or uniformity of
military purposes and blasting operations has the composition. Black powder picks up moisture more
following composition: because of the charcoal present than because of the
moisture-absorbing nitrate. While moisture does not
cause black powder to become unstable, it can react
Percent Sodium nitrate.......................... 72 ± 2 with and corrode such metals as steel, brass and
Charcoal ............................................... 16 ± 2 copper. When sodium nitrate is substituted for
Sulfur .................................................... 12 ± 2 potassium nitrate a composition is obtained that picks
up moisture more readily than potassium nitrate black
The grains of powder are glazed with graphite. powder. Both black powders are comparable in stability.
c. Uses. Black powder finds application in ignition
of rocket and missile propulsion units, primers, delay
b. Characteristics. In appearance, black powder elements, bursting charges, saluting charges, spotting
varies from a very fine powder to dense pellets. These charges, expelling charges, bursters, igniters, smoke-
may be black, or grayish-black because of a graphite- puff charges and catapult charges. Other uses include
glazed surface. the following:
(1) Burning rate. The type of charcoal used (1) Ignition. Black powder is used for ignition
in manufacture of black powder is reflected by the charges for smokeless powder. The grains are glazed
burning rate of the powder. Black powder made -from with graphite. Burning of black powder produces many
willow or alder charcoal burns much more rapidly than finely divided, incandescent solid particles. These make
that made from oak charcoal. An increase in burning black powder a better igniting material for smokeless
rate also results from confining black powder. Decrease powder than finely divided smokeless powder itself.
in burning rate, on the other hand, is caused by the
following: (2) Fuzes. Black powder is used for loading
the time-train rings of fuzes. The grains of fuze powder
(a) Increase in percentage of nitrate are not glazed with graphite. Because fuze powder
with corresponding decrease in percentage of charcoal. having the standard composition burns too rapidly for
(b) Presence of more than 0.2 percent use in some fuzes, a slow-burning powder is used
of moisture. having the following composition:
(c) Simple mixing (rather than milling)
of ingredients. Percent
(d) Substitution of sodium nitrate for Potassium nitrate ........................... 70.0 ± 1.0
potassium nitrate.
Semibituminous coal...................... 14.0 ± 1.0
(2) Granulations. Military black powder is
manufactured in a range of grain sizes: from coarser Sulfur ............................................. 16.0 ± 1.0
than 4 mesh to finer than 200 mesh. Sodium nitrate
black powder for military use is granulated in three Like fuze powders having the standard composition,
classes: A, B and C, according to particle size. Military slow-burning fuze powders is not glazed with graphite.
applications of sodium nitrate black powder include the (3) Special fuses. Black powder used in
following: manufacture of time blasting or safety fuse may have
the standard black powder composition, be a
Powder class Use modification of the proportions of the ingredients of this,
A ............................Saluting charges or contain such inert diluents as graphite, brick dust or
borax. The most common type of fuse burns at a rate of
B ............................Practice bombs about 1 foot in 40 seconds.
C ............................Torpedo impulse charges
2-8
TM 9-1300-200
(4) Squibs. Squibs for military use are containing chlorates are especially hazardous as
caused to function by heat developed by an electrical regards to fires and explosions. Because they contain
resistance wire. This may ignite a charge of either powdered metals, pyrotechnic compositions may
potassium nitrate or sodium nitrate black powder, or an become hazardous in the presence of moisture.
ignition composition, and, in turn, the main charge of
black powder. In some cases, the black powder charge b. Main Charge Pyrotechnic Compositions.
is ignited by a matchhead composition. (1) The earliest pyrotechnic compositions
d. Precautions. Black powder, which is very consisted of varying constituents of black powder:
sensitive to friction, heat and impact, is one of the most charcoal, sulfur and niter (potassium or sodium nitrate).
dangerous explosives to handle. It will deteriorate Other materials, such as iron filings, coarse charcoal or
rapidly on absorption of moisture but retains its realgar (arsenic sulfide), were added to produce special
explosive properties indefinitely if kept dry. Black effects. Many other materials were added or substituted
powder may be desensitized by placing it in water. as additional knowledge was acquired.
Discarding the water separately from the residue, (2) Present-day pyrotechnic compositions
however, permits wet black powder to dry out and regain generally consist of various chemicals. In some cases,
some of its explosive properties. Combustible materials a single material may perform more than one of the
which have absorbed liquids leached from black powder functions in (a) through (f) below.
constitute a severe fire hazard and may become (a) Oxidizers, such as chlorates,
explosive. perchlorates, peroxides, chromates and nitrates, provide
oxygen for burning. Additional oxygen may be obtained
2-13. Black Powder Substitutes from the air. Nongaseous powders, such as barium
chromate-boron mixtures, which do not require oxygen
a. Benite. Benite is used in igniter compositions of from the air, are used in delay columns.
artillery primers or in base igniter bags for separate- (b) Fuels, such as aluminum and
loading ammunition. Benite takes the form of extruded magnesium powder, their alloys, sulfur, lactose and
strands of black powder (KNO3, charcoal, sulfur) other easily oxidizable materials.
embedded in nitrocellulose. (c) Combustible binding and
b. Eimite. Eimite is another substitute for black waterproofing agents, such as shellac, linseed oil,
powder in artillery primers. When used in initiating type resins, resinates and paraffin.
elements, delays and similar components, eimite takes (d) Color intensifiers, such as polyvinyl
the form of solid granulation. chloride, hexachlorobenzene or other organic chlorides,
c. Boron-Potassium Nitrate. Boron-potassium mixed with barium and copper salts to produce green, or
nitrate is used in many ignition applications. As an with strontium salts to produce red.
igniter composition, it is used in granular form, or as (e) Dyes, such as
pellets. Its function in a delay element is to ignite and methylaminoanthraquinone to produce red, and
set off the rest of the explosive train at a predetermined auramine to produce yellow.
time.
(f) Coolants, such as magnesium
d. Mox-Type Mixtures. Mox-type mixtures are carbonate and sodium bicarbonate.
filler explosives, not igniter materials. Although
(3) Pyrotechnic smoke compositions are of
classified as explosives, these mixtures are used for
two general types:
specialized applications. The most common mixture,
MOX 2B, is used as a spotting charge in place of black (a) Those that burn with practically no
powder. Unlike other filler explosives, MOX 2B was flame but give off a dense, colored smoke as a
developed commercially. combustion product.
(b) Those that burn at a temperature so
2-14. Pyrotechnic Compositions low that an organic dye ((2)(e), above) in the
a. General. Standard military pyrotechnic composition will volatilize instead of burn and, therefore,
compositions consist of such compounds as color the smoke.
perchlorates and nitrates to provide oxygen; powdered
metals for fuel; salts of sodium, barium or strontium for
ccqor; and binding and waterproofing materials. These
compositions are sensitive to heat, flame, static
electricity discharges and, particularly, to friction. Those
2-9
TM 9-1300-200
(4) A friction igniter consists of a primer cup and a ripple wire. The primer cup contains a mixture of
potassium chlorate, charcoal and dextrin binder. The ripple wire is coated with red phosphorus in shellac and has a
nitrocellulose coating. The wire extends through the primer cup.
(5) Quickmatch is a term applied to strands of cotton soaked in a mixture of black powder and gum Arabic and
coated with mealed powder. It is used as an initiator to transmit flame to igniting, priming or pyrotechnic charges.
(6) The priming charge is a dried black powder paste in intimate contact with the firstfire composition. Newer
pyrotechnic items use a special nonhygroscopic priming paste containing barium nitrate, zirconium hydride, silicon,
tetranitrocarbazole and a plastic binder.
(7) The first-fire composition is generally a mechanical mixture of illuminant charge and black powder.
However, for certain items, it may be a special nonhygroscopic, easily ignitable composition that burns with a higher
temperature.
c. Characteristics. Pyrotechnic compositions are generally compressed into definite shapes or forms. On ignition
and combustion, these compositions produce considerable light and decompose or burn by a process known as
deflagration. Functional characteristics of pyrotechnic compositions include candlepower, burning rate, color, color value
and efficiency of light production. Other important characteristics are sensitivity to impact and friction, ignitibility, stability
and water absorption. Table 2-1 shows burning performance characteristics of black powder, nitrocellulose composition
and pyrotechnic compositions.
d. Uses. Pyrotechnic compositions are used in items of ammunition to produce, through chemical reaction, a
desired effect or combination of effects, such as light (instantaneous or continuous), smoke, heat, noise, delay timing and
gas pressure. These items are used for such purposes as signaling, illumination, simulation of battlefield effects,
warning, marking, tracking, screening, igniting, and incendiary effects. Pyrotechnic items produce their effect by burning
and are consumed in the process. The effect produced generally falls into one of the following pyrotechnic classes:
(1) Photoflash cartridges. These produce a single flash of light for photographic purposes.
Table 2-1. Characteristics of Low Explosives

Temperature
Burning rate Heat liberated developed
In minutes In seconds. Cal/GM °C

Pyrotechnic 2-14 ---- 500-2,500 800-3,500
compositions
Black powder ---- 4 655 2,700
Nitrocellulose ---- 7-12 700-1,300 1,700-3,300
compositions
(2) Flares. A flare produces illumination, (5) Miscellaneous types. Pyrotechnics other
generally of high candlepower and substantial duration. than those in (1) through (4), above, have a variety of
Flares may be parachute supported, towed or stationary, uses.
while their primary function is illumination, they may be (a) In illuminating artillery ammunition,
used for identification, ignition, locating, or warning. the pyrotechnic elements are assembled in artillery
(3) Signals. There are two types of effects projectile bodies. The projectiles are used in
obtained with signals: light and smoke. A particular conjunction with other artillery ammunition (TM 43-0001-
model may produce both effects. Light producing 28.
signals are much smaller and faster burning than flares. (b) Smoke grenades have the form of
They may consist of a single parachute-supported star high-explosives hand and rifle grenades but resemble
or one to five freely falling stars, with or without colored smoke signals in effect (TM 9-1330-200-12 and TM 9-
tracers. Smoke signals are of either the slow-burning, 1330-200-34).
streamer type, which leaves a trail of smoke, or the e. Precautions. Pyrotechnic compositions contain
parachute-suspended type, which produces a cloud of materials of a hazardous nature. Although the
smoke. ingredients themselves may be relatively stable, any
(4) Simulators. Simulators, which duplicate one of them may, in time, react with
battle sounds and flashes of light produced by service
items of ammunition, are designed for use in training.
Change 5 2-10
TM 9-1300-200
one or more of the other materials in the mixture to flame, friction and static electrical discharges from the
cause detonation. Some pyrotechnic compositions human body.
(mixtures) may become more sensitive because of
exposure to moisture. Mixtures are sensitive to heat,
Section IV. HIGH EXPLOSIVES
(b) A device containing a
2-15. General spontaneously combustible material, such as white
High explosives are usually nitration products of such phosphorus, used to ignite fillings of incendiary bombs
organic substances as toluene, phenol, pentaerythritol, and flamethrower fuels at the time of dispersion or
amines, glycerin, and starch. Otherwise, high rupture of the bomb casing.
explosives may be nitrogen-containing inorganic (c) A device used to initiate burning of
substances or mixtures. A high explosive may be a the fuel mixture in a rocket combustion chamber.
pure compound or an intimate mixture of several (4) Delay. A delay is an explosive train
compounds with additives, such as powdered metals component that introduces a controlled time delay in
(aluminum), plasticizing oils, waxes, etc., which impart functioning of the train.
desired stability and performance characteristics. A
high explosive is characterized by the extreme rapidity (5) Relay. A relay is an element of a fuze
with which its decomposition occurs. This is known as explosive train that augments an otherwise inadequate
detonation. When initiated by a blow or shock, high output of a prior explosive component. Thus, a relay
explosives will decompose almost instantaneously, reliably initiates a succeeding train component. Relays,
either in a manner similar to extremely rapid combustion in general, contain a small single explosive charge, such
or with rupture and rearrangement of the molecules as lead azide, and are not usually employed to initiate
themselves. In either case, gaseous and solid products high-explosive charges.
of reaction are produced. The disruptive effect of the (6) Lead. A lead is an explosive train
reaction makes some explosives valuable as a bursting component that consists of a column of high explosive,
charge but precludes their use as a propellant. This is usually small in diameter. A lead transmits detonation
due to the fact that the gases formed would develop from one detonating component to a succeeding high-
excessive pressures that might burst the barrel of the explosive component. It is generally used to transmit
weapon. detonation from a detonator to a booster charge.
a. Terms and Definitions. (7) Booster charge. A booster charge is the
(1) Primer. A primer is a relatively small and final high-explosive component of an explosive train
sensitive initial explosive train component which, on that amplifies the detonation from the lead or detonator.
being actuated, initiates functioning of the explosive Thus, a booster charge reliably detonates the main high-
train. The primer itself will not reliably initiate high- explosive charge of the munition.
explosive charges. In general, primers are classified by (8) Fuze explosive train. A fuze explosive
method of initiation, such as percussion, stab, electric, train is an arrangement of a series of combustible and
friction, chemical, etc. explosive elements consisting of a primer, a detonator,
(2) Detonator. A detonator is an explosive a delay, a relay, a lead and a booster charge, one or
train component that can be activated by a more of which may be either omitted, or combined. The
nonexplosive impulse or action of a primer. A detonator explosive train serves to accomplish controlled
is capable of reliably initiating secondary high explosive augmentation of a relatively small impulse into one of
charges. When activated by a nonexplosive impulse, a sufficient energy to cause the main charge of the
detonator includes the function of a primer. In general, munition to function.
detonators are classified, according to the method of (9) Primer compositions. A primer
initiation, as percussion, stab, electric, friction, flash, composition is an explosive that is sensitive to a blow,
chemical, etc. such as that imparted by a firing pin. A primer
(3) Igniter. An igniter is definable as composition transmits shock or flame to another
follows: explosive, a time element or a detonator. Most mil
(a) A device containing a composition,
usually in the form of black powder, which burns readily.
Such an igniter is used to amplify initiation of a primer in
functioning of a fuze.
2-11
TM 9-1300-200
itary priming compositions consist of mixtures of one or built up sufficiently to assure a high-order detonation for
more initial detonating agents, oxidants, fuels, a bursting charge. Fundamentally, an explosive train
sensitizers and binding agents. Many compositions consists of a detonator, booster and bursting charge.
contain potassium chlorate, lead thiocyaate, calcium This sequence is often interrupted by a delay or relay.
silicide, antimony sulfide, lead azide, lead styphnate, The example of a 2,000-pound bomb filled with TNT,
mercury fulminate and a binding agent. The potassium with a fuze of the firing pin type, illustrates the principle
chlorate acts as an oxidizing agent; the lead thiocynate of the explosive train. The TNT by itself will not
and calcium silicide act as the fuel, and as desensitizer detonate from release of the firing pin. This is so
to the chlorate; and the explosive acts as the detonating because the initial source of energy, a friction or
agent. Other materials, such as ground glass and percussion effect of the firing pin, is insufficient and
carborundum, may be added to increase sensitivity to must be stepped up to where it will detonate the TNT.
friction. Priming compositions for electic primers and This is always accomplished by means of an explosive
squibs may contain barium nitrate as the oxidizing agent train, as follows:
instead of potassium chlorate, and lead styphnate or (1) When initiated by stab action of a firing
DDNP (diazodinitrophenol) as the initiating explosive. pin or by a flame, the detonator sets up a high-explosive
Primer mixtures are used in percussion elements of wave. This wave is so small and weak that it will not
artillery primers, in fuzes and in small-arms primers, and initiate a high-order detonation in the bursting charge
as the upper layer of a detonator assembly. unless a booster is placed between the two. The
(10) Bursting charge. This is an encased booster picks up the small explosive wave from the
explosive designed to break the metal casing into small detonator and amplifies it. The bursting charge is thus
fragments. initiated and a high-order detonation results (fig. 2-6
and 2-7).
(2) To gain control of the time and place at
b. High-Explosive Train. An explosive which an explosive will function, it is necessary to
train is a means by which a small amount of energy is
Figure 2-7. Detonating wave amplified by use of a booster.
2-12
TM 9-1300-200
Incorporate other components in a high-explosive train.

The action desired may be a burst in the air, a burst b. Booster. Explosives of this type include tetryl,
instantly upon impact with the target, or a burst shortly PETN and RDX. They have intermediate sensitivity
after the projectile has penetrated the target. The between initiating explosives and explosives used as
components to give these various actions may be a bursting charges. Booster explosives may be ignited by
primer, a black powder delay pellet or train, an upper heat, friction or impact and may detonate when burned
detonator or any combination of these components. in large quantities.
Arrangement of the components does not change the c. Bursting. Bursting explosives include explosive
basic chain. Other components are simply placed in
D, amatol, TNT, tetryl, pentolite, picratol, tritonal,
front of the basic chain (fig. 28).
composition B, DBX, HBX and others.
(3) Placing a primer and a black powder time 2-17. Demolition and Fragmentation Explosives
train in front of the basic chain causes a projectile to
burst in air. When the projectile leaves the weapon (or a. Tetryl.
the bomb is dropped), the primer ignites the time-train
rings. After the time-train rings burn the requisite time,
the primer initiates action of the detonator, booster and (1) Characteristics. Tetryl 2, 4, 6 -
bursting charge (schemes A and C, fig. 2-8). trinitrophenylmethylnitramine is a fine yellow crystalline
material. When heated, it melts, decomposes and then
(4) To burst the projectile promptly upon
explodes. It burns rapidly, is more easily detonated than
impact with the target, a superquick or instantaneous
TNT or ammonium picrate (explosive D) and is much
action is necessary. This action is usually obtained by
more sensitive than picric acid. It is detonated by
placing an upper detonator in the extreme front of the
friction, shock or spark. It is insoluble in water,
fuse, and lower detonator in the body near the booster
practically nonhygroscopic. Tetryl is stable at all
charge. The detonating wave is thus transmitted
temperatures that may be encountered in storage. It is
instantly to the bursting charge (scheme D, fig. 2-8).
toxic when taken internally; on contact, it discolors skin
(5) To permit the projectile to penetrate the tissue (resembles tobacco stain) and causes dermatitis.
target, a delay action is necessary. This is obtained by
(2) Detonations. Brisance tests show tetryl to
placing a primer and delay element ahead of the
have a very high shattering power. Tetryl is greater in
detonator. In some cases, this combination of primer
brisance than TNT and is exceeded in standard military
and delay is inserted between an upper and lower
explosives only by PETN and RDX.
detonator (scheme E, fig. 2-8).
(3) Uses.
(6) A variation of the high-explosive train is
found in chemical projectiles In this train, there s no
large bursting charge " in high-explosive project It is (a) Charges. Tetryl is the standard
only necessary to rupture the projectile and allow the booster explosive and is sufficiently insensitive when
chemical contents to escape. Actual bursting of the compressed to be used safely as a booster explosive.
projectile is accomplished by an enlarged booster, Violence of its detonation assures a high-order
known as a burster charge, contained in a tube running detonation of the bursting charge. Tetryl is used in the
through the center of the projectile. form of pressed pellets. It is the standard bursting
charge for small-caliber (20-mm and 87mm) projectiles.
2-16. Classification It produces appreciably better fragmentation of these
projectiles than TNT. It is also more readily detonated,
and yet, in small-caliber cartridges, withstands the force
High explosives are classified according to their
of setback in the weapon. It is also a constituent of
sensitivity as initiating, booster and bursting explosives
tetrytoL
(b) Detonator. When it is used in
detonators, tetryl is pressed into the bottom of the
a. Initiating. Initiating high explosives are
detonator shell and covered with a small priming charge
extremely sensitive to shock, friction and heat. Under
of mercury fulminate, lead azide or other initiator.
normal conditions, they will not burn, but will detonate if
ignited. Their strength and brisance are inferior, but are
sufficient to detonate high explosives Because of their
sensitivity, they are used in munitions for Initiating and
intensifying high-order explosions. Mercury fulminate,
lead azide, lead styphnate and diazodinitrophenol are
examples of such explosives.
Change 4 2-13
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 2-8. Schematic arrangement of explosive train components
2-14
TM 9-1300-200
b. PETN (Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate). PETN is (2) Exudation. When stored in warm

one of the strongest high explosives known. It is more climates or during warm summer months, some
sensitive to shock or friction than TNT or tetryl. In its ammunition loaded with TNT may exude an oily brown
pure form, PETN is a white crystalline powder; however, liquid. This exudate oozes out around the threads at the
it may turn light gray from impurities. It will detonate nose of the projectile and may form a pool on the floor.
under long, slow pressure. PETN in bulk must be stored The exudate is flammable and may contain particles of
wet. Its primary use is in booster and bursting charges TNT. Pools of exudate should be removed.
in small-caliber ammunition; in upper detonators in (3) Detonation. TNT in crystalline form can
some land mines and projectiles; and as the explosive be detonated readily by a No. 6 blasting cap or, when
core of primacord detonating fuze. It may be issued in highly compressed, by a No. 8 blasting cap. Cast TNT
sheet form. Suspended in TNT, with which it forms a requires a booster charge of compressed tetryl or an
pentolite explosive of high brisance. explosive of similar brisance to assure complete
c. RDX. RDX, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine, one detonation.
of the most powerful explosives, is commonly known as (4) Uses.
cyclonite; hexogen (German); T4 (Italian); and
Tanoyaku (Japanese). It is a white crystalline solid
(a) Bursting charge. TNT is used as a
having a melting point of +202°C. (+397°F.) and is very
bursting charge for high-explosive rounds and bombs,
stable. It has slightly more power and brisance than
either alone or in a mixture, such as tritonal or
PETN. It is more easily initiated by mercury fulminate
composition B. TNT is also used in mines and for parts
than is tetryl. RDX has been used mainly in mixtures
of certain rounds and bomb bursters. Flake TNT is used
with other explosives, but can be used by itself as a
in fragmentation hand grenades.
subbooster, booster, and bursting charge. It is also
combined with nitrohydrocarbons, which permit cast- (b) Demolition. TNT is used to
loading, or with waxes or oils for press-loading. It has a demolish bridges, railroads, fortifications and other
high degree of stability in storage. structures. For such purposes, it is used in the form of a
large shaped charge or a small, highly compressed
d. TNT (Trinitrotoluene). The 2, 4, 6-
block inclosed in a waterproof fiber container. This
trinitrotoluene, commonly known as TNT, is a
protects the TNT from crumbling in handling. Triton
constituent of such explosives as amatol, pentolite,
blocks used by the Corps of Engineers are of pressed
tetrytol, tritonal, picratol and composition B.
TNT inclosed in cardboard containers.
(c) Blasting. TNT is suitable for all
(1) Characteristics. TNT in a refined form is types of blasting. It produces approximately the same
one of the most stable of high explosives. It is relatively effect as an equal weight of dynamite of 50 to 60
insensitive to blows. or friction and can be stored for percent grade. TNT is also used as a surround in some
long periods of time. Confined TNT, when detonated, amatol-loaded ammunition.
explodes with violence. When ignited by a flame,
unconfined TNT burns slowly, does not explode, and
e. Amatol.
emits a heavy, oily, black smoke; however, burning or
rapid heating of large quantities, especially in closed
vessels, may cause a violent detonation. TNT is (1) General characteristics. Amatol, a
nonhygroscopic and does not form sensitive compounds mixture of ammonium nitrate and TNT in various
with metals. It is, however, readily acted upon by percentages, has the same general characteristics as
alkalies to form unstable compounds that are very TNT. Amatol is crystalline, yellow or brownish, and
sensitive to heat and impact. TNT usually resembles a insensitive to friction. However, it may be detonated by
light brown sugar; in the pure state, it is crystalline and severe impact. It is less sensitive to detonation than
nearly white. When melted and poured into a projectile TNT, but is readily detonated by mercury fulminate and
or bomb, it forms a solid crystalline explosive charge. other detonators. Amatol is hygroscopic and, in the
TNT is a very satisfactory military explosive. The presence of moisture, attacks copper, brass and bronze,
melting point of standard grade 1 TNT is 80.2°C. forming dangerously sensitive compounds. Amatol
(+176°F.). Ammunition loaded with TNT can be stored, 50/50 has approximately the same rate of detonation
handled, and shipped with comparative safety. and brisance as TNT, while 80/20 amatol is slightly
lower in velocity and brisance than TNT. Amatol 80/20
produces a white smoke on detonation, and amatol
50/50 produces a smoke less dark than straight TNT.
2-15
TM 9-1300-200
(2) Composition and form. Amatol 50/50 (b) Although less sensitive than TNT,
consists of 50 percent ammonium nitrate and 50 percent ammonium picrate can be exploded by severe shock or
TNT by weight. When hot, amatol is sufficiently fluid to friction. It is highly flammable and may detonate when
be poured or cast like TNT. Amatol 80/20 consists of 80 heated to a high temperature.
percent ammonium nitrate and 20 percent TNT. It
resembles wet brown sugar. When hot, it becomes (3) Uses. Explosive D is used as a bursting
semiplastic (like putty) and can be pressed into rounds charge for armor-piercing rounds and in other types of
and bombs. projectiles that must withstand severe shock and stress
(3) Uses. Amatol is a substitute for TNT. before detonating.
Except for 80/20 amatol, amatols are obsolete. The
primary use of 80/20 amatol is in bangalore torpedoes.
h. Picratol. Picratol is a mixture of 52 percent
explosive D and 48 percent TNT. It can be poured like
f. Picric Acid (Trinitrophenol). straight TNT and has approximately the same resistance
to shock as straight explosive D. The brisance of
(1) General. Picric acid, 2, 4, 6- picratol is between that of explosive D and TNT.
trinitrophenol, a nitrated product of phenol under the Picratol is nonhygroscopic. Picratol is a standard filler
name of melinite, was adopted as a military high employed for all Army semi-armor-piercing bombs.
explosive by the French in 1886. It has been used more i. Pentolite. Pentolite, a 50/50 mixture of PETN
extensively as a military explosive by foreign nations and TNT also known as pentol (German) and pentritol,
than by this country. The British designate it as lyddite. has largely been displaced by composition B. Pentolite
(2) Characteristics. Picric acid is a lemon- should not be drilled to form booster cavities; forming
yellow crystalline solid. It is stable but reacts with tools should be used. It is superior to TNT in explosive
metals when moist, in some cases forming extremely strength and is less sensitive than PETN. Pentolite may
sensitive compounds. Picric acid is more readily be meltloaded and is satisfactory for the following uses:
detonated by means of a detonator than TNT but has
about the same sensitivity to shock. It is not so toxic as (1) As a bursting charge in small-arms
TNT. Although slightly soluble in water, picric acid is ammunition (e.g., 20-mm).
nonhygroscopic. Picric acid has a high melting point- (2) In shaped-charge ammunition of many
approximately +122°C. (+251.6°F.). types (e.g., antitank, rifle grenades and bazookas).
(3) In some ammunition, as a booster or
g. Ammonium Picrate (Explosive D). booster-surround.
(4) In rockets and shaped demolition charges.
(1) Characteristics. Ammonium picrate is the
least sensitive to shock and friction of all military j. Tetrytol. Tetrytol is a uniform mixture of 65 to
explosives. This makes it well suited for use as a 75 percent tetryl and the remainder TNT. Tetrytol has
bursting charge in armor-piercing projectiles. A product higher brisance than TNT and is more effective in
of picric acid, it is slightly inferior in explosive strength to cutting through steel and in demolition work. It is less
TNT. When heated, it does not melt but decomposes sensitive to shock and friction than tetryl and only
and explodes. It reacts slowly with metals; however, slightly more sensitive than TNT. Tetrytol is
when wet, it may form sensitive and dangerous nonhygroscopic and is suitable for underwater
compounds with iron, copper and lead. It is difficult to demolition, since submergence for 24 hours does not
detonate. When ignited in the open, it will burn readily appreciably affect its characteristics. Tetrytol is used in
like tar or resin. chain and individual demolition blocks and in certain
destructors. Tetrytol is stable in storage but exudes at
(2) Special precautions. +65°C. (+149°F.).
(a) Ammonium picrate removed from a round k. Nitrostarch Explosives.
is much more sensitive to shock or blow than fresh
ammonium picrate. In contact with lead, iron or copper (1) Characteristics. Nitrostarch is nitrated
it forms sensitive compounds.
starch. Obtained from corn, tapioca and similar starchy
material, it is used to sensitize combustibles and
oxidizing agents in much the same manner that
nitroglycerin is used in dynamite. It is gray, highly
2-16
TM 9-1300-200
flammable, can be ignited by the slightest spark, and

burns with explosive violence. Nitrostarch is less (a) Not to be issued or used for
sensitive than dry guncotton or nitroglycerin. As a destruction of duds.
demolition explosive, it is as insensitive to impact as (b) Not to be supplied for training in use
explosive D and as sensitive to initiation as TNT. of demolition equipment.
Nitrostarch explosives are readily detonated by a No. 6
blasting cap. (c) Not to be used in coastal defense
submarine mines or mine batteries.
(d) Not to be carried in combat vehicles
(2) Uses. A nitrostarch demolition explosive
subject to extremes of temperature.
has been adopted as a substitute for TNT. It is available
in 1-pound blocks, 1/2-pound blocks, and 1/4-pound
units. Each 1/4-pound unit contains three 1/12-pound m. Tritonal. Tritonal is a generic term for
pellets (briquets) wrapped in paraffined paper, with explosives containing TNT and powdered aluminum,
markings to indicate the location of holes for the blasting generally in the ratio of 80/20. Because of the
caps. TNT formulas for computing small charges are aluminum powder, inclusion of moisture in the mixture
directly applicable to the nitrostarch demolition must be avoided. Tritonal is used in light-case and
explosive. It should be noted that fragmented blocks general purpose bombs. It produces a greater blast
may cause detonation. effect than TNT or composition B.
n. HBX. HBX compositions (HBX-1, HBX-3, and
l. Dynamite. Commercial blasting explosives, H6) are aluminized (powdered aluminum) explosives
with the exception of black powder, are referred to as used primarily as a replacement for the obsolete
dynamite. There are several types, each subdivided explosive, torpex. They are employed as bursting
into a series of grades, all differing in one or more charges in mines, depth bombs, depth charges, and
characteristics. Dynamite consists essentially of torpedoes. HBX-1 consists of 40 percent RDX, 38
nitroglycerin absorbed in a porous material. Each percent TNT, 17 percent aluminum and 5 percent
composition generally is designated as straight, desensitizer. HBX-3 consists of 31 percent RDX, 29
ammonia, gelatin or ammonia-gelatin dynamite. It is percent TNT, 35 percent aluminum, and 5 percent
available in paraffin-coated, 1/2pound sticks or desensitizer. H-6 consists of 45 percent RDX, 30
cartridges, rated according to the percent, by weight, of percent TNT, 20 percent aluminum, and 5 percent
nitroglycerin content. desensitizer. HBX-1 compares with torpex in brisance,
(1) Characteristics. Dynamite of from 50percent to 60- but is less sensitive to impact and initiation. HBX-3 and
percent nitroglycerin content is equivalent (on an equal H-6 have lower sensitivity to impact and much higher
weight basis) to TNT in explosive strength. Dynamite of explosion test temperatures than torpex.
40-percent nitroglycerin content is equivalent to TNT in o. Composition A. Originally, composition A was
the ratio of 11/4 pounds dynamite to 1 pound TNT. a semiplastic mixture containing 91 percent RDX and 9
Straight dynamite is more sensitive to shock and friction percent beeswax. When the beeswax was replaced by
than TNT and is capable of being detonated by a rifle a wax derived from petroleum, and the method of
bullet. Generally, the higher percentages of dynamite adding the desensitizer changed, the designation was
have very good water resistance. Explosion of the changed to composition A-2. Recently, the composition
common types of dynamite produces poisonous fumes, has been redesignated as composition A-3, because of
which are dangerous in confined places. Dynamite, as changes in granulation of RDX and method of
well as other nitroglycerin explosives, is adversely manufacture. Composition A-3 is granular in form,
affected by extreme cold. Nonfreezing dynamite (NG resembling tetryl in granulation. It is usually buff colored
type) freezes at -30°C. (-22°F.); low-freezing dynamite and is press-loaded in 20-mm, 37-mm and 40-mm
freezes at 0°C. (+32°F.); and 60-percent NG dynamite cartridges. It is 30 percent stronger than TNT, its
freezes at +10°C. (+50°F.). strength depending on the amount of wax binder. It is
used as a filler for HEP rounds.
p. Composition B. Composition B (comp B) is a
(2) Uses. Dynamite is used as a substitute 60/39/1 mixture of RDX, TNT and desensitizer. Its color
for nitrostarch or TNT for training purposes. It is also varies from dirty white to light yellow to brownish yellow.
employed by the Corps of Engineers for trench, harbor, It is less sensitive than tetryl but more sensitive than
dam, flood control, and mining demolitions. The TNT. It is intermediate between TNT and RDX with
following restrictions apply: respect to sensitivity and initiation. It is only inferior to
2-17
TM 9-1300-200
tritonal and torpex with respect to blast effect. in color, less sensitive, more stable, less volatile, and
Composition B is an authorized filler for Army-Navy more brisant than composition C3. It is a
(AN) standard aircraft bombs, mines, torpedoes, nonhygroscopic material that has found application in
antitank artillery ammunition (76-mm and 105-mm), demolition blocks and specialized uses. It hardens
demolition charges and rockets. Composition B below -57°C. (-70°F.) and exudes when stored above
containing 60 percent RDX and 40 percent TNT, +77°C. ( +170°F.).
exclusive of wax, is known as composition B2, a
nonstandard explosive. Because of its greater r. HMX (Cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine) is
sensitivity to impact, composition B2 is less suitable almost as powerful as RDX, but is seldom used by itself
than composition B for use in bombs. Composition B4, in military explosive applications. It is usually mixed
used as a burster in chemical projectiles, consists of a with a compound, such as TNT. Variations of such
60/39.5/0.5 mixture of RDX, TNT and calcium silicate. compositions, their properties and uses follows:
q. Composition C (Series). (1) Octol 70/30 (70% HMX/30% TNT)

