II
Praveen: Congrats on your high score. Keep
it up.
áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ≤ƒCµç-*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊
éπçví¬ö¸q.
Naveen: Thank you. But I left out two ques-
tions. If had answered them, I could
have scored still higher.
È®çúø’ questions ´C-™‰-¨»†’. ¢√öÀE
answer îËÆæ’çõ‰, ØËEçé¬ áèπ◊\´
´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-LÍí¢√úÕE.
Praveen: Don't worry. Your marks are high
enough. Better luck next time.
Worry
Å´èπ◊. F ´÷®Ω’\©’ É°æ¤púø’ áèπ◊\-
´-í¬ØË ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. ´îËa-≤ƒJ F Åü¿%≠ædç
¶«í∫’ç-ú≈L ÅE Ø√éÓ-Jéπ.
Naveen: Thank you. But for your help I could-
n't (could not) have scored so high.
Thank you for all your help.
ü∑∆uçé˙q.. F Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ؈çûª
áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁaéÓí∫LÍí¢√úÕE
鬆’.
Score = marks. Score high = áèπ◊\´ marks
ûÁa-éÓ-´ôç. High score = áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’
Praveen: You are welcome. It is your hard
work more than my help that got you
these marks.
Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’çéπØ√o F éπ%Ê≠ FéπEo
´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁ*a-°-öÀdçC.
Naveen: The college is a good college too.
The teaching is good. Had it not
been for the teachers, many could
not have passed.
College èπÿú≈ ´’ç*üË.
Teachers
¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.
Teaching
Ééπ\úø íÌ°æp-¢√∞¡Ÿx
pass
é¬éπ-§ÚûË î√™«-´’çC -Å-ßË’u¢√∞¡Ÿx
é¬ü¿’.
Praveen: True. The college can be proud of
its Lecturers. The college wouldn't
have become so famous without
them.
college Lecturers
Eï¢Ë’. Ñ éÀ í∫®Ωy-
College
é¬-®Ωùç. ¢√∞¡x-´©x é¬éπ-§ÚûË, èπ◊-
Åçûªfame ÖçúËC é¬ü¿’ (é¬F ÖçC)
Naveen: If I had not advised your father, he
would have put you in some other
college and you would have faced
problems.
؈’ O’ Ø√†o-èπ◊ Ææ©£æ… Éaç-úø-éπ-§ÚûË O’
Ø√†o- EEoçéÓ College ™ îËÍ®a-¢√®Ω’.
Å°æ¤púø’ -†’-´¤-y éπ≥ƒd-™„-ü¿’-®Ó\-¢√-™Ôq-îËaC.
Praveen: O.K. I must be leaving. I should
have been at college by 10 for the
certificates. I am late. Bye.
College
ØË-†’ ¢Á-∞«xL. ™ certificates
10
BÆæ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ í∫çô-©èπ◊ Öçú≈-LqçC.
Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’içC. ´≤ƒh.
Naveen: Bye.
µ In the last few lessons we studied the uses
of Would have been, Would have + Past
Participle, should have been, should have
+ pp.
a) would have been = ÖçúË ¢√úË/ ÖçúËüË (™‰ü¿’)
would have + pp = ïJ-ÍíüË é¬F ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’.
wouldn't (would not) have been = ÖçúËC
é¬ü¿’ (é¬F ÖçC)/ ÖçúË¢√úø’é¬ü¿’ (é¬F ÖØ√oúø’)
Wouldn't have + pp = (ã °æE) ïJ-ÍíC é¬ü¿’
(é¬F ïJ-TçC)
b) should have been = Öçú≈-LqçC (NCµí¬)/
Öçú≈-Lq† ¢√úø’ (NCµí¬) é¬E ™‰ü¿’/-™‰úø’
shouldn't (should not) have been =
Öçú≈-LqçC é¬ü¿’ (é¬F ÖçC) / Öçú≈-Lq-†-¢√úø’
é¬ü¿’- (é¬E ÖØ√oúø’)
should have done =
îËߪ÷-LqçC (NCµí¬) é¬F îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.
should n't (should not have done)
îË-ߪ÷-Lqç-C é¬-ü¿’ -é¬-F îË-¨»®Ω’.
ÉD Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬ ´’†ç imaginary past forms †’
í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o N≠æ-ߪ÷©’.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
Now look at the following sentences from the
conversation at the beginning of the lesson:
1) I could have scored still higher marks.
2) I couldn't (could not) have scored so high
3) Many couldn't have passed
4) The college wouldn't have become so
famous
5) He would have put you in some other college
6) You would have faced problems
7) I should have been at college by 10
Look at the underline verbs in the sen-
tences above:
1) Could have scored 2) couldn't have
scored, 3) couldn't have passed 4) wouldn't
have become 5) would have put 6) would
have faced 7) should have been.
We know the uses of verbs No. 4, 5, 6 and 7.
Now let's look at verbs No. 1, 2, and 3.
We see that the verb form is could have +
past participle.
Could have been / could have + PP are two
more imaginary past forms.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 141
She could have been the PM
could have been = Öçúø-í∫-L-Íí-C/- Öç-úø-í∫-LÍí¢√úË
(é¬E ™‰ü¿’/ ™‰úø’)
a) She could have been the Prime Minister=
ÇNúø v°æüµ∆-†-´’çvAí¬ Öçúø-í∫-L-ÍíüË (é¬E ™‰ü¿’)
[could Åçõ‰ past ability E ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC éπü∆–
Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ Öçúø-í∫-©í∫ôç/ îËߪ’-í∫-©í∫-ö«Eo
ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC– í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆]
b) Mrs Sonia Gandhi could have been the PM
if she had wanted =
PM
Ç¢Á’ ņ’-èπ◊-†o-ôd-®·ûË, í¬ Öçúø-í∫-L-ÍíüË.
PM
(ņ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’, í¬ ™‰ü¿’)
c) I could have been there even at 10-
if the
Åéπ\úø ؈’ °æCç-öÀÍé Öçúø-í∫-L-Íí-¢√-úÕØË,
train hadn't been late.
train Train
Ç©Ææuç Å´-èπ◊çú≈Öçõ‰. ( ´©x – ™‰†’)
d) How could she have been here?=
Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø ᙫ Öçúø-í∫-L-ÍíC? (Åçõ‰ ™‰ü¿E éπü∆)
Krishna: She should have been here at 10.
(Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø 10éÀ Öçú≈-LqçC) (é¬F ™‰ü¿’)
Vishnu: How could she have been here when
she had a class.
class
(Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Öçõ‰, ᙫ Öçúø-í∫-L-ÍíC?)
(Åçü¿’-éπE ™‰ü¿’)
e) If I had not given her a lift, she couldn't have
been here on time =
lift time
؈’ É´y-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰ Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø èπ◊ Öçúø-
lift
í∫-L-ÍíC é¬ü¿’– Éî√a†’, Ç¢Á’ Öçúø-í∫-L-TçC, ÖçC)
f)≤ÚEߪ÷ PM í¬ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ -Åç-Uéπ-Jç-ç-õ‰,
Manmohan Singh, PM í¬ Öçúø-í∫-LÍí¢√úø’é¬ü¿’.
If Sonia Gandhi had agreed to be the PM,
Manmohan Singh couldn't have been the PM.
°j´Fo could have been/ couldn't have been
sentences.
¢√úÕ†
conversation could have
É°æ¤púø’ ™E
Éûª®Ω verbs îª÷ü∆lç.
1) I could have scored still higher marks=
Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-L-Íí-¢√-úÕØË (ûÁa-
éÓ-™‰éπ§Úߪ÷)
Åçõ‰ could have + past participle Å®Ωnç, äéπ
°æE á´-È®jØ√ îËߪ’-í∫-L-Íí-¢√∞Ïx, Å®·ûË îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-
§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’ ÅE.
Å™«Íí couldn't (could not) have + past
participle Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç– (á´-È®jØ√) äéπ °æE-îËߪ’™‰éπ-
§Ú-ßË’-¢√Í® é¬E îËߪ’-í∫-L-í¬®Ω’ ÅE.
í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 13 - -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
2) I couldn't have scored so high If he had been there, he could have got a
Åçûª áèπ◊\´ marks ûÁa-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ßË’-¢√-úÕE (é¬F share. (If clause verb - had been; Main
clause verb could have got)=
ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-L-í¬-†’/ -ûÁ-a-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.)
3) Many couldn't have passed ¢√úø-éπ\úø Ö†o-ôx-®·ûË, ¢√úÓ ¶µ«í∫ç §Òçü¿-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úË.
(™‰úø’, §Òçü¿-™‰-ü¿’)
î√-™«-´’çC pass 鬙‰-éπ-§Ú-ßË’-¢√Í® (é¬E Å-ߪ÷u®Ω’) a) †’¢Ìyéπ\ EN’≠æç ´·çü¿’ ´îª’açõ‰, Fèπ◊ ®Ω÷.
Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ.
But for my help, he couldn't have got the
1000 é¬ü¿’, ®Ω÷. 10000 É´y-í∫-LÍí¢√úÕØË =
If you had come a minute earlier, I could
job.
have given you not just Rs 1000, but even
Ø√ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’¢Ë’ ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Åûªú≈ ÖüÓuí∫ç §Òçü¿-™‰-éπ-
Rs 10000.
§Ú-ßË’-¢√úË. (Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ´©x §Òçü¿-í∫-L-í¬úø’). (†’¢Ìyéπ\ EN’≠æç Ç©Ææuç Åߪ÷u´¤,
But for the timely rains, we couldn't have
ØËØËO’ É´y-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’.)
b) British §ƒ©† ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ î√™« ÅGµ-´%Cl¥ -
had such a harvest=
îÁçü¿-í∫-L-ÍíüË–
Ææ鬩ç-™ ´®√{©’ ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ´’†-N’çûª ´’ç* India could have progressed a lot if the
°æçô©’ §Òçü¿-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ßË’-¢√∞¡xç British had not ruled it.
(Ææ鬩 ´®√{© -´-©x – °æçô ¶«í¬ §Òçü¿-í∫-Lí¬ç) c) ††oߪ’ îªE-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ω-û√Eo °æ‹Jh îËߪ’-
(Harvest = £æ…¢ÁÆˇd = °æçô éÓûª/- °æçô)
í∫-L-Íí-¢√úË=
If Nannaya had not died he could have com-
If I had answered two
pleted the Mahabharatam.
more questions, I could
have got 100%= d) ¢√∞¡Ÿx car ™ ¢Á∞¡x-èπ◊çõ‰ ü¿®Ωz†ç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-L-Íí-¢√∞¡Ÿx
ÉçéÓ È®çúø’ v°æ¨¡o-©èπ◊ ï¢√- 鬮Ω’=
•’©’ ®√Ææ’çõ‰ †÷öÀéÀ If they had not taken the car, they could not
†÷®Ω’ ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-L-Íí-¢√-úÕØË. have had the darsanam. (Could not have +
(Two questions ´C-™‰-
pp of have - had)
¨»†’– 100 èπ◊ 100 ûÁa-éÓ- M. SURESAN
e) ´çô éπ~ùç™ °æ‹Jh îËߪ’-í∫-LÍíü∆ØËo gas î√L-†çûª
™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷.) Öçõ‰=
°j sentence ™ If clause verb had answered I could have completed cooking in a jiffy, if
-had + PP there had been enough gas
Would have been/ would have + PP, main in a jiffy = éπ~ùç™
clause verb Å®·ûË if clause verb, had been/ ÉD could have been/ could have + pp, mean-
had + PP Öçú≈-©E Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç, ing and use
í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆. Could have been/ could have a) would have been, would have + pp
+ PP, main clause very Å®·ûË èπÿú≈ ü∆EéÀ b) should have been, should have + pp
combination, If clause verb - had been/ had c) could have been, could have + pp
+ PP ØË. °j verbs ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E ¢√úøôç î√™« ´·êuç.
IMAGINARY PAST FORMS
IF CLAUSE
VERB FORMS MAIN CLAUSE
(verb-forms)
ÖçúË-üË/ -Öç-úË-¢√∞Ïx é¬F ™‰ü¿’/- ™‰®Ω’.
been not ûÓ ÖçúËC é¬ü¿’/ -Öç-úË-¢√∞¡Ÿx 鬮Ω’
Had been
é¬F ÖçC/ -Ö-Ø√o®Ω’
Would have Had + pp
äéπ °æE ïJ-Íí-C/- ä-éπ®Ω’ -äéπ °æE-îË-ÊÆ-¢√®Ω’
Past
é¬F ï®Ω-í∫-™‰-ü¿’/- îË-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’.
participle
Not ûÓ äéπ °æE ïJ-ÍíCé¬ü¿’/ -ä-éπ®Ω’ äéπ °æE
îËÊÆ¢√®Ω’é¬ü¿’ é¬E ïJ-Tç-C/- îË-¨»®Ω’.
been
Öçú≈-LqçC é¬F ™‰ü¿’/- ™‰úø’
Not ûÓ Öçú≈-LqçC é¬ü¿’, é¬F ÖçúÕçC/ Ö-Ø√o®Ω’
Should have
ûÓ Ö†o
Past äéπ °æE ï®Ω-í¬-Lqç-C/ äéπ®Ω’ äéπ °æE îËߪ÷-LqçC -
(NCµí¬) participle é¬E ï®Ω-í∫-™‰-ü¿’/ -îË-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’
Not ûÓ ï®Ω-í∫-èπÿ-úø-E-C/ -îË-ߪ’-èπÿ-úø-EC
ïJ-Tç-C/- îË-¨»®Ω’.
been
Öçúø-í∫-LÍíüË/- Öç-úø-í∫-LÍí-¢√úË é¬F ™‰ü¿’/- ™‰úø’
not ûÓ Öçúø-í∫-LÍíC é¬ü¿’/- Öç-úø-í∫-LÍí¢√úø’é¬ü¿’,
Had been
Could have é¬E Öçúø-í∫-L-Tç-C/ -Öç-úø-í∫-Lí¬®Ω’
Had + pp
(Ability) Past
Å´-í∫-LÍíüË/- îË-ߪ’-í∫-LÍí¢√∞Ïx, é¬EÅ´-™‰-ü¿’/-îË-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’
participle Not ûÓ Å´-í∫-LÍíCé¬ü¿’/- îË-ߪ’-í∫-LÍí¢√∞¡Ÿxé¬ü¿’/
-é¬F Å®·ç-C/- îË-ߪ’-í∫-Lí¬®Ω’.
II
Pramod: Prakash didn't attend our party yes-
terday. What might have been the
reason?
(v°æ鬨¸ E†o ´’† §ƒKdéÀ ®√™‰ü¿’. 鬮Ω-ù-¢Ë’¢Á’i
ÖçúÌa?)