(1) General. Composition C, sometimes referred to as (2) Octol 75/25 (75 % HMX/25%o TNT)
PE, is a plastic explosive, an 88/12 mixture of RDX and
(3) HTA-3 (49%o HMX/29% TNT/22%
a nonexplosive plasticizer composition. It is brown,
Aluminum)
plastic in form, and about the consistency of putty. It
has a tendency to leach (sweat) out plasticizing oils, (4) Both octols and HTA-3 are used for HE
leaving pure RDX, which is too sensitive for use in the filler in projectiles and bombs.
field.
2-18. Initiating and Priming Explosives
(2) Composition C2. This putty-like
composition is an 80/20 mixture of RDX and an a. Lead Azide. Lead azide, one of the most stable
explosive plasticizer composition. It is approximately 35 initiators, is used to detonate high explosives. Because
percent stronger than TNT, and was developed as a of its superior properties, it has replaced mercury
replacement for composition C as a demolition charge. fulminate. Lead azide flashes at much higher
(3) Composition C3. This is a yellowish, temperatures, stands up better in storage, and is less
putty-like mixture of 77 percent RDX and 23 percent of hazardous to manufacture. A smaller amount of lead
an explosive plasticizer. It is slightly inferior to azide is required than mercury fulminate to detonate an
composition B as an explosive for producing blast equal amount of TNT. Dextrinated lead azide (93%o
effect, and is considerably less sensitive than TNT. It lead azide, 4% lead hydroxide and 3 % dextrin and
may not always be detonated by a No. 8 blasting cap, impurities), used for military purposes rather than
but can be detonated by the special Corps of Engineers crystalline (pure) lead azide, is a white-to-beige, powder-
blasting cap. It was designed to replace Composition like material which can be compressed. Lead azide is
C2, and is used principally as a commando and used in primer mixtures, detonators and fuzes.
demolition explosive or as a filler in some types of b. Lead Styphnate. This explosive, 2, 4, 6-
munitions. If its plasticity is lost by long storage at low trinitroresorcinate, is widely employed commercially and
temperatures, it may be restored to satisfactory as an initiator for both foreign and domestic explosives.
plasticity by immersion in warm water and molding with It is pale straw, deep yellow, orange-yellow or reddish-
the hands. It must not be exposed to open flame, as it brown in color. Lead styphnate is slightly less sensitive
catches fire easily and burns with an intense flame. If to impact than mercury fulminate and has about the
burned in large quantities, the heat generated may same strength and stability as lead azide. However,
cause it to explode. Its explosion produces poisonous lead styphnate is more easily ignited by an electrical
gases in such quantities that its use in closed spaces is spark than is mercury fulminate, lead azide, or DDNP.
dangerous. It is hygroscopic, volatile at elevated As a primer, lead styphnate produces a very good
temperatures and hardens at temperatures below -29°C. flame. It should be stored under water in conductive
(-20 F.). rubber containers. In primer compositions, lead
(4) Composition C4. This is a 91/9 mixture of styphnate offers sensitivity, stability, and ample flame.
RDX and plastic nonexplosive composition. It is a It is incapable of initiating the detonation of any of the
semiplastic, putty-like material, dirty white to light brown military high explosives except PETN.
2-18
TM 9-1300-200
c. Diazodinitrophenol (DDNP). Extensively the shell, a charge of DDNP undergoes detonation

employed in commercial blasting caps, this explosive when ignited. DDNP is a better initiator of the less
serves in military priming compositions and detonators. sensitive high explosives (explosive D and cast TNT).
It is nonhygroscopic and greenish yellow to brown in For the more sensitive high explosives, DDNP is not
color. It is extremely sensitive to impact; however, its superior to lead azide. It is used to some extent in
sensitivity to friction is about that of lead azide. If loading fuze detonators and the manufacture of priming
pressed into a blasting cap shell with a reinforcing cap, compositions.
and a piece of black powder safety fuse is crimped in
Section V. CHEMICAL AGENTS
2-19. General
A military chemical agent is a substance that produces a d. Simulated Military Gases. These agents are
toxic (casualty) or an irritating (harassing) effect, a essentially mild, nontoxic, irritants (substitutes for the
screening smoke, an incendiary action, or a combination real agents). They are designed specifically for training
of these. For specific information on chemicals, see FM purposes.
3-7.
2-21. Blister Gases (Casualty)
2-20. Classification Blister gases are agents that affect the nose, throat,
Chemical agents are compounds and mixtures other eyes, lungs and exposed skin tissue. They harass, and
than pyrotechnics and are used as fillers in artillery and produce casualties from inflammation, blisters and
mortar ammunition, grenades, rockets and bombs. destruction of body tissue. The principal gases in this
They are classified according to tactical use, group are mustard, mustard mixtures, nitrogen mustards
physiological effect and purpose, as follows. and lewisite.
a. Military Gases. A military gas is any agent or
combination of agents that can produce either a toxic or
a. Mustard Gas (H). Mustard gas (2,2'
irritating physiological effect It may be in solid, liquid or
dichlorodiethylsulfide) is a dark brown liquid that slowly
gaseous state, either before or after dispersion. The
evaporates to a colorless gas having the odor of garlic.
gases may be persistent (remaining effective at point of
Its principle physiological effect is to produce skin
release for more than 10 minutes) or nonpersistent
blisters, although the blistering does not actually appear
(becoming ineffective within 10 minutes). Persistent
for several hours after contact. If inhaled, mustard gas
gases are further divided into moderately persistent
vapors have a choking, lung-irritating effect. Both
(remaining effective in the open 10 minutes to 12 hours)
protective masks and clothing are necessary for
and highly persistent (remaining effective in the open
complete protection. Tactically, mustard gas and its
longer than 12 hours). Military gases are classified in
mixtures are used to neutralize areas, contaminate
accordance with their toxic and irritating effects as
materiel, restrict aggressor movement, and inflict
follows:
casualties. Except as indicated below, these
(1) Casualty gases: characteristics are common to all mustard derivatives
Blister gases. and mixtures.
Choking gases. b. Distilled Mustard (HD). Distilled mustard is
Blood and nerve poisons. similar to pure mustard gas except that it has less odor,
greater blistering power, and is more stable in storage.
(2) Training and riot control gases: c. Nitrogen Mustards (HN-1, HN-2, HN-3).
Vomiting.
Tear gases.
(1) HN-1 (2,2' dichloro-triethylamine), ranges
from a colorless, to pale yellow liquid with a faint odor
b. Screening Smokes. A screening smoke is a varying from fishy to musty. Both the liquid and the
cloud that consists of small particles of solids, liquids, or vapor are dangerous and, because virtually odorless,
both, dispersed and suspended in air. harmful effects may be produced without warning. HN-1
c. Incendiaries. An incendiary may be a solid, attacks the respiratory tract, as H gas does, but to a
liquid, or a gelled semiplastic material. By their intense lesser degree. It has specially dangerous effects on the
heat and flame, incendiaries can start fires, scorch eyes and may cause permanent injury or blindness.
combustible and noncombustible materials, injure and
incapacitate personnel.
Change 5 2-19
TM 9-1300-200
C3
(2) HN-2 (2,2' dichloro-diethyl-methylamine) little or no warning symptoms until it is too late to avoid
is somewhat more toxic than HN-1. HN-2 has a serious poisoning. CG as a chemical agent can be
somewhat fruity odor, is highly unstable, and is no employed effectively at very low temperatures, since it
longer considered a chemical agent. freezes only below -155°F.
(3) HN-3 (2,2"-trichlorotriethylamine) has no c. Diphosgene (DP)
odor when pure. (trichloromethylchloroformate) is a colorless liquid with
an odor similar to new-mown hay or green corn.
d. Mustard-T Mixture (HT). HT is a mixture of 60
2-23. Blood and Nerve Poisons
percent HD and 40 percent T. T, a sulfur and chlorine
compound similar in structure to HD, is a clear,
Blood and nerve poisons, when absorbed by the blood
yellowish liquid with an odor similar to HD. HT has a
stream, affect the nervous system, respiratory system
strong, blistering effect. It is more stable than HD, has a
and muscular functions of the body. Temporary or
more enduring effectiveness, and a lower freezing point.
permanent paralysis or instant death results. These
e. Lewisite Gas (L). Lewisite [dichloro poisons can immobilize aggressor forces by rendering
(2chlorovinyl) arsine] is a dark brown liquid that them helpless.
evaporates to a colorless gas having the odor of
geraniums. In addition to being a blister and choking
a. Nerve gases are usually colorless to light brown
gas, it acts as an arsenical poison. Protective masks
at the point of release. Their odor is faint, sweetish,
and clothing are necessary for complete protection.
fruity or nonexistent. On exposure, personnel
Lewisite is best destroyed by bleach, DANC solution or
experience nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. These
an alcoholic solution of caustic soda. If it is destroyed
effects are followed by muscular twitching and
by burning, there is danger of contaminating the
convulsions. Because of extreme toxicity, even
atmosphere with poisonous arsenic oxide. The tactical
extremely low concentrations of these gases act rapidly
use of Lewisite and the methods of projection are the
and effectively. Protection requires impermeable
same as those for mustard gas. Lewisite renders food
clothing and the protective mask.
and water permanently unfit for use.
b. Hydrocyanic acid (AC) is a colorless gas upon
f. Mustard-Lewisite Mixture (HL). A variable
release. Its odor is faint and similar to that of bitter
mixture of HD and L, HL provides a low-freezing mixture
almonds or peach kernels. It is not readily detected in
for use in cold weather operations or as a high-altitude
the field. On exposure, personnel experience a rapid
spray. Its odor is predominantly garlic-like.
stimulation of the respiratory system followed by deeper
inhalation. Death by paralysis of the respiratory system
2-22. Choking Gases may occur in a few minutes.
c. Cyanogen chloride (CK) is a colorless liquid.
a. Choking gases affect the nose, throat and lungs On release in the field, it changes into a colorless gas
of unprotected personnel. They cause casualties about twice a heavy as air. CK sometimes may be faint
resulting from a lack of oxygen. The principal gases in in odor; otherwise, its odor is sharp and pungent. On
this group are phosgene and diphosgene. contact or exposure, CK will irritate flesh and stimulate a
b. Phosgene (CG) appears on initial dispersion as strong flow of tears. Its action is rapid after inhalation,
a whitish cloud. It changes to a colorless gas with an producing paralysis of the respiratory system. Unlike
odor similar to green grass or new-mown hay. In high AC, it first produces an involuntary spasm (a warning of
concentrations, one or two breaths may be fatal in a few its presence) of short duration of the upper respiratory
hours. CG produces only a slight irritation of the tract.
sensory nerves in the upper air passages; therefore, any d. GB (Sarin) (methylisopropoxyfluorophosphine
personnel exposed to this gas are likely to inhale it more oxide) is a fast-acting, colorless liquid with
than they would equivalent concentrations of other approximately the same volatility as water. It has a
olfactory sensitizing gases. Phosgene is insidious in its scarcely detectable odor. Intake into the body is by
action; consequently, personnel exposed to it often have inhalation, absorption or ingestion. GB causes blurred
vision, spasms, mental confusion, convulsions and
death.
Change 4 2-20
TM 9-1300-200
e. VX is an odorless nerve agent similar to GB. Its e. CS (O-chlorobenzolmalononitrile) is a

effectiveness, however, lasts for a longer period. white crystalline powder having a pepper-like odor. The
pure crystalline form is used as a filler for burning-type
2-24. Training and Riot Control Gases grenades. A mixture of 5 percent crystalline agent and
5 percent silica gel is used as a filler for bursting-type
Chloroacetophenone and liquid mixtures of grenades and in all bulk irritant dispersers.
chloroacetophenone in hydrocarbon solvents are the Physiological effects include extreme burning of the
principal vomiting and tear gases. They are used for eyes accompanied by a copious flow of tears, coughing,
training and riot control. When vaporized or dispersed, difficulty in breathing, and dizziness.
they take the form of suspended particles in the f. Adamsite (DM) (diphenylamine chloroarsine)
atmosphere. They cause partial or complete temporary typifies the vomiting gases. It is a yellow or green solid
disability of personnel. when pure. It is dispersed by burning type minitions,
such as candles and grenades, and appears as a yellow
a. Chloroacetophenone (CN), a common tear gas, smoke having an odor like coal smoke. Physiologically,
has a fruity, apple blossom odor and is typical of such it causes lacrimation, violent sneezing, intense
agents. It is a solid material, white to black in color. headache, nausea and temporary physical debility. For
When converted into a gas, gas-aerosol, or finely protection, a protective mask is required. DM has only a
divided particles, it will cause a profuse flow of tears, slight corrosive effect on metals. It renders food and
unless a protective mask is worn. CN in normal water permanently unfit for use. Arctic conditions
concentrations has no permanent injurious effect on the impose no special limitations on DM or its mixture with
eyes. In high concentrations, it irritates the skin, CN (CN-DM burning mixture) when dispersed by hand
producing a burning and itching sensation. Food and grenade.
water contaminated by CN possess a disagreeable g. CN-DM mixture (chloroacetophenone and
taste. CN is the principal constituent in the filler used in diphenylamine chloroarsine) is a solid mixture of CN
CNC, CNS, CNB mortar rounds and CNC and CN-DM and DM with a burning ingredient, nitrocellulose. When
grenades. It can be used in bursting-type munitions in ignited, the mixture emits an irritating, yellowish white
arctic regions. smoke. CN-DM vapors cause headache, nausea,
b. CNC is a liquid chloroacetophenone solution sneezing, depressed sick feeling, intense eye irritation
with an odor like chloroform. It causes a profuse flow of and temporary disability. Under tropic conditions, it will
tears and skin irritation. It consists of a 30 percent irritate exposed skin. A protective mask gives adequate
solution of chloroacetophenone in chloroform. protection against CN-DM smokes and vapors.
c. Tear gas solution CNB is a 10 percent solution
of chloroacetophenone in equal parts of benzene and 2-25. Screening Smokes
carbon tetrachloride. It is a less severe lacrimator and
skin irritator than CNS. CNB is used as a filler in hand A screening smoke is produced by dispersion of
grenades, artillery and mortar projectiles, bombs and particles in the atmosphere through burning of solids or
aircraft spray for training purposes. It has a spraying of liquids. Such a smoke is used to obscure
characteristic fruity-benzene odor. military movements, blanket the enemy from
observation, spot artillery fire and bombing and to
d. Tear gas solution CNS is a 23.2 percent solution
disguise cloud gas.
of chloroacetophenone in equal parts of chloropicrin and
chloroform. CNS has an odor similar to flypaper. The
NOTE
protective mask is effective against CNS and CNB.
CNS as well as CNB can be used in grenades, mortar Materials producing smoke screens are
projectiles, small bombs and aircraft spray. rated in units for their top obscuring power
(TOP). TOP is a relative value that indicates
the amount of obscurity (due to reflection
and refraction of light rays) that 1 pound of
smoke-producing material will develop
under standard and controlled conditions
against a 25-candlepower light source.
2-21
TM 9-1300-200
The principal smoke-producing agents, ordered d. Hexachloroethane-zinc mixture (HC),

according to their obscuring powers, are treated below: with a 2,000 unit TOP, is a combination of zinc powder,
hexachloroethane, ammonium perchlorate and
a. White phosphorus (WP), with a 3,500 unit TOP, ammonium chloride. When ignited, it produces zinc
is a white to light yellow, waxlike, luminous substance chloride that passes into the air as a dense grayish-white
(phosphorescent in the dark). On ignition, it produces a smoke. HC is toxic to unprotected personnel exposed to
yellow-white flame and dense white smoke. WP is heavy concentrations for short periods or to light
poisonous when taken internally; its smoke or fumes are concentrations for extended periods of time. A
not. When dispersed by ammunition, as small particles, protective mask offers adequate protection against light
WP ignites spontaneously on exposure to air. It concentrations. For heavy concentrations and
continues to burn on contact with solid materials, even prolonged exposure, a self-contained oxygen mask is
when embedded in human flesh. WP smoke is required. Food and water are not spoiled by HC, but
unpleasant to breathe but harmless. The particles, acquire a disagreeable odor. HC in canisters, dispersed
however, will poison food and water. WP is used in by base-ejection artillery projectiles, is not effective for
bursting-type projectiles, artillery and mortar rounds, use on terrain covered with deep loose snow. Under
grenades, rockets and bombs. It is used as an igniter in these conditions, canisters bury themselves and
incendiary ammunition that contains flammable fuels become smothered. However, they can be employed
(IM, NP, PT1). When used in projectiles that burst on effectively on hard packed snow or ice. HC is dispersed
terrain covered with soft deep snow, it is smothered and effectively from fixed and floating smoke pots, base-
produces approximately 75 percent less smoke. ejection artillery projectiles, mortar projectiles and
b. Plasticized white phosphorus (PWP) is a finely grenades under favorable (humid atmosphere and hard
divided form of WP suspended in a thick-ended and terrain) arctic or tropic conditions, or in temperate
gelled xylene rubber mixture. Like WP, it is an zones.
effective, double-purpose, screening and incendiary
agent that can be dispersed under arctic and tropic 2-26. Incendiaries
conditions, and in temperate zones.
c. Sulfur trioxide-chlorosulfonic acid (FS), with a Incendiaries are agents that can be used under field
2,240 unit TOP, is a liquid with an acrid and acid odor. conditions to set fire to buildings, industrial installations,
It produces dense white smoke when dispersed in a ammunition and fuel dumps, and so forth. Modern
humid atmosphere. FS smoke is nonpoisonous; military incendiaries may be divided into three
however, its liquid irritates and inflames skin tissue on categories-oil, metal, and a combination of oil and
contact. A protective mask is required for protection metal. Incendiaries may also be classified as those
against exposure to heavy concentrations. The mask which owe their effect to a self-supporting, heat-
and protective clothing should be used for protection generating reaction and those which, for their
against combination FS gas and liquid sprays. Liquid combustion, depend upon oxygen in the surrounding
FS renders food and water unfit for use; the smoke atmosphere.
merely imparts an unpleasant taste. Liquid FS a. Thermite (TH) is an intimate, uniform mixture of
possesses the corrosive properties of strong mineral approximately 27 percent powdered aluminum and 73
acids, such as sulfuric or hydrochloric. Accordingly, percent iron oxide. On ignition, it produces intense heat
during use and handling, stringent precautions should be (approximately 4,300°F.) in a few seconds, with the
observed for protecting nonaggressor personnel and formation of a white hot mass of molten iron and slag.
noncombat forces and materiel. FS is dispersed from TH is used in cartridges, bombs, grenades and mortar
mortar rounds, grenades and by aircraft spray from and artillery projectiles. TH-1 as a filler is included in
cylinders. Under tropical and high humidity conditions, thin-walled nonmagnesium metal containers.
FS performs very effectively. FS is ineffective as b. Thermate (TH-3 and TH-4) is essentially a
smoke under conditions of low temperature and low thermite, barium nitrate, sulfur and binder contained in a
humidity. heavy-wall body, usually magnesium or a magnesium
alloy. When initiated by electrical or mechanical means,
the contents and body burn with an intense heat of
about +3,700°F. Thermate fires are difficult to
extinguish.
c. Magnesium, in fine powder, thin ribbon or solid
form, is a material that ignites and burns with intense
heat (3,630°F.) and white light. It is used extensively in
pyrotechnic mixtures and incendiary munitions.
2-22
TM 9-1300-200
d. Incendiary oil (IM), such as an 88 percent b. Thickened fuels consisting of a fuel,

gasoline mixture thickened with fatty soaps, fatty acids mainly gasoline, gelled with aluminum soap thickeners
and such special chemical additives as isobutyl or rubber-type thickeners. Thickened fuel increases the
methacrylate polymer and naphthenic acid, is a typical range of flame-throwers, imparts slower burning
example of a thickened fuel. It may or may not contain properties, gives clinging qualities, and causes flames to
metallic sodium or WP particles for ignition. In addition, rebound off walls and go around corners.
small amounts of a peptizer, such as cresylic acid, are
added to aid in cold weather dispersion. When 2-28. Miscellaneous
dispersed and ignited, IM adheres to both combustible a. Simulated Mustard Agents.
and noncombustible surfaces. It burns like ordinary
gasoline with a hot orange flame and gives off a black
(1) Molasses residuum (MR) is a nontoxic (25
smoke. IM is used as a filler in bombs, grenades and
percent solution) of a thick, syrupy, viscous liquid with a
portable and mechanized flame-throwers. Winterized
molasses odor. It is used as a simulant for mustard (H
IM incendiary fuels can be dispersed from bombs or
or HD) agent.
grenades and is effectively employed under arctic
conditions. (2) Asbestine suspension (AS) is a nontoxic
suspension of finely ground asbestos in water. It may or
e. Incendiary oil, napalm (NP), is a flammable fuel,
may not include butyric acid, a material that imparts a
principally aviation gasoline (approximately 88 percent),
disagreeable lingering scent like rancid butter. With
thickened with a special gelling mixture of fatty acids,
butyric acid, AS is known as an asbestine-butyric acid
fatty soaps and antiagglomerate additives. As a filler,
suspension; without butyric, it is known as an asbestine
with or without metallic sodium or WP particles, NP can
suspension. AS is dispersed as a spray from aircraft.
be used in munitions in the same manner as IM.
When dispersed, it will adhere like MR to surfaces and
f. Incendiary mixtures (PT1 and PTV) are complex personnel and show up in contrast to the surrounding
mixtures of gasoline, magnesium, thickening agents and medium.
conditioning agents. The same type of incendiary effect
b. Chlorine. Chlorine, a choking agent, was the
is obtained with PT1 and PTV as with oil incendiaries.
first chemical agent to be dispersed on a major scale in
wartime. It was released by the Germans against the
2-27. Flame-thrower Fuels British during World War I. Chlorine is no longer used
as a war gas, having been succeeded by phosgene and
Flame-thrower fuels are either unthickened or thickened diphosgene. However, it is still used for training
gasoline and oil mixes. When dispersed and purposes.
simultaneously ignited by mechanical, electrical or
chemical means, they cause destruction of materiel and
2-29. Marking and Identification
casualties by burning or scorching with hot flame. The
main flame-thrower fuels are as follows: a. All ammunition containing chemical agents is
identified and marked with distinctive symbols or letters
and colors, as indicated in chapter 1.
b. For the purpose of storage, chemical agents and
a. Unthickened fuels consisting of gasoline
munitions are segregated into four groups, according to
blended with light fuel oils or lubricating oils. Ingredient
the nature of the filling and their inherent hazards as
proportions are determined by the tactical situation and
follows:
type of climate in which the flame-thrower is to be used.
Unthickened fuel is used only in portable flame- (1) Group A- (blister and nerve gases)-
throwers. It may be used when thickened fuel is not includes chemical agents requiring complete protective
available or may be used in jungle operations. clothing plus protective masks.
(2) Group B - (toxic and smoke)-includes
chemical agents requiring protective masks.
(3) Group C - includes spontaneously
flammable chemical agents, such as WP.
(4) Group D - includes incendiary and readily
flammable chemical agents.
2-23
TM 9-1300-200
CHAPTER 3
SMALL-ARMS AMMUNITION
3-1. General 3-2. Cartridges
Small-caliber ammunition, as used herein, describes a In general, a small-arms cartridge is identified as an

cartridge or families of cartridges intended for use in assembly of a cartridge case, primer, a quantity of
various types of hand-held or mounted weapons through propellant within the cartridge case, and a bullet or
30 millimeter. Within a caliber designation, these projectile. Blank and rifle grenade cartridges are sealed
weapons may include one or more of the following: with paper closure disks in lieu of bullets. Dummy
rifles (except recoilless), carbines, pistols, revolvers, cartridges are composed of a cartridge case and a
machineguns and shotguns. For purposes of this bullet. Some dummy cartridges contain insert granular
publication, smallarms ammunition may be grouped as materials to simulate the weight and balance of live
cartridges intended primarily for combat or training cartridges. A typical cartridge and the terminology of its
purposes (API, HEI, tracer or ball); for training purposes components are shown In figure 8-1.
only (blank or dummy); or for special purposes (rifle
grenade or spotter-tracer). Refer to TM 9-1305-201-
20&P, TM 9-1305-201-34&P, and TM 43-0001-27 for a. Case. Although steel, aluminum, zinc and
more detailed information on small arms ammunition. plastic materials have been used experimentally, brass,
a composition of 70 percent copper and 80
Figure 3-1. Typical cartridge (sectioned).
Change 5 3-1
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 3-2. 7.62 MM bullets (sectioned
Change 5 3-2
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 3-3. 5.56MM and caliber .50 spotter tracer bullets (sectioned).
3-3
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 3-4. Caliber .30 bullets (sectioned).
3-4
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 3-5. 7.62MM cartridges.
3-5
TM 9-1300-200
percent zinc, is the most commonly used material for

cartridge cases. Steel, as well as brass, is an approved
material for caliber .45 cartridge cases. Brass, paper
and plastic are used for 12 gage shotshell bodies and
aluminum is used for military-type .410 gage shotshell
bodies. Configurations of cartridges and bullets are
illustrated in figures 3-2 through 3-11.
b. Propellant. Cartridges are loaded with varying

weights of propellant. This is to impart sufficient
velocity (within safe pressures) to the projectile to obtain
the required ballistic performance. These propellants
are either of the single base (nitrocellulose) or double-
base (nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin) type. The
propellant grain configuration may be cylindrical with a
single, lengthwise perforation, spheroid (ball) or flake.
Most propellants are coated with a deterrent (to assist in
controlling the rate of combustion) and with a final
coating of graphite (to facilitate flow of propellant and
eliminate static electricity in loading cartridges).
c. Primer. Small-arms cartridges contain either a
percussion or electric primer. The percussion primer
consists of a brass or gilding metal cup that contains a
pellet of sensitive explosive material secured by a paper
disk and a brass anvil. The electric primer consists of
an electrode button in contact with the priming
composition, a primer cup assembly and insulators. A
blow from the firing pin of the weapon on the center of
the percussion primer cup base compresses the primer
composition between the cup and the anvil. This causes
the composition to explode. The function of the electric
primer is accomplished by a firing pin with electrical
potential, which contacts the electrode button. This
allows current to flow through the energy-sensitive
priming composition to the grounded primer cup and
cartridge case, exploding the priming composition.
Holes or vents in the anvil or closure cup allow the
flame to pass through the primer vent in the cartridge
case and ignite the propellant. Rimfire ammunition,
such as the caliber .22 cartridge, does not contain a
primer assembly. Instead, the primer composition is
spun into the rim of the cartridge case and the propellant
is in intimate contact with the composition. On firing,
the firing pin strikes the rim of the cartridge case,
compressing the primer composition and initiating its
explosion.
d. Bullet. With few exceptions, bullets through
caliber .50 are assemblies of a jacket and a lead or steel
core. They may contain other components or
Figure 3-6. 5.56MM cartridges.
3-6
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 3-7. Caliber .30 cartridges.
3-7
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 3-8. Caliber .30 carbine and caliber .45 cartridges.
chemicals which provide the terminal ballistic The pellets used in shotgun shells are spheres of lead
characteristics of the bullet type. The bullet jacket may alloys varying from 0.08 inch to 0.33 inch in diameter.
be either gilding metal, gilding-metal clad steel, or e. Projectile. All 20-mm and 30-mm projectiles are
copper plated steel. Caliber .30 and 7.62mm frangible assemblies of a steel shell containing a brass rotating
bullets are molded of powdered lead and a friable plastic band and a point-detonating nose fuze or an aluminum,
which pulverizes into dust upon impact with the target. steel or plastic nose plug.
3-8
TM 9-1300-200
3-9
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 3-10. 20mm cartridges.
3-3. Ball Cartridge bullet's in-flight path or trajectory and the point of
The ball cartridge is intended for use in rifles, carbines, impact. It is used primarily to observe the line of fire. It
pistols, revolvers and/or machineguns against personnel may also be used to pinpoint enemy targets to ignite
and unarmored targets. The bullet, as designed for flammable materials and for signaling purposes. The
general purpose combat and training requirements, tracer element consists of a compressed, flammable,
normally consists of a metal jacket and a lead slug. pyrotechnic composition in the base of the bullet. This
Caliber .50 ball bullet and 7.62-mm, Ball M59 bullet composition is ignited by the propellant when the
contain soft steel cores. cartridge is fired. In flight, the bullet emits a bright
flame which is visible to the gunner. Trace burnout
3-4. Tracer Cartridge occurs at a range between 400 and 1,600 yards,
By means of a trail of flame and smoke, the tracer depending upon the caliber of ammunition.
cartridge is intended to permit visible observation of the
3-10
TM 9-1300-200
3-5. Match Cartridge

The match cartridge is used in National and
International Match Shooting competitions. The bullet
consists of a gilding-metal jacket over a lead slug. The
cartridges are identified on the head face with the
designation NM (National Match) or Match.
3-6. Armor-Piercing Cartridges

The armor-piercing cartridge is intended for use in
machineguns or rifles against personnel and light
armored and unarmored targets, concrete shelters, and
similar bullet-resisting targets. The bullet consists of a
metal jacket and a hardened steel-alloy core. In
addition, it may have a base filler and/or a point filler of
lead.
3-7. Armor-Piercing-lncendiary Cartridge

The armor-piercing-incendiary cartridge is used in rifles
or machineguns as a single combination cartridge in lieu
of separate armor-piercing and incendiary cartridges.
The bullet is similar to the armor-piercing bullet, except
that the point filler is incendiary mixture instead of lead.
Upon impact with the target, the incendiary mixture
bursts into flame and ignites flammable material.
3-8. Armor-Piercing-lncendiary Tracer Cartridge

The bullet of the armor-piercing-incendiary-tracer
cartridge combines the features of the armor-piercing,
incendiary, and tracer bullets and may be used to
replace those cartridges. The bullet consists of a hard
steel core with compressed pyrotechnic mixture in the
cavity in the base of the core. The core is covered by a
gilding-metal jacket with incendiary mixture between the
core point and jacket. This cartridge is for use in caliber
.50 weapons only.
3-9. Duplex Cartridge

The duplex cartridge contains two special ball-type
bullets in tandem. The front bullet is positioned partially
in the case neck, similarly to a standard ball bullet. The
rear bullet, positioned completely within the case, is held
in position by a compressed propellant charge. The
base of the rear bullet is angled so that in flight, it
follows a path slightly dispersed from that of the front
bullet.
Figure 3-11. Typical 30mm cartridge.
3-11
TM 9-1300-200
3-10. Spotter-Tracer Cartridge 3-15. High-Explosive-lncendiary Cartridge
The spotter-tracer cartridge is intended for use in The 20-mm high-explosive-incendiary cartridge is a
coaxially mounted caliber .50 spotting rifles. The bullet combat round used on aircraft and ground vehicles. It
trajectory closely approximates that of 106-mm contains a projectile consisting of a steel body and
projectiles. Thus, this cartridge serves as a fire control point-detonating fuze. The steel body contains a high-
device to verify weapon sight settings before firing 106- explosive incendiary mixture which is detonated on
mm weapons. The bullet contains an impact detonator impact as the fuze strikes the target. The fuze, a high-
and incendiary composition which identify the point of precision device, arms shortly after leaving the muzzle
impact by flash and smoke. of the weapon. On impact, the fuze releases a small
firing pin which sets off the charge in the fuze and
3-11. Blank Cartridge detonates the HEI.
The blank cartridge is distinguished by absence of a 3-16. Target-Practice Tracer Cartridge

bullet. It is used for simulated fire, in training
maneuvers, and for saluting purposes. It is fired in rifles The 20-mm target-practice-tracer cartridge contains a
and machineguns equipped with blank firing target-practice projectile with a tracer cavity. The
attachments. cavity, filled with pyrotechnic composition, is in the rear
of the body. This cartridge is generally linked with the
3-12. Grenade Cartridge target-practice cartridge in a ratio of 1 to 7.
The grenade cartridge is used to propel rifle grenades

and ground signals from launchers attached to rifles or
carbines. All rifle grenade cartridges are distinguished
by the rose petal (rosette crimp) closure of the case
mouth. For information pertaining to grenades, see
chapter 6.
3-13. Frangible Cartridge
The caliber .30 frangible cartridge, designed for aerial

target training purposes, is also used in rifles and
machineguns for target shooting. Caliber .30 and
7.62MM frangible cartridges are used in tank
machineguns, firing single shot, for training in tank
gunnery. At its normal velocity, the bullet, which is
composed of powdered lead and friable plastic, will
completely disintegrate upon striking a 3/16-inch
aluminum alloy plate at 100 yards from the muzzle of
the gun. These cartridges are not to be used on any but
well ventilated indoor ranges to preclude buildup of toxic
bullet dust. Inhalation of bullet dust may be injurious to
health.
3-14. Incendiary Cartridge
The incendiary cartridge was designed for aircraft and

ground weapon use to ignite combustible targets (e.g.,
vehicular and aircraft fuel tanks). The bullet contains a
compressed incendiary mixture which ignites upon
impact with the target. The incendiary cartridge has
been superseded by the API and APIT cartridges
because of their improved terminal ballistic effects.
3-12
TM 9-1300-200
3-13
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 3-14. 12 gage shotgun shells.
3-17. Target-Practice Cartridges

The 20-mm target-practice cartridge is the conventional (a) 12 gage #00 Buck for guard duty.
steel shell with steel nose plug. It is used primarily for (b) 12 gage #4 Buck for guerrilla
training purposes. This is not a combat cartridge; purposes.
hence, no fuze is used in the assembly.
3-18. Special Purpose Cartridges
a. Cartridges of various calibers (fig. 3-12 through

3-14), which consist of different types of projectiles and
bullets, are used for training and special purposes.
They include the following:
(1) Caliber .22 long rifle and caliber .38 and

.45 wad-cutter cartridges for target shooting.
(2) Caliber .45 blank cartridges fired in
exercises to condition dogs to gun fire.
(3) Caliber .22 hornet and .410 shotgun
cartridges for firing in Air Force combination (survival)
weapons for hunting purposes.
(4) Caliber .45 line-throwing cartridges for
firing in caliber .45 line-throwing rifles. The Navy uses
these for throwing lines from ship-to-ship. The Army
Signal Corps uses these for projecting signal wires over
elevated terrain
(5) Shotshells containing the designated shot
sizes as required for the following:
Figure 3-15. Linked 7.62-mm cartridges.
3-14
TM 9-1300-200
(c) 12 gage #6, 71/2 and 8 shot for clay only by armorers and weapons mechanics for proof
target shooting for training purposes. firing of weapons (rifles, pistols, machine guns) at place
(d) .410 gage #7 shot for caliber of manufacture, test and repair. Because of excessive
.22/.410 survival weapons maintained in aircraft. pressures developed by this type of ammunition, and
the potential danger involved in firing, proofing of
weapons is conducted only by authorized personnel
b. Special purpose cartridges also include the
from fixed and shielded rests by means of a lanyard or
following types of military cartridges: other remote control methods.
(1) Dummy. The dummy cartridge is used for 3-19. Metallic Links and Clips
practice in loading weapons and simulated firing to
detect flinching of personnel when firing weapons. It
a. Metallic links (fig. 3-15 and 3-16) are used with
consists of a cartridge case and a ball bullet. Cartridge
caliber .30, caliber .50, 5.56-mm, 7.62-mm and 20-mm
identification is by means of holes through the side of
cartridges in machine guns. The links are made of
the case or longitudinal corrugations in the case and by
steel, surface treated for rust prevention. They are used
the empty primer pocket.
to assemble cartridges into linked belts of 100 to 750
(2) Dummy inert-loaded. This cartridge cartridges per belt. The links must meet specific test
consists of a cartridge case, a ball bullet and inert and dimension requirements to assure satisfactory
granular material in the case simulating the weight and ammunition feed and functioning in the machine gun
balance of a live cartridge. The exterior of the cartridge under all training and combat service conditions.
is identified by a black chemical finish and by the
b. Different configurations of cartridge clips permit
absence of a primer. This cartridge is used by
unitized packages of ammunition. This facilitates
installations for testing weapon function, linkage and
transfer of cartridges to appropriate magazines for
feed chutes.
caliber .30, 7.62-mm and 5.56-mm -rifles. The caliber
(3) High-pressure test. High-pressure test .30 eight-round clip feeds eight cartridges as a unit into
ammunition is specially loaded to produce pressures the receiver of the rifle.
substantially in excess of the maximum average or
individual pressures of the corresponding service
cartridge. This cartridge is not for field issue. It is used
Figure 3-16. Links for caliber .30 and caliber .50 ammunition.
3-15
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 3-17. Bandoleer, magazines, filler and clips.
The caliber .45 clip feeds three cartridges as a unit into

the revolver cylinder. Five-round and eight-round clips b. Identification Markings. Each outer shipping
are used with caliber .30 cartridges; five-round clips with container and all inner containers are fully marked to
7.62-mm cartridges; ten-round clips with caliber .30 identify the ammunition. Wirebound boxes are marked
carbine and 5.56mm cartridges; and three-round clips in black and ammunition boxes are painted olive drab,
with caliber .45 cartridges. with markings in yellow. When linked ammunition is
functionally packed, component lot numbers are
3-20. Packing and Identification Marking replaced by a functional lot number. Typical packing
and identification markings are illustrated in figures 3-17
a. Packing. Containers and methods for packing through 3-20.
military small-arms ammunition are specified in
drawings, specifications or, as required, in the 3-21. Care, Handling and Preservation
procurement contract. Military containers presently
being manufactured have been limited to a few standard a. General. Small-arms ammunition is
types designed to withstand all conditions commonly comparatively safe to handle. It is packed to withstand
encountered in handling, storage and transportation of transportation, handling and storage conditions normally
ammunition. Military cartridges, except 20-mm, are encountered in the field. However, consideration should
packed in metallic ammunition boxes, overpacked in be given to the general information on care, handling
wooden wire-bound crates. Twenty millimeter cartridges and preservation of ammu-
are packed in ammunition boxes only. When
commercial cartridges are not packed in a military pack,
they are packed in accordance with standard
commercial practices. For detailed description of the
variety of packings, refer to SC 1305/30-IL.
3-16
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 3-18. Cartridges in 20-round cartons in ammunition box.
nition outlined in chapter 1 and in TM 9-1300-206.

In addition: Precautions to be taken in firing and handling of
b. Special Precautions. ammunition in the field, as prescribed in chapter 1 and
(1) Never use oil or grease on small-arms in AR 385-63, TM 9-1300-206 and TM 43-0001-27,
cartridges. Oil or grease might produce excessive and apply generally. In addition, observe the following:
hazardous chamber pressures in weapons when fired a. Do not fire ammunition until it has been
and cause damaging abrasives to collect in automatic identified by ammunition lot number, and until TB 9-
weapons. 1300-385 has been checked to determine whether lot
(2) Whenever practicable, store small-arms has been suspended or restricted.
ammunition under cover. This applies particularly to b. Do not fire cartridges which have been mashed
tracer and shotgun ammunition. or perforated, or those having loose bullets or
(3) Segregate stored ammunition by caliber, projectiles.
type and ammunition lot. c. Never use armor-piercing (AP, API and APIT)
(4) When only partial boxes of ammunition ammunition in training demonstrations involving
are issued or contents are not used, protect ammunition manned tanks and vehicles.
remaining in box by firmly fastening cover.
3-22. Precaution in Firing
Change 5 3-17
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 3-19. Cartridges, link belt, cartons, bandoleers and. ammunition box.
Figure 3-20. Ammunition boxes in wirebound box.
Change 5 3-18
TM 9-1300-200
NOTE d. Do not fire cartridges elevated, as by exposure

In using armor-piercing ammunition, to direct radiation of sun or other sources of heat, to
it is well to remember that the core of temperatures of +135°F. or more. Dangerously high
a bullet that fails to penetrate the chamber pressures may result. When returned to lower
target may ricochet. The radius of temperatures, these cartridges are safe to fire.
ricochet for armor-piercing bullets e. Do not permit cartridge to remain in chamber of
depends on several factors, but may very hot weapon when firing is interrupted; remove
safely be taken at a maximum of 100 round promptly to prevent cook-off.
yards for caliber .30 and 7.62-mm
bullets, 200 yards for caliber .50
bullets, and 500 yards for 20mm
projectiles.
3-19
TM 9-1300-200
CHAPTER 4
ARTILLERY AMMUNITION
Section I. GENERAL
4-1. Scope service round in weight, configuration and ballistic

Artillery ammunition is designed for use in guns, properties. It is used because it is less expensive and
howitzers, mortars and recoilless rifles ranging from 37 less hazardous. While the propelling charge is live, the
millimeters through 280 millimeters. This type of projectile may be inert, or have a small quantity of
ammunition is covered in detail in TM 43-0001-28. explosive filler, such as black powder, to serve as a
Typical rounds and major components are treated in spotting charge.
general terms below. c. Blank Ammunition. Blank ammunition is used
for simulated fire. In certain artillery weapons, it is used
4-2. Identification for limited firing practice, maneuvers and saluting.
Ammunition is identified by painting and marking on the Blank cartridges contain black powder, but no
packing container, on the item proper, and/or on projectiles.
individual components. These markings include, as d. Dummy Ammunition. This kind of ammunition
appropriate, Federal stock number, Department of represents, or looks like actual items. However, it is not
Defense Ammunition Code, caliber and type of weapon, designed for use in conjunction with delivery systems.
type and model of projectile/cartridge, weight, zone (Inert-loaded items not designed for use with delivery
markings, ammunition lot number and loader's symbol, systems are considered dummy ammunition). Lack of
functional markings, characteristics, and other internal, functional components makes dummy
appropriate information. See chapter 1 for detailed ammunition suitable for exhibits (e.g., permanent
information on painting and marking. museum displays), for such training operation as
assembly and handling, and for dry-run operation of
4-3. Classification weapons and weapon systems.
Artillery ammunition is classified according to filler as
chemical, inert or explosive. It is classified according to 4-4. Types
use as service, practice, blank or dummy. Artillery ammunition comprises several types designed
(fig. 4-1) for ease in handling and loading. Fixed
a. Service Ammunition. Depending upon the type rounds are used in gun cannons and recoilless rifles;
of projectile, service ammunition is classified as semifixed, in howitzers and mortars; separated, in tank
antipersonnel (APERS), high-explosive (HE), high- and antiaircraft guns; and separate-loading, in large
explosive rocket assisted (HERA), high-explosive plastic caliber guns and howitzers.
(HEP), high-explosive antitank (HEAT), armor-piercing a. Fixed. In this type of ammunition, the complete
(AP) or armor-piercing capped (APC) (with explosive round is issued with the cartridge case (containing a
filler), hypervelocity armor-piercing (HVAP), armor- nonadjustable propelling charge and a primer)
piercing discarding sabot (APDS), high-explosive permanently crimped or otherwise attached to the
dual purpose (HEDP), incendiary, canister, chemical projectile. The complete round is loaded into the
(gas or smoke), illuminating of leaflet. weapon as a unit.
b. Practice Ammunition. Target practice (TP) b. Semifixed.
ammunition is used for training in firing the weapon.
(1) In howitzer ammunition, the cartridge
(Inert-loaded items designed for use with delivery
case is loose-fitted over the base of the projectile.
systems are considered practice ammunition.) In most
instances, target practice ammunition simulates a
Change 5 4-1
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 4-1. Types of complete rounds
Change 5 4-2
TM 9-1300-200
The propelling charge, bagged inside the cartridge case, separate operations; however, the complete round is
can be adjusted to obtain the desired range. The loaded into the gun and rammed as a unit.
complete round, like that of fixed ammunition, is loaded d. Separate-loading. In separate-loading
into the weapon as a unit. ammunition, the major components-projectile,
(2) In mortar ammunition, an adjustable propelling charge and primer-are issued unassembled
propelling charge, either sheet or granular, is attached to and are loaded into the weapon separately. This type of
either the mortar fins or the cartridge container. At the projectile is generally issued unfuzed, with an eyebolt
base of the mortar projectile is the ignition cartridge; lifting plug threaded in the fuze well. (Fuzes are
also, the primer, which initiates the propellant after the assembled to the projectile in the field.) The projectile is
projectile is dropped into the mortar tube. inserted into the breech and rammed. Thus, the rotating
c. Separated. Separated ammunition consists of a band seats in the forcing cone. The propelling charge,
sealed projectile and a sealed, primed cartridge case loaded in cloth bags, is adjustable. It is loaded into the
containing a propelling charge. The propelling charge is weapon immediately to the rear of the projectile. After
nonadjustable. To facilitate handling, the cartridge case the breechblock has been closed and locked behind the
and the projectile are lifted onto the loading tray in two charge, with igniter, the primer is inserted into the firing
mechanism of the breechblock.
Section II. COMPLETE ROUNDS
4-5. General surface in contact with the lands of the bore. Only the
A complete round of service ammunition comprises all bourrelet and rotating band bear on the lands.
components used in firing a weapon once: projectile, d. Rotating Band. The rotating band is a
cartridge case and/or propelling charge, primer and cylindrical ring of comparatively soft metal, or similar
fuze. Complete rounds of several different types are substance. It may also be of steel pressed into a
shown in figure 4-1. The major components of a knurled or roughened grooves near the base of the
complete round are described below. projectile (or attached to the base of the projectile, as in
the 4.2-inch mortar). The rotating band affords a
4-6. Projectile closure for the projectile in the forcing cone of the
a. Ogive and Windshield. The forward portion of weapon in separate-loading projectiles and centers the
the projectile from the bourrelet to the point is called the rear end of the projectile in the bore of the weapon. In
ogive. The length of the ogive influences the flight of fixed ammunition, the rotating band may not seat in the
the projectile. In older projectiles, the generated radius forcing cone until the instant of initial movement upon
of the ogive varied from 6 to 11 calibers. Projectiles of firing. As the projectile moves forward, the rotating
recent design, however, have long ogives of radii that band is engraved by the lands of the bore. Metal
exceed these values appreciably. Since kinetic-energy, displaced during the engraving process flows into
armor-piercing projectiles have an ogive with a short annular relief grooves (cannelures) cut in the rotating
radius, for purposes of penetration, a windshield is band. In the case of 4.2-inch mortar projectiles, the
placed over the armor-piercing head to impart desirable rotating band is bell shaped; it is expanded into the
ballistic qualities to the projectile. grooves of the mortar rifling by pressure of the
b. Bourrelet. The bourrelet is the machined propellant gases on a pressure plate. Since the rifling of
surface that bears on the rifling lands of the weapon the weapon is helical, engagement with the band
tube. It centers the front end of the projectile in its imparts rotation to the moving projectile. The rotating
travel through the bore. Generally, the bourrelet is band also provides obturation. It prevents escape of the
located in the forward end of the projectile, immediately propellant gases forward of the projectile by completely
behind the ogive. Some projectiles of large caliber have filling the grooves of the rifling. In the case of recoilless
front and rear bourrelets. rifle projectiles, the
c. Body. While generally applicable to the entire
projectile, the term, body, is used to designate the
cylindrical portion of the projectile between the bourrelet
and the rotating band. It is generally machined to a
smaller diameter than the bourrelet to reduce the
4-3
TM 9-1300-200
rotating band is pre-engraved. Some projectiles may be is crimped, caulked or welded to the base of the
provided with two rotating bands or an obturating band projectile. HE rounds are provided with base covers.
and a rotating band. These give additional assurance hot gases of the
e. Type of Base. When the surface to the rear of propelling charge will not penetrate the base of the
the rotating band is tapered or conical, it is known as projectile and come in contact with the explosive filler.
boat-tailed; when cylindrical, the projectile is described Caulking or sealing rings, rather than base covers, are
as having a square base. Nonrotating projectiles have ordinarily provided for projectiles with HE fillers and BD
fins at the rear for stabilization. fuzes.
f. Base Plug. All base-ejection, chemical h. Tracer. A tracer in the base of some projectiles
projectiles are closed at the base with steel plugs either provides for observation of fire. The tracer in certain
threaded to the projectile or secured by shear pins. aircraft and antiaircraft projectiles contains a shell-
Some armor-piercing projectiles are also closed with destroying (SD) element. The tracer, after burning a
base plugs. The base plug may or may not contain a prescribed number of seconds, ignites a pellet. This
tracer or fuze. detonates the explosive filler
g. Base Cover. The base cover, a thin metal disk,
Figure 4-2. High-explosive projectile.
4-4
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 4-3. High-explosive rocket-assisted projectile.
Change 5 4-5
TM 9-1300-200
and destroys the round, should the round fail to impact assembly provides standoff for the charge. The round is
against the target. fitted with a BD or PIBD fuze having nondelay action.
i. Types of Projectiles. (5) Chemical.
(1) High-explosive (HE). This type of (a) Bursting type (fig. 4-5). These
projectile (fig. 4-2), usually made of forged or cold projectiles are similar in external appearance to HE
extruded steel, has comparatively thin walls and a large projectiles and have similar ballistic properties. The
bursting charge of high explosive. It is used against steel projectile has a centrally oriented burster type
personnel and materiel targets, producing blast or containing an explosive burster and is fitted with a
mining effect and fragmentation at the target. It may be mechanical time fuze. The projectile is loaded with
fitted with time or impact, concrete-piercing, or proximity persistent gas or with white phosphorus. When the fuze
(VT) fuze, according to the type of action desired. functions, the burster is detonated. This ruptures the
(2) High-explosive rocket-assisted (HERA). projectile body and disperses the chemical filler.
The high-explosive rocket-assisted projectile (fig. 4-3) is (b) Base-ejection type (fig. 4-6). These
an HE projectile with a rocket motor assembled to the projectiles are the base-ejection type containing a
base. The projectile functions as a normal HE projectile payload of canisters generally loaded with colored
if the rocket selector cap remains in place. If the rocket smoke composition. The projectile is assembled with a
selector cap is removed, the propellant gases ignite the mechanical time fuze, an expelling charge and a
pyrotechnic delay mixture, which then ignites the rocket threaded base plug. When the fuze functions, the
propellant in flight. Functioning of the rocket motor adds expelling charge is ignited. This, in turn, ignites and
thrust to the projectile, increasing its range. expels the canisters and base plug from the projectile.
(3) High-explosive plastic (HEP). Description The burning canisters produce a smoke cloud for
and functioning of this ammunition are classified. See screening and spotting purposes.
TM 43-0001-28-1.
(4) High-explosive antitank (HEAT). This is a
high-explosive shaped-charge projectile (fig. 4-4) used NOTE
against armor plate. Its effect is dependent upon the The canister in this type of projectile
shape of the charge. A conical windshield or spike
Figure 4-4. High-explosive antitank projectile.
Change 5 4-6
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 4-5. Burster chemical projectiles.
should not be confused with the canister that is a heat-treated alloy steel to have a hard exterior surface
component of a fixed-round projectile. and a relatively soft core. On impact, the hardened
(6) Illuminating. This type of projectile (fig. 4- exterior of the cap destroys the surface of the armor.
7) is used to illuminate a target area under conditions of The softer core of the cap protects the hardened point of
reduced visibility. The projectile is hollow and contains the projectile by distributing impact stresses over a large
a payload consisting of a parachute and illuminant percentage of the area of the head. The projectile
assembly. The illuminant is ignited and the parachute ultimately penetrates the target by kinetic energy. A
and illuminant assembly are ejected from the projectile tracer may be present in the base end of the fuze.
by an expelling charge adjacent to a time fuze. The (c) Armor-piercing discarding sabot
parachute and burning illuminant assembly slowly (APDS) projectiles consist of a dense core of tungsten
descend, lighting the target area. carbide covered with a steel sheath and a bore-and-
(7) Armor-piercing. sleeve assembly (sabot). The sabot, which converts the
(a) Armor-piercing (AP) projectiles (fig. core of the projectile to the same size as the gun barrel,
4-8) contain a core of heat-treated, high-carbon alloy is discarded after the projectile leaves the bore of the
steel. The head is hardened steel for penetration of weapon.
armor. The body is tough to withstand impact and (d) Hypervelocity (velocities above
twisting action of the projectile at high angles of 3,500 fps) armor-piercing (HVAP) projectiles are
obliquity. A windshield is generally secured to the head relatively lightweight with an armor-piercing core of
of the projectile to assure adequate ballistics. A tracer is tungsten carbide. The core, a steel base containing a
present in the base of the projectile. tracer element, an aluminum body and
(b) Armor-piercing capped (APC)
projectiles (fig. 4-9) are designed to penetrate face-
hardened armor plate. The nose is capped with forged,
4-7
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 4-6. BE chemical (smoke) projectiles.
nose plug, and an aluminum windshield comprise the BE projectiles adapted for dispersing literature.
HVAP-T projectile. (11) Improved Conventional Munitions (ICM).
(8) Antipersonnel (APERS). Antipersonnel These munition embody a unique design to control the
cartridges are employed against enemy personnel and number, size, and distribution of fragments produced
light materiel. The projectile of APERS cartridges (fig. when the munition functions. Projectiles 105MM or
4-10} carries a payload of flechettes (fin-stabilized steel larger (fig. 4-6.1), warhead sections (fig. 4-6.2), and
fragments). These cartridges are fitted with MT fuses cluster bomb units (CBU) (fig. 4-6.3) carry a payload of
which may be set for muzzle action or range. small, individually fused munitions. These items have
(9) Canister. The canister projectile (fig. 4-11) fusing and release systems which dispense the
consists of a light metal case filled with flechettes, steel submunitions at an altitude sufficient to permit arming
slugs or, in some projectiles of early design, steel balls. prior to striking the target. Hand grenades, 40MM
It contains no explosive and is fired point blank at short cartridges, and land mines each contain a high-
ranges (up to 600 feet) for effect against personnel. explosive fragmentation unit.
When the projectile leaves the muzzle of the weapon, (12) Dual purpose munitions. These munitions
the case breaks open, scattering the steel slugs or balls (fig. 4-16.4) combine the capabilities of penetrating steel
in the manner of shot from a shotgun shell. Flechettes armor and inflicting personnel casualties in the vicinity
are dispersed in conical pattern. of the target.
(10) Leaflet. These projectiles are essentially
Change 2 4-8
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 4-6.1. 155-mm projectile, HE, M483A1..
Change 2 4-8.1
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 4-6.2. Warhead M251.
Figure 4-6.3. Typical CBU.
Change 2 4-8.2
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 4-6.4. Dual purpose munition
Change 2 4-8.3
TM 9-1300-200
4-7. Cartridge Cases chamber generally conform in profile. However, the

a. A cartridge case made of drawn brass, spiral- cartridge case is slightly smaller to facilitate
wrapped or multipieced drawn steel, or felted chambering. The base of the metal case is relatively
nitrocellulose serves as the container for the - propelling heavy to provide for firm attachment of a primer, and
charge in round of fixed, semi-fixed, and separated has a flange or groove to permit mechanical extraction.
artillery ammunition. Cartridge case and weapon Rounds
Change 2 4-8.4
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 4-7. Illuminating projectiles.
used in automatic guns have cartridge cases with an grains. Liners are made of various materials, such as
extracting groove instead of a flange or rim. paper, rayon, plastic, etc. In the rupture-disk type of
cartridge case, the propellant is contained in a silk bag
positioned around the tail boom or primer tube.
b. In nonadjustable (fixed) rounds, the cartridge
case is crimped to the projectile. In adjustable 4-8. Propelling Charges
(semifixed) rounds, the case is fitted free to the
projectile. In separated ammunition, the case is plugged a. Description.
and separate from the projectile. Having a
nonadjustable propellant charge, separated ammunition
may be considered a special type of fixed ammunition. (1) Propelling charges consist of a quantity of
propellant in a container (cartridge bag for separate-
c. Brass or steel cartridge cases of special loading and semifixed ammunition) and an igniter and/or
composition are processed to provide obturation in primer. The propellant itself is carefully designed for the
recoil-type weapons. Obturation, expansion of the particular role of the ammunition. Factors considered
cartridge case against the chamber wall under pressure include chemical composition, grain size, and charge
of burning propellant gases, prevents escape of these weight. Propellants are described in chapter 1.
gases from the rear of the weapon.
(2) In fixed and semifixed rounds, the igniter
d. The cartridge case in recoilless weapons either charge (black powder) is present in the primer. In some
is perforated or has a rupture disk to allow propellant models of separated ammunition, an auxiliary igniter
gases to escape through nozzles in the breech of the charge is placed around the primer or on the distance
weapon. The interior of the perforated type of case wadding to assure proper ignition of the propellant. In
contains a liner that covers the perforations in the case. most separate-loading rounds, the igniter charge is in an
This prevents entrance of moisture and leakage of igniter bag
propelling charge
4-9
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 4-8. Armor-piercing projectile.
sewn to the base end of the propelling charge. In some (2) Semifixed.
designs, the igniter forms a core running through the
center of the propelling charge bag. Cartridge-igniter (a) In semifixed howitzer ammunition,
pads are made of tightly woven silk or synthetics to the charge, which is divided into parts or increments for
prevent the black powder from sifting through. Cloth zone firing, is in several cloth bags. The full charge,
used for the igniter charge is dyed red to indicate with all increments in proper order, is in the cartridge
presence of the black powder igniter. Pads of early case, which is a free-fit over the rear end of the
manufacture (undyed) are marked IGNITER. projectile. Each part of the charge is numbered, the
base charge being numbered 1. For example, to
arrange a 105-mm propelling charge in proper order for
b. Types of Propelling Charge. The type of firing charge 4, the increments would be arranged in the
propelling charge depends upon the type of ammunition order 1, 2, 3, and 4, increment 4 being placed
(fixed, semifixed, separated, or separate loading) and uppermost. (For firing less than full charge, all
size of the complete round. increments above the charge to be fired are removed.)
Dualgran. the charge for 105-mm howitzer ammunition,
(1) Fixed. The propelling charge in a round consists of a charge in which a quick-burning propellant
of fixed ammunition is loose (or in a polyethylene or of single-perforated grains is used in charges 1 and 2
polyethylene/rayon bag) in the cartridge case. When and a slow-burning propellant of multi-perforated grains
the charge does not fill the case completely, a spacer or in charges 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. This charge is used with a
distance wadding, usually a cardboard disk and cylinder, long primer (no charge-retaining spring required) and
is inserted in the neck of the cartridge case, between the incorporates a lead foil in charge 5 as a decoppering
charge and the base of the projectile. agent. Increments are
4-10
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 4-9. Armor-piercing capped cartridge.
4-11
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 4-10. Antipersonnel (APERS) cartridge.
4-12
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 4-11. Canister cartridge.
of the flat-bag type and are folded around the primer. charge consists of a base section or charge and one or
Less muzzle flash than with single granulation charges, more increments. The increments may be equal or
improved uniformity of performance, and greater unequal in weight. The base section is
accuracy are obtained with the dualgran charge.
(b) The adjustable semifixed propelling

charges used in mortar ammunition consist of either thin
sheets of propellant or bags of granular propellant. In
either case, this propellant is fitted around the stabilizing
fins or to the cartridge container boom at the base of the
projectile.
(3) Separated. This propelling charge

consists of looseloaded propellant in a primed brass or
steel cartridge case closed by a plastic or asphalt
composition plug. It is not adjustable.
(4) Separate-loading. Propellant in separate-
loading ammunition is contained in acrylic cotton cloth
bags, divided into multisection charges. This type of
charge permits the gun-crew to vary size of the
propelling charge and facilitate handling of larger and
heavier charges. Multisection charges are subdivided
into base-and-increment and unequal-section types.
(a) Base-and-increment. This type of propelling

Figure 4-12. Flash reducer.
4-13
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 4-13. Propellant temperature indicator with thermometer.
4-14
TM 9-1300-200
always fired; the increments may or may not be. An and cartridge case). The thermometer can be read
igniter pad is attached to the base end of the base through plastic lenses placed in the head of the
section only. A propelling charge may have a core assembly. The assembly is then placed with an
igniter in the base section and in the increments. ammunition lot so that the temperature may be noted.
Since firing tables are based on the temperature of the
(b) Unequal section. In howitzer ammunition, propellant at +70°F. at the time of firing, any deviation
the charge is made up of unequal sections. In gun from this temperature has to be considered in making
cannon ammunition, the charge is made up of several firing data corrections.
equal sections and two or more unequal sections. This
type of propelling charge permits firing at reduced 4-9. Primers
velocity and provides maximum flexibility.
(c) Color. In certain howitzer ammunition, a. General. The primer is that component in a
two base and increment charges are provided, one for propelling charge explosive train which produces the
inner, the other for outer zone charges (green bag flame that ignites the propellant.
charges) to distinguish them from the outer zone (1) Artillery primers contain a small quantity
charges contained in undyed (white) bags (white bag of sensitive explosive and a larger quantity of black
charges). powder or other propellant in a cylindrical housing of
(d) Flash reducers. Flash reducers (fig. 4- metal, cardboard or other appropriate material. In
12), cloth pads filled with flash-reducing salts, are used mortar ammunition, an ignition cartridge, which ignites
with certain separate-loading propelling charges to the propellant, is used with the primer and may or may
eliminate flash. Used with white bag charges only, in not be assembled to it. Unassembled, the primer and
155-mm and 8-inch howitzers, they are inserted the ignition cartridge are considered separate
between increments or tied around the base charge. components; assembled, the primer becomes a
Green bag charges require no flash reducers for these component of the ignition cartridge.
howitzers. The precautions that apply to black powder (2) In fixed, semifixed and separated
also apply to flash reducers. ammunition, the primer and/or ignition cartridge is
assembled to the ammunition at the time of
(e) Propellant temperature indicators. manufacture. In separate-loading ammunition, the
Propellant temperature indicators (fig. 4-13), used in primer is inserted into the breechblock of the weapon by
antiaircraft batteries, make it possible to take propellant the user immediately prior to firing.
temperatures either at battery level or in storage at the b. Types. Most artillery primers are classified
ammunition supply point (ASP). A propellant according to the method of firing as electric, percussion,
temperature indicator consists of a thermometer and percussion-electric.
inserted into the packed propelling charge (through the (1) Electric. This type of primer is fired by
fiber container heat generated when an electric current passes
Figure 4-14. Percussion primer.
4-15
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 4-15. Combination electric and percussion pimer.
Figure 4-16. Burster charge
through a resistance wire in the ignition mixture or a (2) Percussion. This type of primer (fig.
conductive primer mixture embedded in the primer. The P14) is fired by a blow of the firing pin. Percussion
electric primer is distinguished by the black insulation primers used in fixed, semifixed and separated artillery
that surrounds it in the head of the cartridge case ammunition contain sufficient black powder to ignite the
propellant in the cartridge
4-16
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 4-17. Booster charge.
4-17
TM 9-1300-200
case. Those used with separate-loading propelling assure high order detonation. Use of more sensitive
charges contain only enough black powder to ignite the explosives, such as mercury fulminate or lead azide, in
igniter charge attached to the propelling charge. the quantities required would create excessive hazards
in handling and firing. Consequently, such explosives
(3) Percussion-electric. This type of primer are used only in small amounts as initiating and
(fig. 4-15), fired either electrically or by the blow of a intermediate detonating charges. A separate charge of
firing pin, is used with separate-loading rounds. somewhat less sensitivity (usually tetryl) is provided for
detonating the high-explosive charge. Because it
4-10. Burster Charge increases or boosts effectiveness of the explosive train,
A burster charge (fig. 4-16) is an auxiliary high this charge is known as a booster charge.
explosive element used in certain types of chemical
projectiles to rupture the projectile and disperse the b. The booster charge (fig. 4-17) may be
chemical agent. It consists of a high-explosive charge incorporated in the fuze itself. It may also be encased in
in a metal tube which is contained in the projectile a thin casing of metal or plastic attached to a threaded
burster casing. It may be used in conjunction with the metal body.
burster initiator used in 75mm, 76-mm, and 90-mm c. Boosters are generally provided with a
chemical projectiles. boresafety mechanism (arming delay) and incorporate,
in addition to the main charge, one or more other
4-11. Booster Charge charges (e.g., a detonator and a booster lead charge).
Some boosters incorporate delay arming mechanisms
a. Since burster charges in high-explosive which prevent arming until the projectile is the desired
projectiles are relatively insensitive to shock, a minimum distance from the weapon.
comparatively large detonating charge is necessary to
Section III. FUZES
4-12. General (2) There are three types of time fuzes:

An artillery fuze is a mechanical device used with a powder train, mechanical and proximity. Powder train
projectile to cause it to function as required. fuzes (fig. 4-22) make use of compressed black powder
rings that burn for a predetermined length of time and
4-13. Classification then initiate the high-explosive element in the fuze.
Mechanical time fuzes (fig. P23) incorporate a clock-
a. Fuzes are classified according to their position like mechanism. Through a gear train and escapement,
on the projectile and method of functioning. Examples this mechanism trips a firing pin at a predetermined
include base-detonating (BD) (fig. P18), point-initiating time, causing the fuze to function. Proximity fuzes are
base-detonating (PIBD) (fig. P19), and point-detonating discussed in (3), below.
(PD) (fig. 4-20) fuzes. They are classified according to
method of functioning as impact, time, proximity, or a (3) The proximity (VT) fuze (fig. 4-24) is
combination of these. essentially a self-powered radio transmitting and
receiving unit. Shortly after the projectile leaves the
(1) Impact fuzes (fig. 4-21) are classified by muzzle of the weapon, the fuze becomes armed and
type of action as superquick, delay or nondelay. The begins sending out radio waves. As the projectile
superquick fuze functions immediately upon impact with approaches an object, the waves are reflected and
the target. The nondelay type represents the fastest picked up by a receiving unit in the fuze. Interaction of
action possible for the inertia type fuze. This type of the outgoing and incoming waves results in beats.
fuze is inherently slower than the superquick, since its When the beats reach a predetermined intensity, an
action depends on deceleration during penetration of the electronic switch is tripped, thereby closing an electric
target. Delay time of delay fuzes ranges from 0.025 to circuit. An electric charge is permitted to flow through
0.05 second after impact. (On time fuzes, the time an electric firing squib thus initiating the explosive train.
refers to the length of time between the firing of the Newer type proximity fuzes are designed for bracket
weapon and the functioning of the fuze.) arming for antiaircraft artillery use and adjustable delay
arming for field artillery use.
4-18
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 4-18. Base-detonating fuze.
4-19
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 4-19. Point-initiating base-detonating fuze.
The bracket-arming type has a time ring; the adjustable- of a suitable target, the fuze will cause self-destruction
delay-arming type has a graduated time scale which of the projectile soon after the set time. e fuze also
must be set for the predicted time to target. When fired, contains an impact element. This will function the
the proximity element of the fuze becomes armed a projectile if impact with a resistant object occurs at any
short time before reaching target and functions on time after arming of the impact element, but before
proximity approach. If the fuze does not come within arming and functioning of the fuze by the proximity
the influence range element.
4-20
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 4-20. Point-detonating fuze.
4-21
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 4-21. Impact fuze.
4-22
TM 9-1300-200
(4) The concrete-piercing (CP) fuze (fig. 25)

is a special, point-detonating impact type assembled to
HE projectiles. This type fuze is used against highly
resistant targets.
b. Because of their standard contour and equal

weight, many PD fuzes are interchangeable and can be
employed with several types of projectiles. See TM 43-
0001-28 for fuze interchangability.
4-14. Safety Features
a. Safety wires, cotter pins and other devices are

used to hold internal fuze components in an unarmed
position and to prevent accidental arming of the fuze
before the projectile has left the weapon.
b. In some fuzes, bore safety is provided by

interrupting the explosive train. Interruption is generally
provided by out-of-line components, or interrupter
blocks or sliders, which prevent functioning while the
projectile is still in the bore of the weapon.
Figure 4-22. Time fuze, powder train.
Change 5 4-23
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 4-23. Time fuze, gear train
4-24
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 4-24. Proximity fuzes.
4-25
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 4-25. Concrete-piercing fuze.
Section IV. PRACTICE, DUMMY, BLANK AND SUBCALIBER AMMUNITION
4-15. Practice Ammunition projectiles for mortars (fig. 4-27) contain a black powder
charge, propellant, ignition cartridge, and percussion
a. General. Target practice rounds (fig. P26) of primer. However, training projectiles for mortars have
fixed, semifixed and separated ammunition are used for an inert body and no propellant as such, being propelled
training in marksmanship. The rounds have the same only by an ignition cartridge.
weight and contour as the service rounds they simulate.
Moreover, since practice ammunition is fired at practice b. Identification.
targets, the rounds may be fuzed and have the same
propelling charges as the service rounds they simulate. CAUTION
Because they have fuzes and live propelling charges, In some older fixed or semifixed
practice rounds must be handled as carefully as service practice rounds, inert projectiles
ammunition. Thus, where indicated by firing table titles, were inadvertently painted black,
the same firing data are used for firing practice rounds even though cartridge case
as are used in firing their service counterparts. Some contained live propellant (explosive).
practice projectiles are cast iron while others are service In handling any round in which
projectiles loaded with sand or other inert material. projectile is painted black, whether
Certain practice projectiles contain a black powder or not marked INERT, be sure to note
spotting charge that emits a smoke puff to simulate complete
functioning and to assist in spotting. Target practice
Figure 4-26. Recoilless rifle, target practice cartridge.
4-26
C1, TM 9-1300-200
Figure 4-27. Mortar target practice cartridge.
4-27
C1, TM 9-1300-200
miniature carriage. Four units mounted on a firing

identifying marking of round and platform make up a field artillery training battery. 'The
whether or not any components ammunition for this trainer consists of a 1-inch,
contain explosive. commercial, steel ball (the simulated projectile)
weighing about 21/3 ounces, and air pressures (which
For identification purposes, practice projectiles are simulate a semifixed, adjustable propelling charge) up to
painted blue with marking in white. The blue signifies 80 pounds per square inch. The maximum range is 85
that the round, of which the projectile is a component, is yards at 800-mil (45°) elevation.
for target practice and includes a propelling charge or
other prescribed explosive. See chapter 1 for marking 4-16. Dummy Ammunition
of inert ammunition.
Dummy cartridges, projectiles and propelling charges
c. Simulators. Several types of simulators are are used for training in loading and unloading of
used in artillery training to create the effects of actual weapons. Such ammunition consists of completely inert
battle. Considered pyrotechnic items, they are replicas of service rounds or components. Dummy
described and illustrated with other pyrotechnic items in propelling charges are filled with wood grains simulating
chapter 9. live propellant grains, and the color of the propelling
charge bags
d. Field Artillery Trainer. This trainer, which is
used in preliminary artillery training, is a compressed air
unit consisting of a miniature gun mounted on a
Figure 4-34. Dummy cartridge.
Figure 4-35. Blank cartridge.
4-28
TM 9-1300-200
is the same as that of service charges. Otherwise, color

is not significant. 'Representative ammunition of this
type is shown in figure 4-34. As dummy ammunition is NOTE
completely inert, no special safety precautions are The same precautions are observed
necessary. in firing subcaliber ammunition as in
firing service and practice rounds.
4-17. Subcaliber Ammunition
a. General. Subcaliber guns are auxiliary 4-18. Blank Ammunition
devices used with tactical weapons during training and
practice. Bore wear i-n the larger caliber weapons is a. General. Blank ammunition is used for a
reduced by training with smaller caliber weapons firing limited type of artillery firing practice, for maneuvers, for
smaller caliber ammunition at shorter ranges. firing the morning and evening gun and for saluting. A
Subcaliber guns are designed for interior mounting representative type of blank ammunition is shown in
(inside the bore of the weapon) or exterior mounting (on figure 4-35.
top of the gun tube). Interior-type subcaliber guns are b. Complete Round. A complete round of blank
used with 75mm howitzers, 76-mm guns, 90-mm guns ammunition consists of a cartridge case, primer, black
and 105-mm howitzers. 'External-type subcaliber guns powder charge and a closing cup secured in the mouth
are used with 155-mm guns and howitzers and -8-inch of the case. The primer is fitted to the cartridge case as
howitzers. Special subcaliber equipment is designed for in fixed or semifixed rounds of service ammunition.
4.2-inch mortars. Weight of the black powder charge varies-from 0.87 to
Figure 4-28. Deleted. 2.0 pounds-depending upon caliber and type of round.
The blank cartridge contains no projectile.
Figure 4-31. Deleted. c. Charge. The black powder charge for blank
b. Ammunition. Small arms cartridges are used rounds consists of loose potassium or sodium nitrate
as subcaliber ammunition in small artillery weapons. black powder in cotton cloth bags.
Medium and large caliber weapons use either 37-mm
HE cartridges with black powder substituted for the HE
charge or 75-mm service cartridges.
Section V. PRECAUTIONS
4-19. Precautions in Handling (1) Protect propelling charges of all types