Prabhat: He might have been out of town or
he might have forgotten. When did
you last tell him of the party?
(Åûªúø’ Ü∞x ™‰éπ-§Ú®· ÖçúÌa. ™‰éπ-§ÚûË
§ƒKd N≠æߪ’ç ´’J-*-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa. Åûª-úÕéÀ
†’´¤y §ƒKd N≠æߪ’ç *´-Jí¬ á°æ¤púø’
îÁ§ƒp´¤?)
Pramod: I think last saturday
(§Ú®·† ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç ņ’-èπ◊çö«)
Prabhat: That's it. He is very busy. You should
have reminded him of it after that.
So, he might have forgotten.
(ÅD Ææçí∫A. Ç ûª®√yûª †’´y-ûª-úÕéÀ í∫’®Ω’h
îËߪ÷-LqçC. Åçü¿’-éπE Åûªúø’ ´’Ja-§Ú®·
Öçö«úø’.)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 142
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 15 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
Prabhat: Wait for an hour. The bank might not
have been open by now. It is only 9.
(í∫çö«í∫’. Bank É°æ¤púË ûÁJ-ç-úø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.
Time É°æ¤púø’ ûÌN’tüË.)
Pramod: O.K.
We have seen so far the three imaginary
past forms:
1) would have been/ would have + past par-
ticiple (PP),
2) should have been/ should have + pp, and
d) If it had not been money, what might have
3) could have been / could have + pp. Might have been = Öçúø’ç-úÌ-a/- Öç-úË-üË¢Á÷–
stopped him from coming
Would have been = ÖçúËüË / ÖçúË-¢√úË é¬F ÆæçüË£æ«ç. Öçúø†÷´îª’a/ -™‰-éπ-§Ú†÷´îª’a – ÆæçüË£æ«ç.
™‰ü¿’/ -™‰úø’. Might have + pp = (äéπ N≠æߪ’ç) ï-JT ÖçúÌ-a/-
úø•’s-´©x é¬éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰, üË-E-´©x ®√éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-ö«-
úø-ûª†’?
Would have + pp = ïJ-ÍíüË / îËÊÆ-¢√úË é¬F ï-®Ω-í∫-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa– ÆæçüË£æ«ç. ÉD, might have been, might have + PP
ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’/ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. Ñ ûËú≈©’ îª÷úøçúÕ.
N´-®√©’.
Should have been = Öçú≈-LqçC é¬F ™‰ü¿’ 1) He would have gone
Now Practise the following, using all
Should have + pp = îËߪ÷-LqçC (îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’) ¢Á∞Ïx-¢√úË (é¬F ¢Á∞¡x™‰ü¿’)
the four imaginary past forms you
Could have been = Öçúø-í∫-L-ÍíC/ Öçúø-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úø’ 2) He should have gone
have learnt so far.
(™‰éπ-§Ú-®·çC/ ™‰éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’) Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞«x-LqçD (é¬F ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’)
Could have + pp = îËߪ’-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úË/ îËߪ’-™‰-éπ- Rahul: †’´¤y E†o £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ¢Á∞¡Ÿxçõ‰, ¨Ïê-®˝†’
3) He could have gone =
§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. ¢Á∞¡x-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úË (é¬E ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’) éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-L-Íí-¢√-úÕN.
°j -¢√-öÀéÀ not îËJÊÆh, ü∆EéÀ opposite Å®Ωnç Kousik: Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’. E†o Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢ÁRxØ√
4) He might have gone = ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa – Åçõ‰
´Ææ’hç-ü¿-E í∫ûª ´‚úø’, Ø√©’í∫’ lessons ™
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆.
Åçûª éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ô癉ü¿’ – ¢Á∞«xú≈, ™‰ü∆ ÅE. Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa.
Rahul: áçü¿’-éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-´™«?
Kousik: Åûªúø’ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™ ØË Öçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛

He might have gone

Pramod: I myself have been very busy this
week. Otherwise I might have
reminded him.
(؈’ èπÿú≈ Ñ ¢√®Ω-´’çû√ busy
™‰èπ◊çõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hîËÊÆ-¢√-úÕE.)
Prabhat: He was talking to me of going to
Mumbai. So my other doubt is he
might have left for Mumbai.
(Ø√ûÓ àüÓ ´·ç-¶«®· ¢Á∞¡xôç í∫’Jç*
îËÊÆ¢√úË. Ø√Íéç §∂ÚØ˛®√™‰-ü¿-ûª-úÕ†’ç*.
Rahul: †’´¤y §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆæ’ç-ú≈-Lqç-ü¿ûªúÕéÀ.
Kousik: Åûª-†-éπ\úø éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÖØ√o-úøE ûÁLÊÆh îËÊÆ-
¢√úÕo. Åûª†’ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛èπ◊ ¶«í¬ §Òü¿’l-§Ú-
ߪ÷éπ îË®Ω’ç-úÌ-îªaE Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç.
Rahul: äéπ-¢Ë∞¡ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆæ’çõ‰ àç §ÚßË’C Fèπ◊?
In this lesson we îª÷úøçúÕ, °j sentences from No 1 to No 11
¢√úø’-Ø√oú≈ ™‰ü∆ ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓí∫L-Íí-¢√-úÕN.
are going to study ÅFo èπÿú≈ ÆæçüË-£æ…ØËo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o®· éπü∆, 1)
Kousik: ††o-ûªúø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË Æ洒ߪ’ç èπÿú≈
the fourth imaginary Öçúø’ç-úÌa, 2) ™‰éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa, 3) ´’Ja-§Ú-
í¬ ÖØ√o. Öçúø’ç-úø-üË-¢Á÷?
past form: ߪ·ç-úÌa, 4) í∫’®Ω’hîËÆæ’ç-úÌa, 5) ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úÌa, 6)
Miss Å´-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa, 7) Éçé¬ Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûª¢Á’i Rahul: ´’Sx á°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-îªaØË N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Á’iØ√
Might have been; ûÁL-Ææ’çúËC éπü∆?
ÖçúÌa, 8) Åߪ·uç-úÌa, 9) áèπ◊\´ ê®Ωa®·
Might have + past Kousik: ÅC Eï¢Ë’. Å®·ûË ´÷ cousin
participle (PP)
M. SURESAN ÖçúÌa, 10) Åçîª-Ø√-©†’ N’çç-úÌa,
11) ûÁJ-ç-úø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úÌa. §∂ÚØ˛îËÆœ éπ†’-èπ◊\çö«.
Would have been, have + pp - Rahul: Åü¿çû√ áçü¿’èπ◊? †’¢Ëy sekhar èπ◊

´÷ö«x-ú≈úø’. 鬕öÀd Ø√éÓ ÆæçüË£æ«ç
´·ç-¶«®· ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úÌ-îªaE.)
Pramod: I now feel that we might not have
missed him if we had reminded him
of it.
(´’†ç äéπ-≤ƒJ ¢√úÕéÀ í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’çõ‰ ´’†ç
¢√úÕE miss ÅßË’u-¢√∞¡xç 鬢˒¢Á÷ ÅE É°æ¤púø’
Ø√éπ-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC.)
Prabhat: Any way, past is past. What do peo-
ple say about the party?
(Å®·-§Ú-®·ç-üËüÓ Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. ´’† party
í∫’Jç* Åçü¿®Ω÷ à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’?)
}
Oô-Eoç-öÀéÀ
Should ÅN Ææ ÷ *çîË states of being
Could actions
èπ ÿ ´uA- Í ® - é ¬®Ω n ç ´Ææ ’ h ç C.
é¬F might have been, might have + pp èπ◊
Å™« ®√ü¿’. ÉC ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. °j Ææ綵«-
≠æ-ù™ might have been, might have + pp
verbs Ö†o sentences äéπ-≤ƒJ îª÷ü∆lç.
1) What might have been the reason?
(鬮Ωùç à¢Á’i Öç-úø’çúÌa?)
2) He might have been out of town
(Ü∞x ™‰éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa).
3) So he might have forgotten
鬕öÀd í∫ûªç™ Ö†o/ ïJ-T† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ (ÖçúÕ
èπÿ, ÖçúÌ-îËa¢Á÷/ ïJ-Tç-üË¢Á÷ ™«çöÀ Å®ΩnçûÓ) ÆæçüË-£æ…- phone îÁ®·u.
Ææp-ü¿¢Á’i í∫ûªç™ ÖçüÓ, ™‰üÓ, ïJ-TçüÓ, ï®Ωí∫-™‰üÓ Kousik: Ok.
Ææp-≠d-çæ í¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË verb forms - might ANSWER
have been, might have + past participle.
1) E†o £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™ î√™« áçúøí¬ ÖçC, Nï-ߪ’- Rahul: If you had gone to Hyderabad yester-
¢√-úø™  èπÿú≈ î√™« áçúøí¬ Öç-úø’ç-úÌa day, you could have met Sekhar.
(ÖçüË¢Á÷) Kousik: I doubt. Even if I had gone there I
It was very hot in Hyderabad; so might it might not have met him.
have been in Vijayawada (Vijayawada too
(Even = Å®·Ø√)
might have been hot)
Rahul: Why do you think so?
2) Åûªúø’ Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËÆæ’ç-úÌa (Åûª-úÕE †’´y-úÕT
Öçõ‰)=He might have helped you (if you had Kousik: If he had been in Hyderabad, he

Pramod: They are all happy. A good number
still feel that the party might have
been a greater success if Prasad
had been there to entertain us with
his jokes.
(Åçü¿®Ω÷ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-ú≈f®Ω’. Å®·ûË ûª† jokes
ûÓ ´’†èπ◊ NØÓü¿ç éπL-Tç-îª-ö«-EéÀ Prasad
èπÿú≈ Öçúø’çõ‰ party Éçé¬ Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûª¢Á’i
ÖçúË-üË¢Á÷ -Å-E -î√-™«-´’ç-C -¶µ«-NÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.)
Prabhat: What about the expenses?
(ê®Ω’a© Ææçí∫-ûË-N’öÀ?)
Pramod: We have yet to get the bill. It might
have come to around Rs. 10,000/-.
We have paid an advance of Rs.
5000/-. It might have cost us more if
it had been any other hotel.
Prabhat: True. It might have gone beyond our
estimation.
(Eï¢Ë’ ´’† Åçîª-Ø√-©èπ◊ N’ç*-§Ú-ߪ·ç-
úÌa.)
Pramod: Let's settle the bill at once.
Åûªúø’ ´’Ja-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa. asked him) (îËÊÆ¢√úË¢Á÷). would have called me. I didn't have
4) I might have reminded him = 3) She might have become the PM any call from him.
؈’ Åûª-úÕéÀ í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’ç-úÌa. Ç¢Á’ PM Åߪ·uç-úÌ-îËa¢Á÷. Rahul: You should have phoned.
5) He might have left for Mumbai = 4) They might not have seen him Kousik: If I had known definitely that he was
¢√∞¡xûª-úÕE îª÷Ææ’ç-úø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. there, I would have phoned him. But
Åûªúø’ ´·ç-¶«®· ¢ÁRx ÖçúÌa.
Imp: Might have been, Might have + pp, main my opinion is that he might have
6) We might not have missed him =
clause verbs 'if clause' combi-
Å®·ûË, DE reached Hyderabad late in the night.
Åûª-úÕE ´’†ç miss Åߪ·uçúË ¢√∞¡xç 鬢˒¢Á÷. nation verbs - had been, had + pp.
Rahul: What might you have lost, If you had
7) ... the party might have been a greater suc- a) If you had taken his book, he might have
phoned? You could have known if he
cess = been very angry
was there or not.
Party -Éçé¬ Nï-ߪ’-´çûªç Å®· ÖçúË-üË-¢Á÷/- †’¢Ëy ÅûªúÕ °æ¤Ææhéπç BÆæ’-èπ◊-†’çõ‰ Åûªúø’ î√™«
Kousik: He might not have had the time to
Å-ߪ·uç-úÌa. éÓ°æp-úø’ç-úÌa.
b) He might have made her very happy if she meet me.
8) It might have come to around Rs 10000/-
had married him Rahul: At least you would have known/ found
ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ®Ω÷. 10000 Åߪ·uçúÌa.
Ç¢Á’ Åûª-úÕE °∞«x-úø’çõ‰, Åûªúø’ î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æ- out when you might meet him again.
9) It might have cost us more =
°-ô’dç-úÌa. (°õ‰d-¢√-úË-ØË¢Á÷). Kousik: That's true. But my cousin might have
´’†-éÀçé¬ áèπ◊\´ ê®Ω’a Åߪ·uç-úÌa. c) If the mob had not become violent the police gone. I'll ring up and find out.
10) It might have gone beyond our estimation might not have opened fire = Rahul: Why all that? you call sekhar
´’† Åçîª-Ø√-©†’ N’ç*-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa. ï†ç üˆ®Ω†b uç îËߪ’éπ§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰, police 鬩’p©’ Kousik: Ok.
11) The Bank might not have opened by now = ïJ°œ Öçúøéπ-§Ú-´îª’a. (ÆæçüË£æ«ç – üˆ®Ωb†uç é¬éπ-
Bank ûÁJ-ç-úø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. §Ú-®·Ø√ 鬩’p©’ ïJT ÖçúÌa.)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Mrinal: Hi Kripal, how did you do in the exam
yesterday?
(E†o exam ᙫ ®√¨»´¤?)
Kripal: Well, Of course, but I could have
done better.
(¶«í¬ØË ®√¨»†’. é¬F Éçé¬ ¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’-í∫-L-
Íí-¢√-úÕØË.)
Mrinal: Why? What was wrong?
-(à¢Á’içC?)
Kripal: The noise from a workshop nearby the
exam centre disturbed me a lot. I
couldn't concentrate.
(exam centre ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o workshop íÌúø´
††’o ¶«í¬ disturb îËÆœçC. concentrate
îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷.)
Mrinal: Sorry to hear that. Sorry that you
couldn't get a better centre.
(Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ´’ç* centre- †’ †’´¤y §Òçü¿-
™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Nî√-J-Ææ’hØ√o)
Kripal: If I had chosen some other town, I
would have got a better centre. I could
have done certainly much better.
(ÉçÍé ÜÈ®jØ√ ؈’ áç°œéπ îËÆæ’èπ◊E Öçõ‰
Éçûª-éπçõ‰ ´’ç* centre ´îËaüË. Å°æ¤púø’
؈’ Éçûª-éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’í∫LÍí ¢√úÕE)
Mrinal: You should have thought of it before
indicating the centre.