from moisture.
a. General. For applicability of general
precautions in handling explosives and ammunition, see (2) Examine separate-loading propelling
chapter 1. In the same connection, see also TM 43- charges at appropriate times.
0001-28, TM 9-1300-206 and appropriate weapons
(3) Check propelling charge bag for
manuals.
discoloration. This usually indicates propellant
b. Projectiles. deterioration.
(1) Inspect projectiles periodically, d. Cartridge Case.
particularly under conditions of abnormally higher
temperature and moisture. CAUTION
(2) Because projectiles contain high Cartridge cases composed of
explosives, check for exudation. lightweight brass or steel or felted
nitrocellulose are easily damaged.
(3) Check for gas leaks, which can cause
injury to personnel. (1) Inspect packages (inner containers) and
packings (shipping boxes) periodically for evidence of
(4) Keep illuminants from coming in contact damage that might indicate corroded, deformed or
with moisture. They are particularly hygroscopic and ruptured cases.
subject to deterioration.
(2) To prevent serious damage to weapon,
c. Propelling Charges. do not use cartridges with damaged cases.
Change 5 4-29
C1, TM 9-1300-200
(3) Protect felted nitrocellulose cases, 90-mm, 105-mm and 120-mm separate-loading
which are nonmetallic, from such sources of ignition as projectiles and mortar rounds, from their hermetically
smoldering residue, lighted cigarettes or open flame. sealed containers until just prior to use. When screwing
fuze into projectile, .tighten with appropriate fuze wrench
e. Fuzes. and set, when required, with appropriate fuze setter.
f. Handle complete rounds, particularly rounds
CAUTION with fuzes, with care at all times. Explosive elements in
Do not disassemble any fuze at any fuzes and primers are particularly sensitive to shock and
time without specific instructions high temperature.
from the Army Materiel Command.
g. Remove safety wire from fuze just before firing
Handle fuzes carefully. 'They contain small amounts of
and at no other time.
sensitive high explosives, such as mercury fulminate,
lead azide and lead styphnate. h. Drop mortar rounds, fin end first, into muzzle
of mortar, with bore-riding pin in place. When cartridge
f. Primers.
is released to slide down barrel, remove hands instantly
(1) Primers contain black powder which is from muzzle.
particularly hygroscopic. Inspect periodically for
i. To prevent accidental detonation of highly
evidence of corrosion.
sensitive primer, be especially careful in handling all
(2) Keep fuzes and primers in hermetically rounds employing cartridge case with base-affixed
sealed containers. primer.
4-20. Precautions in Firing j. Do not break moisture-resistant seal on fiber
container until ammunition is to be used.
For general precautions and regulations in firing
ammunition, see TM 43-0001-28 and AR 385-63. k. Do not handle or move duds. Their fuzes may
be armed. Destroy duds in place in accordance with TM
a. Inspect ammunition prior to firing. Assure that
9-1300-206.
it is clean and free of dents or corrosion.
l. Take following precautions with cartridges
b. Do not use ammunition with serious dents,
containing electric primers: (1) Do not have rounds in
burs or other defects. Firing such ammunition may
gun chamber when electric leads are exposed.
result in serious blowback or malfunction.
(2) Check for conditions conducive to static
c. Protect semifixed propelling charges (such as
charge buildup. Static charges can be produced when
howitzer or mortar increments), which are exposed personnel wear furs or clothing of wool or synthetic
briefly to weather during preparation for firing, against fibers.
moisture and extreme temperatures. Assure that
charges are clean and undamaged. (3) Assure that aircraft are electrically
grounded during ammunition loading operations.
d. Remove and discard U-shaped packing stop
before attempting to load round into weapon.
e. Do not remove certain separately issued fuzes,
such as proximity fuzes which are assembled in field to
Section VI. PACKING AND MARKING
4-21. Packing b. Some fuzes and primers may be packed in

hermetically sealed cans overpacked in wooden or
a. Fixed, semifixed and separated artillery metal boxes.
ammunition items are packed in moisture-resistant fiber
containers overpacked in wooden boxes. (: See fig. 4- c. Separate-loading projectiles are usually
30 and illustrations in chapter 1.) Crates may be used shipped palletized. A grommet is used to protect the
for additional protection for certain propelling charges, rotating band and an eyebolt-lifting plug is threaded in
for projectiles with windshields, and for dummy the fuze hole. Airtight steel containers are used to pack
projectiles. separate-loading propelling charges. In packings of
recent design, a primer is packed in the container with
each propelling charge.
Change 5 4-30
C1, TM 9-1300-200
d. Except for training ammunition, which may be 4-22. Marking

requisitioned by components, mortar ammunition is Representative markings on ammunition items and
packed as complete rounds. Each round is packed in a packing boxes are discussed and illustrated in chapter 1.
metal container or wooden packing box. Jungle wrap is
used on certain rounds as additional protection.
Figure 4-37. Typical wooden packing box.
4-31
C1, TM 9-1300200
This page intentionally left blank.
4-32
C1, TM 9-1300-200
CHAPTER 5
ROCKETS
5-1. General 5-3. Principles of Rocket Propulsion
a. A rocket is a missile propelled by a discharging a. Gas under pressure in a closed container

jet of gas. The gas is produced by the burning of a exerts pressure equally in all directions (A, fig. 5-1);
propelling charge within the rocket. Military rockets are therefore, no movement of the container will occur.
distinguished from guided missiles, which are similarly b. When a hole is made in one end of the
propelled. by the fact that the trajectory of a rocket container (B, fig. 5-1), the pressurized gas flows out,
cannot be guided or controlled in flight. since the atmosphere is at a lower pressure. Because
b. A military rocket consists essentially of a head, the hole reduces the area over which the pressure acts,
a fuze and a motor. The head contains the element the total force acting on the end with the hole is less
required to produce the desired effect at the target, than the total force acting on the closed end. For this
usually an explosive or chemical filler. The fuze reason, the container will move in the opposite direction
initiates the functioning of the filler at the time and under of the escaping gas. It is not only the escaping gas
the circumstances desired. The motor propels the pushing on the air which provides thrust, but also the
rocket to the target, and includes the propelling charge, force of the pressure exerted on the closed end of the
the nozzle (or nozzles) and means of igniting the motor.
propellant. The rocket is stabilized in flight by fins, c. The overall efficiency of the rocket motor is
attached to the motor, or rotation (spin). increased by the addition of the nozzle (C, fig. 5-1),
c. A rocket launcher is employed to aim the which reduces friction and controls the expansion of
rocket along a definite trajectory. gas.
5-2. Application 5-4. Classification
a. Because rocket launchers are generally light a. General. Rockets are classified basically as
and portable, rockets can be fired from aircraft and from shoulder-fired, ground-to-ground or aircraft (air-to-air or
ground areas inaccessible to conventional artillery. air-to-ground).
b. Used in applications similar to conventional b. Use. Rockets are classified according to use
artillery, rockets complement artillery by extending the as service, practice, drill, or subcaliber. 'Service rockets
area covered and the types of targets that can be are used for effect in combat; practice rockets, for
engaged. The forces of setback are relatively small, but training and target practice; and drill rockets, for training
provide a comparatively long period of acceleration. in handling. subcaliber rockets are smaller rockets
This permits the use of light-case projectiles of higher designed for practice purposes. For reasons of
capacity and less expensive construction than economy, subcaliber rockets are fired from standard
equivalent artillery projectiles. Rockets also use fuzes launchers with a subcaliber launcher inserted in the
of lighter construction than those required for artillery. bore.
c. Rockets are relatively inexpensive, easily c. Filler. Rockets are classified according to filler
launched, and economical in the use of personnel. as antipersonnel, high-explosive, chemical, smoke,
However, they have the disadvantage of requiring the spotting and practice.
protection of operating personnel and flammable
material from backblast.
d. For detailed information on rockets, see TM 9-
1950.
5-1
C 1, TM 9-1300-200
Figure 5-1. Principles of rocket propulsion.
5-2
C1, TM 9-1300-200
(1) Antipersonnel rockets contain a filler of (4) Smoke rockets contain a filler of white
fin-stabilized steel fragments called flechettes. phosphorus which produces smoke for screening and
They are employed against enemy personnel and light signaling.
materiel. (5) Spotting (red/yellow marker) rockets
(2) High-explosive rockets contain a filler of contain colored dye pellets and are used as target
high explosive for blast, fragmentation, mining or markers.
demolition effect. The high-explosive antitank (HEAT) (6) Generally, practice rockets are assembled
rocket, which contains a filler consisting of a shaped with completely inert warheads and dummy fuzes.
charge of Composition B or other high explosive, is However, warheads for large ground-to-ground practice
used for penetration of armored targets. rockets contain spotting charges and MT fuzes. All
(3) Chemical rockets contain a chemical practice rockets are assembled with motors which
agent and a burster to disperse the agent at the target. contain the same propelling charge and igniter as the
'The chemical agent may be a gas for producing a toxic service rocket. Drill rockets, designed for training in
or harassing effect, an incendiary or a combination of service of the piece, are completely inert, both warhead
these. and motor.
Section II. COMPLETE ROUND
5-5. General a. High-Explosive Train. Sensitive explosives

that can be detonated by impact of a firing pin or by
A complete round consists of all the components which electrical means are safe to handle in small quantities,
comprise one rocket. The complete round may be highly compressed and enclosed in a capsule. They are
issued as a single assembled unit or as separate used in fuze primers, detonators and squibs. Since the
components to be assembled in the field. small flame from a primer, detonator or squib will not
a. The motor, which propels the rocket, contains properly detonate a large charge of comparatively
the propelling charge and the igniter and is assembled insensitive explosive, it is necessary to interpose a
to the rear of the warhead or base-detonating fuze. It booster between the initiating element and the main
consists of a tube closed at the forward end with one or high explosive charge. Such an arrangement is called a
more nozzles at the rear end. The propelling charge, in high-explosive train. This train, which is in the warhead,
stick form, is held in place by a trap, grid, or cage. consists essentially of a primer, detonator or squib, and
Contact rings, fixed connections to fin shrouds, or cable a booster and the high-explosive charge. A delay
and plug, depending on design of the launcher, element sometimes is incorporated in the fuze to meet
electrically connect the igniter to the external firing requirements for delay action.
circuit. b. Propellent Explosive Train. Sensitive
b. The warhead is that component which contains explosives that can be detonated by electrical means
the high-explosive charge or other filler, the booster, are safe to handle when in small quantities, highly
and the fuze. Its purpose is to produce the desired compressed and enclosed in a capsule. They are used
effect at the target. in electric squibs. Since the small spit of flame from an
electric squib will not properly ignite a large charge of
5-6. Explosive Train comparatively insensitive propellant, it is necessary to
The large quantities of explosives in warheads and interpose an igniter 'between the initiating element and
motors must be comparatively insensitive to permit safe the propellant. Such an arrangement is called a
handling in storage and transit. Yet, means of initiating propellent explosive train. This train, which is in the
these explosives at the desired time must be motor, consists essentially of an electric squib, igniter
dependable. (black powder) and the propellent charge.
Section III. WARHEAD
5-7. Flechette grain steel flechettes, and an integral base-detonating

fuze.
The flechette warhead consists of a plastic and metal
nose cone, an extruded aluminum body loaded with 20-
5-3
C1, TM 9-1300-200
5-8. High Explosive detonating, base-detonating or mechanical time fuzes,

with a burster well extending along the axis of the
Some high-explosive warheads are of thin-walled warhead from the fuze seat. Smoke warheads, similar
construction for maximum capacity of explosive and to chemical in construction, contain a filler of white
blast effect; some have heavy walls to permit phosphorus.
penetration of light armor before exploding; and others
have medium thick walls to provide a maximum number 5-11. Spotting (Red/Yellow Marker)
of effective fragments. Point-detonating, base- Spotting warheads are assembled from metal parts
detonating and proximity fuzes are used with HE originally designed for high-explosive warheads. This
warheads. type of warhead is fitted with a point-detonating fuze and
5-9. High-Explosive Antitank (HEAT) loaded with a baratol burster, a tetryl pellet and red or
yellow dye pellets.
HEAT warheads, containing a shaped charge of high
explosive, are designed to penetrate armor and other 5-12. Practice
highly resistant targets. Current production models are The 762-mm practice warhead contains a spotting
assembled with point-initiating, base-detonating fuzes charge and is fitted with a mechanical time fuze. All
which function faster and assure greater penetration other practice heads are completely inert. They consist
than the inertia type base-detonating fuzes used in older of high-explosive warhead metal parts loaded with inert
warheads. material or specially designed metal parts which
5-10. Chemical and Smoke simulate the weight and configuration of service
warheads. They may be fuzed with inert or dummy
Chemical warheads usually have thin walls, and contain fuzes, or unfuzed.
a filler of casualty or harassing gas. They use point-
Section IV. MOTOR
5-13. General detonating fuze. Generally, the motor consists of the

following major components (fig. 5-2):
a. A motor, which propels the rocket, is
assembled to the rear of the warhead or base- (1) Motor body (combustion chamber)
Figure 5-2. Major components of rocket motor.
5-4
C1, TM 9-1300-200
(2) Propelling charge with highspeed aircraft rockets have straight nozzles.
Nozzle closures or seals prevent moisture from entering
(3) Igniter assembly the motor. In some cases, the closure or seals aid
(4) Nozzle(s) ignition of the propellant by causing pressure to build up
within the chamber when the igniter is 'fired. Special
(5) Trap assembly (optional) safety devices (pressure relief valves, etc.) limit
pressure and prevent rupture of the chamber.
(6) Resonance rod assembly (optional)
f. A grid-like trap assembly may be located on the
The base of the motor is constricted to form the throat of
one or more nozzles. Flight of the rocket is stabilized by approach side of the nozzle to prevent ejection of
fins attached to the rear of the motor, or by spin of the unburned portions of the propellant. Some propelling
rocket about its axis. This spin is produced by high- charges are suspended in the motor body in a manner
velocity gases passing through canted nozzles in the which eliminates the need for a trap.
base of the motor. In some larger motors, an assembly 5-14. Functioning
of spin rockets provides the initial thrust required to
rotate the rocket. a. When the propellant in the rocket motor is
ignited, pressure in the chamber generally rises within
b. The motor body, usually a hollow metal 0.005 to 0.05 second to a maximum value.
cylinder fitted with a nozzle at the rear, is either closed
at the forward end or threaded for assembly with the This value is determined by the burning rate of the
warhead. The body houses the propelling charge and propellant and the diameter of the nozzle orifice.
the igniter assembly. Depending on the design of the propellent grain and the
presence of ballistic modifiers, the charge burns at a
c. 'The propelling charge consists of one or more nearly constant rate. This steady state pressure is
grains of solid propellant, either double-base or maintained constant or decreases (tails off) very slowly
composite. Double-base propellant consists principally until the propellant is completely consumed. Complete
of nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin. Composite propellant consumption takes from a fraction of a second to a
is a mixture of an organic fuel, an inorganic oxidizing minute or more. At very high operating temperatures,
agent and a binding agent. To control the burning rate, the burning of the propellant is usually completed before
propellent grains may be coated with sheets of a slower the rocket leaves the launcher. At low operating
burning inhibitor material. However, if the propellant temperatures, burning may continue after the rocket is
has center perforated grains, resonance rods running launched and a phenomenon known as afterburning will
through these perforations serve the same purpose by occur. With all rockets at all temperatures a blast from
dampening pressure waves created by the burning the rear of the launcher (backblast) occurs.
propellant.
b. Each type of propellent composition has a
d. The igniter assembly consists of a charge of critical pressure. Below this pressure, the composition
black powder housed in a cylindrical plastic container, burns nonuniformly and gives erratic ballistic effects. In
and one or more electric squibs. addition, composite propellant, burning below the critical
e. The nozzle is convergent-divergent pressure, burns until it is extinguished by ashes which
(Venturitype) in shape to eliminate turbulence and to form on the surface of the grain. When the ashes sluff
provide a relatively frictionless flow of escaping gas. off, the propellant reignites and the process is repeated,
The throat (constricted portion) of the nozzle may be creating an erratic sound pattern called "chuffing." c.
lined with a refractory substance, such as graphite. This The critical pressure is also affected by cracks in the
prevents heat of the propellent gases from changing propellent grain. Cracks increase the burning surface
dimensions of the throat. A small change in throat area and, subsequently, the pressure. This can result in an
affects functioning of the motor by altering flow rate and overpressure sufficient to rupture the rocket motor.
direction of the escaping gases. Nozzles on most rocket
motors are canted (scarfed). However, motors used
5-5
C1, TM 9-1300-200
Section V. LAUNCHERS
5-15. General monopod are normally used for firing in a prone

position. Multiple-tube launchers consist of a number of
The rocket launcher holds the rocket and provides initial tubes in a cluster mounted on a carriage, vehicle, or
guidance and electric contacts for firing. In some aircraft.
launchers, the source of electricity for ignition is integral
with the launcher, as a magneto or batteries; in others, b. Rail. These launchers are equipped with
electrical energy is derived from an outside source, such railtype launching beams traversed and elevated to
as an aircraft's electrical system. provide guidance and spin to the rockets. Rockets fired
from this type of launcher are generally stabilized by a
5-16. Types combination of fins and spin.
a. Tube. The launcher proper, as distinct from c. Expendable. Typically, an expendable
the mount, consists of a tube or a set of tubes with a launcher consists of a plastic or metal alloy tube in
means of holding the rocket in place and a mechanism which the complete rocket is shipped. The launcher is
for igniting the rocket motor. Some tube launchers are used once and discarded. Some expendable launchers
expendable (c below) ; that is, they are used for only have mounting hardware (tripods, azimuth and elevation
one firing and discarded. This type launcher may be adjustment devices, etc.) attached. Shoulder-fired,
used as the shipping container for the rocket. Single- expendable launchers are complete with sights and
tube launchers can be fired from the shoulder in firing mechanism.
standing, kneeling, or sitting position. A bipod and rear
Section VI. FUZES
5-17. General powder normally contained in the delay element has

been removed.
A fuze is a device used to function a rocket at the time
and under the circumstances desired. Rocket fuzes are b.
classified according to location in the warhead as point CAUTION
detonating (PD), base detonating (BD), or point
initiating, base detonating (PIBD). They are classified Rockets fuzed with proximity fuzes
according to method of functioning as time, proximity, or may function prematurely if fired too
impact. close to trees or other intervening
objects. There should be at least 250
feet clearance from objects short of
5-18. Types the target.
a. Time fuzes function a preselected number of The proximity fuze detonates the warhead at a distance
seconds after the round is fired. Impact fuzes function from the target to produce optimum blast effect. It is
upon impact with superquick, delay, or nondelay action. essentially a radio transmitting and receiving unit and
requires no prior setting or adjustment. Upon firing,
(1) In the case of superquick action, the after the minimum arming time, the fuze arms and
warhead functions almost instantaneously on impact, continually emits radio waves. As the rocket
initiated by a firing pin driven into a detonator. approaches the target, the waves are reflected back to
(2) In delay action fuzes, the warhead the fuze. The reflected waves produce a beat. When
functions a fixed time after impact to permit penetration received by the fuze with a predetermined intensity, as
of the target before the warhead explodes. The amount on approaching close to the target, this beat operates an
of delay, usually between 0.025 and 0.15 second, electronic switch in the fuze. This permits electric
depends on the delay element incorporated in the fuze. current to flow through an electric squib, initiating the
Arming may be accomplished by mechanical means explosive train and detonating the rocket. Proximity
utilizing gear trains, air stream (air arming), spring fuzes for rockets are of two types-one for ground-type
action, centrifugal force or inertia, gas pressure rockets, the other for aircraft-type rockets. Proximity
(pressure arming), or a combination thereof. fuzes are physically interchangeable with other standard
fuzes in ground-type rockets having deep fuze cavities.
(3) Nondelay action, somewhat slower than
superquick, occurs in delay-action fuzes when the black
5-6
C1, TM 9-1300-200
c. The PIBD fuze detonates the rocket on impact which will actuate the fuze if impact does not initiate the
with the target. The fuze consists of a nose assembly piezoelectric crystal.
and a base assembly connected by a wire passing d. Boresafe rocket fuzes are those in which the
through a conduit in the rocket head. Pressure of explosive elements are so separated as to prevent
impact on a piezoelectric crystal in the nose assembly explosion of the warhead before the rocket leaves its
generates a surge of electricity. This is transmitted to a launcher. Explosion is prevented even if the more
low-energy detonator in the base assembly, detonating sensitive elements (primer or detonator) should
it. Some PIBD fuzes have a graze-sensitive element accidentally function.
Section VII. IDENTIFICATION AND PACKING
5-19. Marking and Painting 5-20. Packing

a. Marking. Rockets are identified by standard a. Small rockets are packed as assembled rounds
nomenclature and lot number. Such identification is in sealed fiber or metal containers overpacked, in
marked on all containers and, unless the item is too quantities of 1 to 25, in wooden boxes (fig. 5-3).
small, on the ammunition itself. Rocket motors are also
b. Rockets fired from expendable launchers are
marked to indicate temperature limits and performance
packed and shipped in the launcher, which constitutes
characteristics. Dimensions and weights of packing
the packing container.
boxes and other packing and shipping data are marked
on the packing box. Packing boxes containing
assembled complete rounds are also marked to indicate
the nose end of the rocket.
b. Painting. In general, rocket motors are painted
brown or olive drab. Rockets themselves are color
coded to indicate the type of filler. See chapter 1 for
color coding.
Figure 5-3. Packaging of small complete round rockets.
5-7
C1, TM 9-1300-200
Figure 5-4. Typical rocket motor container for large motors.
Figure 5-5. Typical warhead container for large warheads.
5-8
C1, TM 9-1300-200
Figure 5-6. Hermetically sealed container for proximity fuze.
c. Large ground-to-ground rockets are shipped overpacked in metal (fig. 5-7) or wooden (fig. 5-8)
unassembled, with the motor (fig. 5-4) and the warhead packing boxes; others are packed in the same container
(fig. 5-5) packed separately. with the assembled motor and warhead, but are not
assembled to the warhead.
d. Certain PD fuzes are assembled to rockets.
Others are packed separately in hermetically sealed e. Complete packing and shipping data are
containers or wooden boxes. Some proximity fuzes are published in SC 1340/IL.
packed in hermetically sealed containers (fig. 5-6),
Figure 5-7. Metal container for proximity fuze. Figure 5-8. Wooden packing box for proximity fuze.
5-9
C1, TM 9-1300-200
Figure 5-9. Exterior and cross section of 66-mm LAW rocket
Figure 5-10. 66-mm LAW system.
5-10
C1, TM 9-1300-200
Figure 5-11. Typical 3.5-inch rockets.
Section VIII. SHOULDER-FIRED ROCKETS
5-21. General 5-22. Types
Shoulder-fired rockets, ranging in size from 66 a. Depending on the type of warhead, these rockets are
millimeters to 3.5 inches, are relatively light rockets designated HEAT, practice or smoke (WP).
used primarily against armored targets. They are also
used for screening and practice. The 66mm rocket is b. The 66-mm LAW system (fig. 5-9 and 5-10), has the
distinguished by the fact that it is issued with a following characteristics:
disposable launcher, as one unit. The rocket/launcher
unit constitutes a complete Light Antitank Weapon Rocket:
(LAW) System. Velocity ..................500 fps
Range ....................325 m
5-11
C1, TM 9-1300-200
Weight ..............................2.3 lb c. The 3.5-inch rockets (fig. 5-11) have the

Length...............................20 in following characteristics:
Type..................................HEAT
Fuze .................................PIBD Velocity .............................500 fps
Stabilization ......................Fin Range ...............................1,198 m
Weight ..............................7.3-9 lb
Launcher: Length...............................23 in
Weight ..............................2.5 lb Type..................................HEAT, smoke
Length, closed ..................25.7 in (WP) practice
extended ..........................35.2 in Fuze..................................BD
Type..................................Disposable Stabilization ......................Fin
Launcher ...........................Tube
Section IX. GROUND-TO-GROUND ROCKETS

5-23. General
a. Ground-to-ground rockets are large (762-millimeter), free flight, solid propellant field artillery ammunition. They
follow a ballistic trajectory similar to cannon-fired artillery projectiles, and are stabilized in flight by a combination of spin
and fins. They have a maximum range capability of approximately 35,000 meters.
b. The complete round (fig. 5-12) consists of a warhead section, motor body and fin assembly. The fuze is
considered a component of the warhead. The most commonly used is a mechanical time fuze which can be set to
function at 5 to 120 seconds.
c. These rockets are distinguished by an assembly of spin rockets mounted in pairs around a pedestal assembly
located between the warhead and the motor. When ignited, the spin rockets produce thrust which imparts a clockwise
spin to the rocket and reduces the effects of misalinement. Spin is maintained in flight by the cant of the tail fins. The
rocket is fired by remote control from a rail launcher.
Figure 5-12. Long range ground-to-ground rocket.
5-12
C1, TM 9-1300-200
5-24. Types
a. Conventional warheads used with these rockets Velocity .....................................1,980-2,200 fps

include HE, chemical and practice (flash-smoke). Range .......................................26,000--35,000 m
Weight ......................................4,720-5,930 lb
b. The 762-mm rockets have the following Length.......................................25--27 ft
characteristics: Type..........................................HE, chemical
and practice
Fuze..........................................MT
Stabilization ..............................Fins and spin
Launcher...................................Straight rail
Section X. AIRCRAFT ROCKETS

5-25. General
5-26. Type
a. Aircraft rockets can be employed effectively

a. Depending upon the type of warhead
against other aircraft, personnel, personnel carriers,
used, the complete round rocket (fig. 5-13) is classified
ammunition storage areas, fuel tanks, radar equipment
as high explosive, high-explosive antitank,
and similar targets.
antipersonnel, spotting, smoke or practice.
b. The folding fin aircraft rocket (FFAR) is a 2.75-
b. These rockets, consisting of a warhead,
inch air-to-air, air-to-ground rocket designed for
fuze, and motor-and-fin assembly, have the following
deployment from highspeed fighter and attack aircraft.
characteristics:
c. The low-spin, folding fin aircraft rocket Velocity ........................ 1600-2200 fps
(LSFFAR) is a 2.75-inch air-to-ground rocket deployed Range .......................... 500-800 m
from rotary wing and other low speed aircraft. It differs Weight ......................... 18--29 lb
from the FFAR primarily in that the nozzles are scarfed Length.......................... 48.8--2.8 in.
to produce the low rate of spin required for launch at low Type ..............................HE, HEAT, APERS, spotting,
speeds. ......................................smoke and practice
Fuze............................. PD, PROX, PIBD
Stabilizer...................... Fin
Launcher...................... Aircraft (multiple, nested tubes)
Figure 5-13. Typical 2.75-inch aircraft rocket.
Section XI. PRECAUTIONS IN STORAGE AND HANDLING
5-27. General 5-28. Care and Handling
Assembled rockets (complete rounds) are generally a. Because solid propellant compositions in rocket
similar to rounds of artillery ammunition. In the event of motors deteriorate readily, especially under extremes of
fire, however, unlike artillery ammunition, rockets ignited temperature and humidity, keep rockets dry and cool.
accidentally may be propelled over wide areas, and the b. Do not expose rockets to direct rays of sun.
range of the rocket must be considered in establishing
danger areas (TM 9-1300-206). Because of this unusual c. Never store rockets where temperatures exceed
explosive hazard, the precautions listed below will be limits marked on items.
observed in addition to those in chapter 1. d. See that no moisture enters fuze or motor.
5-13
C1, TM 9-1300-200
e. Examine nozzle closures of rockets subjected to h. Do not remove separately packed igniters from
wide temperature fluctuations for evidence of looseness their packings, and do not break moisture resistant seals
that may have permitted moisture to enter motor. until unit is to be used.
Moisture may damage propellant and affect accuracy. i. Do not place complete round on its tail. This
f. Do not allow ice to accumulate on any part of may damage fins or electrical connections. If necessary
motor. Such accumulation may cause erratic flight. to stand round on end, point nose downward, so that it
would bury itself in the ground if ignited accidentally.
NOTE j. Handle rocket motor or packings that contain
At time of manufacture, warheads, motors rocket motors gently. Rough handling may damage
and fuzes are made as nearly waterproof as components and create hazards. Cracked and broken
practicable. propellant, for example, can cause dangerous pressures
in motors when fired.
g. Do not remove such relatively delicate items as k. Prevent extraneous electrical currents (such as
proximity fuzes from hermetically sealed containers until static) or induction by electromagnetic radiation (from
just prior to assembly of fuze to rocket. such sources as high-amperage circuits and
transmitters) from igniting rockets.
Section XII. FIRING PRECAUTIONS

5-29. General c. To avoid injury by accidental ignition of rockets
during loading, see that loader does not stand directly
a. Where requirements call for application of behind launcher and rocket.
electrical energy to the igniter circuit of a rocket for d. Do not use rockets with dented motors or fins.
testing continuity (such as during manufacture, They may cause erratic flight.
renovation, or preparation for shipment), the testing e. Do not assemble rockets issued unassembled in
devices used must be approved by the engineering amounts greater than immediate requirements.
agency responsible.
f. During installation of rocket motors, assure
b. To provide for safety of personnel, select areas security of mounting and attachment. An improperly or
for these operations which are remote from sources of insecurely installed motor may break loose on firing and
electrical currents, which might result in accidental travel at a high velocity in an uncontrolled and
ignition of the rocket. unpredictable manner.
c. Do not conduct continuity testing of circuits in g. Remove safety devices as specified in
rockets in ground launchers immediately prior to firing, preparation for firing, but at no other time.
or in rockets positioned on aircraft launchers
h. Do not attempt to disassemble fuze or to
immediately prior to takeoff, except under authority of,
remove base fuze.
and with testing equipment approved by, the chief of the
technical service concerned. i. Take care in firing through screen of brush or
trees. Contact with limb, branch, etc., may deflect
rocket or cause it to detonate.
5-30. Special Precautions
a. Do not permit personnel to remain in triangular

WARNING
area directly behind rocket, where backblast occurs,
unless they are protected by adequate shelter. Misfires or hangfires may occur, especially
under extreme weather conditions or other
b. Always protect eyes when firing. Protect face
adverse circumstances (e.g., exposed
and hands when firing at temperatures below freezing.
electric lead wires and connections). Since
misfires cannot be immediately
WARNING
distinguished from hangfires, certain
Safe firing temperature limits are marked
periods of waiting before proceeding with
on each rocket. Firing at temperatures
firing are prescribed.
outside these limits may result in
dangerously high pressures, erratic flight,
duds or other malfunctions.
5-14
C1, TM 9-1300-200
j. Regard duds (fired rockets in which warhead failed to explode) as dangerous. Do not handle. Have them
destroyed in place by authorized personnel (TM 9-1300-206).
5-15
C1, TM 9-1300-200
This page intentionally left blank.
5-16
TM 9-1300-200
CHAPTER 6
GRENADES
6-1. General
6 2. Classification
A grenade is a small missile weighing between one and
1-1/2 pounds. Filled with high explosive or chemical, it a. General. Grenades are classified according to
is used against enemy personnel or materiel at relatively method of projection as hand or rifle; according to use,
short ranges. There are two types: hand grenades and as service, practice or training; and according to filler,
rifle grenades (fig. 6-1). For detailed information on as explosive chemical, illuminating inert or with a
hand and rifle grenades, see TM 9-1330-200-12 , TM 9- spotting charge filler.
1330-200-34, and FM 23-30. b. Method of Projection. The basic classification of
grenades is according to method of projection. Certain
a. The hand grenade, thrown by the user, grenades are designed to be thrown by hand. Others
supplements small arms in close combat. It produces are designed to be projected from a rifle by means of
screening smoke and irritating gases and incendiary grenade launcher and a special grenade launching
effects. cartridge. Certain hand grenades are projected from
b. The rifle grenade is projected by a specially rifles by means of grenade projection adapters and
designed blank cartridge from a standard Army rifle special blank grenade cartridges.
equipped with a grenade launcher or adapter. Used
against enemy tanks and for screening and signaling
purposes, it covers ranges between the maximum for
hand grenades and the minimum for mortar projectiles.
Change 5 6-1
C1, TM 9-1300-200
Figure 6-1. Representative grenades.
Change 5 6-2
TM 9-1300-200
Section II. HAND GRENADES
6-3. Types explodes the detonator and the bursting charge after a
4to 5-second delay, fragmenting the grenade body and
a. Service. Service hand grenades are classified the fragmentation coil.
according to use as fragmentation, offensive, chemical
(burning or bursting) and illuminating. (2) Offensive. Offensive hand grenades (C,
fig. 6-2) are cylindrical and about the size of
(1) Fragmentation. fragmentation grenades. This type of grenade has a
press-fiber (cardboard) body loaded with approximately
Warning one-half pound of flaked TNT. It employs a delay
Do not use fragmentation grenades for detonating fuze. Since the body of the grenade is
training unless personnel have adequate cardboard, the main effect of the grenade is blast.
cover. However, some metal fragments from the fuze may be
projected. This type of grenade is designed for
demolition, final assault and use in rooms, caves and
The fragmentation grenade (A, fig. 6-2) has a thin metal
other closed areas.
body about the size and shape of a lemon, and weighs
one pound. It is approximately 2.25 inches in diameter (3) Chemical. The two types of chemical
at the center and 3 inches long, unfuzed (3.9 inches grenades, burning and bursting, are similar in size and
long, fuzed). The body is lined with a notched, wire, shape. "hey differ primarily in filler and fuze. A typical
fragmentation coil and contains 6 ounces of chemical grenade (D, fig. 6-2) has a cylindrical body
Composition B filler. This type of grenade was about 2% inches in diameter and 4% inches long, with
developed to replace the earlier model fabricated with a the top and bottom crimped in place. Two less common
deeply serrated cast iron body (the pineapple World body types, with serrated sides and a tapered end,
War I grenade). Fragmentation grenades are fused with describe a sphere and a modified cylinder, respectively.
either impact detonating or delay detonating fuzes In burning-typing grenades, there are emission holes
composed of a striker, primer and delay charge (gas ports) to permit escape of the agent.
detonator. A booster may be included. A safety lever,
curved to conform to the shape of the grenade body, is (a) Burning. These grenades are
hooked to the top of the fuze. The lever is held in place usually fitted with igniting fuses which function with a
by a safety pin (pull ring), which protects the striker from 1.2to 2-second delay. Functioning of the fuze ignites
action of the striker spring. In addition, grenades may the first-fire (starting) mixture which ignites the filler.
have a second safety clip which fits around the lever. The burning filler creates sufficient pressure to blow the
This provides a second means of restraining striker tape (covering the gas ports) free and allow the
action. Safety pin removal is required immediately chemical agent to escape. The following chemical
before the grenade is thrown. agents are used as fillers:
NOTE 1. CN-DM-Tear gas (CN), vomiting

The procedure for throwing hand grenades agent (DM), smokeless powder: burns 20 to 60
is described in FM 23-30 and TM 9-1330- seconds; used for riot control.
200-12 and TM 9-1330-200-34. 2. CN-Tear gas: burns 20 to 60
seconds; used for riot control.
When the grenade is thrown, the striker, under the force
of the spring, pushes the safety lever free. This permits 3. CS-Eye, nose and throat irritant:
the fuze to function either on impact or delay, depending burns 15 to 35 seconds; used for riot control and training
on the type and model. Grenades fuzed with impact (as a simulated casualty agent).
detonating fuzes are designed to detonate on impact 4. HC-White smoke: burns 105 to 150
with the target. However, Impact fuzes also contain a seconds; used for signaling.
delay action system which will detonate the grenade 5. Colored smoke--Green, red, violet,
within 3 to 7 seconds after the lever is released. Delay yellow: burns 50 to 90 seconds; used for signaling.
detonating fuses contain a delay charge which Is ignited 6. THS-Incendiary thermate: burns 80
by the primer. The primer, activated by the striker when seconds at +4,300°F.; used to destroy equipment.
the safety lever is released, ignites a delay charge. This
Change 5 6-3
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 6-2. Hand grenade types.
Change 5 6-4
TM 9-1300-200
(b) Bursting. These grenades are fuzed with delay 1. CN-1-Tear .gas: used in special purpose,
fuzes which contain high-explosive detonators. The spherical-shaped riot control grenades.
detonators rupture the grenade body and disperse the
filler. There are two types of filler:
Figure 6-3. Illuminating hand grenade.
Figure 6-4. Hand grenade simulator.
6-5
TM 9-1300-200
Although this type of grenade functions by bursting, it igniter charge. The illuminant burns for approximately
creates the same effect as burning grenades. 25 seconds at 55,000 candlepower, illuminating an area
approximately 200 meters in diameter.
2. WP-White phosphorus: burns 60
seconds; used for signaling, smoke screening, and for b. Practice, Training and Simulating.
antipersonnel and incendiary purposes. When WP is
released, it ignites spontaneously on contact with the air, (1) A typical practice grenade (B, fig. 6-2)
burning with intense heat and forming a dense white contains a small spotting charge of black powder and is
smoke. fuzed with a 4to 5-second delay igniting fuze. This type
(4) Illuminating. This type of grenade of grenade is used to simulate operation and functioning
(fig. 6-3) is used for signaling and battlefield of service grenades.
illumination. Because the illuminant compound burns (2) Training grenades are unfuzed and
with a very hot flame, this type can also be used for completely inert. They resemble service rounds in size
incendiary purposes against flammable targets. A and shape, and are used for training in handling and
typical illuminating grenade is similar in size and throwing.
function to burning-type chemical grenades. It consists (3) Simulators (fig. 6-4) provide realistic
of three basic components: a thin, sheet-metal body, an battle noises and effects during troop maneuvers. They
illuminating charge, and a special, igniter-type fuze. consist of sealed paper tubes containing photoflash
The igniter consists of a quick-match contained in a powder, a short piece of time blasting fuse, and a fuse
bushing. The illuminating charge consists of a igniter.
pyrotechnic composition, a first-fire composition and an
Section III. RIFLE GRENADES

6-4. General depending on the groove at which the grenade is
placed.
Rifle grenades are fin-stabilized projectiles launched
from rifles equipped with grenade launchers. The
propelling force for the grenade is provided by a special b. A launcher positioning clip is used to aid in
gas-producing grenade cartridge. uniform and rapid positioning of multiple grenades fired
from the same position on the launcher. The clip is a
a. A grenade launcher (fig. 6-5) functions as an 5/16-inch, steel strip bent to fit around the launcher. It
extension of the rifle barrel. It is attached to the muzzle may be moved to different numbered positions on the
by a clip latch fitted over the bayonet stud of the rifle. A launcher to facilitate rapid fire.
hollow stabilizer tube on the grenade fits over the barrel c. Grenade cartridges (fig. 6-6) are specially
of the launcher and is secured by a clip retainer spring. designed blanks which generate a large volume of high
(Some newer model springs are designed to hold the pressure gas. When the grenade cartridge is fired, this
grenade in position in the rifle barrel without requiring a gas provides the thrust necessary to propel the rifle
separate launcher.) Numbered annular grooves on the grenade from the launcher to the target.
barrel of the launcher provide variations in range,
Figure 6-5. Grenade launcher.
6-6
TM 9-1300-200
contains about 12 ounces of high explosive shaped

around a copper cone. The fuze is an electric, point-
initiating, base-detonating type. A piezo-electric
element in the nose of the grenade provides the power
source for the fuze. On impact, the piezoelectric
element generates and electric current which initiates
the explosive train in the fuze. The main charge is
detonated by a booster. Detonation of the charge
creates a jet of hot gas and metal particles which
penetrate the target.
b. Smoke rifle grenades are designed
primarily for producing smoke: either for signaling or
Figure 6-6. Grenade cartridge. screening purposes. One type of smoke grenade, the
white phosphorus (WP) grenade, also has incendiary
A 5-point, rose-petal crimp on the wad end of the capabilities. It may be used to ignite flammable targets
cartridge distinguishes grenade cartridges from other or inflict injury on personnel. There are three basic
blank rifle cartridges. (The two types not types of smoke rifle grenades: the WP smoke grenade,
interchangeable.) the colored smoke grenade, and the colored smoke
streamer grenade. The WP smoke grenade functions
d. Grenade projection adapters (fig. 6-7) are used on impact, bursting the body and scattering particles of
to convert high-explosive and chemical hand grenades burning white phosphorus over a large area. The
to rifle grenades. A typical adapter consists of a colored smoke grenade functions on impact, emitting a
stabilizer fin assembly. Three springsteel claws on the cloud of colored smoke for approximately one minute.
stabilizer grip the grenade body. A frangible arming clip The colored smoke streamer grenade functions on
is assembled to one claw. When the grenade is placed firing, emitting a stream of colored smoke as a trail
in the adapter, the safety lever of the grenade is during its trajectory.
inserted in the arming clip to hold the lever in place until c. Practice rifle grenades are designed for
the grenade is fired. (The safety pin is removed prior to training personnel in care, handling and use of rifle
firing.) On firing, the arming clip moves to the rear, grenades prior to training with live or service grenades.
breaking free from the adapter. This releases the This type of grenade is completely inert (no filler or
grenade lever, which initiates the fuze. fuze). It may be fired to the target with only minimal
effect on the practice target used.
6-5. Types Rifle grenades are classified according to
use as service (fragmentation, high-explosive antitank d. Certain fragmentation, chemical and
and chemical) and practice. Types designed exclusively practice grenades can be changed to rifle grenades by
for projection by rifle are the high-explosive antitank, fitting standard model hand grenades with projection
practice and smoke rifle grenades. adapters (fig. 6-7). Colored smoke and WP grenades,
adapted for rifle projection, are illustrated in figures 6-9
and 6-10.
a. The high-explosive antitank grenade
(fig. 6-8) which is used against tanks and armored
vehicles, consists of a fuze, a body assembly, an
adapter, a stabilizer tube and a fin assembly. The body
6-7
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 6-7. Projection adapter.
6-8
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 6-8. HEAT rifle grenades.
6-9
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 6-9. Burning-type (colored smoke) rifle grenade.
6-10
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 6-10. Bursting-type (WP smoke) rifle grenade.
6-11
TM 9-1300-200
Section IV. IDENTIFICATION AND PACKING
6-6. General
a. Grenades are packaged and marked in b. Marking includes all information required:
accordance with pertinent specifications and drawings. (1) For complete identification of contents.
Inner (fiber) and outer packages are designed to (2) By the Department of Transportation for
withstand conditions ordinarily encountered in handling, shipping, including addresses of consigner and
storage and transportation, and to comply with consignee and shipping designation of the contract.
Department of Transportation regulations. Packing and
(3) For handling, storage and use.
marking data are given in chapter 1; also, in SC
1305/30-IL and SC 1340/ 98-IL. Typical packing and c. For detailed information on packing and
markings are illustrated in figures 6-11 and 6-12. marking, refer to TM 9-1330-200.
6-12
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 6-11. Typical fiber container for rifle grenades.
6-13
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 6-12. Typical packing boxes for grenades.
6-14
TM 9-1300-200
Section V. PRECAUTIONS IN STORAGE AND HANDLING
6-7. General c. Treat inert-loaded grenades and components

Grenades must be handled with care at all times. with same degree of caution as their explosive or
Fuzes, particularly, are easily damaged by mishandling chemical-loaded (live) counterparts.
and may become hazardous. Grenades and fuzes, d. Do not lift or handle hand grenades by pull ring
either stored or issued, should be protected against attached to safety pin of fuze. Remove safety pin just
moisture and excessive changes in temperature. before throwing or just before launching if hand grenade
is fitted to grenade-projection adapter, and at no other
6-8. Care and Precautions in Handling time.
General precautions covering use of ammunition are e. Once a hand grenade has been inserted into
outlined in chapter 1 and in TM 9-1300-206 and AR 385- grenade-projection adapter, do not remove without first
63. Specific precautions pertaining to grenades are reinserting safety pin.
contained in TM 9-1300-200-12, TM 9-1300-200-34 and
FM 23-30. f. Do not lift or handle rifle grenades by pull ring
attached to safety pin. Handle with care to prevent
damage to stabilizer assembly.
a. Treat all grenades and components as
potentially dangerous, whether fully loaded or those g. Do not place grenade on launcher unless it is
designated as inert. intended to be fired immediately. If grenade is not fired,
render it safe by replacing safety pin before removing it
b. Avoid striking or dropping, or handling in other
from launcher.
than manner prescribed for explosive loaded (live)
items.
Section VI. PRECAUTIONS IN FIRING
6-9. General d. Never launch rifle grenades or adapted hand

Detailed information concerning safety precautions to be grenades with other than special grenade launching
observed in firing grenades is contained in AR 385-63, cartridges provided for that purpose.
TM 9-1330-200-12, TM 91330-200-34, and FM 23-30. e. Do not use bulleted cartridge to project grenade
or ground signal from launcher under any
6-10. Special Precautions circumstances. Injury to personnel and damage of
weapon may result.
a. Do not recover live grenades that have failed to f. Do not pull safety pin until just before throwing
explode (duds). Dispose of duds in, accordance with or launching grenade.
provisions of TM 9-1300-206. g. During safety pin removal, hold safety lever
b. Use appropriate rifle grenade and prescribed firmly in place (as prescribed in FM 23-30) until grenade
combination of launcher and cartridge. is thrown, tossed, or placed in position.
c. Assure that hand grenades are attached to h. Silent type fuzes (identified by T-lug which
adapter and prescribed combination of launcher and protrudes from top of fuze to slot in safety lever) are
grenade cartridge is used to launch hand grenades from used in most grenades. Therefore, never consider
rifle. projected grenades as duds because no noise, smoke,
or sparks are observed upon release of safety lever.
Change 5 6-15
TM 9-1300-200
Change 5 6-16
TM 9-1300-200
CHAPTER 7
LAND MINES
7-1. General mechanical action, such as pressure on the fuse or pull

A land mine is a device filled with high explosive or of a trip cord. For example, a detonating fuse provides
chemicals, intended for placement on the ground or an explosive force which detonates the high-explosive
beneath the surface. It is designed to destroy or charge. An igniting fuze provides a burning action
damage vehicles, hinder movement of enemy which ignites the propelling charge of a bounding-type
personnel, or contaminate strategic areas. It may be APERS mine.
detonated when its target touches or moves near it or by c. Types. APERS mines consist of two basic
remote control. Land mines, their components, and types (fig. 7-1): fragmentation and blast.
ammunition for simulated boobytraps and land mine fire Fragmentation types are further defined as bounding,
are listed in SC 1340/98-1L For technical information on fixed directional and fixed non-directional.
land mines, see TM 9-1345-203-12&P and TM 43- (1) Bounding type. This type mine (fig. 7-1)
000136; for tactical information, see FM 20-32. is placed beneath the surface of the ground. When the
mine functions, a fragmentation projectile is expelled
from the mine body. The ascending projectile explodes
7-2. Classification and Identification at a height of approximately 1 to 2 meters (3 to 6 feet)
a. Classifications. Land mines are classified above the ground, propelling fragments in all direction.
according to purpose as service or practice, and (2) Fixed-directional type. This type (fig. 7-1)
according to filler u high explosive, chemical or Inert. is placed on the ground or attached to an obstacle, such
They are further classified according to use as as a tree or pole, In the expected path of the enemy (fig.
antipersonnel (APERS) or antitank (AT). An APERS 7-2). When the mine explodes, fragments fan outward
mine is designed for use against enemy personnel An In a 60 degree arc above the ground.
AT mine is designed to immobilize or destroy enemy
(3) Blast type. This type (figs. 7-1 and 7-4)
tanks or other vehicles.
depends for effect on direct force developed by
b. Identification. explosion. The mine functions without delay while still
(1) In the case of service AT mines, the in contact with the enemy who has initiated it. The mine
designation HE (high explosive) appears in the has an all plastic body and an integral plastic fuze with a
nomenclature. Practice mines are marked PRACTICE, steel firing pin. Because it is practically nonmetallic, the
INERT OR EMPTY. Nomenclature Is marked on the mine is non-detectable by magnetic mine detectors.
Items and on the packing boxes. The fuze detonates the main charge directly.
(2) Land mines are painted in accordance
with the color coding indicated in chapter 1. 7-4. Practice and Inert APERS Mines
a. General. Practice mines have the same
7-3. Service APERS Mines features and weight a the service mines they represent.
a. General. Service APERS mines are used Practice mines usually contain small quantities of
primarily to restrict or delay movement of enemy foot explosive (usually black powder) or smoke or
troops. These mines consist of an amount of high noisemaking composition to simulate functioning of a
explosive, generally less than one pound, In a container service mine. Inert mines, which are completely inert,
fitted with a fuse. The fuse is activated by pressure or are used for practice In handling.
release of pressure, by pull on a trip wire, or by cutting a
taut trip wire.
b. Fuzes. Functioning of APERS mines is initiated
by various types of fuzes The fuse serves to transform
Change 5 7-1
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 7-1. Representative types of land mines.
Change 5 7-2
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 7-2. APERS mine ready for firing:

A---by observer B---by enemy
7-3
TM 9-1300-200
b. Fuzes. Practice mines are provided with (2) Deleted.

practice fuzes having firing mechanisms fitted with (3) Nonmetallic practice APERS mine, N17.
primers and igniters. When initiated, the firing This mine (fig7-3.1)is the practice version of mine,
mechanism ignites the spotting or propelling charge in antipersonnel, NM, M14, with integral fuze. The Nl7 like
the mine. Inert mines are provided with completely inert the N14, is detectable by metallic-type mine detectors,
fuzes. and is not reusable. Unlike the H14, the M17 provides a
c. Types. Practice APERS mines simulate the 1 to 2 second delay between activation and functioning.
basic type: The mine cannot cause injury to the person initiating it
(1) Bounding-fragmentation type. This or personnel in the immediate vicinity. To provide the
practice mine (fig. 7-3) has no projectile. Otherwise, it visible and audible signal required for the practice mine,
has the same metal parts as the corresponding service the N17 contains an expelling charge, a smoke charge
mine. Actuation of the firing mechanism causes the and two small firecrackers. The expelling charge blows
firing pin to hit the primer. The primer ignites a delay the fuze portion of the mine and the two firecrackers out
train which burns for 4 or 5 seconds before initiating the of the ground. The firecrackers function either in the air
igniter. When the igniter charge ignites the smoke or on top of the ground. The smoke charge stays in the
pellets and expels the mine cap, yellow smoke is ground and burns for approximately 5 seconds, causing
emitted from the igniter tube and smoke pellets. a smoke cloud to issue from the hole made by the
expelled fuze. The N17 practice mine has the following
characteristics: Force of 20 to 35 pounds applied to the
pressure plate of the armed mine will cause the mine to
function. A man's weight is sufficient to activate a mine
M17 buried to a depth of 1/2inch or less. The N17 is
designed to withstand exposure to alternate freezin8 and
thawing periods. Until the mine is armed, the safety clip
prevents downward motion of the pressure plate. If the
safety clip is removed, the nine remains safe until the
pressure plate is turned from the safe (S) position to the
armed (A) position (fig.7-3.1). This motion disengages
the key lock from the lock ring and turns the pressure
plate clear of the spider, permitting downward motion of
the pressure plate. Any weight on the pressure plate will
then be transmitted to the firing pin spring assembly. If
a weight of 20 to 35 pounds is so applied, the belleville
spring will snap through center, causing the firing pin to
initiate the primer charge. The initiating charge then
ignites the fuse delay which burns for I to 2 seconds
before initiating the igniter. The igniter
Figure 7-3. Typical bounding-type practice APERS

mine.
Change 4 7-4
TM 9-1300-200
initiates the prime charge igniters which in turn initiate 9-1300-200 also initiates the expelling charge which
the smoke charge and the firecrackers. The igniter TM blows the fuze assembly out of the ground.
Figure 7-3.1. Typical nonmetallic practice APERS mine.

7-5. Service AT Mines b. Fuzes and Other Components. Fuzes are used
to activate AT mines. The fuze functions when a load is
a. General. Service AT mines (fig. 7-5 and 74) are applied to the fuze pressure plate. Pressure on the
explosive devices placed on, or slightly below the plate causes the firing pin to be driven Into the fuze
surface of the ground. They are used primarily to detonator, exploding it. In turn, this explodes the
restrict or delay movement of enemy vehicles. AT booster and the main charge. AT mines employ
mines will usually destroy a small unarmored vehicle. boosters to amplify the explosive force of the detonator
Although they may not always destroy an armored tank, In the fuze and to assure initiation of the main charge in
AT mines can be relied on to Incapacitate it, usually by the mine. Most AT mines are provided with secondary
damaging Its tracks Unless they are run across, heavy fuze wells for use in boobytrapping. A secondary fuze
AT mines are usually not dangerous to foot troops. usually consists of a standard firing device threaded Into
However, by use of secondary fuze wells and suitable an activator (fig. 7-7) which serves as an adapter-
firing devices, AT mines can be boobytrapped. Most AT detonator for the firing device. These activators are
mines are of the blast type. They depend on the force essentially detonator-boosters. The activator performs
developed by the explosion to break tank tracks or the function of an adapter for the firing device.
propel a mass of steel upwards into the tank. AT mine e. Types. Service AT mines consist of four basic
and fuse technical data, details of construction, and types: heavy metallic, heavy nonmetallic, light
methods of handling Individual mines are covered in TM (obsolete) and off route.
9-1345-203-12&P Performance and tactical use are
covered in FM 20-32.
Change 5 7-4.1
TM 9-1300-200
Change 5 7-4.2
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 7-4. Nonmetallic APERS mine.
(1) Heavy metallic type. Heavy metallic nines

derive effectiveness against armor from ,energy
produced by the high-explosive charge.
This propels a mass of steel in an upward direction at a
velocity sufficient to penetrate the tank armor.
(2) Heavy nonmetallic type. Mines of this
type (fig. 7-8) derive effectiveness from energy
produced by the high-explosive charge. This creaks or
damages tank tracks. This mine cannot e detected with
small magnetic detectors.
(3) Light type. The light AT mine (fig. 7-9) s
intended for use against light tanks and vehicles. By
use of secondary fuze wells and firing devices, it can be
adapted for boobytrapping. This nine derives its
effectiveness from the blast effect produced by
explosion of the high-explosive charge.
(4) Off-route type. The off-route mine (fig. 7-
10) is intended for use against heavy-duty, wheeled and
tracked vehicles (tanks, etc.). It employs a rocket
launcher containing a HEAT pocket. The launcher is
mounted approximately 50 o 100 feet off the route or
line of target travel. It is initiated by a pressure-actuated
tape stretched cross the target route. Pressure on
adjacent segments of the tape closes electrical circuitry
to a ring device which fires the rocket. The rockets
Figure 7-5. Heavy AT mine
Change 4 7-5
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 7-6. Heavy AT mine, with fuze installed – cross section.
7-6. Practice AT Mines

a. General. Practice AT mines are of the same
size, shape, weight and casing material as the service
mines they simulate. These practice mines contain no
high explosive. However, they do contain small smoke-
puff and noisemaking charges of low explosive (black
powder or pyrotechnic composition) to simulate
explosion of the service mine. Practice mines are used
for training in identification, care, handling and use of
service AT mines.
b. Fuzes. Practice mines are fitted with fuzes
which contain igniter charges and a smoke composition.
The fuze functions like the service fuze. However, in
the practice fuze, the igniter charge ignites the smoke
composition. This explodes, emitting a cloud of smoke
and creating a noise.
c. Types. Practice mines simulate the two basic
service types: heavy metallic and light. Representative
heavy and light types are illustrated in figures 7-11 and
7-12.
Figure 7-7. AT mine activator.
7-7. Boobytrapping and Improvisation

are capable of tank armor penetration. Deployment of
the pressure-actuated tape in a plane perpendicular to a. Boobytrapping AT Mine. A boobytrapping AT
the line of target travel will activate the mine against mine equipped with an anti-removal device (fig. 7-13) is
wheeled or tracked vehicles. Deployment of the tape at one that, in addition to its main fuze, is fitted with one or
a slight angle (about 15°) to the perpendicular will more secondary fuzes. These are intended to act as an
activate the mine only against tracked vehicles. This anti-lift device and to cause the mine to explode when
allows for a degree of target discrimination. an attempt is
7-6
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 7-8. Nonmetallic AT mine and fuze.
made by the enemy to remove the mine. In the case of fitted to an AT mine or to another mine or explosive
heavy service or practice AT mines, a secondary fuze charge laid beneath or beside it. Mines or charges and
consists of a firing device (para 7-9) and the appropriate firing devices in such an arrangement are connected by
activator (fig. 7-7). In the case of a light service or wires and so laid as to avoid detection. Thus, attempted
practice AT mine, a secondary fuze consists of a firing removal by an unsuspecting enemy causes the whole
device fitted with a non-electric blasting cap. Secondary arrangement to explode.
fuzes may be
7-7
TM 9-1300-200
b. Improvisation. All types of land mines are

subject to a variety of improvised uses: in combination 7-8. Chemical Mines and Incendiary Bursters
with each other; with all types of explosive charges and a. Chemical Mines. Chemical mines are used for
firing devices; with bombs or artillery projectiles or with contaminating purposes. Exploded either by remote
dummy mines. control or by trip action, these mines spread chemical
agents in either liquid or vapor form.
(1) One type of chemical mine, consisting of a
rectangular, one-gallon metal can (fig. 7-1), has two
short copper wires soldered to one of its sides. These
wires are used for attaching a burster (detonating cord).
The mine contains a liquid chemical agent. Functioning
of the burster bursts the mine (can) and disperses the
chemical agent over a wide area.
(2) The second type of chemical mine is similar in
appearance and functioning to an AT mine. When
activated by the fuze, the mine explodes, spreading a
nerve agent.
Figure 7-9. Light AT mine and fuze.
Figure 7-10. Off-route AT mine.
7-8
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 7-11. Practice heavy AT mine.
Figure 7-12. Inert light AT mine and inert fuze. Figure 7-13. Installation of a boobytrapped AT
mine.
b. Incendiary Burster. An incendiary burster (fig. rupture the container and scatter flaming fuel over a
7-14) is used, primarily, with field-improvised incendiary large area. The burster can be fired either electrically or
munitions. When immersed in a container (5-gallon mechanically: by fuze, blasting cap, detonating cord or
can, used shell case, 55-gallon drum) filled with any standard boobytrap firing device.
thickened fuel, the burster will
7-9
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 7-14. Incendiary burster.
7-9. Firing Devices well trained troops. All types of mines must be handled
with care at all times.
A firing device is used to initiate a train of fire for a. As fuzes, primers, detonators, activators and
detonation of demolition charges, boobytraps or mines firing devices contain particularly sensitive explosives,
usually, but not necessarily, as part of a nonelectric protect boxes containing these items against shock,
system. A firing device is a separate item of issue. It friction and high temperatures. Ground to prevent
must be requisitioned separately from land mines, or accumulation of static electricity.
from demolition charges, which are used for making b. Protect mines and components in their
improvised land mines. Firing devices are of two packings against moisture.
general shapes: tubular and box. Initiating actions for c. Raise packed mines stacked in the open on
firing devices are shown in figure 7,15. When a firing dunnage. Cover with double thickness of paulin. Leave
device is used as a secondary fuze for boobytrapping enough space all around stack for circulation of air.
heavy AT mines, a blasting cap is not used. The base Support paulins so as to provide 12inch space between
coupling of the firing device is threaded directly into a top layer of mines and paulins.
secondary fuze well of the mine into which an activator d. Do not open packing boxes containing mines
has been assembled. When a firing device is used with or components within 100 feet of any magazine, or at
APERS mines or light AT mines, a blasting cap is used any ammunition dump. Preferably, in unpacking and
with the firing device. Inert devices are provided for repacking operations, use safety non-sparking tools
training. made of copper or wood.
e. Do not remove safety pins, safety forks, safety
7-10. Care and Precautions in Handling clips and similar devices for preventing initiation of mine
while being handled, until just
Laying APERS and AT mines and installing anti-
removal devices, boobytrapping and improvisations are
specialized operations performed only by
7-10
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 7-15. Representative methods of using firing devices in boobytrap installation.
Change 5 7-11
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 7-18. Heavy AT mine as shipped
Figure 7-16. Packing box for an APERS mine.
Figure 7-19. Metal packing box for 8 AT mines and

8 AT mine fuzes or 12 light AT practice mines
without fuze.
7-11. Packing and Marking
a. APERS Mines. Bounding APERS mines are
packed with fuzes and spools of steel wire in cartons.
The cartons are overpacked in wooden boxes stained
light brown, with marking in yellow, or unstained, with
marking in black (fig. 7-16). Nonmetallic APERS mines
Figure 7-17. Packing box for an APERS practice are packed in cartons overpacked in wooden boxes
mine and replacement parts. which also contain detonators and wrenches. Practice
before arming. In disarming armed mines, restore APERS mines are packed in wooden boxes which have
safety devices, as prescribed in TM 9-1345-20312&P markings in black, a blue center band and blue vertical
and FM 20-32. end cleats, or in unpainted boxes, with markings in black
(fig. 7-17).
f. In employment of inert mines for training in b. AT Mines. AT mines, together with fuzes and
handling, and of practice mines for simulating actual activators each in individual metal containers, are
service conditions, observe rules, regulations and packed in wooden boxes (fig. 7-18). Wooden boxes
precautions that pertain to high-explosive service mines.
Change 5 7-12
TM 9-1300-200
containing high-explosive mines are stained light brown, boxes. Boxes are painted with a blue band around the
with markings in yellow, or are unstained, with markings center and have blue cleats on the ends. Both service
in black. Metal boxes are painted olive drab, with and practice activators are also packed, each in an
markings in yellow. Practice AT mines (fig. 7-19), individual metal container, in wooden boxes. Inert
together with fuzes in individual metal containers, are mines without fuzes and without activators are packed in
packed in wooden wooden boxes.
7-13
TM 9-1300-200
CHAPTER 8
DEMOLITION MATERIALS
8-1. General
a. The term, demolition materials, covers a
variety of explosive charges and related equipment. It items, containers and carrying attachments. They are
also includes initiating devices and other explosive and intended for special demolition tasks. Demolition
nonexplosive equipment. These materials function in training kits are designed for such demolition operations
destruction of earthworks, fortifications, railroads, dams, as mine-field clearing or preparation of excavations.
bridges and buildings, and in excavation for construction d. Mine-Clearing Devices. These are long,
projects. Demolition materials are also employed to slender explosive charges which are projected into
clear mine fields. For the convenience of military units minefields and detonated in order to clear a path
performing, or in training for demolition work, certain through the field.
demolition materials are grouped into kits and mine- Two basic types are used:
clearing devices. (1) Rocket-towed line charge. This is a
b. Demolition materials, components, auxiliary flexible line charge towed out over the mine field by
items and kits for service and training, together with rocket, and allowed to fall onto the field.
packing data, are listed in SC 1340/98-IL. For complete (2) Demolition projected charge (snake).
technical information on demolition materials, see TM 9- This is a long, semirigid metal-encased charge. It is
1375-213-12, TM 9-1375-21334 and TM 43-0001-38. assembled on the edge of the minefield and pushed out
For tactical information pertaining to demolition onto the field by tank.
materials, see FM 5-250.
8-3. Demolition Charges
8-2. Classification These charges are used in general demolition
Demolition materials are classified according to operations, such as cutting, breaching and cratering.
composition as explosive or nonexplosive; according to They are composed of high-velocity explosives RDX,
use, as service or training; and according to type, as PETN, amatol, composition B, composition C series,
demolition charges, priming and initiating material, tetrytol and TNT, and the low-velocity explosive
demolition equipment kits and mine-clearing devices. ammonium nitrate. Most charges are made in the form
of rectangular blocks. Some are made in cylindrical
a. Demolition Charges. These consist of high form, such as the 1/4-pound TNT charge. Recent
explosives in various sizes and shapes. They are used studies show that a thinner layer of explosive spread out
as the main charge with certain detonating devices, as over a larger area is more efficient than a thick block of
in the case of demolition blocks or commercial dynamite the same weight. In line with these studies, newer
sticks for general demolition. They are also used in the demolition charges are thinner than the older charges
form of charges for special mechanical apparatus, such and are fitted with pressure-sensitive adhesive on one
as mineclearing devices. side for quick emplacement on practically any surface.
b. Priming and Initiating Materials. These consist a. Cutting and Breaching Types.
of explosive and nonexplosive, electric and mechanical (1) Tetrytol blocks. These blocks (fig. 8-1),
equipment and accessories. They are used to initiate composed of 75 percent tetryl and 25 percent TNT,
demolition charges. have a threaded cap well in each end and a tetryl
c. Demolition Equipment Kits. These kits are booster pellet. The threaded cap well is designed to
made up of selected explosive and nonexplosive receive a detonator, a primed firing device, or a priming
adapter with an electric or nonelectric blasting cap.
Tetrytol blocks are effec-
Change 5 8-1
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 8-1. Tetrytol demolition block.
tive as a cutting or breaching charge but not as a hands; and it is less subject to water erosion when used
cratering charge. Tetrytol is only slightly soluble in for underwater work. This explosive is issued in thin
water. It is brittle and breaks very easily. Each block is blocks (fig. 8-3) or packed in white plastic containers
wrapped in olive-drab, asphalt-impregnated paper. with a threaded cap well in each end.
(2) Composition C2 or CS blocks. These (4) TNT blocks. Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is one
blocks (fig. 8-2) are plastic explosives. They may be of the most powerful of military explosives. It has a high
molded at temperatures between -20°F. and +125°F. detonating velocity and is therefore used in general
Although composition charges are difficult to mold at demolitions for cutting and breaching. It can be burned
temperatures below freezing, body heat can keep the in the open in small quantities without exploding. It is
material pliable. Gases emitted, however, under these relatively insensitive to shock. TNT is insoluble in water
conditions, cause sickening headaches. Plasticity of the and can be used in underwater charges. TNT block
material permits it to be molded by hand, like putty; demolition charges are available in three sizes: 1/4
confinement of the material, as in the case of packing it pound, 1/2 pound and 1 pound. The 1/4-pound block
into irregular-shaped objects, gives it high demolition demolition charge is issued in a cylindrical, olive-drab,
efficiency. Insoluble in water, block demolition charges plastic container. The 1/2-pound and 1-pound charges
of composition C2 and C3 are suitable for underwater are issued in rectangular, olivedrab, plastic containers.
demolition. Initiation may be by detonating cord tied in All three have threaded cap wells at one end to receive
a double knot, with the plastic explosive molded into a detonators, primed firing devices, and priming adapters
ball around the knot or by a special blasting cap inserted with electric or nonelectric special blasting caps.
into the explosive. b. Cratering Type. Ammonium nitrate or H-6
(3) Composition C4 blocks. Composition C4 blocks (fig. 8-4) are used for cratering operations.
has many advantages over composition C3: It is more Ammonium nitrate is the least sensitive of military
powerful; it may be molded over a broader range of explosives. It has a low detonating velocity and is,
temperatures (-70°F. to +170°F.); it is more stable, less
sticky and will not adhere to
Change 5 8-2
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 8-2. Plastic demolition charges.
Figure 8-3. Composition C4 block charge.
therefore, unsuitable for cutting and breaching. c. Shaped Demolition Charges. These charges
However, the low detonating velocity produces a consist of cylindrical blocks of high explosive. They
pushing or heaving effect. This makes it well suited for have a conical or hemispherical, metal-lined cavity in
cratering and ditching operations. one end, and a conical shape with
8-3
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 8-4. Cratering-type block demolition charge.
8-4
TM 9-1300-200
blasting cap well at the other end. Detonation of the filled ordnance by initiating low-order detonation. When
charge starts at the cap well and travels to the cavity. containers are filled with plastic explosive, the liners
There, the detonation wave is focused to produce a mold the explosive to produce a shaped charge.
narrow concentrated detonation jet. This results in Shaped demolition charge containers, available in
penetration greater than that produced without the several shapes and sizes, are designed for various
cavity. With this effect, called Munroe effect, boreholes types of operations.
can be blasted in steel, concrete and similar material.
Maximum penetration of a shaped charge is obtained d. Dynamite. Dynamite, the most common com-
when it is exploded at a certain characteristic distance,
called standoff, from its target. Standoff is provided for
by a fiber sleeve or metal legs supporting the charge at
the time of firing. See TM 9-1375-200 for precautions in
use of shaped charges.
(1) 15-Pound shaped demolition charge. This
charge (fig. 8-5) consists of an explosive charge of
Composition B and a 50/50 pentolite booster in a
moisture-resistant fiber container. The top of the charge
has a threaded cap well for receiving a blasting cap and
adapter or any standard firing device. A cylindrical fiber
base slips on the end of the charge to hold the charge at
the proper standoff distance. The cavity liner is a cone
of highdensity glass. This charge will pierce 36 inches
of reinforced concrete. In a wall of greater thickness, it
will produce a hole 30 inches deep and 2 to 31/2 inches
in diameter.
(2) 40-Pound shaped demolition charge.
This charge (fig. 86) consists of a larger quantity of
Composition B than the 15-pound charge, and a 50/50
pentolite booster in a metal container. The cavity liner
is made of metal. A threaded cap well is provided for
receiving a blasting cap and adapter or any standard
firing device. A metal tripod for gaging correct standoff
distance is shipped unassembled, nested with the
charge in the same container. This charge will
penetrate 60 inches of reinforced concrete, producing a
hole tapering from 5 inches to 21/2 inches in diameter.
(3) Shaped demolition charge containers.
These containers are used in opening explosive-
Figure 8-6. 40-Pound shaped demolition charge.
Figure 8-5. 15-Pound shaped demolition charge.
8-5
TM 9-1300-200
mercial high explosive, may be one of several types: 8-4. Priming and Initiating Materials
straight dynamite, ammonia dynamite, ammonia gelatin
dynamite and gelatin dynamite. These types are These materials comprise the initiating and priming
produced in various grades designated by a weight- components, accessories and tools used in conjunction
strength marking expressed as a percentage. Dynamite with demolition charges. The variety of initiating and
is exploded by a No. 6 (or larger) commercial blasting priming components and accessories available permits
cap or by military blasting caps termed Special. considerable flexibility in the design of demolition
Dynamite is normally issued in paraffin-treated paper rounds. Thus, specific demolition projects may be
cartridges (also called sticks), packed 50 pounds per accomplished with the efficiency and safety appropriate
wooden box. The standard cartridge size is 11/4 inches to the tactical situation.
in diameter by 8 inches long. The number of cartridges a. Initiating Component. The initiating component
per box varies in inverse proportion to the density of the is that component which receives the initiating action,
particular type and grade of dynamite. A cartridge of such as a pull on a fuse igniter. Initiating components
40-percent dynamite for example, 11/4 inches in include time blasting fuse and igniters, firing devices
diameter by 8 inches long, weighs approximately 1/2 and blasting machines. Detonators combine functions
pound. of initiating and priming components.
(1) Straight dynamite. The percentage
designation of straight dynamite is the percent, by b. Priming Component. The priming component
weight, of nitroglycerin it contains. (In other than is that component which receives the action initiated by
straight dynamite, the percentage indicates equal the initiating component. The action may be a flame or
strength, weight for weight, with straight dynamite an electrical impulse. Priming components include
containing that percent of nitroglycerin.) Straight destructors, detonating cord and blasting caps.
dynamite consists of nitroglycerin absorbed in a porous
material that contains other energy-producing 8-5. Detonators
ingredients. Increasing the percent of nitroglycerin
decreases the amount of other energy-producing a. General. Detonators are explosive devices
ingredients. Hence, the actual blasting power of the sensitive to mechanical initiation. They are used to
dynamite does not increase directly with an increase in detonate explosive charges. Detonators combine
the percentage designation. Fifty to sixty percent functions of firing devices and blasting caps in a single
straight dynamite is roughly equivalent to TNT and may unit. They may or may not incorporate a time-delay
be substituted for it. This dynamite does not resist water mechanism. Detonators used in demolition work are
as well as TNT, but may be used under water if fired classified according to initiating action as friction,
within 24 hours after submersion. percussion and concussion.
(2) Ammonia dynamite. In ammonia b. Types.
dynamite, part of the nitroglycerin is replaced by (1) Delay friction type. Delay friction
ammonium nitrate. This change in composition results detonators (fig. 8-7 and 8-8) consist of a cylindrical,
in less poisonous fumes, less fragmentation and less olive-drab, plastic housing containing a pull wire coated
water resistance than for straight dynamite of the same with friction material. The pull wire is set in a flash
strength. Ammonia dynamite is not satisfactory for compound. A tube set in the lower end of the housing
underwater use. contains either an 8-second or 15second delay fuse.
(3) Ammonia gelatin dynamite. This is a The tube also contains a small detonator charge about
plastic dynamite that has an explosive base of the size of a blasting cap. Markings on the surfaces of
nitrocotton dissolved in nitroglycerin with ammonium the delay housings and the type of pull rings distinguish
nitrate added. It produces less poisonous fumes than the 8-second and 15-second delay detonators. The 8-
straight dynamite, which it equals in water resistance. second type has a T-shaped pull ring; the 15-second
(5) Gelatin dynamite. This dynamite is a type has a circular pull ring. With the safety pin
plastic type that has an explosive base of nitrocotton removed, pulling on the pull ring draws the coated wire
dissolved in nitroglycerin. It is insoluble in water. Its through the flash compound. The flash ignites the delay
high velocity, when confined, produces a quick, fuse. At the end of the delay period, the burning fuse
shattering action. It is used for submarine blasting and initiates the attached detonator charge.
blasting in extremely hard rock.
8-6
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 8-7. 8-Second delay friction detonator.
Figure 8-8. 15-Second delay friction detonator.
8-7
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 8-9. 8-Second delay percussion detonator.
(2) Delay percussion type. Delay percussion are supplied with the detonator. The blue tablet gives a
detonators (fig. 89 and 8-10) consist of a two-section delay of approximately 31/2 minutes; the yellow, a delay
cylindrical body with a firing pin assembly joined to a of approximately 7 minutes.
delay housing and primer assembly. A special blasting
cap is crimped to an integral coupling base on one end 8-6. Explosive Destructors
of the delay and primer assembly. With the safety pin
removed, a pull on the pull ring releases the firing pin. a. General. Explosive destructors are used to
The firing pin strikes the percussion primer. The flame adapt ammunition and other explosive material, which
ignites the delay charge. At the end of the delay period, cannot be reliably detonated by special blasting caps,
the burning delay charge fires the blasting cap. for use in demolition work, boobytraps and improvised
(3) Concussion detonator kit. The concussion mines. Explosive destructors are also used to destroy
detonator kit is essentially a mechanical firing device deteriorated or abandoned ammunition.
with a blasting cap attached. The kit is actuated by a b. Types.
detonation wave from a high-explosive blast. Several (1) Universal explosive destructor. The
demolition charges fitted with this type of firing device, universal explosive destructor (fig. 8-11) is a high
in water or air, can be fired simultaneously when within explosive charge initiated by means of blasting caps or
range of the blast from an initiating charge or within mine actuators and standard firing devices. The
range of each other. Demolition charges so fitted and destructor is essentially an adapter booster with a
placed need not be connected by detonating cord or threaded bushing that will fit in 1.5-, and 1.7-, and 2-inch
other firing arrangements. A concussion wave strong standard, right-hand threaded fuze cavities. It is used in
enough to overcome the snap diaphragm causes the preparing loaded projectiles and bombs as improvised
detonator, when armed, to function. For safety while mines, boobytraps and demolition charges. It is also
arming the device in water, blue and yellow water- used by disposal units to destroy deteriorated or
soluble, time-delay, salt tablets abandoned ammunition. The destructor is composed of
8-8
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 8-10. 15-Second delay percussion detonator
Figure 8-11. Universal explosive destructor
8-9
TM 9-1300-200
a plastic closing plug, standard priming adapter, blasting cap bushing, activator bushing, two booster cups (containing
tetryl pellets) and an ammunition bushing. Booster cavities of bombs large projectiles should be filled completely by
adding booster caps to the destructor, as required.
(2) Explosive destructor. The explosive destructor (fig. 8-12) consists of an explosive-filled, cylindrical body
with a removable ogive. The ogive may be removed and discarded if not needed for a particular operation. This
destructor is primed with a delay detonator, a delay firing device with special blasting cap, a nonelectric special blasting
cap initiated with time blasting fuse or detonating cord, or an electric special blasting cap. The cap well, on each end of
the body, is threaded to accept firing device coupling bases or priming adapters.
8-7. Time Blasting Fuse Igniters
These igniters are initiating components used in place of matches to light time blasting fuses. Fuse igniters are usually
more reliable than matches. Use of igniters, therefore, is almost mandatory in rainy and windy weather. Fuse igniters
consist of two types: friction and weatherproof.
a. Friction type. A friction, time-blasting, fuse igniter (fig. 8-13) consists of a paper tube containing friction powder.
Prongs inside the open end of the fuse igniter permit the time-blasting fuse to be inserted but prevent removal, except by
force. A pull on the loop or handle at the closed end of the igniter mechanically ignites the friction compound. This, in
turn, fires the powder in the fuse.
b. Weatherproof. A weatherproof, time blasting, fuse igniter (fig. 8-14) consists of a barrel that holds the firing
mechanism, and a coupling base that contains a percussion cap primer and has a pronged fuse retainer. Plastic sealing
material is used to waterproof the joint of the time blasting fuse and fuse igniter. When the release pin is pulled, the
firing pin strikes a percussion cap primer. This, in turn, ignites the fuse. This igniter will ignite the smooth surfaced fuse
under any weather conditions, also under water.
8-8. Time Blasting Fuse
Time blasting fuse is used to transmit a flame from a match or igniter to a nonelectric blasting cap or other explosive
charge. This fuse also provides a time delay during which personnel may retire from the danger zone. Time blasting
fuse consists of two types: a corrugated, outer-surface type and a plastic-cover, outer-surface type (fig. 8-15 and 8-16).
The latter type has single bands painted at 1-foot or 18-inch intervals and double yellow bands painted at 5-foot or 90-
inch intervals, depending on the time of manufacture. Both fuses are similar, however, in use and functioning. The fuse
is used in demolitions on land and underwater. When ignited by a match or a
Figure 8-12. Explosive destructor.
8-10
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 8-13. Friction time-blasting fuse igniter.
Figure 8-14. Weatherproof time-blasting fuse igniter
time-blasting fuse igniter, the black powder of the time blasting fuse transmits a flame to a nonelectric blasting cap that
may be installed in a demolition charge. The 40 seconds per foot, however, will vary for the same or different roll under
different atmospheric and/or climatic conditions, from a burning time of 30 seconds or less per foot to 45 seconds or
more per foot. When used under water, the rate of burning is increased significantly. Therefore, each roll of fuse must
be tested shortly before use.
8-9. Detonating Cord
Detonating cord (fig. 817) may be used as a deto-
Change 5 8-11
TM 9-1300-200
nonelectric, should be used to initiate detonating cord.