(°æKé~¬ Íéçvü∆Eo áç°œéπ îËÆæ’-èπ◊ØË ´·çü¿’, Ñ
N≠æߪ’ç Ç™-*ç-î√-LqçC)
(indicate= ÉçúÕ-Èé-ß˝’ö¸ – 'É— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-
èπ◊û√ç = Ææ÷*ç-îªôç)
Kripal: That's true. I chose the place
because my uncle advised it.
(ÅC Eï¢Ë’. ´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u Ææ©£æ… ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊
Ñ Íéçvü∆Eo áç°œéπ -îËÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√o.)
Mrinal: What about your cousin? She took the
exam too, didn't she?
(O’ cousin
´÷õ‰-N’öÀ? ûª†’ èπÿú≈ Ñ
exam ®√ÆœçC éπü∆?)
Kripal: She is very good at the subject. She
did very well and is sure of selection. If
I had taken help, I could have pre-
pared much better.
(Ç¢Á’èπ◊ subject ¶«í¬ ´îª’a. î√™« ¶«í¬
®√ÆœçC, éπ*a-ûªçí¬ select Å´¤ûª’çC. ؈’
Ç¢Á’ ≤ƒßª’ç BÆæ’èπ◊E Öçõ‰ Éçé¬ ¶«í¬
prepare ÅßË’u-¢√-úÕØË.)
Mrinal: OK. All the best then. Don't worry.
You'll get the Job
(Fèπ◊ Job ´Ææ’hçC. Worry Å´èπ◊).
Kripal: OK. Hope so. Thank you.
(Å™«Íí ÇPü∆lç. Thanks)
Would have been/would have + past partici-
ple (PP) èπ◊, could have been / could have +
PP èπ◊ Ö†o ûËú≈†’ N´-Jç-îª-´’E î√™« ´’çC
§ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊©’ éÓ®Ω-úøçûÓ ´’Sx ÉÆæ’hØ√oç. ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-
Eç-îªçúÕ.
Look the following sentences from the
conversation above.
1) I could have done better
2) I would have got a better centre
3) I could have done certainly much better
4) You should have thought of it
5) I could have prepared much better.
Look at the verbs in the sentences above:
1) Could have done .. Could have + past par-
ticiple ( PP)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 17 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
2) Would have got (would have + PP)
3) Could have done (could have + PP)
4) Should have thought (should have + PP)
5) Could have prepared (could have + pp)
1) I could have done better.
¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’-í∫-L-Íí-¢√-úÕØË, é¬E ®√ߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’.
could ÅØËC áèπ◊\-´í¬ past ability (í∫ûªç™
≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç)†’ -ûÁ-©’°æ¤-ûª’ç-C. Å™«Íí,
2) Could have prepared better.
Éçé¬ ¶«í¬ prepare ÅßË’u-¢√úÕØË, pp ¢√úÕûË Å®Ωnç Öçúøü¿’. Kavya: á´-®Ω-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o-®ΩC ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E?
鬙‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷.Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ prepare Å´-í∫LT b) without my recommendation, he couldn't Lasya: Å´¤ØËx. ÅC áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-úøç-C -éπü∆.
(≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç ÖçúÕ) èπÿú≈ prepare 鬙‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. have got the job. Kavya: Éçé¬ éÌç-îÁç áèπ◊\´ ûËú≈ûÓ Èí©’açõ‰ ´÷
ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Could have been/could (Ø√ recommendation ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Åûª-úø’ Job §Òçü¿-í∫-L- coach ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-îËüË.
have + PP ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, Öçúø-í∫LÍí ™‰ü∆ îËߪ’- Íí-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. (§Òçü¿-í∫-L-T† ability Ø√ ´©x). Lasya: Åçü¿-®Ω÷†÷. †’¢Áy-°æ¤púÓ Car †’ prize í¬
í∫LÍí ≤ƒ´’®√n uEéÀ (ability) v§ƒüµ∆†uç Öçô’çC. Ééπ\úø wouldn't have got èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a. §Òçü¿-í∫-L-Íí-ü∆-EN.
ÅüË I would have got a better centre Å®·ûË Å®Ωnç éÌClí¬ ´÷®Ω’-ûª’çC. §ÒçüË-¢√úø’ Kavya: ÆæÍ®. better luck next time
ņo-°æ¤púø’... Åçõ‰ would have + pp ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ é¬ü¿’, §Òçü∆úø’ ÅE. Ééπ\úø ïJ-T† Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†èπ◊
Answer:
v§ƒüµ∆†uç.
Lasya: Hi kavya, you are again in the news,
O’®Ω’ regular í¬ English ´÷ö«x-úøôç, ®√ߪ’ôç
congrats.
îËÆæ÷h Öçõ‰ O’Íé Å®Ωn¢Á’i§Ú-ûª’çC. à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 143
could have been / could have + PP, should Kavya: I don't think much of it/I don't think it's
have been/should have+PP ¢√ú≈™ ûÁ©’- a great achievement. If I had
won/defeated my rival with a greater
He would have escaped...
margin (If I had had greater lead over
Ææ’hçC. §Ú†’-§Ú†÷,
≤ƒ´’-®√n u-E (ability)éÀ v§ƒ´·êuç Öçúøü¿’. äéπ correct í¬ ¢√úøôç, my rival) I would have been happier.
N≠æߪ’ç ïJ-Tçü∆ ™‰ü∆ ÅØË-ü∆EÍé Ééπ\úø v§ƒüµ∆†uç. (Rival = v°æûªuJn)
Ç™-*ç-îª-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË
1 a) He would have become the PM. Lasya: If You had played more carefully you
Å©¢√õ„j §Úûª’çC.
Ééπ\úø verb, would have + pp 鬕öÀd O™„j†Eo sen- could have won by a greater
Å®Ωnç - PM ÅßË’u-¢√úË é¬E é¬-™‰ü¿’. tences practice margin/lead.
(ability v°æÆæéÀh ™‰C-éπ\úø) îËߪ’çúÕ. Ææ´’Ææu M. SURESAN Kavya: If I hadn't had a pulled muscle in my
b) The train would have run over the boy. Öçúøü¿’. leg, I could have played well. Oh my! It
(Ç èπ◊v®√úÕ O’ü¿’í¬ train ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ßË’üË, é¬F ¢Á∞¡x- practise the following pained me a lot. That affected my
™‰ü¿’. Ééπ\úø Could have+ pp †’ -¢√-úÕ-ûË, ÆæÈ®j† Lasya: Hi Kavya, ´’Sx ¢√®Ωh™ xéÀ ´î√a´¤. game.
meaning ®√ü¿’. áçü¿’éπçõ‰ ability v°æÆæéÀh Ééπ\úø Congrats. (affect = v°æ¶µ«´ç îª÷°æúøç pulled muscle
Kavya: ÅüË-´’çûª íÌ°æpE ؈-†’-éÓ-´ôç ™‰ü¿’. Ø√ =
™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd. éπçúø-®√©’ °æô’d-éÓ-´-ôç/-G-í∫’-Ææ’-èπ◊-§Ú-´ôç)
2 a) He would have escaped. v°æûªu-Jn-°j† ÉçéÌçîÁç áèπ◊\´ ûËú≈ûÓ ÈíL- Lasya: If you had told the coach of it earlier,
ûª°œpç--èπ◊ØË ¢√úË (Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†èπ◊ v§ƒ´·êuç– ûª°œpç- çõ‰ Éçé¬ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úË-ü∆Eo. she would have helped you.
Lasya: †’´¤y Éçé¬Ææh ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ÇúÕ Öçõ‰, áèπ◊\´ Kavya: Who expected it?
-éÓ-™‰ü¿’– °æô’d-•-ú≈fúø’)
b) He could have escaped - ûËú≈ûÓ Èí©-´-í∫-L-Íí-ü∆-E¢Ë. *´-J EN’-≥ƒ™x Lasya: True, It is unexpected.
ûª°œpç-éÓí∫-L-Íí-¢√úË, ûª°œpç--éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’, °æô’d- Éçé¬Ææh ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ÇúÕ Öçú≈-LqçC. Kavya: If I had won by a wider margin, my
•-ú≈fúø’– ability ÖçúÕ èπÿú≈ *éÀ\-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Kavya: Ø√ é¬L-éπç-úø®Ωç °æô’dèπ◊E Öçúø-éπ-§ÚûË, ÆæJí¬_ coach would have been happy.
✓ would have been/would have + PPèπ◊,
Çúø-í∫-L-Íí-ü∆ØËo. é¬F äéπõ‰ ØÌ°œp. Åçü¿’-´©x Lasya: Every one, of course you could have
could have been/could have + PP èπ◊
Çô üÁ•s-AçC. then won a car too as a prize.
Lasya: †’´¤y ´·çüË îÁ°œp-Öçõ‰ Coach Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç
°∂æLûªç äéπ\õ‰. ÅC ņ’-èπ◊-†oC -ï®Ωí∫éπ-§Ú-´- Kavya: O.K.Hope for better luck next time
ôç. notûÓ Å®·ûË Å†’-éÓ-EC ï®Ω-í∫ôç. îËÊÆ-üË-éπü∆.
✓ would have been/would have + pp ¢√úÕ-†-
°æ¤púø’ ability v°æÆæéÀh ™‰ü¿’. Could have v°æ¨¡o: Åûªúø’ E†o ®√™‰ü¿’ ņ-ú≈-EéÀ He did not
ii) was (‘be’ form)+ ‘come’ (Past Participle of
been/could have + PP ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ abili- ‘come’)
Åçõ‰ Ñ verb, beform + Past participle
come here yesterday
tyèπ◊ v§ƒüµ∆†uç. í¬ - B Ææ ’ èπ ◊ ç-õ‰, verb form correct. DE ¢√úøéπç î√©
Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ!
Åçö«ç. Å™«Íí Åûªúø’ E†o
Å®Ω ’ ü¿ ’ . Åçü¿ ’ ™was/were past forms
™«çöÀ ™
´*a Öçúø-™‰ü¿’ ņ-ú≈-EéÀ He
✓ He couldn't have done it without my help. was not come here yester-
î√™« Å®Ω ’ ü¿ ’ . áçü¿ ’ - é π ç õ‰ Ææ ç ü¿ - ® √s¥ E o •öÀ d í¬E ü∆EéÀ
(Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ™‰éπ-§ÚûË -Å-ûª-úø’ îËߪ’-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úø’ day ÅØÌî√a?
ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’. Ééπ OöÀéÀ not îËJa was not
é¬ü¿’. Åçõ‰ Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ´©x) – áÆˇ.ü∆†-éÀ-¨®˝,©éÀ~t-°æ¤®Ωç come/were not come ÅØËC ´’K Å®Ω’ü¿’. Å®Ωnç
He was not come yester-
ÆæJí¬ ®√ü¿’. É™«çöÀ îÓôx, had come ¢√úøôç bet-
✓ He was able to do it. ter, clarity èπÿú≈ ¶«í¬ Öçô’çC. Had come
day - Ñ sentence ™ verb:
Ééπ\úø wouldn't have done it Åçõ‰...Ø√ ¢√úøôç correct èπÿú≈†’.
Was come - ÉC Ñ éÀçC
È®çúø’ ®Ω鬙x àüÓ äéπ-öÀí¬ I went there at 3 yesterday. He had not come
Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ™‰éπ-§ÚûË îËÊÆ-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’ Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç
ÆæJí¬ ®√ü¿’ éπü∆. by then. ؈éπ\-úÕéÀ ´‚úÕç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«x†’. Å°æp-öÀ-éÀ-ûª-†’-®√-
a) Without the boss's orders he wouldn't have
Öçú≈L.
i) was (‘be’ form) + ‘come’ (1st Regular Doing
™‰ ü¿’ (´*a Öçúø-™‰ü¿’) was come/were come;
done it . am/is/are come ™«çöÀ verbs -¢√-úøèπ◊ç-ú≈ Öçúø-ô¢Ë’
word). - ÉC ûª°æ¤p – É™«çöÀ verb form English ™
(Boss orders ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ¢√úøC îËÊÆ-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. ™‰ü¿’, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ ‘be’ form °æéπ\†, 1st Regular ´’ç*C. Å®Ωnç clear í¬ Öçúøü¿’ 鬕öÀd.
Ééπ\úø ability v°æÆæéÀh ™‰ü¿’.) 鬕öÀd could have+ Doing word á°æ¤púø÷ ®√ü¿’.
II
Vipula: Hi Charitha, have you seen Archana
anywhere?
(îªJû√, †’´¤y Å®Ωa-†-ØË-´’Ø√o îª÷¨»¢√?)
Charitha: Yes, she was here till 20 minutes
ago. She was getting ready to go
home. She must have gone.
(Ç. É®Ω¢Áj EN’-≥ƒ-©-éÀç-ü¿öÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ Ééπ\úË
ÖçC. ÉçöÀÈé∞Ï}ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥-¢Á’içC. É°æp-öÀéÀ
¢ÁR}-§ÚßË’ Öçô’çC)
Vipula: (Are) you sure?
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)
Charitha: Yes. I saw her about to leave 20 min-
utes ago. It hardly takes her 10 min-
utes to walk home. So she must
have reached home by now.
(Å´¤†’. 20 EN’-≥ƒ© éÀçü¿ô •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-¶-
ûª’ç-úøí¬ Øˆ’ îª÷¨»†’. ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ †úø-´-ö«-EéÀ
10 EN’-≥ƒ©’ èπÿú≈ °æôdü¿’. 鬕öÀd ѧƒ-öÀéÀ
îËÍ® Öçô’çC)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 144
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
4) She must have been very angry with me
(Ø√O’ü¿ î√™« éÓ°æç ÖçúË Öçô’çC)
5) She must have told you of it
(FûÓ îÁÊ°p Öçô’çC)
You must have seen that the verbs in the
sentences above are:
1) Must have gone (Must have + past participle
(pp) of go.)
2) Must have reached (must have + pp of
reach)
3) Must have waited (must have + pp of wait)
4) Must have been (be form)
5) Must have told (must have + pp of tell)
So the verb forms in the conversation are:
Must have been/ must have + past participle
(pp) -
Must have been/ must have + PP is also an
imaginary past form like the other four imag-
inary past forms we have seen in the les-
sons past:
[1. Would have been/ Would have + PP
2. Should have been/ Should have + PP
3. Could have been/ Could have + PP
4. Might have been/ Might have + PP]
-•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 19 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
Pavan: He must have got the news from
í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆! Imaginary past forms, 1, 2
Madhav. Madhav called him this morn-
and 3 éÀ opposite meanings ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®·.
ing. He must have been happy about it.
Imaginary past form 4 èπ◊ doubtful ņo Å®Ωnç.