When properly initiated, detonating cord will explode
over its entire length and detonate any properly
connected demolition charge.
8-10. Firing Device and Components

a. General. A firing device is designed to initiate a
train of fire or detonation of demolition charges,
boobytraps or mines, principally by initiation of a
nonelectric blasting cap or a mine activator. It is a
separate item of issue and is packed in its own box.
Firing devices are of two general types: tubular and
box. The coupling base, fitted to all types, has a
standard thread and nipple and always contains a
percussion cap primer. The coupling base may be
removable or permanently attached (as in the pull-
friction and delay types), depending on firing device
Figure 8-15. Time-blasting fuse (safety fuse) model. Firing devices may be used interchangeably, as
indicated by the task to be accomplished. They may be
used with demolition charges and heavy antitank mines
(if fitted to activators), light antitank mines or
destructors. When a firing device is used with a service
activator or a practice activator (see TM 9-1345-203-
12&P), a blasting cap cannot be used. When used with
light antitank service mines or with demolition charges
or a universal destructor, a firing device requires a
crimped-on blasting cap.
b. Types.
(1) Tubular type. Tubular firing devices,
consisting generally of head, case, coupling base and
percussion cap primer, are arranged for actuation by
pressure, pull, release of pull or chemical action.
(a) The delay-type demolition firing
device (fig. 8-18) is a chemical device used with
delayaction mines and demolition blocks. It contains a
glass capsule filled with corrosive liquid, located in a
thin-walled portion of the case. An identification and
safety strip, color-coded to indicate the delay time of the
device, is visible through an inspection hole in the
coupling base. The nominal delay time (at +75°F.) is
color-coded as follows: 9 minutes, 'black; 15 minutes,
red; 1 hour, white; 21/2 hours, green; 51/2 hours, yellow;
and 11½ /2 hours, blue. The nominal delay time is
subject to temperature correction in accordance with a
Figure 8-16. Time-blasting fuse. table furnished with the firing device.
(b) The pressure-type demolition firing
nating agent, a primary agent, or alone as an explosive device (fig. 8-19) is used in setting up boobytraps. On
charge. It may be used for detonating single or multiple removal of the safety pin between the firing pin and
charges. It will transmit a detonating wave from one primer, a pressure of about 20 pounds on
point to another at a rate of at least 5,900 meters per
second. Detonating cord consists of a core of PETN in
a textile tube coated with a layer of asphalt. The asphalt
layer has an outer textile cover which is finished with a
wax gum composition or plastic coating. See TM 9-
1375-213-12 and TM 91375-213-34 for various
detonating cords available. A blasting cap, electric or
Change 5 8-12
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 8-17. Typical detonation cord
Figure 8-18. Delay-type demolition firing device
8-13
TM 9-1300-200
the pressure cap acts to release the spring-loaded firing

pin that fires the primer.
(c) The pull-friction type, which
contains a friction-initiated primer, is actuated by a pull
wire. This type is used in setting up boobytraps. The
body is plastic and the base is nonremovable. A coated
wire, to which a spring and pull ring are attached,
passes through the body, and through the friction
compound into a nipple on the base. A direct pull of 3 to
11 pounds on the trip wire (pull wire) stretches the
spring. This draws the coated wire through the friction
compound. As a result, the friction compound ignites.
(d) The pull-release type (fig. 820) is a
mechanical device actuated by either an increase (pull)
or a decrease (release) of tension in a taut trip wire.
This type is used with antipersonnel mines or in setting
up boobytraps. Either a direct pull of 6 to 10 pounds on
the trip wire or a release of tension (such as cutting or
detaching the trip wire) releases the spring-loaded firing
pin that fires the primer.
(e) The pull type is a mechanical
device actuated by a pull on a trip wire (fig. 8-21). This
type is used with some antipersonnel mines or for
boobytrapping antitank mines. A direct pull of 3
Figure 8-19. Pressure-type demolition firing device
Figure 8-20. Pull-release type demolition firing device
8-14
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 8-22. Pressure-release type demolition firing

device
(b) The release-type firing device (fig. 8-23)

is used in setting up boobytraps. A restraining weight of
at least three pounds is applied on the top face of the
latch at the time of installation. After the safety pin has
been removed, displacement of the restraining weight
releases the latch. This allows a spring lever to actuate
the firing pin that strikes the primer.
(3) Inert firing devices. Inert firing devices used for

Figure 8-21. Pull-type demolition firing device training purposes are to be employed in exactly the
same manner and with the same care and precautions
to 5 pounds on the trip wire releases the springloaded as the explosive items they simulate. It is essential that
firing pin that fires the primer. personnel in training fully understand the procedures
and instructions given in the manuals pertaining to
explosives and firing devices, see TM 9-1375-213-12,
(2) Box type. Box-type firing devices, consisting of TM 9-1375-213-34 and FM 5-250.
a rectangular steel body and primed coupling base, are
actuated by release of pressure.
(4) Percussion cap primers. When struck by a
(a) The pressure-release-type firing device
firing pin, percussion cap primers (fig. 824) produce a
(fig. 822) is a mechanical device used to activate
small, intense flame to initiate a blasting cap or igniter
antitank mines equipped with supplementary fuze wells
charge. The primer body is a flanged copper or gilding-
(cap wells). This type is also used for general boobytrap
metal cup with a hole in the bottom. The body contains
installations with charges having a threaded capwell.
an inner inverted cup, an initiating charge and an anvil.
This device is activated by a spring-loaded firing pin,
which fires the primer, when a restraining load of at least
5 pounds is removed from the release plate.
Change 5 8-15
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 8-23. Release-Type demolition firing device
Figure 8-24. Percussion primer Figure 8-25. Blasting caps
Firing devices are issued with this type of primer with a fuse igniter, or crimped to detonating cord.
installed in the coupling base. The primer is also issued Special Army caps, electric and nonelectric, loaded with
separately for repriming firing devices used with practice pentaerythrite (PETN), are used to detonate the less
mines and boobytraps. sensitive military explosives, such as TNT and
ammonium nitrate. Commercial caps may be used to
(5) Blasting caps. Commercial and Army detonate the more sensitive explosives, such as
blasting caps, electric and nonelectric, are used to dynamite, gelatin dynamite or nitrostarch. For detailed
initiate explosives (fig. 8-25). Army types consist of a information on blasting caps, see FM 5-250, TM 9-1375-
thin, tubular, metallic shell about 21/2 inches long and 213-12 and TM 9-1375-213-34.
1/4-inch in diameter filled with small charges of
sensitive high explosives. In priming, the caps are c. Miscellaneous Accessories and Tools.
inserted directly into the cap wells of demolition (1) Priming adapter. The explosive priming
explosives. The electric cap has wires for attachment to adapter (fig. 8-26) is a small, hollow, plastic, hexagonal-
a blasting machine; the nonelectric cap may be crimped head cylinder that is threaded on one end.
to any standard firing device. Nonelectric caps may
also be crimped to safety fuse (time blasting fuse) fitted
Change 5 8-16
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 8-26. Use of explosive priming adapter.
The adapter simplifies priming of military explosives (2) Detonating cord clip. The detonating cord
having threaded cap wells. The adapter may be used clip is a small metal device used to join detonating cord.
with an electric blasting cap, with a nonelectric blasting (3) Waterproof blasting cap sealing
cap and safety fuse or with detonating cord. compound. Waterproof blasting cap sealing compound
Change 5 8-17
TM 9-1300-200
is used to moistureproof the connection between a of single, high-explosive-filled steel tubes or multiple
nonelectric blasting cap and safety fuse. This lengths with connecting sleeves, is used for blasting a
compound is also used to moistureproof dynamite path through wire entanglements or other obstructions.
primers. The compound does not make a permanent The individual tubes, called loading assemblies, may be
waterproof seal. The newer compound is an RTV (room used as explosive charges for other demolition
temperature vulcanizing) silicone rubber which seals purposes. The bangalore torpedo kit consists of 10
better but takes longer to set up. loading assemblies, 10 connecting sleeves, and 1 nose
(4) Electric wire and cable. Single-conductor sleeve. The loading assembly is a 5-foot-long, steel
No. 20 AWG annunciator wire is issued for making tube filled with explosives. The M1Al torpedoes have a
connections between electric blasting caps or between main filler of approximately 9 pounds amatol with a TNT
cap and firing wire. The No. 18 AWG twoconductor booster surrounding the cap wells at each end. The
table is the standard firing wire and is carried on 500- MIA2 torpedoes have a main filler of approximately 10
foot firing wire reels. pounds Comp B with a Comp A3 booster at each end
(5) Blasting galvanometer. The blasting Each end of the tube contains a threaded cap well. This
galvanometer is used to test electrical firing wire well accommodates a blasting cap which may be fitted
circuits. It contains an electromagnet, a small, special, to any standard firing device or other means of initiation.
silver chloride dry cell, and a scale with an indicator A few turns of detonating cord wrapped around the MIAl
needle. This device is being replaced by the M51 loading assembly will also initiate it when detonated.
blasting cap test set. The Ml A2's booster is less sensitive and cannot reliably
be initiated by detonating cord. The connecting sleeve
(6) Blasting machines. The blasting
is a short tube which accommodates 2 loading
machines are small electric generators that produce
assemblies that can be held by 3 spring clips. The nose
current for firing electric blasting caps. There are three
sleeve, which is held in place by a spring clip, has a
types in Army use: the 10-cap, twisting-handle type, the
rounded point for ease in pushing the torpedo through
30-, 50-, and 100-cap push-down-handle (rack bar), and
obstacles.
the newer M32 (10 cap) and M34 (50 cap) squeeze-
handle types. The capacity of a blasting machine is the d. Earth Rod Explosive Kit. The earth rod kit is
number of electric blasting caps that it will fire if used for making holes in earth or soft shale, not in rock
connected in series and operated correctly Detailed or other hard material. Holes may be as deep as 6 feet
information on blasting machines is contained in TM 9- and several inches in diameter. The assembled hole-
1375-213-12, TM 9-1375-213-34 and FM 5250. making unit of the earth rod kit (fig. 8-28) consists of a
6-foot steel rod, a detachable point that fits the lower
(7) Cap crimper. Cap crimpers are designed
end of the rod, and a cylindrical firing chamber that
to squeeze the shell of the nonelectric cap tightly
screws on at the upper end. A propelling charge placed
enough around the safety fuse or detonating cord to
in the firing chamber, when exploded by a primer
prevent separation. This crimp, however, does not
attached to a piece of time blasting fuse and a fuse
interfere with burning of the powder train in the fuse.
igniter, drives the rod into the earth. A tripod with
The standard cap crimper (with fuse cutter) has a narrow
adjustable legs is used to hold the rod steady for firing.
jaw that crimps a waterresistant groove.
A removable handle, an extractor that grips and lifts the
rod, and an extension that can be used to lengthen the
8-11. Demolition Kits rod are used to pull the rod from the earth. A forked,
a. General. Demolition kits contain inserting rod is furnished for inserting a small linear
explosive and nonexplosive items for performing charge (or an improvised linear charge made of
various demolition tasks. Some kits are designed for detonating cord) into the hole made by the rod.
general demolition; others, for specific demolition tasks.
e. Demolition Charge Assembly. The demolition
Kits include accessories, tools and other specialized
charge assembly (fig. 8-29) consists of 8 block
components in specially designed containers.
demolition charges, 8 block demolition charge hook
b. General Blasting Kits. These kits are assemblies, and 2 demolition priming assemblies. The
designated Demolition Kit, Blasting: Explosive Initiating, priming assembly (fig. 8-30) consists of a length
Electric and Nonelectric, and Demolition Kit, Blasting: (approximately 5 feet) of detonating cord, 2 hexagonal-
Explosive Initiating, Nonelectric. They contain shaped, plastic adapters, each holding a booster, and 2
explosives and equipment needed for most general detonating cord clips. The adapters attached to the
demolition work. Components of these kits are listed in cord, one at each end, are threaded to fit the cap well of
TM 9-1375-213-12 and TM 9-1375-213-34. demolition blocks or light antitank mines. Each booster
c. Bangalore Torpedo Demolition Kit. The contains a charge of 13.5 grains of RDX. The clips, on
bangalore torpedo demolition kit (fig. 8-27), composed the
Change 5 8-18
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 8-27. Bangalore torpedo demolition kit
8-19
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 8-28. Earth rod explosive kit
cord about 20 inches from either end of the assembly, folding stand of aluminum angles, is used to hold the
are for making junctions on main lines of detonating rocket motor in position for firing. The cable is issued
cord in a demolition system. The demolition charge either with or without the rocket motor. In the latter
assembly, main lines and their initiators are used to case, the rocket motor is requisitioned separately. One
form a demolition system with one or more demolition fuse igniter is provided for igniting the rocket motor.
blocks as the main explosive charge. The entire assembly is contained in a carrying case,
which is a cylindrical aluminum can with removable lids,
f. Mine-Clearing Devices. provided with carrying handles on both ends. The
loaded case weighs 92 pounds.
(1) Projected charge demolition kit
(antipersonnel mine clearing). This kit (fig. 8-31 and 8- (2) Projected charge demolition kit (antitank
32) is a flexible linear charge used to clear narrow lanes mine clearing). These kits (fig. 8-33) are used
in antipersonnel mine fields. The nylon-covered principally to breach minefields. They may also be used
detonating cable (fig. 8-31) is 170 feet long, about 1 to breach bands of log posts, steel rails, antitank ditches
inch in diameter, weighs 63 pounds and contains 46 and some small concrete obstacles. Some demolition
pounds of oil-soaked PETN. This charge consists of 19 kits consist of sections of two parallel linear explosive
strands of special detonating cord, each strand charges encased between corrugated metal plates or
containing approximately 100 grains of PETN per foot. tubes. These are bolted together to form a rigid
Regular detonating cord should not be used as a assembly that can be towed or pushed by a light or
substitute. One end of the cable has a cable grip with medium tank. The charge is exploded by action of a
loops for anchoring the cable to a stake driven in the bullet impact fuze actuated by fire from a machinegun
ground. This end contains a booster charge and a on the tank. Another type (fig. 8-34 and 8-35) consists
threaded cap well for inserting a 15-second delay essentially of a waterproof skid, a rocket motor, and a
detonator for exploding the cable. In the carrying case, linear demolition charge. It is towed to the edge of a
the cable is coiled around a cone, which is removed mine field. The towing vehicle is then moved out of the
before the unit is fired. The cable is projected across danger zone by its operator, who electrically initiates a
the minefield by a rocket motor (fig. 8-32) and then thruster on the kit to remove the main cover. Automatic
drops onto the field. The cable is then exploded by the elevation of a
detonator in the anchored end. A launcher, which is a
8-20
TM 9-1300-200
rocket launcher tube occurs as the cover slides from the 8-12. Care and Precautions in Handling
kit. The operator then electrically ignites the rocket
motor which carries the linear charge across the See TM 9-1300-206, TM 9-1375-213-12, TM 91375-213-
minefield. When the linear charge stops moving, the 34, TM 750-244-5-1, FM 5-250 and AR 385-63 for
operator initiates the fuze. This causes the charge to detailed information concerning appropriate safety
explode. precautions to be observed in handling demolition
material. Also, observe the following:
a. Handle demolition charges in accordance with
sensitivity of explosive comprising charge.
b. Do not expose demolition blocks of plastic
explosive to open flame. They ignite easily and burn
with intense heat. Burned in large quantities, they may
explode.
c. Handle dynamite with extreme care. Dynamite
is more sensitive than other explosives. It may be
exploded by flame, sparks, friction, and sharp blows,
including impact from bullets or shell fragments.
a. Packing.
(1) Explosive charges. Block demolition
charges are packed in haversacks or plastic bags within
wooden boxes. TNT explosives are packed in wooden
boxes. The ammonium nitrate cratering charge is
packed one per wooden box. From 1 to 8 shaped
charges are packed in wooden boxes, depending on
weight of the charge. Dynamite is usually packed 50
pounds per commercial wooden box. High-explosive
destructors are packed 1 per fiber container and 50
containers per wooden box. Some newer items are
packed in wirebound wooden boxes.
(2) Priming and initiating components,
accessories and tools. Concussion detonators are
packed in individual metal containers, 50 containers per
wooden box. Delay detonators are packed 10 per
package, 5 packages per inner package, 4 packages
Figure 8-29. Demolition charge assembly M37 (200 detonators) per wooden box. Weatherproof fuse
igniters are packed 5 per waterproof carton, 60 cartons
per wooden box.
Figure 8-30. Demolition priming assembly
Change 5 8-21
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 8-31. Projected charge demolition kit-arrangements of components in case .
Time blasting fuse is packed in 50-foot coils, 2 coils per devices are packed 5 or 10 devices per inner box. Trip
package, 5 packages per sealed metal can, 8 cans wires are packed with pull-type firing devices. Inner
(4,000 feet of fuse) per wooden box. The 2-coil boxes are packed in wooden boxes that contain from
packages are also packed either 30 or 60 per wooden 120 to 250 devices. Primers are packed 2,500 to
box. Detonating cord is issued in spools of 50, 100, 10,000 per wooden box. Blasting caps are packed 350
500, or 1,000 feet. The 50-foot spools are packed 100 to 500 per wooden box or as required. Most accessories
per wooden box; 100-foot spools, 50 per wooden box; and tools are packed as required.
500and 1,000-foot spools, 8 per wooden box. Firing
Change 5 8-22
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 8-32. Projected charge demolition kits-laying cable over antipersonnel mine fields
(3) Demolition kits. Explosive items of (4) Mine-clearing devices. Antipersonnel,

blasting demolition kits are packed, shipped and stored mine-clearing detonating cable, including accessories, is
separately from nonexplosive items. Standard packing contained in a waterproof aluminum carrying case,
is used for explosive components. Nonexplosive overpacked in a wooden box. Antitank, mine-clearing
components are issued initially in a chest, but may be devices are packed in large wooden crates.
requisitioned separately as replacement items. Earth
rod kits are packed in plywood boxes. Demolition b. Marking. In addition to nomenclature and
charge assemblies are packed in haversack-type ammunition lot number, packages prepared for
carrying cases, with priming assemblies attached to the shipment are marked with the Department of
top of each case. Bangalore torpedo kits are packed in Transportation (DOT) shipping name or classification of
wooden boxes. Demolition training kits are packed in the article, volume and weight.
the standard platoon demolition chest.
8-23
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 8-33. Typical projected charge (rigid type) being pushed by a medium tank
8-24
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 8-34. Linear projected charge.
Figure 8-35. Linear projected charge (cover removed).
8-25
TM 9-1300-200
CHAPTER 9
PYROTECHNICS
9-1. General (d) Organic dyes or inorganic salts are

used to produce colored smokes.
Military pyrotechnics (fig. 9-1) are used for illumination,
signaling, and simulation of battle noises and effects. (e) Color intensifiers, such as polyvinyl
Artillery projectiles and hand grenades used for chloride, hexachlorbenzene, and other organic
illumination and signaling are described in chapters 4 chlorides. In some cases, a single material may
and 6, respectively. Photoflash and target-identification perform more than one of the functions in (a) through
bombs are described in chapter 10. Other pyrotechnic (d), above.
items are described below and in TM 9-1370-203-20&P
(2) Pyrotechnic smoke compositions are of
two general types:
a. Complete Round. Pyrotechnics are usually
issued in the form of complete rounds, each consisting
of all the elements necessary for firing once. (a) Those that burn with practically no
Components of large aircraft pyrotechnics (photoflash flame but with the formation of a dense colored smoke
and target-identification bombs, etc.) are issued as a product of combustion.
separately and assembled in the field.
b. Ignition Train. Pyrotechnics generally function (b) Those that burn at a temperature so
by means of an ignition train (fig. 9-2), similar to the low that an organic dye ((1)(d), above) in the
explosive train of other ammunition. The train is composition will only volatilize and color the smoke,
initiated by means of a percussion, friction or electric rather than burn.
primer. The flame produced on initiation is transmitted
successively to a propelling charge, delay element, d. Identification. As indicated in chapter 1,
expelling charge, and pyrotechnic composition. One or pyrotechnic items are identified by markings (in black)
more of the intermediate elements between initiator and on the item and by bands or patches in the color of the
pyrotechnic composition may be omitted, depending signal produced. The top of a launcher-type ground
upon the requirements of the item. signal is painted the color of the signal and is also
marked with two embossed letters for identification in
c. Pyrotechnic Compositions.
the dark. Overage flares and those of substitute
(1) In general, pyrotechnic compositions composition, assigned to training, have a 2-inch blue
consist of various combinations of the following elem band stenciled around the body; they may also be
stenciled FOR TRAINING USE ONLY. Certain aircraft
flares have the word FRONT stenciled on the front of
(a) Oxidizers, such as chlorates,
the case. Location of suspension bands is indicated by
perchlorates, peroxides, chromates, and nitrates that
black bands painted on the case. Guide flares have a
provide some oxygen for burning. Pyrotechnic
patch on the closing cover indicating the color of the
compositions may not always contain sufficient oxygen
flare. Embossed points at the center of the patch permit
for burning and, in such cases, must use oxygen from
identification in the dark. One, two or three embossed
the air. points identify white, red and green flares, respectively.
(b) Fuels, such as aluminum and
magnesium powder, sulfur, lactose, and other easily e. Projection.
oxidizable materials. (1) Mechanical equipment, mounted in an
(c) Binders and waterproofing agents, aircraft, or a pyrotechnic pistol is usually required to
such as asphalt, shellac, linseed oil, resins, resinates launch or project aircraft pyrotechnics.
and paraffin, are still being used in limited quantities. (2) Signals that are fired from the ground are
They are gradually being replaced, however, by newer either hand-held or projected from the following:
polymeric materials, such as epoxy and polyester resins
and synthetic rubber.
Change 5 9-1
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 9-1. Types and comparative sizes of military pyrotechnics.
(a) Pyrotechnic projectors or pistols. ground signal projectors mounted on staff-like supports
(b) Small arms rifles equipped with that are anchored to the ground by spikes.
grenade launchers and special blank cartridges. (3) The white smoke puff charge is fired from
(c) Hand-held expendable launchers a smoke-puff discharger; powder from the charge, which
that form part of the signal assembly for rocket- assisted is ignited by a smoke-puff percussion cap, serves as the
signals. propellant.
(d) Manually operated (lanyard-type)
Change 5 9-2
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 9-1.--Continued.
(4) The gunflash simulator is fired from illuminants, signals and simulators; according to use, as
a steel firing tube embedded in earth or sand bags. aircraft and ground.
Some simulators burn in place; others are thrown by
hand. 9-3. Visibility
9-2.Classification a. The principal factors controlling

visibility of pyrotechnics are design, position, and natural
Pyrotechnics are classified according to purpose as conditions of light and atmosphere.
Change 5 9-3
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 9-2. Representative ignition train.
(1) Factors of design include luminous 9-4. Types

intensity (candlepower); color (hue and degree of
a. General. Pyrotechnics (fig. 9-1) consist of
color saturation); and degree of separation of a
flares, signals, photoflash cartridges and items designed
composite signal.
for various kinds of training.
(2) Factors of position include height at which b. Purpose. Flares are designed to provide a
the flare or signal functions; distance of observer from strong light (e.g., to illuminate terrain for various air and
signal; distance of flare from object to be illuminated; ground tactical operations) for an appreciable period.
background; and relative position of flare, object and Types include aircraft flares (projected from aircraft),
observer. ground flares used on, or projected from, the ground),
(3) Natural conditions of light and atmosphere guide flares and ignition flares. Signals are designed for
are influenced by degree of natural illumination; color both aircraft and ground use for various types of
and brightness of the sky; and clarity of the atmosphere signaling in tactical and protective operations.
as affected by presence of haze, fog, dust, smoke, rain Photoflash cartridges are designed for use in connection
or snow. with aerial photography during reconnaissance missions.
Pyrotechnic training items are used as targets for
b. A table of pyrotechnical data pertaining to antiaircraft gunnery practice and to simulate combat
specific items is published in TM 9-1370-203-20&P conditions for troop training.
Tables of factors, including candlepower of specific
items and optimum height, area illuminated, and 9-5. Aircraft Flares
distance for pyrotechnics suitable for battlefield a. Aircraft flares provide illumination for target
illumination, are published in pertinent field manuals. marking, battlefield visibility, reconnaissance,
Table 9-1 shows candlepower of various types. observation, bombardment, landing, and practice firing
Table 9-1. Pyrotechnic Types and Candlepower. for antiaircraft guns. While details of flares vary from
model to model, flares for illumination (fig. 9-3) have
Type Candlepower certain characteristics in common.
Trip flare or tow target............... 50,000 (1) Candlepower. Flares produce white or
Illuminating projectile ................ 300,000 to 1,000,000 colored lights of intensities ranging from 60,000
Airport flare, fusees .................. 60,000 candlepower for 1 minute to 3,000,000 candlepower for
Aircraft parachute ..................... 60,000-750,000- 3 minutes.
900,000
Reconnaissance and landing..... 800,000 (2) Parachutes. Most flares are parachutes
Photoflash cartridge ................. 120,000,000 peak- supported to retard speed of fall and provide a longer
duration 0.30 second interval of illumination.
Photoflash bomb....................... 80,0000.000 candle (3) Ignition. All flares have a form of delayed
second for optimum ignition to assure their clearing the aircraft or reaching a
0.040 second* specified altitude before starting to burn. Delayed
Signals-white ........................... 50,000 for 20 to 30 ignition is effected by a mechanical time fuze, a quick
seconds match, or delay fuze initiated by the pressure which
green ........................... 5,000 for 20 to 30 occurs when the parachute opens. Another method
seconds depends upon an expelling charge which concurrently
amber .......................... 4,000 for 20 to 30 ejects the candle and parachute assemblies from the
seconds flare case and initiates the ignition train (fig. 9-2).
red ............................... 20,000 for 20 to 30
seconds
* 3,000,000,000 to 4,000,000,000 candlepower at peak.
Change 5 9-4
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 9-3. Aircraft parachute (illuminating) flare.
9-5
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 9-4. Aircraft parachute flare with shade.
9-6
TM 9-1300-200
b. Certain flares used below the aircraft, as in 9-8. Ramjet Engine Igniters
bombardment, are provided with shades (fig. 9-4) to
shield bombardiers from the glare. Ramjet engine igniters (fig. 9-8) are electrically ignited
pyrotechnic items used to ignite fuel-air mixtures in
c. Flares released from aircraft launching tubes or
ramjet engines of guided missiles. They contain a
racks are equipped with an arming wire, hangwire, firing
pyrotechnic composition that releases sufficient heat to
lanyard, or rip cord assembly, each of which is attached
maintain ignition of the fuel-air mixtures for 10 to 90
to the arming pawl of the tube or rack. Flares may be
seconds, depending on the specific model.
released armed or safe. When the flare is released
armed, the hang-wire remains attached to the aircraft
9-9. Tracking Flares
and actuates the flare. If released safe, the flare will not
function in the air but may ignite on impact. This
Tracking flares are used in tracing the path of guided
possibility must be kept in mind when releasing flares
missiles. They have nominal burning times of 75 to 95
over friendly territory. When an arming wire is
seconds with 70,000 to 150,000 candlepower.
employed, it remains attached to the aircraft and allows
the fuze to arm.
9-10. Signals
d. Towed flares are used as assembly markers in
aircraft flight formation. These flares function like other Pyrotechnic signals are designed to produce light of
aircraft flares, except that they are towed by the aircraft various intensities, duration and color; smoke of various
at the end of a 60-foot length of steel cable or manila colors and densities; sound of various degrees; or any
rope. combination of these. Signals may consist of a single
parachute-supported star or a number of free-falling
stars or clusters of various colors. Smoke signals are
9-6. Ground Flares
usually of the slow burning type designed to leave trails
of smoke. For complete information on signals, see TM
Ground flares are designed for illumination of aircraft
9-1370-203-20&P For a guide to the employment of
landings in emergency fields, for lighting airports in case
pyrotechnic illuminating devices, see pertinent field
of power failure, or to warn of attempted infiltration by
manual.
enemy troops. Certain ground flares, such as fusees,
may be used as recognition signals. The following are
a. Tactical Aircraft Signals. Aircraft signals used
representative:
directly in connection with combat operations were
originally intended for air-to-air or air-to-ground
a. The airport flare (fig. 9-5), a 20-pound,
signaling. However, since the introduction of
cylindrical charge of illuminant (candle) encased in a
pyrotechnic pistols and hand-held pyrotechnic
zinc-sheathed, box-board tube fitted with a means of
projectors, aircraft signals have been used by ground
ignition. It burns with a yellow flame visible for 5 to 7
troops for ground-to-ground and ground-to-air signaling.
minutes at a distance of 20 to 30 miles, depending upon
Single-star signals, double-star signals, and tracer-
atmospheric conditions.
double-star signals (fig. 9-9) contain green, red or
b. The red fusee, a 20-minute, red-fire candle, yellow candles of pyrotechnic composition. Stars may
used to outline airport boundaries. be distinguished at distances of approximately 5 miles
at night and 2 to 3 miles in daylight. Total burning time
c. Surface trip flares, outwardly resembling is 7 to 13 seconds for both single-star and double-star
antipersonnel mines or hand grenades (fig. 9-6). These signals. The tracer in the tracer-double-star signals
are used primarily to warn of infiltrating troops by burns for 2 1/2 to 4 seconds; each star burns for 3 to 4
illuminating the field. They are also employed as 1/2 seconds.
signals and -may be used as boobytraps.
b. Distress Signals. Marine signals, generally used
9-7. Guide Flares for distress signaling, produce illumination (stars) for
night use; a brilliant orange smoke for day use; or a
Guide flares are electrically ignited flares intended for combination of stars and smoke for either day or night
use with bombs. The red, green and white flares (fig. 9- use. Marine signals (fig. 9-10), generally small enough
7) are similar, except for color, markings and to be carried in the pocket of life vests, flight suits or life
candlepower. They burn for 45 to 60 seconds and rafts, are designed for firing by hand or pistol.
produce from 650,000 to 900,000 candlepower.
Change 5 9-7
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 9-5. Airport flare.
Change 5 9-8
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 9-6. Surface trip flare.
9-9
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 9-7. Guide flare.
9-10
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 9-8. Ramjet engine igniter.
c. Drift Signals, Markers and Lights. These (3) The aircraft float light (fig. 9-12) provides
pyrotechnic devices aid in navigation of aircraft over a long-burning surface marker for night or day use. It
water by providing a stationary reference point. They may be thrown overboard from an aircraft or launched
are also used to mark the location for emergency from wing racks. The signal contains four, 3-unit
landing at night. The signals contain a pyrotechnic pyrotechnic candles which emit flame and smoke
candle that ignites on impact. Floating nose down, the through a hole in the base of the body.
signals emit flame and smoke from the tail. One type of
marker produces a slick on the water surface. The other d. Ground Signals.
types, which produce smoke and flame, are called night
drift signals or aircraft float lights. Drift signals and (1) Grenade-launcher ground signals (fig. 9-
markers are thrown overboard from an aircraft. 13) are projected from a grenade launcher attached to
Rifle M1 or M14. A propelling charge in the signal
(1) The slick marker is for daytime use and supplements a special blank cartridge (the standard
contains a 21/4-pound cylinder of uramine, a soluble grenade cartridge) supplied with the signal, to attain the
dye salt, in a brittle plastic case. The marker, although required altitude. The signal rises to a height of 600 to
not a pyrotechnic, has a somewhat similar effect. It 700 feet before functioning.
produces a colored film or slick on the surface of the
water when the case is shattered by impact. The
yellowish-green, fluorescent slick produced by the (a) The parachute-supported star signal produces a
uramine is approximately 20 feet in diameter. The slick single star that burns from 20 to 80 seconds. Different
persists for at least 2 hours and can be seen 10 miles models produce amber, green, red or white stars.
away from an altitude of 3,000 feet. Candlepower and visibility vary according to the color of
the star.
(2) Night drift signals (fig. 9-11), identified as
(b) The cluster-type star signal produces five free-
aircraft smoke and illumination signals, produce flame
falling stars, all of one color, with a burning time of 4 to
and smoke which can be observed on a clear day for a
10 seconds. Different cluster models produce stars of
distance of 6 or 7 miles. A representative signal has a
the same colors as the single-star parachute models.
flat-faced, metal tail fin assembly. The body contains
Parachute and cluster signals are similar in appearance
from 1 to 3 candle units which burn from 180 to 900
and design.
seconds, depending on the model.
9-11
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 9-9. Aircraft signal patterns.
9-12
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 9-10. Handheld marine smoke signal.
9-13
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 9-11. Night drift signal.
9-14
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 9-12. Aircraft float light.
9-15
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 9-13. Grenade-launcher ground signal.
9-16
C1, TM 9-1300-200
Figure 9-14. Rocket-propelled ground signal.
9-17
C1, TM 9-1300-200
Figure 9-15. Air burst simulator.
(c) Smoke signals produce six free- launching mechanisms. The signals are composed of
falling smoke pellets of the same color. Each pellet three main units: an aluminum rocket barrel; a firing cap
leaves a stream of colored smoke that extends with firing pin; and the signal, which includes the body,
approximately 250 feet. The burning time is 4 to 8 rocket motor, and folding-fin stabilizing device. The
seconds. Different models produce red, yellow, green signals rise to a height of 650 to 750 feet.
and violet colored smoke. (Violet is used for training or
demonstrations only.) (a) Parachute star signals, used for
battlefield illumination, produce a
(2) Rocket-propelled ground signals (fig. 9-
14) are hand-held, fin-stabilized signals with integral
Figure 9-16. Boobytrap simulator.

9-18
C1, TM 9-1300-200
parachute-supported red or white star. Red stars burn at b. Simulators are used to create the effect of
16,000 candlepower for a minimum of 50 seconds; white specific items of ammunition. The primary types of
stars, at 125,000 candlepower for 25 seconds. simulators are described briefly below.
(b) Cluster star signals produce five (1) The air burst simulator (fig. 9-15), used
free-falling green, red or white stars that burn 8 ± 2 with a smoke puff discharger, simulates the burst of an
seconds. artillery projectile near the ground by producing a puff of
(c) Smoke parachute signals, which white smoke.
produce a single red or green parachute-supported (2) The boobytrap simulator (fig. 9-16) is
smoke pellet, emit smoke for 6 to 18 seconds. They used during maneuvers and troop training. This device
produce a smoke cloud which lasts approximately one provides training in installation and use of boobytraps.
minute. When triggered, the simulator functions with a loud
9-11. Photoflash Cartridges report and flash.
a. General. These cartridges, fired from (3) The ground burst simulator (fig. 9-17) is
electrically powered projectors, are used in connection used to create battle noises and effects during troop
with aerial photography during reconnaissance missions. maneuvers. It produces a high-pitched whistle which
b. Service Cartridge. A service photoflash lasts 2 to 4 seconds. In exploding, it produces a flash
cartridge consists of an electrically primed cartridge and loud report.
case containing a cased photoflash charge and delay (4) The artillery flash simulator (fig. 9-18)
fuse assembly, and a small propelling charge. produces a flash, a puff of smoke, and a loud report. Its
c. Practice Cartridge. A practice photoflash flash is similar to that of 90-mm guns and 155-mm
cartridge consists of a solid, inert unit and a small howitzers. This simulator is used to train artillery
propelling charge in an electrically primed cartridge observers and may actually be employed in forward
case. combat areas as a decoy.
9-12. Training Pyrotechnics (5) The hand grenade simulator (fig. 9-19)
a. Pyrotechnic items used as training devices provides battle noises and effects during troop
include tow-target flares, aircraft parachute flares, maneuvers. It is thrown in the same manner as a live
photoflash cartridges, and a variety of simulators. grenade and creates a loud report and flash 5 to 10
seconds after ignition.
(6) The explosive simulator (fig. 9-20) is
Figure 9-17. Ground burst simulator.
9-19
C1, TM 9-1300-200
Figure 9-18. Artillery flash simulator.
9-20
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 9-19. Hand grenade simulator.
used in boobytraps, land mine detection and concerning precautions in handling pyrotechnics is
deactivation training programs. It is used to simulate contained in TM 9-1300-206 and TM 9-1370-203-20&P.
hand grenades, boobytraps, land mines, and rifle or b. Types of Pyrotechnics. The specific precautions
artillery fire. in (1) through (3) below apply to the type of pyrotechnic
9-13. Care and Precautions in Handling indicated.
a. General. Pyrotechnic compositions are (1) Flares.
particularly susceptible to deterioration by moisture. (a) Avoid damage to fiber cases and rip
They are especially hazardous since they ignite more cords located outside casing of certain types of flares.
readily than other types of high explosives. Information
Figure 9-20. Explosive simulator.
Change 5 9-20.1
C1, TM 9-1300-200
Figure 9-21. Packing box for ground signals.
Figure 9-22. Packing box for aircraft signals.
(b) Before lead wires of electrically ignited deformed, or cracked barrels, or with loose closing caps.
flares are connected, assure that there is no electrical (b) Guard against blows to primer,
energy in electrical circuit. which could ignite signal.
(2) Signals. (3) Photoflash Cartridge. Do not remove
(a) Do not use signals with dented,
Change 5 9-20.2
TM 9-1300-200
shunt cap from cartridge until just prior to loading 203-20&P. For regulations in firing ammunition, see
cartridge into projector. AR 385-63.
9-14. Precautions in Firing
a. Pyrotechnics are packed and marked in
a. Fire pyrotechnics in such a manner that burning accordance with Department of Transportation
material or burned out signals will not fall on friendly Regulations and pertinent specifications and drawings.
personnel, into boxes of pyrotechnics or on other Inner and outer packings are designed to withstand
ammunition. Exercise care when firing through trees or conditions ordinarily encountered in handling, storage
other obstructions. and transportation, and to protect against moisture.
b. Anticipate heavy recoil when firing projected Typical packing and markings are illustrated in figures 9-
pyrotechnics (except rocket-propelled ground signals). 21 and 9-22.
c. Observe safety precautions found in TM 9-1370- b. Packing and marking data are given in detail in
SC 1340/98 - IL and in TM 9-1370-203-20.
Change 5 9-20.3
TM 9-1300-200
Change 5 9-20.4
TM 9-1300-200
CHAPTER 10
BOMBS
DELETED
Change 5 10-1
TM 9-1300-200
Change 5 10-2
TM 9-1300-200
CHAPTER 11
SCATTERABLE MINES
11-1. General scatterable mine system adopted to date. The

Scatterable mines are similar in purpose to conventional sequence of operations for the subsystems is depicted
land mines. Scatterable mines differ, however, in that in figure 11-1. For information on handling, use, and
they are designed for accurate dispersion over a maintenance of the subsystem refer to TM 9-1345-201-
designated area from rotary-wing aircraft, fixed wing 30&P.
aircraft, artillery, and ground dispensers, and lie on the
surface of the ground. b. For operational procedures, refer to TM 91345-
201-12.
11-2. Scope
c. As other systems are adopted their description
a. This chapter describes the Mine Dispersing will be added to this manual.
Subsystem, Aircraft: M56, which is the only
Figure 11-1. Sequence of mine functioning.

Section II. MINE DISPERSING SUBSYSTEM, AIRCRAFT: M56
11-3. General batteries, which are stored in a refrigerator and which

The Mine Dispersing Subsystem, Aircraft: M56 (fig. 11- are inserted prior to flight, are shipped separately. The
2), consists of bomb (mine) dispenser SUU-13 D/A and rectangular shaped, electrically-fired sub-system is
a payload of antitank/antivehicular mines in canisters externally installed on UH-1H aircraft (fig. 11-4). A
(fig. 11-3). Mine pallet is attached to the
Change 2 11-1
TM 9-1300-200
underside of the subsystem for handling and safety canisters (40 to a container) are shipped and stored in
purposes. Initially, the subsystem is issued completely mine canister shipping and storage container M602 (fig.
loaded with mines and is packed one per reusable 11-6). Both containers are sealed and desiccated.
shipping and storage container CNU79/E (fig. 11-5).
Loaded replacement mine
Figure 11-2. Mine dispersing subsystem, aircraft: M56.
Figure 11-3. Canister assembly.
11-2 Change 2
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 11-4. Mine dispersing subsystem, aircraft: M56 mounted on UH-IH helicopter (the struts,
pylon assembly, pylon support, and support assembly comprise the multi-armament kit).
Change 2 11-3
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 11-5. Shipping and storage container CNU-79/E.
11-4 Change 2
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 11-6. Mine canister shipping and storage container M602 (as used in reload kit).
11-4. Practice and Inert Scatterable Mines live ejection charges, is used by aircraft crews to gain
experience in dispersing mines.
a. General. (2) The Mine Dispersing Sybsystem, Aircraft,
(1) The Mine Dispersing Subsystem, Aircraft, Training: M133, is utilized for training in handling
Practice: M132, which contains inert mines with
Change 2 11-5
TM 9-1300-200
of the subsytem and contains inert mines with inert Two suspension lugs are assembled to the dispenser for
ejection charges. attaching to the aircraft or for handling with a sling and
hoist. The dispenser contains 40 vertical aluminum
b. Types. canister assemblies, each containing two mines (fig.
11-3).
(1) The M132 subsystem consists of a dispenser b. Canister Assembly. Each canister assembly
SUU-13D/A containing three practice canister consists of an aluminum dispenser cylinder, obturator,
assemblies. The loaded dispenser is packed in the mine ejection cartridge M198, and two mines. The
shipping and storage container CNU-79/E. Each mines are retained in the cylinder by four shear pins,
practice canister contains two dummy mines and one two per mine.
ejection charge M198. The reload kit for the M132 c. Mine Release. The mine dispenser is designed
subsystem consists of 40 practice canister assemblies. to provide release of mines from the 40 canisters with
Handling, loading, electrical tests, and repairs of the application of current through the intervalometer, which
subsystem are the same as those specified for the is the sequencing component of the dispenser, to the
service subsystem. mine ejection charge M198. Release of mines from all
(2) The M133 subsystem consists of one dispenser, 40 canisters is accomplished within a variable time span
bomb SUU-13D/A containing 40 canisters, mines: which is controlled by the helicopter pilot. A quick-
training (empty) and is packed in the shipping and release safe pin with an attached REMOVE BEFORE
storage container CNU-79/E and 40 mine canister FLIGHT red flag is installed in the intervalimeter through
assemblies packed in the M602 shipping and storage an access hole in the bottom of the aft fairing to prevent
container. The dispenser containing empty canisters is accidental activation of the intervalometer before flight.
sued to simulate a dispenser as returned from a The helicopter pilot can control the dispensing intervals
mission. The canisters packed in the M602 container from the DISPENSER control panel (fig. 11-7).
are weighted and configured to simulate the service d. Dispenser Pallet. A removable wood and
items. They are used to reload the dispenser, provide aluminum pallet, colored red, is attached to the bottom
the means for conducting the required electrical tests, of the dispenser. A REMOVE BEFORE FLIGHT red
and serve as the method for gaining "hands-on" flag is attached to the forward end. The pallet protects
experience. the mines while handling the subsystem and prevents
accidental expulsion of mines prior to flight.
11-5. Description
a. Mine Dispenser. The M56 subsystem utilizes a

bomb (mine) dispenser, SUU-13D/A (fig. 11-2). This
dispenser has a rounded top surface, an aerodynamic
nose fairing, and a flat rear fairing.
11-6 Change 2
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 11-7. Mine dispersing subsystem, M56 dispenser (DISP) control panel
e. Firing. initiates the ejection charge in each canister assembly.

(1) The subsystem is fired by depressing the FIRE Gases from the ejection charge apply an expelling force
button of the control panel (fig. 11-7). The firing to the obturator which forces the mines from the canister
sequence will continue until the quantity of mines and the subsystem. As the leave the canister, the bore
selected have been ejected from the subsystem. After rider pin in each mine is released, freeing the
the FIRE button is depressed, the firing sequence may mechanical component of the mine fuze to start the
be terminated by resetting the SAFE-STBY-ARM switch arming sequence upon impact with the ground. When
to the STBY (standby) position. When the switch is the mines are free of the canister, the fins open, causing
again set in the ARM position and the FIRE button is mine separation and orientation of the mine for
again depressed, a new firing sequence is initiated. controlled impact with the ground.
(2) The electrical impulse from the dispenser (3) The mine has a self-destruct capability.
control panel and through the intervalometer,
Change 2 11-7
TM 9-1300-200
11-6. Shipping and Storage Containers. desiccant cage, retainer, air vent and cover, and
humidity indicator plug are located at the forward end of
the container base assembly.
a. General. The dispersing subsystem M56 is
stored and transported in the reusable, steel, shipping c. Container, M602. (As used in Reload Kit.) This
and storage container CNU-79/E. Forty replacement reuseable steel container is rectangular and is provided
canisters are stored and shipped in the reusable, steel, with a gasket between the base assembly and the cover
shipping and storage container M602. Both containers to make it airtight. The cover assembly is secured to
are stored and transported in the horizontal position. the base assembly by 14 quick-acting T-bolts. Two
b. Container CNU-79/E. The subsystem is cover handles are provided for manual lifting of cover
supported by a resilient-mounted suspension frame from base assembly. A desiccant door, pressure
assembly that is attached to the container base equalizing valve, and humidity indicator are located at
assembly. Two flexible strap assemblies, one at each the forward end of the container base assembly.
end, secure the subsystem M56 to the suspension frame
assembly. The cover assembly is secured to the base 11-7. Painting and Marking
assembly by 26 quick-acting T-bolts. Locating pins are
provided to properly aline the cover assembly with the a. The M56 bomb (mine) dispenser is olive drab
base assembly. All openings are provided with gaskets with yellow markings. One yellow band located directly
to make the container airtight. A rubber gasket on the behind the forward fairing indicates highexplosive
base assembly flange makes an airtight seal between loading.
the cover and base assemblies. Desiccant is used to b. The shipping and storage container CNU79/E
absorb excessive moisture within the container. A and M602 (reload kit) are painted olive drab with
markings in yellow.
Change 2
11-8
TM 9-1300-200
CHAPTER 12
GUIDED MISSILES
12-1. General
(2) Control system-The pilot component which
a. The term, guided missile, refers to a missile keeps the missile in a stable flight attitude and makes
directed to its target while in flight or motion, either by a changes in course direction and altitude in response to
preset or self-reacting device within the missile or by signals from the guidance system. The control system
radio command outside the missile, or through wire operates the control surfaces and the propulsion unit.
linkage to the missile. (3) Guidance system-The source of continuous
b. Guided missiles are shipped completely target intelligence (course data) that guides the missile
assembled and ready for use, or in major components to its target.
which must be assembled in the field. In general, a (4) Propulsion system-The power supply for the
guided missile is composed of the seven basic missile.
components illustrated in figure 12-1 and defined below: (5) Warhead-The component which carries the
payload. The mission of a guided missile is delivery of
(1) Aerodynamic structure-The design and the warhead with maximum effect on its target.
fabrication of the missile body.
Figure 12-1. Typical guided missile showing location of components.
12-1
TM 9-1300-200
missile components and provide the necessary

(6) Safety and arming device-The component which superstructure for assembly of the missile. It can be
causes the warhead to function at the time and under constructed from steel or aluminum alloys, depending
the circumstances desired. on strength of weight characteristics desired.
(7) Electrical power system-The source of electricity
for operation of guidance, control, and safety and b. The aerodynamic structure is designed to give
arming systems. least resistance to flight of the missile. The radome or
missile nose cover, and the wing or fin structure, the
most important components, are usually streamlined
12-2. Classification
and swept to provide stabilization with minimum
resistance at supersonic speeds.
a. General. Guided missiles are classified
according to origin of missile launch, destination and 12-5. Control and Guidance Systems
mission. They are designated by model number and
modification letter, popular name and other
designations. a. General. Control and guidance are parts of an
integrated system for automatically directing flight of the
b. Basic Designations Based on Origin and
missile.
Destination.
b. Control System. The control system includes
AAM-Air-to-air-missile
ASM -Air-to-surface missile components necessary for automatic control of a missile
AUM-Air-to-underwater missile in flight. The system receives intelligence from a radio
SAM -Surface-to-air missile signal or other electrical device (wire or wireless) and
SSM -Surface-to-surface missile makes corrections for changes in yaw, pitch and roll.
SUM-Surface-to-underwater missile The system usually includes a gyroscope, signal
UAM-Underwater-to-air missile amplifier, servomotor and control surface. The system
USM -Underwater-to-surface missile may also receive internal or external guidance signals in
UUM-Underwater-to-underwater missile order to adjust the path of a missile.
c. Basic Designations Based on Missile Mission. (1) The gyroscope is used to fix a reference
direction.
High explosive (2) The amplifier increases signal strength to
Antiaircraft a sufficient level to control the servomotor.
Antimissile (3) The servomotor powers the control
High Explosive Antitank surfaces to change the flight path of a missile.
d. Model Number and Modification Number. Each (4) The control surface changes the missile
basic designation contains a model number and path by application of some force in response to a
modification number (e.g., Guided Missile, Antiaircraft directing signal. This change in path (steering) is
XM50E1). accomplished by one or more of the following devices:
e. Popular Names. Names, such as Hawk, Nike, air vanes, jet vanes, movable jet motor or side jets.
Falco and Sidewinder, may be assigned to guided
missiles. c. Guidance System. The main functions
performed by the guidance system are tracking,
12-3. Identification computing and directing. Tracking is the process of
Guided missiles and their components are identified by determining location of a missile and its target with
painting and marking. Marking includes such data as respect to the launcher, and locating missile and target
name of component, model designation, lot number and with respect to each other and some other reference.
manufacturer, date of manufacture, type of warhead and Computing is the process of calculating directing signals
the like. Conventional warheads are painted in for the missile by use of tracking information. Directing
accordance with the color coding table in chapter 1. is the process of sending the computed signal to the
missile. Directing may also be accomplished from
12-4. Aerodynamic Structure within a missile. The directing signals are sent to the
a. The aerodynamic structure, which includes the control system, thus giving control of missile flight.
entire external surface of the missile, determines flow
characteristics of the missile through air or water. This
structure also serves to package
12-2
TM 9-1300-200
Some basic guidance systems are described in (1) c. Jet Engine. A jet engine may be one of
through (8) below. the following types: pulse jet, ram jet or turbo jet.
These engines use liquid fuel and atmospheric oxygen
(1) A preset guidance system, set into the missile as the oxidizer. They are classified as air breathing
before launching, is one which employs a predetermined engines.
ballistic path, and cannot be adjusted after launching. d. Rocket Motors. Rocket motors are non-air-
(2) A terrestrial reference guidance system employs breathing propulsion systems, which use solid propellant
a predetermined path which can be adjusted after (fuel and oxidizer combined) or liquid fuel with an
launching. Adjustment is accomplished by devices oxidizer. (Fuels and propellants for jet engines and
within the missile that react to some phenomena of the rocket motors are covered in chapter 2.)
earth. 12-7. Warheads The payload of a guided missile
(3) A radio navigation guidance system employs a varies with the target and the effect desired.
predetermined path which can be adjusted. Adjustment Consequently, the warheads, which carry the payload,
is accomplished by devices within the missile that are are classified according to their function and the effect
controlled by external radio signals. they create, as indicated below:
(4) A celestial navigation guidance system has a
predetermined path which can be adjusted by use of a. High Explosive-Destroys target by blast.
continuous celestial observation. b. High-Explosive Fragmentation (fig. 12-
(5) An inertial guidance system employs a 2)Projects warhead fragments at high velocity.
predetermined path which can be adjusted after Blast at the point of functioning causes additional
launching by devices within the missile. damage to the target and nearby objects.
(6) A command guidance system is one which c. High-Explosive Antitank-Employs shaped
permits the path of the missile to be changed after charge effect to penetrate steel armor.
launching. Change is accomplished by directing signals d. Chemical-Releases toxic chemical agents to
from some device outside the missile. produce casualties.
(7) A beam climber guidance system is one in e. Atomic-Produces casualties by thermal
which direction of the missile can be changed after radiation, blast and nuclear radiation; causes destruction
launching. Change is accomplished by a device in the and damage to structures and equipment, and/or denies
missile that keeps it in a beam of energy. use of an area because of residual radioactive effects.
(8) A homing guidance system provides for f. Practice-Simulates service warheads for training
changing direction of the missile after launching. in handling, fuzing, loading and firing.
Change is accomplished by a device in the missile that
reacts to some distinguishing characteristic of the target. 12-8. Safety and Arming Devices (Fuzes)
12-6. Propulsion System a. General.
a. General. The propulsion systems used in (1) The fuzing systems used in guided missile
guided missiles employ either a jet engine or a rocket warheads are called safety and arming devices. They
motor. These systems consist essentially of a arm the system at the required distance and function the
combustion chamber and a nozzle. Fuel burned in the warhead at the time and under the circumstances
combustion chamber produces thrust. This results from desired.
products of combustion which expand and pass through
(2) One or more safety and arming devices may be
the nozzle.
used in conjunction with any of the warheads described
b. Operation. The missile propulsion system in paragraph 12-7. Depending on the type of target and
generally operates in two phases: the boost phase, the effect desired, the safety and arming device may be
during which the missile is accelerated to its cruising impact, proximity, ground-controlled, or a combination
speed; and the sustainer phase, which maintains missile of two or three of these types. Figure 123 shows a
velocity and acceleration at the cruising level. In other typical safety and arming device.
cases, the missile propulsion system does not require a
booster unit and operates only in one phase.
12-3
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 12-2. High-explosive fragmentation warhead.
12-4
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 12-3. Safety and arming device.
b. Types. a. Battery supply, with or without electronic rectifier

(1) Impact. An impact safety and arming and transformer circuit. This type is suitable for small,
device is actuated by striking the target. Functioning short range missiles.
time after impact depends upon design of the device b. An alternating-current generator, using a turbine
and nature of the target. driven by wind, battery, engine or compressed air. This
(2) Proximity. Proximity safety and arming type is suitable for long-range missiles.
devices function on approach to a target. Each type of
proximity device is actuated by some characteristic of, 12-10. Launchers
and at a predetermined distance from, the target. The
five basic types are a. General. Launchers are mechanical structures
(a) Radio that provide support and control during initial stages of
(b) Pressure motion. Launchers enable the missile's control,
(c) Electrostatic guidance, and propulsion systems to function
(d) Photoelectric effectively.
(e) Acoustic b. Types of Launchers. Some basic types of
launching devices are trainable platform, vertical tower,
(3) Ground-controlled. In ground-controlled safety and vertical ramp, ramp or rail (other than vertical), zero
arming devices, the mechanism for determining target length (a launcher on which there is negligible travel by
proximity is on the ground instead of in the device. the missile), gun, catapult and aircraft.
When the proper proximity relationship is reached c. Firing. Firing of guided missiles from a launcher
between the missile and the target, a signal to detonate is usually accomplished electrically by remote control.
is sent to the missile. d. Blast Protection. Because of the
dangerous blast of flame emitted by guided missiles, the
12-9. Electrical Power System launching site must be cleared of personnel and
unnecessary equipment. Unprotected combustible
This system supplies electrical power for operation of material must also be removed from the launching area.
the guidance and control mechanism and for fuzing of
the warhead. There are two different types of electrical
power systems:
12-5
TM 9-1300-200
12-11. Care, Handling and Preservation In general, (1) Fuzes and warheads are packed in
the same safety regulations apply to guided missiles as wooden or metal containers.
to other types of ammunition. However, certain (2) Propellants, which include fuel, oxidizer,
components of the missile require special handling. reducer and solid and liquid propellants, are packed in
specially designed tanks, metal drums, glass bottles or
a. Protect control equipment, which includes such fiber containers overpacked in wooden boxes.
sensitive items as gyroscopes, homing devices, (3) Control equipment and guidance
electronic equipment, and other precision instruments, equipment are packed in specially constructed packings
from rough or careless handling. designed to protect the precision instruments.
b. Take special precautions with certain fuels and (4) Propulsion systems are packed in metal
oxidizers, because of fire, explosion, contact and crates or wooden boxes, crates and containers.
inhalation hazards.
c. Use protective clothing and masks when b. Marking. The packing boxes, crates, drums and
handling certain fuels and oxidizers. containers in which guided missile components are
d. Carefully train personnel in safety measures, packed are marked for easy identification. They may or
procedures for handling, and precautions in use of may not be coded for a specific guided missile complete
guided missile explosive or flammable components. round. Packings of propellant and components of
propellants, fuzes and warheads are also marked to
12-12. Packing and Marking indicate the Department of Transportation shipping
name and important instructions in handling or storage.
a. Packing. The components of guided missiles
are packed in appropriate containers.
12-6
TM 9-1300-200
CHAPTER 13
PROPELLANT ACTUATED DEVICES
13-1. General ignitor contacts in a way that facilitates simultaneous

firing of both anchors.
a. Propellant actuated devices (PAD) are designed to c. Cartridge. The cartridge (para 13-6) is not a
do a specific task by use of the energy in propellant stock item. It is furnished with the explosive anchor,
gases. The propellant may be contained in a unassembled. Ordnance personnel assemble cartridges
replaceable cartridge or permanently sealed into the and anchors on site.
device. The basic design for most devices consists of a
piston and cylinder combination. 13-4. Cutters
Hot, propellant gas is used to cause the piston to extend a. General. Cutters are used to sever one or more
or retract. There are many variations of this basic textile or metal cable (e.g., parachute reefing line or
design: those in which the piston is allowed to separate rescue hoist cable).
from the cylinder; some in which the piston remains
b. Ignition Methods. Ignition is either by a spring-
sealed through the full stroke; and others in which the
loaded firing pin striking a percussion primer or by
velocity and thrust of the piston are controlled by means
electric current passing through an electrical primer. A
of a built-in damper.
mechanically fired cutter is shown in figure 13-2. An
electrically fired cutter is shown in figure 13-3.
b. For a detailed technical discussion of propellant
actuated devices, see TB 9-1377-200; for maintenance c. Delay Feature. Reefing line cutters are made in
information, see the maintenance manual for the system delay times ranging from one to twenty seconds. The
in which the item is installed. Propellant actuated cutter is so rigged in the parachute that the firing pin
devices, specialized repair parts, and cartridges for the strikes the primer when the suspension lines are
devices are listed in SC 1340/98IL. extended. A built-in pyrotechnic delay element burns for
a specified period of time and then ignites the main
13-2. Identification propellant charge. This energy moves a cutter blade to
sever line or cable.
Nomenclature is marked on the item and on the outer
packing. The packing box is also marked with the 13-5. Parachute Ejector
Federal Stock Number and lot number, if the item is
Government developed. Commercially developed a. General. Parachute ejectors forcibly remove a
items may show only the commercial nomenclature and personnel reserve parachute from its pack. Figure 13-4
part number. shows a representative ejector, which contains two
cartridges. Another type contains only one cartridge. In
13-3. Explosive Embedment Anchor basic makeup, the ejector is a long, slender piston-
cylinder assembly. Gas pressure is supplied by one or
a. General. The explosive embedment anchor two cartridges contained in chambers called initiators.
(fig. 13-1) is currently used to secure underwater When the ejector is fired, the piston remains in the
pipelines. Two anchors, each bearing a cartridge cylinder. The whole device remains gas tight.
containing 31/2 pounds of propellant, are mounted on b. Ignition Method. Ignition is by a springloaded
the pipeline sled. Anchors are fired after the end of the firing pin striking a percussion primer in the cartridge.
pipeline has been pulled into its final position. This item The firing pin is both cocked and released when the
has other possible underwater applications. firing pin ring is pulled.
b. Ignition Method. Ignition is by electric current.
Prior to launching, a firing wire is connected to the
13-1
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 13-1. Explosive embedment anchor.
13-2
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 13-2. Mechanically fired cutter.
13-3
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 13-3. Electrically fired cutter.
c. Safety Pin. Ejectors are packed with a safety

pin installed to prevent accidental firing by a pull on the
firing pin ring. This pin must remain installed until after
the ejector is packed into a chute. It must be reinstalled
on removal of the ejector from the parachute.
13-6. Cartridges
a. General.
(1) Replaceable cartridges are used in

aircraft stores ejectors (fig. 13-5), parachute cargo
releases, aircraft fire extinguishers (fig. 13-6),
parachute drogue guns, and cable cutters (fig. 3-7).
(2) Cartridges are also used in reefing line
cutters (aircraft seat catapults), and parachute ejectors.
In these applications, however, the cartridges are
handled only at depot level.
(3) The size and form of cartridges vary
broadly. Differences depend on the amount of
propellant required, method of firing, and mounting
arrangement.
(4) Commercial cartridges are identified by a
variety of names, depending on the internal design and
intended use. Some examples of commercial names
follow: squib, dual squib, initiator, cutter cartridge, fire
extinguisher cartridge, primary cartridge, secondary
cartridge, and explosive cartridge.
Figure 13-4. Parachute ejector.
13-4
TM 9-1300-200
(5) Some of these devices are included in

Federal Stock Class 1377, while others carry the class
of the equipment with which they are associated. For
example, an aircraft stores ejector may be classed as an
air frame structure, but the cartridge is classed as a
propellant actuated device.
b. Types. All cartridges are divided into two

general categories: impulse cartridges and delay
cartridges. Both types are actually impulse generating
devices but the word, delay, indicates that ignition takes
place some time after the primer is set off.
(1) Delay cartridges are designed with

specific delay times for specific purposes. Delay times
range from less than a second to about 20 seconds.
Manufacturing tolerances allow a variation in actual
delay times of about 20 percent. For example, a delay
cartridge labeled as a 1-second delay will have an
actual delay time ranging between 0.8 second and 1.2
seconds.
(2) An impulse cartridge will fire almost
instantaneously with activation of the primer.
Figure 13-5. Stores ejector cartridge.
13-5
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 13-6 Fire extinguisher cartridges.
c. Priming Methods.
(1) Percussion. Some cartridges are fired by

mechanical means. In this case, the primer is a
percussion primer, which must be struck to fire. A
familiar example of use of a percussion primer is in
ammunition for the service rifle.
(2) Electrical. Some cartridges are fired by
passing electrical current through the primer. In this
case, the primer is heat sensitive rather than percussion
sensitive.
d. Applications. Removable and replaceable

cartridges are used in stores ejectors (fig. 13-5),
extinguishers (fig. 13-6), cutters (fig. 13-7), aircraft seat
catapults (fig. 13-8), training catapults (fig. 13-9), cargo
parachute releases (fig. 13-10), towline rockets and
Figure 13-7. Cable cutter cartridges. power tools.
13-6
TM 9-1300-200
Figure 13-8. Escape cartridge set.
Figure 13-9. Training catapult cartridge.
13-7. Care and Precautions in Handling
a. Handle all types of cartridges with care at all

times. Have installation and removal of cartridges
performed only by trained personnel. When not
installed, store cartridges in shipping containers.
b. Short terminals of electrically fired cartridges by
means of specifically designed cap, or by wrapping in
metal foil. This prevents accidental firing, should
terminals come in contact with electrical power.
c. Observe recommendations for care, handling
and preservation of ammunition given in chapter 1-they
apply generally to all types of propellant actuated
devices.
Figure 13-10. Parachute release delay cartridge.
13-7
TM 9-1300-200
APPENDIX A
REFERENCES
A-1. Administrative Publications
a. Army Regulations.
Transportation by Water of Hazardous Cargo ............................................................................... AR 55-228

Defense Traffic Management Regulation ..................................................................................... AR 55-355
Malfunctions Involving Ammunition and Explosives ..................................................................... AR 75-1
Responsibilities and Procedures for Explosive Ordnance Disposal ............................................... AR 75-15
Dictionary of United States Army Terms ....................................................................................... AR 310-25
Authorized Abbreviations and Brevity Codes ................................................................................ AR 310-50
Department of the Army Information Security Program ................................................................ AR 380-5
Laser Guidance System Security Classification Guide ................................................................. AR 380-6
Policy for Safeguarding and Controlling Communications
Security (COMSEC) Material ................................................................................................. AR 380-40
Army Safety Program ................................................................................................................... AR 385-10
Use of Explosives and Pyrotechnics in Public Demonstrations,
Exhibitions, and Celebrations ................................................................................................. AR 385-26
Safety Color Code Markings and Signs ........................................................................................ AR 385-30
Accident Reporting and Records .................................................................................................. AR 385-40
Coordination with Department of Defense Explosive Safety Board ............................................... AR 385-60
Policies and Procedures for Firing Ammunition for Training,
Target Practice, and Combat ........................................................................................................ AR 385-63
Identification of Inert Ammunition and Ammunition Components .................................................. AR 385-65
Fire Protection ............................................................................................................................. AR 420-90
Ammunition Peculiar Equipment Program (APE) ......................................................................... AR 700-20
Defense Standardization and Specification Program .................................................................... AR 700-47
Requisitioning, Receipt, and Issue Items ...................................................................................... AR 725-50
Reporting of Item and Packaging Discrepancies ........................................................................... AR 735-11-2
b. DA Pamphlets.
Consolidated Index of Army Publications and Blank Forms .......................................................... DA Pam 25-30
Index of Graphic Training Aids (GTA) .......................................................................................... DA Pam 25-37
The Army Maintenance Management System (TAMMS) .............................................................. DA Pam 738-750
A-2. Blank Forms
Discrepancy of Shipment Report .................................................................................................. SF 361