Imaginary past form 5 (Must have been/ (¢√úÕéÀ ´÷üµ¿¢˛ ´©x ûÁL-Ææ’ç-ô’çü∆ N≠æߪ’ç.
Madhav ¢√úÕéÀ phone î˨»úŒ Öü¿ßª’ç.
must have + PP) í∫ûªç™ éπ*aûªçí¬ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç
¢√úø’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æúÕ Öçö«úø’).
ÖçúË Öçô’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ØËü∆Eo ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’hçC.
a) Mohan: Did Madan pass? Kumar: Yes. He was
(´’ü¿Ø˛ pass Åߪ÷uú≈?) (Å´¤†’)
Manoj: He must have passed. Otherwise he
ÉD must have been, must have + PP
would not have applied for the job
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’.
(¢√úø’pass ÅßË’u Öçö«úø’. ™‰èπ-§Ú-ûË (oth-
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING
erwise) job
pass
èπ◊ apply îËÆæ’ç-úË-¢√-úø’-é¬ü¿’.
Åߪ÷uúø’ 鬕öÀd apply î˨»úø’). Manasa: Congrats™«©≤ƒ, Fèπ◊ prize ´*aç-ü¿-
ôí¬?
Lalasa: á´®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’ Fèπ◊?

She must have told you of it Manasa: Ü£œ«ç-éÓ îª÷ü∆lç.

Lalasa: ™«Ææu îÁ°æ¤pç-ô’çC.
Manasa: ؈’ ™«Ææu†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†’çõ‰, F Ü£æ« cor-
rect ÅßË’uüË. ÉçéÌçîÁç ¶«í¬ Ç™-*ç-ç-
Vipula: I told her I would meet her here at 4.00. ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’, would Mohan: Did he tell you so? ú≈-LqçC †’´¤y.
There was a traffic jam because of a have, should have, (FûÓ Å™« îÁ § ƒpú≈?) Lalasa: Å®·ûË, Ç... ûÁ©’Ææ’. †’´yC College
procession. So I couldn't be here on could have ûÓ ´îËa notice board ™ îª÷Ææ’ç-ö«´¤.
Manoj: He would have told me if we had met.
time. She must have waited long for
imaginary past forms Manasa: ؈-Ææ©’ È®çúø’ ®ÓV-©’í¬ College éÀ
me. She must have been very angry (¢Ë’ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†’çõ‰ îÁÊ°p-¢√úø’).
with me at the delay. She must have
ÅEoç-öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç, ´uA-Í®- Mohan: Who told you then?
®√™‰ü¿’ éπü∆.
told you of it.
éπçí¬ ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E. Lalasa: †’´¤y ´÷ îÁ™„x-LéÀ phone î˨»-´-ôí¬
(؈’ ûª†-E-éπ\úø Ø√©’-Tç-öÀéÀ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-†E Might have been/ M. SURESAN
(Å®·ûË FÈé´®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’?)
Öü¿ßª’ç ؈’ ™‰†-°æ¤púø’. ûª†’ îÁ°æ¤pç-ô’çC
îÁ§ƒp†’. àüÓ ÜÍ®Tç°æ¤ ´©x traffic ÇT- might have + PP Manoj: My brother told me. Madan must have
Fèπ◊.
§Ú®· Ø√èπ◊ Ç©Ææu-¢Á’içC. Åçü¿’-´©x time èπ◊ N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ ´ÊÆh, ÅC ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’hçC– told my brother.
ÅC ïJ-Tç-üË¢Á÷, äéπ®Ω’ äéπ °æE-îË-Ææ’ç-úÌa. Manasa: Correct. ´·çüË E†’o éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†’çõ‰ Féπç-
Ééπ\úø Öçúø-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Åçü¿’èπ◊ ûª†èπ◊ (´÷ brother îÁ§ƒpúø’. Madan ´÷ broth- ûª-èπ◊-´·çüË Congrats ûÁLÊ°ü∆Eo.
Now, the imaginary past form we are
î√™« éÓ°æç ´îª’aç-ú≈L. FûÓ èπÿú≈ îÁÊ°p er èπ◊ îÁ°æ¤pç-ö«úø’).
Öçô’çC.) going to study in this lesson is: Lalasa: Thanks again. §Òü¿’l† ®√¢√-LqçC †’´¤y.
b) ®√vA ´®Ω{ç èπ◊JÊÆ Öçô’çC. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ roads §ÒúÕí¬
Charitha: She did tell me that she was waiting a) Must have been (be form) ´’ç* breakfast miss Åߪ·uç-úË-ü∆-E-N-
for you, but she didn't appear angry. b) Must have + past participle (action)
ÖçúË ¢ Ë . é¬-ü¿’.
She said she would call you after a) Must have been= It must have rained last night. Otherwise the Manasa: Don't worry. Fèπ◊ Prize ®√´-ô¢Ë’ Ø√èπ◊
reaching home. roads would have been dry.
(í∫ûªç™ éπ*a-ûªçí¬) ÖçúË Öçô’çC/ ÖçúË treat (Nçü¿’).
(FéÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o-†E îÁ°œpçC. é¬F Åçûª Öçö«úø’/ ÖçúË Öçö«®Ω’ c) Something must have gone wrong, other-
éÓ°æçí¬ àç éπ†-°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’. É©’x îËJç-ûª-®√yûª ANSWER
b) Must have + past participle= wise he could have been here an hour ago=
Fèπ◊ Phone îË≤ƒh-†çC). Manasa: Congrats Lalasa. It seems you have
Vipula: Yes, my cell is ringing. It must be her.
(í∫ûªç™ éπ*a-ûªçí¬) äéπ °æE ïJÍí Öçô’çC/ àüÓ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ ïJÍí Öçô’çC, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ í∫çô got a prize.
(Å´¤†’. Ø√ cell ¢Á÷í∫’-ûÓçC. ûªØË Å®·-´¤ç-ú≈L) äéπ®Ω’ äéπ °æE-îËÊÆ Öçö«®Ω’. éÀçü¿õ‰ Ééπ\úø Öçúø-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úø’.
Must ûÓ ´îËa Imaginary past forms èπÿ, Lalasa: Who told you?





d) Kumar: Kesav was talking about your for-
N’í∫û√ Imaginary past forms èπÿ ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’- Manasa: Just guess
eign trip.
É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† Imaginary past forms: éÓ-´ôç î√™« ´·êuç. Ç ûËú≈ àN’ö îª÷ü∆lç: Lalasa: Lasya must have told you.
Verb 'go' èπ◊ different Imaginary past forms (Í騡¢˛ Éçü∆éπ F foreign trip í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-
1) Would have been, would have + pp Manasa: Your guess would have been correct
™ ´îËa different meanings °æöÀd-éπ™ îª÷úøçúÕ: ûª’-Ø√oúø’)
2) Should have been, should have + pp if I had met Lasya. You should have
3) Could have been, could have + pp Verb: Go thought better/ guessed better.
4) Might have been, might have + pp. No. Sentence Verb form Meaning Nature Lalasa: Then... ah... I know. You must have
¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´‚úÕç-öÀéÀ Opposite meanings ´≤ƒh- 1 a) He would have been there would have been Åûª-úø-éπ\úË ÖçúË-¢√úË é¬E ™‰úø’ (Opposite) seen it on our college notice board.
ߪ’E èπÿú≈ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. verb No. 4, might b) He would have gone would have + PP Åûª-úø’ ¢Á∞Ïx-¢√úË ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’ (opposite) Manasa: I haven't attended college for the past
have been, might have + pp, ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo ûÁL-ߪ’- 2 a) He should have been there should have been ™‰úø’ (opposite)
Åûª†’ Åéπ\úø Öçú≈-LqçC two days.
°æ-®Ω’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆. Éü¿çû√ ´’†ç last lessons ™ b) He should have gone should have + PP ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’ (opposite)
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.
Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-ú≈-LqçC Lalasa: You phoned my sister this morning
3 a) He could have been the CM could have been Åûª-úø’ CM í¬ Öçúø-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úË é¬F ™‰úø’ (opp.) when I was away, didn't you? She
Let's now look at the following sentences
b) He could have gone could have + PP Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞¡x-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úË é¬F ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’ (opp.) must have told you.
from the conversation at the beginning of
4 a) He might have been there might have been Åûªúø’ Åéπ\úø Öçúø’ç-úÌa Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa Manasa: Correct. If I had met you I would have
the lesson:
(doubt) congratulated you earlier.
1) She must have gone.
b) He might have gone might have + PP Åûª-úø’ ¢Á∞ÔxçúÌa ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa
(¢ÁR}-§ÚßË’ Öçô’çC) Lalasa: Thanks again. You should have come
(doubt) to my place this morning, you would
2) She must have reached home by now.
5 a) He must have been there must have been Åûª-úøéπ\úø éπ*aûªçí¬ ÖçúË ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’ not have missed a good breakfast.
(ѧƒöÀéÀ É©’x îËÍ® Öçô’çC)
3) She must have waited long for me Öçö«úø’ (í∫ûªç™) Manasa: Don't worry. Your getting the prize is
(Ø√éÓÆæç î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ áü¿’®Ω’îª÷ÊÆ Öçô’çC) b) He must have gone must have + PP Åûª-úø’ ¢Á∞Ïx Öçö«úø’ (í∫ûªç™) ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’. itself a treat.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Udai: These books are really wonderful. Where
are they sold?
(Ñ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Eïçí¬ ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·. áéπ\úø
üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√-ߪ’N?)
Vijai: Where else? At Books, Books 'n Books.
Name the book you need, and it is found
there.
(ÉçÈé-éπ\úø?Books, Books 'n Books ™.
Fé¬\-¢√-Lq† °æ¤Ææhéπç îÁ°æ¤p, ÅC Féπ-éπ\úø
üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çC)
Udai: Yes. Now I remember. Certain varieties of
books were offered by them last month at
discount of 15% to 50%.
(Å´¤†’. í∫’®Ìh-*açC. §Ú®·†ØÁ© ¢√∞¡Ÿx
éÌEo ®Ω鬩 °æ¤Ææh-鬩 O’ü¿ 15% †’ç*
50% ´®Ωèπ◊ discount Éî√a®Ω’)
Vijai: Such discounts will be given next month
too. They have all varieties of books.
Infact all books in our college library have
been supplied by them.
(Å™«çöÀ discounts ´îËa ØÁ© èπÿú≈ É´y-
¶-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. ¢√∞¡x ü¿í∫_®Ω ÅEo ®Ω鬩 °æ¤Ææh-
鬩÷ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·. ÅÆæ©’ ´’† college
library ™ Ö†o books ÅFo ¢√∞¡Ÿx sup-
ply îËÆ œ-†¢Ë)
Udai: A book exhibition is going to be held in
town next month. A wide variety of books
will be on display and sold at discount.
(´îËa ØÁ© °æ¤Ææhéπ v°æü¿-®Ωz† Öçô’çC ´’†
Ü∞x. î√™« ®Ω鬩 °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ v°æü¿-Jzç-îª-ô¢Ë’
é¬èπ◊çú≈, discount èπÿú≈ É≤ƒh®Ω’)
Vijai: OK, let's start for college now.
(college éÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’ü∆ç °æü∆.)
Udai: Vijai, what are you talking? Don't you
know that college is closed today?
(àç ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? É¢√∞¡
™‰ü¿E ûÁL-ߪ’ü∆ Fèπ◊?)
Vijai: Really I don't know. But what for?
(Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. áçü¿’èπ◊?)
Udai: The college cricket team has won the
finals of the cricket tournament, and our
classmate Vinai has been declared Man
of the Match.
(´’† college team cricket tourna-
ment finals friend
™ ÈíL-*çC. ´’†
Vinai Man of the Match
†’ í¬ v°æéπ-öÀç-
î√®Ω’.)
Vijai: So no classes today. How happy I am!
May our college win many more matches.
(Å®·ûË É¢√∞¡ classes ™‰´-†o-´÷ô. áçûª
ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçüÓ! É™«Íí ´’† college
î√™« matches Èí©¢√L.)
t t t t t
Ñ lesson †’ç* ´’†ç English conversation
™ éÌûªh N≠æߪ’ç îª÷úø-¶-ûª’Ø√oç. Ééπ\úÕ †’ç*
é¬Ææh ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç.
°j conversation ™ Ñ sentences îª÷úøçúÕ:
1) Where are they sold?
2) ... and it is found there.
3) Certain varieties of books were offered by
them...
4) Such discounts will be given next month too.
5) ... all books in our college have been sup-
plied by them.
6) A book exhibition is going to be held in town.
7) ... the college is closed today?
8) ... our classmate Vinai has been declared the
Man of the Match.
Look at the verbs in the sentences above.
No. verb verb form
1. are sold are (be form) +
past participle (PP) of sell
2. is found is (be form) + PP of find
3. were offered were (be form) + PP of offer
4. will be given will be (be form) + PP of give
Spoken English
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 21 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
No. verb verb form
5. have been supplied have been (be form) +
PP of supply
6. is going to be held is going to be
(be form) + PP of hold
7. is closed is (be form) +
PP of close
8. has been declared has been (be form) +
PP of declare
í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆, °j verbs ÅFo èπÿú≈ 'be' form
+ past participle (PP) í¬ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. (be
1) Where are the books sold? í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç: Verb, 'be' form + pp
Å®·ûË ÅC Passive voice. ´’†ç, Ñ Spoken
forms Åçõ‰ í∫ ’®Ω’hç-C-éπü∆. ´’®Ó≤ƒ-J í∫ ’®Ω’h
áéπ\úø Å´’t-•-úø-û√®·?