Report of Discrepancy .................................................................................................................. SF 364
Packaging and Improvement Report ............................................................................................. DA Form 6
Accident Report ........................................................................................................................... DA Form 285
Request of Issue and Turn-in of Ammunition ................................................................................ DA Form 581
Munition Surveillance Report - Descriptive Data of Ammunition
Represented By Sample ............................................................................................................... DA Form 984
Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms ........................................................... DA Form 2028
Ammunition Condition Report ...................................................................................................... DA Form 2415
Ammunition Stores Slip ................................................................................................................ DA Form 3151-R
Ammunition Data Card ................................................................................................................. DD Form 1650
Fire Incident Report ...................................................................................................................... DD Form 2324
Fire Emergency Report ................................................................................................................ DD Form 2324-1
Change 5 A-1
TM 9-1300-200
A-3. Doctrinal, Training, and Organizational Publications
Chemical Reference Handbook .............................................................................................. FM 3-7

Flame Fuels ........................................................................................................................... FM 3-11
Explosives and Demolitions ................................................................................................... FM 5-250
Camouflage, Basic Principles and Field Camouflage ............................................................. FM 20-3
Mine/Countermine Operations ................................................................................................ FM 20-32
Grenades and Pyrotechnic Symbols ....................................................................................... FM 23-30
Military Training Management ................................................................................................ FM 25-2
Operational Terms and Symbols ............................................................................................ FM 101-5-1
Field Artillery, Manual Cannon Gunnery ................................................................................. TC 6-40
A-4. Equipment Manuals
a. Technical Manuals.
Storage, Shipment, Handling, and Disposal of Chemical Agents and

Hazardous Chemicals ...................................................................................................... TM 3-250
Data Sheets for Ordnance Type Materiel ................................................................................ TM 9-500
Ammunition and Explosives Standards .................................................................................. TM 9-1300-206
Military Explosives ................................................................................................................. TM 9-1300-214
Organizational Maintenance Manual (Including Repair
Parts and Special Tools List) for Small Arms Ammunition
to 30MM inclusive (FSC 1305) ......................................................................................... TM 9-1305-201-20&P
Direct Support and General Support Maintenance Manual
(Including Repair Parts and Special Tools List) for Small
Arms Ammunition to 30MM inclusive (FSC 1305) ............................................................ TM 9-1305-201-34&P
Operator's and Unit Maintenance Manual for Grenades .......................................................... TM 9-1330-200-12
Direct Support and General Support Maintenance
Manual for Grenades ....................................................................................................... TM 9-1330-200-34
Operator's and Organizational Maintenance Manual for Mine
Dispersing Subsystem, Aircraft: M56 and Mine Dispersing
Subsystem, Aircraft, Practice: M132 ................................................................................ TM 9-1345-201-12
Direct Support Maintenance Manual (Including Repair Parts and
Special Tools List) for Mine Dispersing Subsystem, Aircraft: M56 .................................... TM 9-1345-201-30&P
Operator's and Unit Maintenance Manual (Including Repair
Parts and Special Tools List) for Land Mines .................................................................... TM 9-1345-203-12&P
Organizational Maintenance Manual (Including Repair Parts and
Special Tools List) for Military Pyrotechnics ..................................................................... TM 9-1370-203-20&P
Operator's and Unit Maintenance Manual (Including Repair Parts
and Special Tools List) Demolition Materials .................................................................... TM 9-1375-213-12
Direct Support and General Support Maintenance Manual
(Including Repair Parts and Special Tools List) Demolition Materials ................................ TM 9-1375-213-34
Army Ammunition Data Sheets for Small Caliber Ammunition (FSC 1305) ............................. TM 43-0001-27
Army Ammunition Data Sheets for Artillery Ammunition:
Guns, Howitzers, Mortars, Recoilless Rifles, Grenade Launchers,
and Artillery Fuzes (FSC 1310, 1315, 1320, 1390) ........................................................... TM 43-0001-28
Army Ammunition Data Sheets for Grenades ......................................................................... TM 43-0001-29
Army Ammunition Data Sheets for Land Mines (FSC 1345) ................................................... TM 43-0001-36
Army Ammunition Data Sheets for Demolition Materials ......................................................... TM 43-0001-38
Storage and Materials Handling .............................................................................................. TM 743-200-1
Destruction of Conventional Ammunition and Improved Conventional
Munitions to Prevent Enemy Use (Excluding Toxic and
Incapacitating Chemical Agents) (For Combat Use) ......................................................... TM 750-244-5-1
Change 5 A-2
TM 9-1300-200
b. Technical Bulletins.
Department of Defense Explosives Hazard Classification Procedures .......................................... TB 700-2

Munitions, Restricted or Suspended ............................................................................................. TB 9-1300-385
Propellant Actuated Devices ........................................................................................................ TB 9-1377-200
Army Nuclear Weapon Equipment Records and Reporting Procedures ........................................ TB 9-1100-803-15
c. Supply Bulletins.
Army Adopted/Other Items Selected For Authorization/List

of Reportable Items ...................................................................................................................... SB 700-20
Federal Supply Classification: Part 1, Groups and Classes............................................................ SB 708-21
Department of Defense Ammunition Code (Cataloging Handbook H3) .......................................... SB 708-3
Ammunition Packing Material and Certain Specified Ammunition
Components ................................................................................................................................. SB 755-1
A-5. Supply Catalogs
FSC Group 13 Ammunition and Explosives (Classes 1305-1330) ................................................. SC 1305/30-IL

FSC Group 13 Ammunition and Explosives (Classes 1340-1398) ................................................. SC 1340/98-IL
Change 5 A-3
TM 9-1300-200
Change 5 A-4
TM 9-1300-200
INDEX
Paragraph Page
Accidents, reports. ....................................................................................................................... 1-2b 1-1

Adamsite (DM) ............................................................................................................................ 2-24f 2-21
Aerial Mines:
General.................................................................................................................................. 11-1 11-1
Tactical fighter dispenser systems: ....................................................................................... 11-8 11-7
Description ..................................................................................................................... 11-9 11-7
General ........................................................................................................................... 11-8 11-7
Operation ...................................................................................................................... 11-10 11-7
Packing ......................................................................................................................... 11-11 11-7
Painting and marking .................................................................................................... 11-12 11-7
Support Subsystems:
Description ..................................................................................................................... 11-4 11-2
General ........................................................................................................................... 11-3 11-1
Operation ........................................................................................................................ 11-5 11-3
Packing .......................................................................................................................... 11-6 11-3
Painting and marking....................................................................................................... 11-7 11-3
Scope ................................................................................................................................... 11-2 11-1
Amatol ...................................................................................................................................... 2-17e 2-15
Ammonium picrate .................................................................................................................... 2-17g 2-16
Ammunition, basic types:
Aerial mines ..............................................................................................................11-1— 11-12 11-1— 11-8
Artillery ammunition .......................................................................................................4-1— 4-22 4-1— 4-34
Bombs (Deleted)
Demolition materials ...................................................................................................... 8-1–8-13 8-1–8-21
Grenades ·...................................................................................................................... 6-1–6-10 6-1–6-15
Guided missiles ......................................................................................................... 12-1–12-12 12-1–12-6
Land mines ..................................................................................................................... 7-1–7-11 7-1–7-12
Propellant actuated devices .......................................................................................... 13-1–13-7 13-1–13-7
Pyrotechnics .................................................................................................................. 9-1–9-15 9-1–9-19
Rockets .......................................................................................................................... 5-1–5-12 5-1–5-7
Rocket motors .............................................................................................................. 5-13–5-17 5-7–5-12
Small arms ammunition ................................................................................................. 3-1–3-22 3-1–3-17
Artillery ammunition:
Blank .................................................................................................................................... 4-18 4-31
Boosters ............................................................................................................................... 4-11 4-18
Burster charge ....................................................................................................................... 4-10 4-18
Cartridge case ........................................................................................................................ 4-7 4-8
Classification .......................................................................................................................... 4-3 4-1
Dual purpose munitions ................................................................................................... 4-6i(12) 4-8
Dummy ammunition .............................................................................................................. 4-16 4-29
Fuzes ........................................................................................................................... 4-12–4-14 4-18–4-23
Identification ........................................................................................................................... 4-2 4-1
Improved conventional munitions (ICM) ........................................................................... 4-6i(11) 4-8
Marking.................................................................................................................................. 4-22
Packing.................................................................................................................................. 4-21 4-34
Practice rounds...................................................................................................................... 4-15 4-26
Precautions in firing .............................................................................................................. 4-20 4-33
Precautions in handling ......................................................................................................... 4-19 4-32
Primers .................................................................................................................................... 4-9 4-15
Projectiles................................................................................................................................ 4-6 4-3
Propellant temperature indicators ..................................................................................4-8b(4)(e) 4-15
Propelling charges ................................................................................................................... 4-8 4-9
Subcaliber ammunition ......................................................................................................... 4-17 4-29
Types....................................................................................................................................... 4-4 4-1
Bangalore Torpedoes ................................................................................................................ 8-11c 8-18
Basic types of ammunition. (See Ammunition, basic types.)
Change 5 Index 1
TM 9-1300-200
Paragraph Page
Benite ....................................................................................................................................... 2-13a 2-9
Bipropellant system (liquid propellants) ........................................................................................ 2-8b 2-5
Black powder .............................................................................................................................. 2-12 2-8
Blank ammunition (artillery) ......................................................................................................... 4-18 4-31
Basting machines................................................................................................................... 8-10c(6) 8-18
Blister gases ............................................................................................................................... 2-21 2-19
Blood and nerve poisons .............................................................................................................. 2-23 2-20
Bombs:
DELETED
Boobytrapping................................................................................................................................ 7-7 7-6

Boosters, artillery ammunition ..................................................................................................... 4-11 4-18
Boron-Potassium nitrate ............................................................................................................ 2-13c 2-9
Bourrelet (projectile) .................................................................................................................... 4-6b 4-3
Burster charge, artillery ammunition ............................................................................................ 4-10 4-18
Calibration...................................................................................................................................... -5g 1-3
Cap crimpers ....................................................................................................................... 8-10c(17) 8-18
Card data ..................................................................................................................................... 1-10 1-12
Care and precautions. (See Specific items.)
Cartridges
Grenade (rifle) ...................................................................................................................... 6-4a 6-6
Photoflash ............................................................................................................................. 9-11 9-18
Chemical agents (see also Gases):
Blister gases ......................................................................................................................... 2-21 2-19
Blood and nerve poisons ....................................................................................................... 2-23 2-20
Choking gases ...................................................................................................................... 2-22 2-20
Classification ........................................................................................................................ 2-20 2-19
General ................................................................................................................................. 2-19 2-19
Identification of ammunition containing chemical agents........................................................ 2-29 2-23
Incendiaries .......................................................................................................................... 2-26 2-22
Marking of ammunition containing chemical agents .............................................................. 2-29 2-23
Miscellaneous ........................................................................................................................ 2-28 2-23
Screening smokes ................................................................................................................. 2-25 2-21
Training and riot control gases ............................................................................................... 2-24 2-21
Choking gases (phosgene) ......................................................................................................... 2-22b 2-20
Classification:
Ammunition ............................................................................................................................. 1-3 1-1
Chemical agents ................................................................................................................... 2-19 2-19
CN-DM (tear gas and Adamsite).............................................................................................. 2-24c, f 2-21
Color coding ................................................................................................................................ 1-6d 1-5
Composite propellants. (See Propellants.)
Composition A.............................................................................................................................. 2-17 2-17
Composition B............................................................................................................................ 2-17p 2-17
Composition C (series) .............................................................................................................. 2-17q 2-18
Cyanogen chloride (CK) ..............................................................................................................223c 2-20
DDNP ........................................................................................................................................ 2-18c 2-19
Definitions, general (see also Specific items) ................................................................................ 1-3 1-1
Demolition explosives ................................................................................................................. 2-17 2-13
Demolition materials:
Care and precautions in handling .......................................................................................... 8-12 8-21
Classification ........................................................................................................................... 8-2 8-1
Demolition charges ........................................................................................................ 8-3--8-lle 8-1
Demolition kits ...................................................................................................................... 8-11 8-18
Detonating cord ...................................................................................................................... 8-9 8-11
Detonators ............................................................................................................................... 8-5 8-6
Destructors .............................................................................................................................. 8-6 8-8
Change 5 Index 2
TM 9-1300-200
Paragraph Page
Firing devices ...................................................................................................... 8-10 8-12
General ............................................................................................................... 8-1 8-1
Igniters................................................................................................................. 8-7 8-10
Packaging and marking........................................................................................ 8-13 8-21
Priming and initiating materials ............................................................................ 8-4 8-6
Double-base propellants. (See Propellants.)
DP (diphosgene) ........................................................................................................ 2-22c 2-20
Dynamite .................................................................................................................. 2-17l 2-17
Earth rod explosive kit ............................................................................................... 8-11d 8-18
Eimite ........................................................................................................................ 2-13b 2-9
Explosive and chemical agents:
Chemical agents ................................................................................................. 2-19–2-29 2-19–2-23
High explosives ................................................................................................... 2-15–2-18 2-11–2-18
Low explosives .................................................................................................... 2-11–2-14 2-6–2-9
Propellants........................................................................................................... 2-1–2-9 2-1–2-5
Explosive charges. (See Demolition charges.)
Explosive destructors ................................................................................................. 8-6 8-8
Explosive trains:
Fuze explosive .................................................................................................... 2-12c(2) 2-8
High explosive .................................................................................................... 2-15–5-4a 2-11–5-2
Low explosive ...................................................................................................... 2-11 2-6
Propellant explosive............................................................................................. 5-4b 5-2
Fires, reports of.......................................................................................................... 1-2c 1-1

Firing data.................................................................................................................. 1-11 1-12
Firing devices, demolition .......................................................................................... 8-10 8-12
Flame-thrower fuels ................................................................................................... 2-27 2-23
Flares. (See Pyrotechnics.)
Forms ........................................................................................................................ 1-2 1-1
Fragmentation explosives .......................................................................................... 2-17 2-13
FS ............................................................................................................................ 2-25c 2-22
Fuzes:
Artillery ammunition ............................................................................................. 4-12 4-18
Bombs ................................................................................................................. 10-4 10-11
Guided missiles (Safety and arming devices)....................................................... 12-8 123
Land mines .......................................................................................................... 7-3b, 7b, 7-1, 7-4
7-5b
Rockets................................................................................................................ 5-13 5-7
Galvanometer, blasting .............................................................................................. 8-10c() 8-18
Gases (see also Chemical agents):
Blister .................................................................................................................. -21 2-19
Blood and nerve poisons...................................................................................... 2-23 2-20
Casualty............................................................................................................... 2-20a(1) 2-19
Choking ............................................................................................................... 2-22 2-20
Military................................................................................................................. 2-20a 2-19
Simulated military ................................................................................................ 2-20d 2-20
Training and riot control ....................................................................................... 2-20a(2) 2-19
GB gas....................................................................................................................... 2-23d 2-20
Grading ammunition................................................................................................... 1-8 1-12
Grenades:
Adapters and clips ............................................................................................... 6-4b, d 6-6, 6-7
Care and precautions in handling ........................................................................ 6-7 615
Classification ....................................................................................................... 6-2 6-1
General 2............................................................................................................. 1 6-1
Grenade cartridges .............................................................................................. 6-4c 6-6
Hand.................................................................................................................... 6-3 6-3
Grenade launcher ................................................................................................ 6-4a 6-6
Packing................................................................................................................ 6-6 6-12
Painting and marking ........................................................................................... 6-6 6-12
Precautions in firing ............................................................................................. 6-9 6-15
Rifle grenades...................................................................................................... 6-4 6-6
Special precautions.............................................................................................. 6-10 6-15
Types................................................................................................................... 6-5 6-7
Index 3
TM 9-1300-200
Paragraph Page
Guided missiles:
Aerodynamic structure ......................................................................................................12-4 12-2
Care, handling, and preservation ......................................................................................12-11 12-6
Classification ....................................................................................................................12-2 12-2
Control and guidance systems ..........................................................................................12-5 12-2
Electrical power system ....................................................................................................12-9 12-5
General.............................................................................................................................12-1 12-1
Identification .....................................................................................................................12-3 12-2
Packing and marking ........................................................................................................12-12 12-6
Launchers .........................................................................................................................12-10 12-5
Propulsion system.............................................................................................................12-6 12-3
Safety and arming devices................................................................................................12-8 12-3
Warheads .........................................................................................................................12-7 12-3
Hand grenades. (See Grenades.)
H (mustard gas) ......................................................................................................................2-21a 2-19
HBX ...................................................................................................................................2-17n 2-17
HC ...................................................................................................................................2-25d 2-22
HD ...................................................................................................................................2-21b 2-19
HL ...................................................................................................................................2-21f 2-21
HMX ...................................................................................................................................2-17r 2-21
HN-1 ...................................................................................................................................2-21c(1) 2-19
HN-2 ...................................................................................................................................2-21c(2) 2-20
HN-3 ...................................................................................................................................2-21c(3) 2-20
HT ...................................................................................................................................2-21d 2-20
High explosives:
Classification ....................................................................................................................2-16 2-13
Definition and terms..........................................................................................................2-1a 2-11
Demolition and fragmentation ...........................................................................................2-17 2-13
General.............................................................................................................................2-15 2-11
High explosive train ..........................................................................................................2-15b 2-12
Initiating and priming:
Diazodinitrophenol (DDNP).........................................................................................2-18c 2-19
Lead azide..................................................................................................................2-18a 2-18
Lead styphnate ...........................................................................................................218b 2-18
Primer compositions ...................................................................................................2-15a(9) 2-11
Hydrocyanic acid (AC) ...............................................................................................2-23b 2-20
Identification of ammunition:
Ammunition containing hazardous filler.............................................................................1-6b 1-3
Data card ..........................................................................................................................1-4f (4) 1-3
DODAC ...........................................................................................................................1-4c 1-2
FIIN .................................................................................................................................. 1-4b 1-2
FSN .................................................................................................................................. 1-4d 1-2
Lot number ....................................................................................................................... 1-4f 1-2
Marking ............................................................................................................................ 1-5 1-3
Model................................................................................................................................ 1-4e 1-2
Standard nomenclature..................................................................................................... 1-4a 1-2
Type designation............................................................................................................... 1-4 1-2
Igniters (time blasting fuse) ..................................................................................................... 8-7 8-10
Incendiaries:
Flame-thrower fuels ......................................................................................................... 2-27 2-23
Incendiary mixture (PTI) (PTV) ......................................................................................... 2-26f 2-23
Incendiary oils (IM and NP)............................................................................................... 2-26d, e 2-23
Magnesium ....................................................................................................................... 2-26c 2-22
Thermate .......................................................................................................................... 2-26f 2-23
Thermite ........................................................................................................................... 2-26a 2-22
Inspection ............................................................................................................................... 1-8 1-12
Land mines:
Antipersonnel mines ......................................................................................................... 7-3, 7-4 7-1
Antitank mines .................................................................................................................. 7-5, 7-6 7-4
Boobytrapping................................................................................................................... 7-7 7-6
Care and precautions in handling ...................................................................................... 7-10 7-10
Chemical mines ................................................................................................................ 7-8a 7-8
Classification and identification ......................................................................................... 7-2 7-1
Index 4
C1, TM 9-1300-200
Paragraph Page
Land mines-Continued
Firing devices .................................................................................................................. 7-9 7-10
General............................................................................................................................. 7-1 7-1
Incendiary bursters............................................................................................................ 7-8b 7-9
Packing and marking ........................................................................................................ 7-11 7-12
Launchers, rocket.................................................................................................................... 5-1 5-6
Lead azide .............................................................................................................................. 2-18a 2-18
Lead styphnate........................................................................................................................ 2-18b 2-18
Lewisite (L).............................................................................................................................. 2-21e 2-20
Liquid propellants. (See Propellants.)
Lot number.............................................................................................................................. 1-4f 1-2
Low explosives:
Black powder ................................................................................................................... 2-12 2-8
Characteristics .................................................................................................................. 2-11c 2-6
Definition ......................................................................................................................... 2-11a 2-6
General ............................................................................................................................ 2-11 2-6
Low-explosive train ........................................................................................................... 2-11d 2-6
Pyrotechnic compositions ................................................................................................. 2-14 2-9
Magnesium ............................................................................................................................. 2-26c 2-22
Malfunctions............................................................................................................................ 1-2d 1-1
Marking (see also Specific items): .......................................................................................... 1-7 1-12
Mines (See Land or Aerial mines.)
Monopropellant system (liquid propellants) ............................................................................. 2-8a 2-5
Mox-type mixtures................................................................................................................... 2-13d 2-9
Mustard gas (H) ...................................................................................................................... 2-21a 2-19
Mustard gas, simulated ........................................................................................................... 2-28a 2-23
Nerve poisons ......................................................................................................................... 2-23a 2-20
Nitrocellulose propellants ........................................................................................................ 2-2a 2-1
Nitrostarch explosives ............................................................................................................ 2-17k 2-16
Nomenclature.......................................................................................................................... 1-4a 1-2
Ogive (projectile) .................................................................................................................... 4-6a 4-3
Packing (see also Specific items)............................................................................................ 1-7 1-12
Painting................................................................................................................................... 1-6 1-3
PETN ...................................................................................................................................... 2-17b 2-15
Pentolite.................................................................................................................................. 2-17i 2-16
Phosgene (CG) ....................................................................................................................... 2-22b 2-20
Photoflash cartridges............................................................................................................... 9-11 9-18
Picratol.................................................................................................................................... 2-17h 2-16
Picric acid ............................................................................................................................... 2-17f 2-16
Precautions (handling and firing). (See also Specific items.)
Precautions in use of ammunition ........................................................................................... 1-10 1-12
Primer compositions (high explosives) .................................................................................... 2-15a(9) 2-11
Primers:
Artillery ammunition .......................................................................................................... 4-9 4-15
Demolition equipment ....................................................................................................... 8-4 8-6
Small arms ammunition .................................................................................................... 3-2c 3-6
Priming and initiating materials (demolition equipment)........................................................... 8-4 8-6
Priority of issue ....................................................................................................................... 1-9 1-12
Projectiles. (See Artillery ammunition.)
Propellant actuated devices:
Care and precautions in handling ...................................................................................... 13-7 13-7
Cartridges ......................................................................................................................... 13-6 13-4
Cutters.............................................................................................................................. 13-4 13-1
Explosive embedment anchor........................................................................................... 13-3 13-1
General............................................................................................................................. 13-1 13-1
Identification ..................................................................................................................... 13-2 13-1
Parachute ejector.............................................................................................................. 13-5 13-1
Propellant temperature indicators............................................................................................4-8b(4)(e) 4-1
Index 5
TM 9-1300-200
Paragraph Page
Propellants:
Characteristics ........................................................................................................... 2-3 2-2
Classification ............................................................................................................. 2-2 2-1
Composite ................................................................................................................. 2-6 2-5
Double-base .............................................................................................................. 2-5 2-4
For small arms........................................................................................................... 2-4d 2-4
General...................................................................................................................... 2-1 2-1
Liquid ...................................................................................................................... 2-7-2-10 2-5
Nitrocellulose ............................................................................................................. 2-2a 2-1
Single-base................................................................................................................ 2-4 24
Solid ...................................................................................................................... 2-1–2-6 2-1–2-6
Propelling charges. (See Artillery ammunition.)
Pyrotechnics:
Bombs (Deleted)
Candlepower (table 9-1)............................................................................................. 9-3 9-3
Care and precautions in handling .............................................................................. 9-13 9-20.1
Classification ............................................................................................................. 9-2 9
Complete round ......................................................................................................... 9-1a 9-1
Flares:
Aircraft................................................................................................................. 9-5 9-4
Ground ................................................................................................................ 9-6 9-7
Guide .................................................................................................................. 9-7 9-7
Ramjet engine igniters ......................................................................................... 9--8 9-7
Tracking .............................................................................................................. 9-9 9-7
General...................................................................................................................... 9-1 9-1
Identification .............................................................................................................. 9-1d 9-1
Ignition train............................................................................................................... 9-1b 9-1
Packing and marking ................................................................................................. 9-15 9-19
Photoflash cartridges ................................................................................................. 9-11 9-19
Precautions in firing ................................................................................................... 9-14 9-19
Projection .................................................................................................................. 9-1e 9-1
Pyrotechnic compositions .......................................................................................... 9-1c 9-1
Signals ..................................................................................................................... 9-10 9-7
Training pyrotechnics................................................................................................. 9-12 9-19
Types ...................................................................................................................... 9-4 9-4
Visibility ..................................................................................................................... 9-3 9-3
RDX ...................................................................................................................... 2-17c 2-15

Recommended changes................................................................................................... 1-2f 1-1
Reports ...................................................................................................................... 1-2 1-1
Rifle grenades (See Grenades.)
Rockets:
Aircraft ...................................................................................................................... 5-25, 5-26 5-13
Application................................................................................................................. 5-2 5-1
Classification ............................................................................................................. 5-4 5-1
Complete round, general............................................................................................ 5-5 5-3
Explosive train ........................................................................................................... 5-6 5-3
Fuzes ...................................................................................................................... 5-17, 5-18 5-6
General...................................................................................................................... 5-1 5-1
Ground-to-ground ...................................................................................................... 5-23, 5-24 5-12, 5-13
Identification .............................................................................................................. 5-19 5-7
Launchers .................................................................................................................. 5-15 ,5-16 5-6
Marking...................................................................................................................... 5-19 5-7
Motors ...................................................................................................................... 5-13, 5-14 5-4, 5-5
Painting ..................................................................................................................... 5-19 5-7
Packing...................................................................................................................... 5-20 5-7
Precautions................................................................................................................ 5-27— 5-30 5-13, 5-14
Principles of rocket propulsion
Shoulder-fired ............................................................................................................ 5-21, 5-22 5-11
Warheads .................................................................................................................. 5-7— 5-12 5-3, 5-4
Rotating band (projectile) ................................................................................................. 4-6d 4-3
Safety, reports.................................................................................................................. 1-2e 1-1
Scope of manual ............................................................................................................. 1-1 1-1
Change 5 Index 6
TM 9-1300-200
Paragraph Page
Scatterable mines:
Canister assembly .................................................................................................... 11-5b 11-6
Container CNU-79/E .................................................................................................. 11-6b 11-8
Container M602 ........................................................................................................ 11-6c 11-8
Dispenser pallet ........................................................................................................ 11-5d 11:6
Firing ...................................................................................................................... 11-5e 11-7
General...................................................................................................................... 11-3 11-1
Mine dispenser .......................................................................................................... 11-5a 11-6
Mine release ............................................................................................................. 11.5c 11-6
Operational procedures ............................................................................................. 11-2b 11-1
Painting and marking ................................................................................................. 11-7b 11-8
Practice and inert types ............................................................................................. 11-4b 11-6
Shipping and storage containers ............................................................................... 11-6 11-8
Screening smokes:
Hexachloroethane-zinc (HC) ...................................................................................... 2-25d 2-22
Sulfur trioxide-chorosulfonic acid (FS) ....................................................................... 2-25c 2-22
White phosphorus (WP) and plasticized white phosphorus IPWP) ............................. 2-22a,b 2-20
Security classification....................................................................................................... 1-3c(2) 1-2
Shipping regulations, classification of ammunition............................................................ 1-3c 1-2
Signals, pyrotechnic. (See Pyrotechnics.)
Simulators ...................................................................................................................... 9-12 9-19
Single-base propellants. (See Propellants.)
Small arms ammunition:
Care, handling and preservation ................................................................................ 3-21 3-16
Cartridges:
Armor-piercing..................................................................................................... 3-6 3-11
Armor-piercing-incendiary ................................................................................... 3-7 3-11
Armor-piercing-incendiary-tracer ......................................................................... 3-8 3-11
Ball ..................................................................................................................... 3-3 3-10
Blank .................................................................................................................. 3-11 3-12
Duplex ................................................................................................................ 3-9 3-11
Dummy (See Special purpose.)
Frangible ............................................................................................................ 3-13 3-12
Grenade ............................................................................................................. 3-12 3-12
High-explosive incendiary.................................................................................... 3-15 3-12
High-pressure test ............................................................................................... 3-18 3-15
Incendiary ........................................................................................................... 3-14 3-12
Match ................................................................................................................. 3-5 3-11
Special purpose................................................................................................... 3-18 3-14
Spotter-tracer ..................................................................................................... 3-10 3-12
TP, TP-T ............................................................................................................ 3-16,3-17 3-12
Tracer.................................................................................................................. 3-4 3-10
General...................................................................................................................... 3-1 3-1
Metallic links and clips .............................................................................................. 3-19 3-15
Packing and identification marking ............................................................................ 3-20 3-16
Precautions in firing .................................................................................................. 3-22 3-17
Types of cartridges .................................................................................................... 3-3–3-18 3-10
Smoke, screening. (See Screening smoke.)
Solid propellant. (See Propellants.)
Subcaliber ammunition .................................................................................................... 4-17 4-29
Change 2 Index 7
TM 9-1300-200
Paragraph Page
Tables:
Primary use code (table 1-1) ........................................................................................... 1-6 1-3
Ammunition color coding (table 1-2) ................................................................................ 1-6 1-3
Characteristics of low explosives (table 2-1) .................................................................... 2-14 2-9
Pyrotechnic types and candlepower (table 9-1) ................................................................ 9-3 9-3
Tear gas (CN, CNB and CNS) ......................................................................................... 2-24 2-21
Tetryl ............................................................................................................................ 13
Tetrytol ............................................................................................................................ 2-17 2-16
Thermate (TH) ................................................................................................................ 22
Thermite (TH) .................................................................................................................. 2-26a 2-22
TNT ............................................................................................................................ 2-17a 2-15
Trainer, artillery field ....................................................................................................... 4-15d 4-28
Training (practice):
Artillery ammunition ......................................................................................................... 4-15 4-26
Gases ............................................................................................................................ 2-24 2-21
Grenades ........................................................................................................................ 6-3b(2) 8-1-6
Inert firing devices............................................................................................................ 8-10b(3) 8-15
Practice mines ................................................................................................................. 7-4,7-6 7-1,7-6
Pyrotechnics ................................................................................................................... 9-12 9-19
Small-arms ammunition ................................................................................................... 3-17,3-18 3-14
Tritonal ............................................................................................................................ 2-17m 2-17
VX gas ............................................................................................................................ 2-23e 2-21
Warheads:
Chemical and smoke........................................................................................................ 5-10 5-4
Flechette ......................................................................................................................... 5-7 5-3
High explosive ................................................................................................................ 5-8 5-4
High-explosive antitank .................................................................................................... 5-9 5-4
Practice ........................................................................................................................... 5-12 5-4
Spotting ........................................................................................................................... 5-11 5-4
White phosphorus (WP) and plasticized white phosphorus (PWP) ................................... 2-25a, b 2-22
Windshield (projectile)...................................................................................................... 4-6a 4-3
Change 2 Index 8
TM 9-1300-200
W. C. WESTMORELAND,
General, United States Army,
Official: Chief of Staff.
KENNETH G. WICKHAM,
Major General, United States Army,
The Adjutant General.
Distribution:
Active Army:
USASA (2) Br Svc Sch (12) except
DCSLOG (2) USAOC&S (200)
CNGB (1) USACMLCS (100)
CofEngrs (4) USA FA Sch (100)
USAMB(2) USAARMS (100)
USAMC(12) USA Msl & Muns CEO & Sch (300)
USAECOM(2) Army Dep (2) except
USAMECOM(2) SVAD (50)
USAWECOM(2) LEAD (4)
USAMUCOM(10) Gen Dep (2)
USAMICOM(10) Ord Sec, Gen Dep (5)
USATACOM(2) Ord Dep (5)
USATECOM(2) Arsenals (4) except
USCONARC(3) Edgewood (10)
ARADCOM(2) Picatinny (75)
ARADCOM Rgn (2) PG (2)
OS Maj Comd (2) except PMS Sr Div Ord Units (1)
USAREUR (5) POE (2)
LOGCOMD (2) USARMIS (2)
MDW (1) MAAG (2)
Armies (2) except MTMTS (2)
First (5) EAMTMTS (2)
Corps (2) WAMTMTS (2)
Div (2) JBUSMC (2)
Instl (2) JUSMAAG (2)
Svc Colleges (20) Fld Comd, DASA (1)
Log Con Ofc (2)
ARNG: State AG (3); units-same as Active Army except allowance is one (1) copy each
USAR: None
PIN: 027356-000

Ammunition General

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TM 9-1300-200

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY TECHNICAL MANUAL

This copy is a reprint which includes current

HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

TM 9-1300-200, 3 October 1969, is changed as follows:

Remove pages Insert pages

3. File this change in front of the publication for reference purposes.

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

TM 9-1300-200, 3 October 1969 is changed as follows:

1. Make the following pen-and-ink change:

Cross out Retain color illustration

Remove pages Insert pages

3. File this change in front of the publication for reference purposes.

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

TM 9-1300-200, 3 October 1969, is changed as follows:

Remove Pages Insert Pages

2. File this change in front of the publication for reference purposes.

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

TM 9-1300-200, 3 October 1969, is changed as follows:

2. File this change in front of the publication for reference purposes.

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

INSERT LATEST CHANGED PAGES.

TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES IN THIS PUBLICATION IS 242

Page * Change Page *Change

Cover 0 2-24 blank 0

* Zero indicates an original page.

LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES cont.

Page * Change Page *Change

7-11 and 7-12 5 9-17 thru 9-20 1

* Zero indicates an original page.

1-1 Color identification of typical pyrotechnic items .................................................................................... 1-4

4-22 Time fuse, powder train ................................................................................................................... 4-23

11-1 Sequence of mine functioning ........................................................................................................... 11-1

THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

Section II. GENERAL DISCUSSION

1-3. Classification based on the following:

a. Ammunition is classified according to its (1) Standardization (standard, substitute

Type of Ammunition Body Markings Band

High Explosive,(HE), Olive Drab Yellow None

Type of Ammunition Body Markings Band

Practice Blue White

Inert (training) ammunition Bronze,

Change 4 1-2.3 (1-2.4 blank)

1-5. Marking a. Primary Use. The color indicating primary use

Table 1-2. Ammunition Color Coding

Table 1-2. Ammunition Color Coding - Continued

Table 1-2. Ammunition Color Coding - Continued

Table 1-2. Ammunition Color Coding - Continued

1-7. Packing and Marking 1-10. Precautions

1-9. Priority of Issue WARNING

THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

Section I. SOLID PROPELLANTS

2-1. General and physical requirements, rather than on the basis of

Figure 2-1. Shapes and forms of propellant grains.

Figure 2-2. Relative sizes of propellant grains.

Figure 2-3. Burning of propellant grains.

Figure 2-4. Progressive burning of propellant grains (multiperforated).

(4) Progressive burning. A triperforated grain 2-4. Single-Base Propellants

a colloided mixture of nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine. nitroglycerine, composite propellant is a mixture of an

2-8. Classification 2-10. Materials

Figure 2-6. Explosive trains-artillery ammunition.

Table 2-1. Characteristics of Low Explosives