2) ... It is found there English course ™ -¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC –
-îË-Ææ’èπ◊ç-ü∆ç. am, is, are, was, were; *´®Ω 'be'
´îËa shall be, should be, will be, would be, Åéπ\úø îª÷úø-•-úø’-ûª’çC. English ™ Verb èπ◊ 6 Forms Öçö«-ߪ’E, ¢√öÀ™ x
can be, could be, may be, might be, must 'be' from + pp, passive voice ÅE, N’í∫û√ 5
3) Certain varieties of books were offered at
forms active voice ÅE.
be, *´®Ω been ´îËahave been, has been, discounts
had been, will have been, would have been,
Discount offer English ™ Passive voice ¢√úøéπç áèπ◊\¢Ë
shall have been, should have been, can
éÌEo ®Ω鬩 °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ O’ü¿
îËߪ’-•-ú≈f®·. 鬕öÀd ü∆E í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç
have been, could have been, may have áçûª-®·Ø√ ÖçC.
been, might have been, must have been 4) Such discounts will be given next month too
English ™ passive voice ´·êuçí¬ newspa-
™«çöÀN– É´Fo 'be' forms. ) ´îËa ØÁ© èπÿú≈ Å™«çöÀ Discounts É´y-•-úø-û√®·.
pers reports ™ áèπ◊\-´í¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. (ûÁ©’-í∫’™
5) ...all books in our college have been supplied
passive voice ÅÆæ-£æ«-ïçí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC 鬕õ‰d, Ñ
by them
lesson v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç-™ E conversation ûÁ©’í∫’ ņ’-
ÅEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ¢√∞¡x-îËûª Ææ®Ω-°∂æ®√ îËߪ’-•-ú≈f®·. ¢√ü¿ç active voice ™ îª÷°œçî√ç.)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 145 6) A book exhibition is going to be held
(Future)
English ™ passive voice, äéπ °æE á´®Ω’ îËÆœçD
°æ¤Ææhéπ v°æü¿-®Ωz† E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îª-•-úø’-ûª’çC. ûÁL-ߪ’-†-°æ¤púø÷, îÁ°æpôç É≠æd癉†-°æ¤púø÷ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.
When was this road laid?
All the verbs above are 'be' form + past par- 7) The College is closed = 1) The college has been closed
college ticiple. ´‚ߪ’-•-úÕçC college ´‚ÊÆ-¨»®Ω’ (English - college ´‚ߪ’-
Important: Verb, 'be' form + past participle 8) Vinai has been •-úÕçC. á´®Ω’ ´‚¨»®Ó îÁ°æp™‰ç é¬-•-öÀd)
Å®·ûË Å°æ¤púø’ ÅC PASSIVE VOICE ™ declared the man of
2) The man was killed yesterday (Passive)
Öçô’çC. Åçõ‰ °j† list ™E 8 verbs èπÿú≈ the match
Åûªúø’ E†o îªç°æ-•-ú≈fúø’. (á´®Ω’ îªç°œçC
passive voice ™ Ö†o-õ‰x-éπü∆? (English ™ Man of the match í¬
ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’, So passive)
î√™« verbs èπ◊ past tense, past participle v°æéπ-öÀç-îª-•-ú≈fúø’.
M. SURESAN 3) He was elected MP
English Passive
äéπõ‰ éπü∆. Åçü¿’-´©x be form °æéπ\† Ö†oC past ™
tense ™ Öçü∆, past participle Å´¤-ûª’çü∆ ÅØË voice Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç. Å®·ûË ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´·êuçí¬ á†’o-éÓ-•-ú≈fúø’ (á´-È®-†’o-èπ◊-Ø√o-®Ω-ØËC ´·êuç é¬ü¿’)
Conversations Passive voice
ÆæçüË£æ«ç ®√´îª’a. äéπõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. English ûÁ©’í∫’ ™ ¢√úøç. 4) Students will be given bus passes
™ be form °æéπ\† -á°æ¤p-úø÷ èπÿú≈ past tense ´’†ç ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Ñ Road á°æ¤p-úË-¨»®Ω’? Åçö«ç é¬F Students èπ◊ bus passes É´y-•-úø-û√®·.
form ®√ü¿’. 鬕öÀd be form °æéπ\† ´îËa-üÁ-°æ¤púø÷ Ñ Road á°æ¤púø’ ¢Ëߪ’-•-úÕçC ņç éπü∆? Å™«Íí (á´-J-≤ƒh®Ω’ ÅØËC ´·êuç é¬ü¿’)
past participle ´÷vûª¢Ë’.) ´’† Éçöx, ņoç ´çúø-•-úÕçü∆? ÅE Åúøí∫ç éπü∆? Active voice ™ verb ûÁLÊ° °æE á°æ¤púø’ ïJ-TçC
Å®·ûË English ™ ÅC î√™« Common. ÅØË-ü∆Eo •öÀd tense (verb form) ´÷J-†ô’x, pas-
Verb passive voice ™ Öçõ‰, Åçõ‰ verb be
form + pp Å®·ûË ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç '•úø’— ÅE i) When was this road laid? sive voice ™ èπÿú≈ verb form ´÷®Ω’-ûª’ç-ô’çC.
´Ææ÷hç-ô’çC. îª÷úøçúÕ: ii) Has the food been cooked.
EXERCISE Varun: Only the Inter Board and the University ANSWER
Ñ éÀçC sentences ™ passive voice verbs, can say that. They are usually declared
Active passive Telugu Translation
active voice verbs, identify îËߪ’çúÕ /
in the 1st week of May. This time too,
was closed?
they can be expected about the same
í∫’®Ω’h-°-ôdçúÕ; passive voice verbs èπ◊
´‚ߪ’-•-úÕçC?
time.
ûÁ©’í∫’ ņ’-¢√ü¿ç v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªçúÕ. will be reopened? ûÁ®Ω’-´-•-úø’ûª’çC?
(Inter board, University ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îÁ°æp-í∫- will be held E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îª-•-úø-û√®·?
Tarun: When was your college closed? ©´¤. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË May ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-¢√-
will start Ç®Ω綵º-´’´¤-û√®·
(O’ college á°æ¤púø’ ´‚¨»®Ω’)
®Ωç™ ÅN ¢Á©’-´-úø-û√®·. Ñ≤ƒJ èπÿú≈ ÅüË college reopens AJT v§ƒ®Ω綵º-´’´¤-ûª’çC
Varun: On 15th March Time ™ ¢Á©’-´-úø-û√-ߪ’E ÇPç-îª-´îª’a) will be declared v°æéπ-öÀç-îª-•-úø-û√®·
Tarun: And when will it be reopened? Tarun: Seats in your college are said to be in can say îÁ°æp-í∫-©´¤
demand
(á°æ¤púø’ ûÁ®Ω’-≤ƒh®Ω’?) are declared v°æéπ-öÀç-îª-•-úø-û√®·
Varun: In the 3rd week of June (O’ college ™ seats èπ◊ T®√éà áèπ◊\-´ç-ö«®Ω’) can be expected ÇPç-îª-•-úø-´îª’a
Tarun: So no classes will be held till then. Varun: That's why they are offered on merit, (possibility)
When will the admissions start? so only merited students are admitted are said to be îÁ°æp-•-úø-û√®·
into the college.
(Åçõ‰ Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ classes Öçúø-´-†o- are offered
É´y-•-úø-û√®·
´÷ô. Admissions á°æ¤púø’ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç?) (Åçü¿’-éπØË v°æA¶µº Çüµ∆-®Ωçí¬ seats É≤ƒh®Ω’, are admitted
îË®Ω’a-éÓ-•-úøû√®Ω’
Varun: As soon as the college reopens. 鬕öÀd v°æA-¶µº-í∫© Nü∆u-®Ω’n™‰o îË®Ω’a-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’) wants
éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’
(college ûÁJ-*† ¢ÁçôØË.) Tarun: My cousin wants to join let him apply apply îËߪ’F
Tarun: Any idea when the results will be cousin
(´÷ îË®√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’) Passive voice ûÁ©’-í∫’™ (ņ’-¢√-ü¿ç™) áçûª
declared? Varun: Well, let him apply ÅÆæ-£æ«-ïçí¬, äéÓ\-≤ƒJ Å®Ωnç鬴ôç -áç-ûª éπ≠dçæ í¬
(°∂æL-û√©’ v°æéπöÀçîËüÁ-°æ¤úÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) (apply îËߪ’-´’†’) Öçô’çüÓ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
II
Laxman: Now that the building has been paint-
ed it looks beautiful.
(Paint ¢Ëߪ’ôç ´©x building î√™«
Åçü¿çí¬ éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçC.)
Bharat: It is painted regularly.
(véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ®Ωçí∫’©’ ¢Ë≤ƒh®Ω’)
Laxman: When was it last painted?
(*´-Jí¬ á°æ¤púø’ paint î˨»®Ω’?)
Bharat: I think two years ago. The painting is
done once every two years.
(È®çúË∞¡x éÀçü¿ô ņ’-èπ◊çö«. È®çúË-∞¡x-éÓ-≤ƒJ
®Ωçí∫’©’ ¢Ëߪ’ôç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC)
Laxman: So it will be painted again two years
from now.
(Åçõ‰ ´’Sx È®çúË-∞¡xèπ◊ ®Ωçí∫’©’ ¢Ë≤ƒh-®Ω-†o-´÷ô)
Bharat: Certainly. The house was built
decades ago. Still it looks new
because it has been maintained well.
Every care has been taken to keep it
in good condition.
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬. Ñ É©’x ü¿¨»-¶«l© éÀçü¿ éπöÀdçC.
Å®·Ø√ éÌûªh-Cí¬ éπEp-Ææ’hçC áçü¿’-éπçõ‰
ü∆Eo ¶«í¬ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’ 鬕öÀd. Ç
¶µº´-Ø√Eo ´’ç* ÆœnA™ Öçîª-ö«-EéÀ ÅEo
ñ«ví∫-ûªh©÷ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 146
I am seen here every evening..
(Decade = úÕÈé-ß˝’ú˛
= ü¿¨»•lç)
Laxman: Who owns the
building?
(á´-JC build-
ing?)
Bharat: My cousin's.
He is an engi-
M. SURESAN
neer in the states.
(Ø√ cousin C. Çߪ’† US ™ Engineer)
Laxman: But who takes care of it here?
(Ééπ\úø ü∆Eo á´®Ω’ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’?)
Bharat: His father. He was also an engineer -
very famous. Unfortunately he is not
in good health now. Only a few days
ago he was discharged from hospital.
He had been treated for knee trouble.
(¢√∞¡x Ø√†o. Çߪ’Ø√ engineer í¬ ÖçúË-
¢√úø’. î√™« Ê°®Ω’çC. ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª÷h
Çߪ’† Ç®Óí∫uç É°æ¤púø’ ÆæJ-í¬-™‰ü¿’. éÌCl
®ÓV© éÀçü¿-õ‰ ¢Á÷é¬LéÀ *éÀûªq îË®·ç--èπ◊E
ÇÆæpvA †’ç* ´î√a®Ω’.)
Laxman: A nice piece of work, this building. I
think I'll take it for my office.
(GLfç-í˚†’ î√™« ¶«í¬-éπ-ö«d®Ω’. Ø√ office
éÓÆæç DEo ؈’ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.)
§ § § §
í∫’®Ω’hûÁa-éÓçúÕ: Verb, 'be' form + participle
Å®·ûË, PASSIVE VOICE Å´¤-ûª’çC. O’®Ω’ í∫´’-
EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. °j conversation ™ î√™«
verbs, passive voice ™ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. (é¬F
ûÁ©’í∫’ ņ’-¢√ü¿ç passive ™ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç èπÿú≈
í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ passive voice î√™«
ÅÆæ-£æ«-ïçí¬, ņ-´-Ææ®Ω §ƒçúÕ-ûªuç-™« Öçô’çC
鬕öÀd ´÷´‚©’í¬ ´÷ö«xúË ûÁ©’Íí ¢√-ú≈ç.)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Now let's study the verbs in the conver-
sation above.
1) has been painted (has been - be form + past
participle (PP) of paint)
2) is painted (is - be from + PP of paint)
3) was painted (was - be form + PP of paint)
(This is in a question)
4) is done (is - be form + PP of do)
5) will be painted (will be - be form + PP of
paint)
6) owns - II RDW (Active Voice)
7) takes - II RDW (Active Voice)
8) was discharged - (was - be form + PP of dis-
charge)
9) had been treated - (had been - be form + PP
of treat)
10) think - I RDW (Active Voice)
11) will take - will + I RDW (Active Voice)
Verbs No. 6, 7, 10 and 11 are in active voice.
The rest of the verbs are all be form + PP
Åçõ‰ passive voice ™ ÖØ√o-ߪ’-†o-´÷ô. Åçõ‰
éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ ûÁ©’-í∫’-™ éÀ translate îËÊÆh '•úø’—
ÅØË ´÷ô combination ûÓ Å®√n©’ ´≤ƒh®·
¢√ô-Eo-öÀéÀ.
Important: Active voice ™ Ö†o v°æA verb èπÿ
passive form Öçô’çC.
I RDW (see, take, etc) and II
Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊
RDW (sees, takes, etc) - regular
-É-N ´’†ç
actions active voice verbs
èπ◊ ¢√úË éπü∆. Å™«Íí
regular actions passive voice verbs
†’ ûÁLÊ°
Åçõ‰ I RDW / II RDW am +
èπ◊ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i-†N,
past participle, is + past participle, are + past
participle.
Ñ éÀçü¿ îª÷úøçúÕ.
Verb No 2: The building is painted regularly
(Regular í¬ ïJÍí action, passive form ™
ᙫ îÁ°æ¤hØ√o¢Á÷ îª÷úøçúÕ – is + PP ûÓ.
(Building paint îËߪ’-•-úø’-ûª’çC– véπ´’ç
ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈)
Verb No 4: The painting is done once every
two years.
(®Ωçí∫’-™‰-ߪ’ôç v°æA È®çúË-∞¡xèπÿ îËߪ’-•-úø’-ûª’çC–
ÉC èπÿú≈ is + PPûÓ regular action éπü∆?)
Regular actions Passive ™ Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ–
ÅN am + PP / is + PP / are + PP ™ ´Ææ’hçC.
1) I am seen here every evening -
ØËE-éπ\úø v°æA ≤ƒßª’çvûªç îª÷úø-•-úø-û√†’.
2) Pooja is done every day
v°æA®ÓW °æ‹ï îËߪ’-•-úø’-ûª’çC (°æ‹ï îË≤ƒh®Ω’).
3) Lakhs of copies of the Eenadu are sold
everyday
(v°æA®ÓW ©éπ~-™ copies Å´’t-•-úø-û√®· =
Å´·t-úø-´¤-û√®·)
鬕öÀd Regular actions passive ™ Å®·ûË, am
+ pp / is + pp / are + pp ¢√úøû√ç– ÅüË active
voice ™ Å®·ûË I RDW / II RDW ¢√úøû√ç.
1) The doctor checks me once in two months
(II RDW - Active) = I am checked once in
two months by the doctor.
(Doctor îËûª ؈’ °æK-éÀ~ç-°æ-•-úø-û√†’ –
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 23 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
2) They play the game twice a week (I RDW -
2) Nü∆u-®Ω’n©èπ◊ Hall tickets É´y-•-ú≈f®· =
active) = The game is played twice every
Hall tickets have been issued to students
week (is + pp - passive - regular)
(passive) = The college has issued hall tick-
3) The school holds weekly tests (II RDW -
ets to students.
active - Regular action) = Weekly tests are
3) ÅûªúÕ îË®· é¬LçC =
held (are held - passive voice - Regular
His hand has been burnt
action)
Passive voice ™ regular actionsîÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ Å™«Íí future actions èπ◊ passive ™ will be +
pp
am + pp / is + pp / are + pp ¢√ú≈L ´’†ç.
¢√úøû√ç.
i) Hall tickets Í®°æöÀ †’ç* É≤ƒh®Ω’ (É´y-•-úø-û√®·)
Active ™ time ûÁ©-°æE past actions èπÿ,
éÌçûªé¬©çí¬ ïJ-T† action èπ◊, É°æ¤púË complete Hall tickets will be issued from tomorrow.
Å®·† action èπ◊ have + pp / has + pp ¢√úøû√ç. ii) °æK-éπ~©’ May ™ E®Ωy-£œ«-≤ƒh®Ω’ (•úø-û√®·)
OöÀE passive ™ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ have been + pp / The exams will be held in May.
has been + pp ´≤ƒh®·.
Time past actions Passive
ûÁL-Æœ† èπ◊ ¢√úË
1) The building has been painted (has been + verb = was + pp / were + pp
pp) - Passive (îËߪ’-•-úÕçC) 1) YSR §Ú®·† Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç áEo-éπ™x CM í¬ áEo-
= They have painted the building. (Active)
éπ-ߪ÷u®Ω’
(î˨»®Ω’) YSR was elected CM in the elections last
year.
(ᆒo-éÓ-•-ú≈f®Ω’) (was + pp)
2) í∫ûª ØÁ© ÅTov°æ´÷-ü¿ç™ ¢Ë-© É∞¡Ÿx üµ¿yçÆæç
Åߪ÷u®· .
Thousands of houses were destroyed in the
fire last month (were + pp).
EXERCISE ANSWER
Practise the following in English, using Arjun: Where is this paper published from?
passive forms where necessary. Pavan: Hyderabad
Arjun: Ñ news paper áéπ\úÕ †’ç* ¢Á©’-´-úø’- Arjun: Where else is it printed?
ûª’çC? (Publish ¢√úøçúÕ) Pavan: Vijayawada and Visakhapatnam.
Pavan: £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ †’ç*.
Arjun: How many copies are sold every
Arjun: ÉçÈééπ\úø print Å´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿C? day?
Pavan: Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø, N¨»-ê-°æôoç. Pavan: Some lakhs.
Arjun: ®ÓW áEo copies Å´·t-úø-´¤-û√®· ? Arjun: When was it started?
Pavan: éÌEo ©éπ~©’?
Pavan: In 1980
Arjun: á°æ¤púø’ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î √®Ω’ ü∆Eo? Arjun: It has been delivered a little late for
Pavan: 1980 ™ the past four days, hasn't it?
Arjun: Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV-©’í¬ éÌClí¬ late deliver Pavan: Yes. Some problem with their machin-
Å´¤-ûÓçC éπü∆? ery.
Pavan: Å´¤†’. ¢√∞¡x ߪ’çvûªç™ àüÓ Ææ´’Ææu. Arjun: Politics get a lot of importance in
Arjun: Newspapers ™ ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷™‰ áèπ◊\´ papers/ politics are given a lot of
v§ƒüµ∆†uç §Òçü¿’-û√®·. importance.
Pavan: Eï¢Ë’! ´’†ç éÌØËC Åçü¿’-Íéí¬! Pavan: Correct. We read them only for that.
v°æ¨¡o: ÖüÓuT •CM Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’ ÉîËa
Relieving Certificate ™ éÌçü¿®Ω’ is/ was/
has/ has been relieved ÅE ®Ωéπ-®Ω-é¬-©’í¬ ®√Ææ’hç-ö«®Ω’. ¢√öÀ™ àC éπÈ®é˙d?
ᙫ? N´JçîªçúÕ.
– °æ¤†-®ΩyÆæ’, ØÁ©÷x®Ω’
-ï-¢√-•’: a) ÖüÓuT °∂晫Ø√ ûËC †’ç* (≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ DEE
official language ™
with effect from such and such a date relieve
ÅE Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’)
Å®·-†ô’x ®√ߪ÷-Lq-´ÊÆh – Mr X has been relieved of his duties in
this office with effect from 4th April 2006.
b) ÖüÓuT °∂晫Ø√ ûËD† relieve Åߪ÷uúø’ ÅE Å®·ûË –
Mr X was relieved of his duties here on 4th April 2006.
c) ûËD©’, ®ÓV©’, Å™«çöÀN àç îÁ°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Å®·ûË is relieved, has been relieved ņ-´îª’a.
He is relieved of/ He has been relieved of his duties here. DE Å®Ωnç Çߪ’† relieve Å´ôç
Regular). has been relieved, better.
ïJ-Tç-ü¿E. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈
II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 25 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
Damodar: Hi Divakar, you know my favourite
Çߪ’-†èπ◊ v°æA¶µº ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd.)
hero was awarded Padmabhushan.
Prabhakar: Will you stop it. You and your
(Ø√ ÅGµ´÷† †ô’-úÕéÀ °æü¿t-¶µº÷-≠æù˝ heroes. You are both silly
G®Ω’ü¿’ ´*açC.)
was awarded (passive) = É´y-•-ú≈fúø’.
(Éçéπ Ç°æ¤-û√®√? O’®Ω’, O’ heroes.
Award= Å¢√-ú˛–'¢√— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç = (G®Ω’-
O’®Ω’ î√™« °œ©x-ûª-®Ω-£æ…í¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’.)
ü¿’©’, •£æ›-´’-ûª’©’, °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\-®√-©’ -™«ç-öÀN) [ [ [
v°æü∆†ç îËߪ’-ôç/-É-´yôç. You must have observed that most of the

Award = •£æ›-´’A, °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\®Ωç, G®Ω’ü¿’ ÅØË
Å®√n©’ èπÿú≈ ÖØ√o®·.
Divakar: The title was conferred on many oth-
ers too.
(Éçé¬ Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ Ç G®Ω’ü¿’ Éî√a®Ω’.)
Title = õ„jöÀ™ ¸ = G®Ω’ü¿’.
Confer = äéπ-JE G®Ω’-ü¿’ûÓ, °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\-®ΩçûÓ
Ææûª\-Jç-îªôç.
They conferred on him the title = Åûª-
verbs in the conversation above are in the
passive voice because every one of them is
a 'be' form + past participle (PP)
The verbs are:
1. was awarded (was + pp of award)
2. was conferred (was + pp of confer)
3. were awarded (were + pp of award)
4. was (not even)
considered (was + pp of consider)
5. were given (were + pp of give)
6. will be honoured (will be + pp of honour)
7. are given (are + pp of give)
Exercise: Practise the following aloud in
Åûªúø’ °æü¿t-¶µº÷-≠æù˝ É´y•-ú≈fúø’. (á´-J-îËûª – ÉC
îÁ°æpôç éπ≠dçæ – Åçü¿’-éπE passive. Government English.
Spandana : Hi Chandana, Ç fan É°æ¤púø’ ready
îËûª ÅE îÁ§Òpa. é¬E Åü¿çûª v§ƒ´·êuç é¬ü¿’
éπü∆. ßË’Ø√?
English ™ èπÿú≈ O™„j-†çûª ´®Ωèπÿ passive ¢√úø- Chandana : Ç... E†oØË ÅC repair Å®·uçC.
èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç î√™« ´’ç*C. O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Spandana : ®Ωçí∫’ èπÿú≈ ¢Ë¨»®√?
Öçö«®Ω’ – Spoken English 144 lessons
Chandana : Ç... ¢Á·ûªhç E†o ´’üµ∆u-£æ…o-EéÀ °æ‹®Ωh-
´®Ωèπÿ ´’†ç áéπ\ú≈ passive voice ¢√úø-™‰ü¿’.
Åçõ‰ passive ¢√úË Å´-Ææ®Ωç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰ü¿-†o- ®·çC.
´÷ô. passive voice (English ™ èπÿú≈) Spandana : E†oØË Lights ÅFo Å´’-®√a®√?

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 147
úÕE ¢√∞«x G®Ω’-ü¿’ûÓ Ææûª\-Jç-î√®Ω’.
Was conferred (passive) = É´y-•-ú≈fúø’.
Damodar: I am happy that only deserving peo-
ple were awarded the title.
(Å®Ω|ûª éπL-T-†-¢√∞Ïx Ç Ææû√\-®√Eo
§Òçü¿úøç Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≥ƒEo éπL-T-Ææ’hçC.
Deserving = úÕï-Nçí˚ = Å®Ω|ûª éπL-T†.
Deserve =úÕï¢˛ = Å®Ω|ûª éπLT Öçúøôç.
He deserves the award = Ç award
BÆæ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ Åûª-úÕéÀ Å®Ω|ûª ÖçC.)
Divakar: You say all this because your
favourite hero got it.
(F ÅGµ-´÷† †ô’-úÕéÀ ´*açC 鬕öÀd É™«
´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤.)
Damodar: Your favourite hero was not even
considered for the award. That's
why you talk like that.
(F ÅGµ-´÷†- †-ô’-úÕ-E Ç °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\-®√-EéÀ (was+pp) / were+pp.
éπ-FÆæç °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd †’´y™« í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T-§Ú-®·† (time ûÁL-Æœ†) actions †’
´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. passive ™ was + pp / were + pp ™ ûÁ©’-°æ¤û√ç.
Consider = 'éπEqúø— = °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îªôç
1) ... hero was awarded Padmabhushan
was not considered (passive) =
°æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îª-•-úø-™‰ü¿’.) 2) ... the title was conferred
Divakar: You feel as if you were given the
award.
(Ç •£æ›-´’-ûËüÓ F éÌ*a-†ô’x ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-
Ø√o´¤. were given (passive)= É´y-•-
ú≈f´¤.)
Damodar: Yes, I do feel so.
(Å´¤†’ Å™«Íí ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.)
Divakar: Just wait and see. My favourite hero
will be honoured with
Padmavibhushan next year.
(îª÷Ææ÷h Öçúø’. ´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ´÷ ÅGµ-
´÷† †ô’-úÕéÀ °æü¿t-N-¶µº÷-≠æù˝ ´Ææ’hçC.)
will be honoured (passive) = Ææûª\-Jç-îª-•-
úø-û√úø’.
Damodar: Such honours are given only to the
talented.
(v°æA¶µº Ö†o-¢√-JÍé Ç Ææû√\®Ωç ©Gµ-
Ææ’hçC. are given (passive) = É´y-•-úø’-
ûª’çC.)
Divakar: True. Your hero will not get it,
because he lacks talent.
(Eï¢Ë’. ÅC O’ £‘«®Óèπ◊ ®√ü¿’, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰
In the last lesson we have seen that we use the
ûª°æpEÆæJ Å®·ûË ûª°æp ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ Öç-úøôç
´’ç*C. Å°æ¤púø’ ´’† English conversation
Chandana : ÅC èπÿú≈ °æ‹®Ωh-®·çC E†oØË.
workers Åçü¿Ko °æç°œçîËߪ’ôç èπÿú≈
passive verbs am + pp/is+pp /are+pp for regu-
lar actions í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆! simple í¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’çC.
The title was conferred
REGULAR ACTION
ACTIVE PASSIVE í∫-´’-Eç-îªç-úÕ: Å®·çC. Payment èπÿú≈ Å®·-§Ú-®·çC.
1st Regular Doing am+pp/is+pp/ are+pp He was awarded Spandana : Very good.
Word (give, take, like, am given/taken/liked Padmabhushan- -D-Eo Answer:
etc) etc., Active Voice ™ É™«
Spandana : Hi Chandana, is the fan ready?
2nd Regular Doing is given/taken/liked simple í¬ îÁ§Òpa. He
Word (gives, takes, etc., Chandana : It was repaired yesterday.
got Padmabhushan. M. SURESAN
likes. etc) are given/taken/liked Spandana : Was it painted too?
ÉC èπÿú≈ Simple í¬ -™‰-
etc. Chandana : Yes. Everything was completed
ü¿÷, He was awarded Padmabhushan
Yesterday.
The verbs (in the conversation above) éπçõ‰? Å™«Íí was + PP/ were + PP ¢√úÕ†
from verbs No. 1 to 5 are: was+past participle N’í∫û√ Sentences †’ èπÿú≈ îª÷ü∆lç. Spandana : Were the lights also fixed
2) The title was conferred on many others too = Yesterday?
Chandana : That was completed too.
Many others got the title too / Many others
The Workers were sent away too.
received the title too/ Many others had the Even the payments were made.
honour/ Distinction.
É™« îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-´îª’a éπü∆. Spandana : Good
3) Were awarded (Passive) = got the award
°æü¿t-¶µº÷-≠æù˝ É´y-•-ú≈fúø’.
(active)
1. Sachin is to play the cricket.
G®Ω’ü¿’ v°æü∆†ç îËߪ’-•-úÕç-C/-É-´y-•-úÕçC. 4) ... Hero was not even considered = They did
2. Sachin has to play cricket.
3) ... people were awarded
not even consider him for an award. 3. Sachin was to play cricket.
î√™«-´’çC É´y-•-ú≈f®Ω’.
(Ééπ\úø They Åçõ‰ á´®Ó ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’ 鬕öÀd 4. Sachin had to play cricket.
4) ... hero was (not even) considered.
passive ¢√úÌa) °j ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ Å®Ωnç N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. 1,2 – 3,4 ¢√é¬u©’
°æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îª-•-úø-™‰ü¿’. 5) ... you were given an award = Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ äÍé Å®Ωnç éπL-T ÖØ√oߪ÷ ûÁL-
5) ... you were given
you got an award, simple éπü∆? passive
ߪ’-îË-ߪ’çúÕ.
(†’´¤y) É´y•-ú≈f´¤. avoid îÁ-ߪ’-´-a.
– N†-ß˝’- π◊-´÷®˝, E®Ωt™¸
Åçõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. Active ™
past doing 1) Sachin is to play cricket
6) Will be honoured = will receive the honour =
word (gave, took, liked, talked, etc) †’ Ææ*Ø˛ Çú≈Lq ÖçC, NCµ-
ÅØÌa. passive avoid îËÊÆçü¿’èπ◊– í¬/-ûª-°æp-éπ/-Å-†’-èπ◊†o v°æé¬-®Ωç/-
í∫ûªç™ Å®·-§Ú-®·† °æ†’-©èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç – ´·êuçí¬
time ûÁLÊÆh. 7) ... honours are given to the talented (PV) = îË-Ææ’èπ◊-†o ä°æpç-ü¿ç/-à-®√pôx
1) She took the book yesterday Only the talented get such honours (Active v°æ鬮Ωç– Ç-úø-û√úø’ èπÿú≈.
2) Sachin has to play cricket = Çú≈L. äéπJ
Expression)
E†o Ç¢Á’ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç BÆæ’-èπ◊çC. Çïc ´©x/duty/ÅûªE Å´-Ææ®Ωç ´©x-é¬E– Çúø-
2) He liked the movie (last night) 鬕öÀd past doing word active Å®·ûË ü∆EéÀ û√úÓ ™‰üÓ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’.
Ç *vûªç Åûª-úÕéÀ †*açC. passive equivalent was + past participle/ 3) Sachin was to play cricket - í∫ûªç™
3) They gave us the information (last week) were past participle. Çú≈Lq ÖçúÕçC. Çú≈úø’. Dhoni was to
´÷é¬ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ¢√Rx-î√a®Ω’. Past actions at a time Known. score 66 not out. (üµÓE 66 éÌúø-û√úø’ Ç
É™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË passive ™ ûÁ©-§ƒ-©çõ‰ was ACTIVE PASSIVE
ûª®√yûª – Åçõ‰ éÌö«dúø’ ÅE).
Rama was to go to forest - Åúø-NéÀ
+ PP or were + PP ¢√úøû√ç. ´·êuçí¬ Ç °æEE Past Doing Was+PP/ Were+PP ¢Á∞«húø’– í∫ûªç™ äéπ ü¿¨¡™, Å°æp-öÀ-†’ç* ïJ-
îËÆœçüÁ´®Ó -ûÁ-L-ߪ’éπ-§Ú®·-Ø√, îÁ°æpôç éπ≠d-¢æ Á’iØ√, Åçûª word (took, Was taken/ Were taken T† °æE.
´·êuç é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, Å°æ¤púø’ passive ¢√úøû√ç. gave, liked Was given/ Were given 4) Sachin had to play - Çú≈Lq Öç--úÕçC–
1) He was awarded Padmabhushan etc.,) Was liked/ Were liked etc. Çú≈úÓ ™‰üÓ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 27 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
Ram: You are late again. You are expected to 1. You are expected to be here by 10.
be here by 10, and it is now 10.20. (O’J-éπ\úø 10éÀ Öçú≈-©-†’èπ◊ç-ö«. Ééπ\úø are
(O’®Ω’ ´’Sx Ç©Ææuçí¬ -´-î√a®Ω’. O’J-éπ\úø 10éÀ expected (ņ’-éÓ-•-úø-û√®Ω’) ÅØËC must èπ◊
Öçú≈L. É°æ¤púø’ 10.20 Å®·çC.) •ü¿’©’ éÌçîÁç ûªèπ◊\´ B-v´ûªûÓ, é¬Ææh
Sita: Sorry sir. The bus was late. The bus is -Ææ’-Eoûªçí¬ üµ¿yEç-îËô’d ¢√úË expression.
supposed to pick us up at 9.45. It was 10
English language ™ manners èπ◊
minutes late. Some trouble on the way.
v§ƒüµ∆†uç áèπ◊\´. Åçü¿’-éπE Çñ«c-°œç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊
(Bus late Å®·çC. 9.45 èπ◊ ´’´’Lo áéÀ\ç-- must î√-™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’, Å™« ¢√úÕûË
éÓ-¢√-Lq† bus 10 EN’-≥ƒ©’ Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’içC. ´’-K E®Ωç-èπ◊-¨¡çí¬, bossy í¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿E.
ü∆J™ ü∆E-ÍéüÓ trouble ´*açC.) I.
(iii) Trespassers will be prosecuted = £æ«ü¿’l-O’-J†
Must ¢√ú≈-Lq† ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Å-Eo-îÓ-ö«x É™« expect, Verb: Give
Ram: OK, OK. Let's get down to work. Only a ¢√®Ω’ Pé~¬-®Ω’|©’ (PéÀ~ç-°æ-•-úø-û√®Ω’)
few files were cleared yesterday. Many suppose, require ™«çöÀ verbs passive forms ACTIONS ACTIVE PASSIVE
É™«çöÀ E•ç-üµ¿-†©’, E≠œ-ü∆l¥©’ ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Regular 1st RDW (give) am+PP=am given
more have to be cleared today. We are ¢√úøû√®Ω’.
≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ passive voice ¢√úøû√®Ω’.
required to clear at least 15 files a day. Actions 2nd RDW (gives) is+PP=is given
(ÆæÍ®, ÆæÍ®, °æE v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµü∆lç. E†o- éÌEo files N’í∫û√ sentences (conversation ™) îª÷ü∆lç. are+PP=are given
´÷vûª¢Ë’ °æ‹Jh î˨»ç. -É¢√∞¡ î√-™« files clear 3) Only a few files were cleared (by us) = éÌEo Past actions Past doing was+pp=was given
îËߪ÷L. ®ÓVèπ◊ éπFÆæç 15 files Å®·Ø√ °æ‹Jh
îËߪ÷L.) -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 148 files ´÷vûª¢Ë’ °æ‹Jhî˨»ç = We cleared only a
few files.
time known word-gave were+pp=were given

II. Shall, should, will, would, can, could, may,

might, must 1st RDW
– OöÀûÓ form
©’ éπ-L°œûË
verb - (shall give, should give, will give,

You are expected to be here..

ÅßË’u
would give, can give, could give, may give,
might give, must give, etc) passive form
èπ◊
shall, should, etc,
鬢√-©çõ‰, ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ °æéπ\†
be past participle
îËJa passive
îËJÊÆh ÅC
Sita: When are we 1) You are expected to be here by 10. (passive) 4) Many more have to be cleared today (by us) Å´¤-ûª’çC.
expected to com- = We have to clear many more files today = eg: They will give the book [verb- will give-
The superiors ( expect you to be
ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’©’)
plete them, sir? files clear will + 1st RDW- active]=
here by 10 (Active) = you must be here by Éçé¬ î√™« îËߪ÷L.
10. (Must †’ É™«çöÀîÓôxavoid îË≤ƒh®Ω’.) The book will be given (by them) [verb- will
(¢√-ô-Eoç-öÀF ´’†ç 7) They should have been sent (by us) = we
be- be form+given (Past participle)- Passive]
°æ‹Jh îËߪ÷-Lqç-üÁ- 2) The bus is supposed to pick us up by 9.45 should have sent them = ´’†ç °æ秃-LqçC He can give it - verb, can do- can + 1st
(passive) = We (office staff = sup-
°æ¤púø’, sir.) Æœ•sçC) Ééπ\úø
(á°æ¤púÓ) RDW passive can + be
pose the bus to pick us up by 9.45 (active) =
Ram: They should have
éπü∆– 鬕öÀd à´’-¢√yL–
M. SURESAN The bus must pick us up by 9.45 =
8) We have been given (by the superiors) = + pp of give = can be given. should
Å™«Íí
been sent last ´’´’tLo
They have given us = time give - active - passive- should + be +
must
week itself. But we have been given 9.45 éπ-™«x áéÀ\ç--éÓ-¢√L. Ééπ\-úø èπÿú≈ ´’†èπ◊ Éî√a®Ω’. DEéÀ
given (PP of give)
some more time because we did not avoid
îË≤ƒhç. 9) It will be done (by you) = You will do it =
have the necessary information. 5) We are required to clear files (passive) = The †’´¤y îË≤ƒh´¤. 鬕öÀd °j† îÁ°œp† verbs ÅEo-öÀéà passive form,
superiors require us
Ç shall, should, etc... ¢√ô-Eo-öÀ °æéπ\Ø√ be °öÀd
(í∫ûª ¢√®Ωç °æç°œ-ç-î√-LqçC. é¬E ´’† ü¿í∫_®Ω (ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’©’) (Åúø’-í∫’-û√®Ω’) Éçé¬ passive voice Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ î√™« ü∆E-°æ-éπ\† past participle îËJÊÆh ÅC passive
information ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç ´©x, ´’†-èπ◊ -é¬Ææh time to clear files (active) = we must clear files. ÖØ√o®·. ÅN ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØË-´·çü¿’ Ñ éÀçC active
(Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ must avoid îË≤ƒh®Ω’). Å´¤-ûª’çC éπü∆.
Éî√a®Ω’.) verbs èπ◊ - passive equivalents îª÷úøçúÕ. They may give it - (active)
Sita: That's ok, sir. I won't take much time. The 6) When are we expected to complete them Active †’ç* passive èπ◊, passive †’ç* active It may be given (by them) - (passive)
files will all be on your table a little after (passive) = When do our superiors expect us
èπ◊ ´÷®Ωaôç äéπ exercise (Ŷµ«u-Ææç) í¬ prac- III. have + pp end active verbs
to complete them? (active) = When must we ûÓ ÅßË’u ÅEo-öÀéÃ,
lunch break. tice îËߪ’-éπçúÕ. Å™« îËÊÆh O’®Ω’ English (spoken
complete them? (Ñ sentence must
™ èπÿú≈ have past participle
èπÿ been
èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u °úÕûË
(ÆæÍ® sir, -ØË-ØÁèπ◊\´ time -BÆæ’éÓ†’. Lunch time form) free í¬, fluent í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰®Ω’. Å™« passive Å´¤-ûª’çC.
¢√úø®Ω’) ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰-éπ-§Úí¬ O’èπ◊ ™‰E§ÚE doubts èπÿú≈ ´*a
Å®·† é¬ÊÆq°æ-öÀéÀ Ç files ÅFo O’ table O’ü¿ They have given the books - verb have
É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ ´’JéÌEo îª÷ü∆lç. ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰-éπ-§Ú--û√®Ω’.
Öçö«®·.) given (active)- passive have given
(i) Smoking °æ‹Jhí¬ E≠œü¿l¥ç. Smoking is strictly
DEéÀ èπÿ,
Ram: Go ahead. When you say something, I ûª°æpE °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™x impersonal (´uèπ◊h-©ûÓ been have been given.
prohibited (passive)
èπÿ ´’üµ¿u™ °ôd-ô¢Ë’–
know it will be done. Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰E) occasions (Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x) ´÷vûªç
(ii) Strict silence should be maintained in the They have given the books (Active)
(O’®Ì-éπ\-≤ƒJ à´’-Ø√o -Å-Ø√o-®Ωçõ‰, ÅC ï®Ω’-í∫’- library (passive). (You should maintain strict
¢√úøçúÕ. Å®·ûË passive forms ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç The books have been given (by them) -
ûª’ç-ü¿E Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’.) silence in the library) = Library ™ E¨¡z•lç ´÷vûªç Å´-Ææ-®Ω¢Ë’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Å´-ûª-L-¢√∞¡Ÿx (Passive).
Let's continue our study of the passive §ƒöÀç-î√L. Passive ¢√úÕûË ´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓí∫-©-í¬-L-éπü∆?
forms. The sentences with verbs in pas-
sive voice in the dialogue are:
Now practise the following in English ANSWER
1) You are expected to be here by 10.
use passive forms where necessary Venkat: Hi Prabhas, you are not supposed to
2) The bus is supposed to pick us up.
(conversation O©-®·-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπÿ passive ™‰èπ◊çú≈ keep your things there.
3) Only a few files were cleared yesterday.
practise îËߪ’çúÕ.)
v°æ¨¡o: 1. ؈’ ®ÓW ôé˙ îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’
Prabhas: Where else should I keep then?
4) Many more have to be cleared today.
Venkat: Hi Prabhas, †’´y-ô’--¢Áj°æ¤ F ≤ƒ´÷†’x Venkat: Anywhere else except there. The
5) We are required to clear.
boss keeps his things there.
°ôd-èπÿ-úøü¿’. (™‰ü∆) ؈’ ®ÓW ÉØ˛-≠æ®˝d îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.
6) When are we expected to complete them?
Prabhas: ´’È®éπ\úø °ö«dL? Prabhas: How long are you expected to be
2. Féπçõ‰ ؈’ Å®·ü¿’ Íé@© •®Ω’-¢Á-èπ◊\´.
7) They should have been sent. Ñ ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒp™
Venkat: Åéπ\úøûª°æp ÉçÈé-éπ\-úøØ√o. Åéπ\úø boss ûª† here?
8) We have been given. ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ.
Venkat: Till 5 in the evening. Again at 10
– Æœ.¨Ïyûª, È®j™‰y-éÓ-úø÷®˝
≤ƒ´÷†’x °ô’d-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.
9) ... it will be done.
Prabhas: †’¢Áyçûª´®Ωèπÿ Öçú≈-L-éπ\úø? tomorrow morning.
Let's look at verbs No. 1, 2, 5 and 6:
are expected, is supposed, are required,
Venkat: ≤ƒßª’çvûªç 5 ´®Ωèπÿ. ´’Sx Í®°æ¤ 10éÀ Ééπ\úø Prabhas: Can the work be completed tomor- -ï-¢√-•’:
are expected. Öçú≈L. row? 1. I tuck my shirt in. In shirt ÅØË ´÷ô
Ñ verbs ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ passive ™ official and Prabhas: Í®°æ¤ °æE °æ‹®Ωh-´-í∫-©ü∆? Venkat: How can the whole work be complet- English ™ ¢√úø®Ω’.
formal Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. Official lan- Venkat: Åçûª °æE ͮ°™« Å´¤-ûª’çC? á©’xçúÕ ed tomorrow? It might be completed 2. I am heavier than you by 5 Kgs/
guage ™ passive voice ¢√úøéπç ᙫ ≤ƒßª’ç-vû√-EéÀ °æ‹®Ωh-´¤-ûª’ç-üË¢Á÷? by the evening of the day after. I weigh 5 Kgs more than you/
Öçô’çüÓ -Ééπ-´·ç-ü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çö«ç. Prabhas: ≤ƒßª’ç Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’iûË, ؈’ ready. Prabhas: If help is needed, I am ready. I weigh more than you by 5 Kgs.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 29 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
Ravikanth: Hi Prakash, who is this book meant
for? I found it here.
(Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç á´J éÓÆæç? Ø√éÀ-éπ\úø
éπ-E°œç-*ç-C.)
Prakash: It was left here by someone. I don't
remember.
(-ü∆-Eo á´®Ó Ééπ\úø ´CL ¢Á∞«x®Ω’. Ø√èπ◊
í∫’®Ω’h-®√-´ô癉ü¿’ ´’J)
Ravikanth: Who does it belong to?
(ÅC á´-JC?)
Prakash: No name is written on the book. Only
the bill of the book is found in the
book. No name in the bill either.
(°æ¤Ææhéπç O’ü¿ à Ê°®Ω÷ ®√Æœ™‰ü¿’. °æ¤Ææhéπç
é̆o-ô’dí¬ Bill ÖçC. ü∆E™ èπÿú≈ Ê°®Ω’-
™‰ü¿’.)
Ravikanth: Ok. Let's no more worry about the
book. Were you, by any chance, in
college last evening?
(ÆæÍ®, Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç í∫’Jç* ´C-™‰ü∆lç. E†o
≤ƒßª’çvûªç †’-¢Ëy-´’Ø√o college ™
ÖØ√o¢√?)
Prakash: I was asked to be there for the selec-
tions for the debate team. Someone
was invited to select the college
team. I have been picked up as a
reserve member.
(college debate team selections
èπ◊
††o-éπ\-úøèπ◊ ®Ω´’t-Ø√o®Ω’. College team †’
select îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ á´-JØÓ °œL-î √®Ω’. ††’o
reserve member í¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.)
Debate = ´éπh %ûªyç.
Pick up = choose. áç°œ-éπ-îË-ߪ’ôç.
Ravikanth: Where will the contest be held?
(§ÚöÃ áéπ\úø?)
(Contest = éπçõ„Æˇd = §ÚöÃ)
Prakash: It is going to be held this month end
at Rajamundry.
(®√ï-´’ç-vúÕ™ Ñ ØÁ™«-ê®Óx Öçô’çC)
Ravikanth: Wish you should be include in the
final team.
(final team
™ †’´¤yçú≈-©E Ø√ éÓJéπ)
Prakash: Thank you.
lllll
Last lesson ™ principles of changing verbs
from active to passive îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Ææ÷n©çí¬
´’®Ì-éπ\-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
-Ñ °æ-öÀdéπ -îª÷-úøç-úÕ.
ACTIVE
1. 1st RDW/ 2nd RDW (give, take, etc/
gives, takes, etc)
2. Past Doing Word
(gave, took etc)
3. shall/ should/ will/ would/ can/
could/ may/ might/ must etc + 1st
RDW
(shall take, will take, would take etc)
Shall have/ should have/ will have/
would have/ can have, etc + past
participle (would have taken, could
have taken etc)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -I
Now let's take a look at the verbs in the
passive form, used in the conversation
at the beginning of the lesson.
1) who is this meant for?
(verb- is meant- passive)
2) It was left here..
(verb- was left- was + pp -passive)
3) No name is written..
(verb- is written- is + pp -passive)
Last lesson ™ îÁ°œp-†ô’x ã °æE á´-J-´©x
4) I was asked..
ïJ-TçüÓ îÁ°æpôç É≠ædç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, éπ≠d-´æ ’-®·Ø√, Let's remember once again:
(verb- was asked- was + pp -passive) ü∆E-éπçûª v§ƒ´·êuç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, Passive Voice
Å´-Ææ®Ωç Å´¤-ûª’çC. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ active always 1) Passive voice to be used only
5) Was invited...
preferable. when absolutely necessary.
(verb- was invited- was + pp -passive)
Passive voice questions practice îËü∆lç: 2) Question structure to be followed
1) Who is it meant for? in passive voice too.
(ÉC á´JéÓÆæç ÖüËl-Pç-îª-•-úÕçC? – Old usage - 3) In most cases where whom was
for whom is it meant?) used in the past, we now use
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 149 2) Where are these shirts sold? 'Who'.
(ÉN áéπ\úø Å´’t-•-úø-û√®·?)
When was the letter posted?
6) I have been picked up 3) How was he killed? EXERCISE
(verb- have been picked - have been + pp -
(ᙫ îªç°æ-•-ú≈fúø’?= éÀçC¢√öÀéÀ passive forms ®√ߪ’çúÕ:
ᙫ îªç§ƒ-®Ω-ûªEo?) 1) Åûª-úø’ †÷ûª† Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊-úÕí¬ áEo-éπ-ߪ÷uúø’.
passive) 4) Who were you seen
2) E†oöÀ accident ™ -†-©’í∫’®Ω’ îªE-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’.
7) When will the contest be held? by?
(verb- will be held- will be + pp -passive) (By Whom were you
°æ-C ´’çC í¬ßª’-°æ-ú≈f®Ω’.
3) ´®Ω-éπôoç EÊ≠-Cµç-î √®Ω’.
seen - old use
8) you should be included 4) í∫ûª Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç -Ø√-©’í∫’ éÌûªh È®j™‰y -™„j†’x ¢Ë¨»®Ω’.
=á´-JîË îª÷úø-•-ú≈f´¤? M. SURESAN
(verb- should be included- should be + pp - 5) Date of Interview ûªy®Ω-™ ØË Å¶µºu-®Ω’n-©èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-
á´®Ω’ îª÷¨»®Ω’ -E†’o?)
passive) 5) What were you told? ñ‰-ߪ’ôç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC.
= ANSWERS
°j °æöÀd-éπ™ É*a† transformation principles èπ◊ †’¢Ëyç îÁ°æp-•-ú≈f´¤? (FÍéç -îÁ-§ƒp®Ω’?)
6) When was the letter posted? = 1) He has been elected the new president.
Ñ 8 verbs in passive ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o®· Öûªh®Ωç á°æ¤púø’
post Post
îËߪ’-•-úÕçC? (á°æ¤púø’ î˨»®Ω’?) 2) Four were killed and ten injured in the acci-
éπü∆?Åçõ‰ dent yesterday.
Active voice passive
™ ™«ØË, ™ èπÿú≈ ques-
a) Active ™ RDWs Öçõ‰, passive, am/ is/ tion ™verb subject
´·çü¿÷, ûª®√yûª ´≤ƒh®·. 3) Dowry has been abolished.
are + past participle. Helping verb
™‰èπ◊çõ‰ main verb
èπ◊, èπÿ ´’üµ¿u™ 4) Four new rail lines were laid last year.
b) Active ™ PDW Öçõ‰, passive, was/ were subject ´Ææ’hçC. ÉC î√-™« ´·êuçí¬ í∫´’-Eç- 5) Candidates will soon be informed of the
+ past participle. î√Lq† N≠æߪ’ç. date of interview.
-ØË-öÀ
-áçÂÆ-ö¸
c) shall/ should/ will/ would, etc + 1st RDW
active Å®·ûË, OöÀ™ shall/ should, etc èπ◊
be îËJa, past participle îËJaûË passive.
-ví¬ç-ú˛-õ„Æˇd
-™
d) shall be/ should be/ will be/ would be,
etc + 1st RDW active Å®·ûË, shall be/
should be/ can be, etc + past participle -
passive.
-Ñ -Ø√-©’í∫’ patterns í∫’®Ω’hç-èπ◊ç-õ‰ passive
-î√-™« easy. Now practise the following in English use Bhramara: Not yet. some more work is left.
passive forms only where necessary: Lavanya: When will it be completed too?
Lavanya: °æ†çû√ °æ‹®Ωh-®·çü∆? Bhramara: It may be completed by tomorrow
PASSIVE
Bhramara: Éçé¬ ™‰ü¿’. Éçé¬ éÌçûª N’TL ÖçC. afternoon.
1. am + pp / is + pp / are + pp. Lavanya: ÅC èπÿú≈ á°æ¤púø’ °æ‹®Ωh-´¤-ûª’çC? Lavanya: Have all the invitations been post-
(am given, is given, are given etc) Bhramara: Í®°æ¤ ´’üµ∆u-£æ…o-EéÀ °æ‹-Jh鬴a. ed?
2. Was+pp/ Were+pp Lavanya: Invitations ÅFo post Å-ߪ÷uߪ÷? Bhramara: Yes, most of them. But then there
(was given / were given) are invitations for which the
Bhramara: Yes î√-™« ´’ô’èπ◊. Å®·ûË O’®Ω’
addresses have to be written by
3. É™«çöÀ verbs N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ shall/ should/ will/ would... addresses ®√ߪ÷-Lq-†N éÌEo ÖØ√o®·.
you/ you have to write the address-
°æéπ\† be °öÀd, ü∆EéÀ Past Participle îË®Ωaôç. ¢√öÀE O’È®-°æ¤púø’ °æ‹JhîËߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’? es. When can you complete it?
shall be taken (shall + be + past participle) / will Lavanya: éÌEo addresses Éçé¬ ®√¢√L. ÅN
Lavanya: Some addresses are yet to be
be taken, etc. ®√í¬ØË ®√ÊÆ-≤ƒh†’. received, once they are received, I
verbs N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ shall have/ should have/ Bhramara: ÅN O’®Ω’ °æ‹JhîËÊÆh ÅFo éπL°œ post
É™«çöÀ will write the addresses.
will have, etc °æéπ\† been °öÀd, ü∆EéÀ past partici- îËߪ’-´îª’a. Bhramara: If you complete them, all of them
ple (would have been taken, could have ANSWER
îË®Ω’≤ƒhç. may be posted together/ we may
been taken, etc) Lavanya: Has the work been completed? post all of them together.
-I-I
Pranav: Hi Prabhat, you look quite smart in
your clothes today. Are they new?
(v°æ¶µ«û˝, -Ñ •ôd™x -F-´¤ î√™« Åçü¿çí¬
ÖØ√o´¤. ÅN éÌûªh¢√?)
Prabhat: They are, of course. But I'm afraid I
don't look smarter than you, in spite of
my new clothes. Any way, I thank you
for the compliment.
(ÅN éÌûªh¢Ë. Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Féπçõ‰ ØËØËç
smarter Åçü¿çí¬/ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ éπE-°œç-
îªúøç ™‰ü¿’™‰. àüÁj-ûËØËç, F´¤ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ô’-
†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ thanks.)
Pranav: Mine are sincere compliments, prab-
hat. They aren't mere flattery.
(؈’ Eïç-í¬ØË ´’†-Ææ÷p¥-Jh-í¬ØË E†’o ¢Á’a-
èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o, Å-¢Ëç ¢Á’®Ω-¢Á’a ´÷ô©’/
§Òí∫úøh é¬ü¿’)
Prabhat: I have no doubt about that. But really
I don't like these clothes very much.
Dad bought me them from
Hyderabad. I wear them because I
don't want to offend him.
(-Ç N≠æߪ’ç-™ Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’.
Eïçí¬ Ñ •ôd©’ Ø√éπçûª É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’. ´÷
Ø√†o OöÀE £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü¿’ †’ç* ûÁî√a®Ω’
Ø√èπ◊. -Çߪ’† ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø-û√-Í®-¢Á÷-†E ¢ËÆæ’-
éÓ-´-úø¢Ë’)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 150
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
äé𠶵«≠æ™ ÖçúË ´÷ô-©-Eo-öÀF Ç ¶µ«≠æ vocabu-
lary Åçö«ç. É°æ¤púø’ °j sentences ™E
Underline îËÆœ† ´÷ô-©Fo ´’† appearance
(éπE-°œçîË B®Ω’) èπÿ, ´’† •ôd-©èπÿ (´·êuçí¬ ´’í∫-
¢√∞¡x •ôd-©èπ◊) Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†´E ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC
éπü∆? Ñ ´÷ô-©Fo èπÿú≈ ´’† daily life situa-
tion ™ spoken english ™ ¢√úË ´÷ô™‰ 鬕öÀd
practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
1) You look quite smart in your clothes. Look
Åçõ‰ ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’ – éπE-°œç-îªôç/ Åí∫’-°œç-
îªôç. smart = Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬, Åçü¿çí¬ Öçúøôç/
éπE-°œç-îªôç. ´’†ç ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊†o •ôd©’ ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬
suit Å®·ûË Å°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç smart. tip top í¬
Öçúøôç ÅØ√o smart.
a) The army officer is really smart in his uni-
form. Army officer,
Ç Uniform
Ç ™ î√™«
Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ ÖØ√oúø’.
b) The students were all smartly dressed for the
college anniversary = College ¢√J{-éÓ-ûªq´ç 3) In spite of: Å®·-†-°æpöÀéÃ. (though/ although/
Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’-¢Á’i† ü¿’Ææ’h™x
ÖØ√o®Ω’.
Dress and clothes: Dress ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËC Çúø-¢√∞Ïx.
´’í∫-¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËN clothes. Åçõ‰ ´’í∫-¢√∞¡x •ôd- a) In spite of her greatness, she is not conceit-
©†’ dress/ dresses ņç. Å®·ûË He is
always dressed in good clothes ™«çöÀ sen-
tences ™ dress Åçõ‰ •ôd©’ ÅE é¬èπ◊çú≈
•ôd©’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. -Å-C
ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’.
´’†ç ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊†o •ôd©’ î√™« Neat í¬ Å´’-J-éπí¬
Öçõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç smart.
c) She smarted up for the interview
Interview èπ◊ Ç¢Á’ îªéπ\í¬ ´·≤ƒh-•®·çC.
b) Sulochana: Are you coming for the picnic?
Picnic
(†’¢Ìy-Ææ’h-Ø√o¢√ èπ◊?)
Sunayana: I'am afraid I can't because dad
isn't well
(Ø√†oèπ◊ äçöx ¶«í∫’-™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd ؈’
®√™‰-†E, ¶«üµ¿í¬ îÁ°æpôç)
I'm afraid/ we're afraid ™«çöÀ expressions
O’ conversation ™ ûª®Ω ¢√úøçúÕ.
even though/ but/ yet ûÓ Ææ´÷†ç. Å®·ûË ¢√úø’-
éπ™ OöÀ-éÌ-éπ-ü∆-E-éÌ-éπ-öÀéÀ î√™« ûËú≈ ÖçC. Åçü¿’-éπE
ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ practice îËߪ÷L.
ed (Ç¢Á’èπ◊ íÌ°æp-ûª†ç Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÀ, Ç¢Á’èπ◊ í∫®Ωyç
™‰ü¿’. Conceit= í∫®Ωyç)
= Though/ Although/ Even though she is
great, she is not conceited (Ç¢Á’ íÌ°æp-ü¿-®·Ø√,
í∫®Ωyç ™‰ü¿’)
= She is great, but/ yet she is not conceited
= Ç¢Á’ íÌ°æpC, é¬E Ç¢Á’èπ◊ í∫®Ωyç ™‰ü¿’/ í∫Jy-é¬ü¿’)
b) Inspite of his fever, he is able to walk= ïy®Ωç Ö†o-
°æp-öÀéà (ïy®ΩçûÓ èπÿú≈) Å-ûª-úø’ †úø-´-í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.
-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 1 -¢Ë’ 2006
7) Offend= (´’†Ææ’q, ¶µ«¢√©’) ØÌ°œpç-îªôç.
a) I don't want to offend him=
Çߪ’†’o ØÌ°œpç-îªôç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’.
b) The book has been banned because it
offends the sentiments of the minority com-
munity =
¢Á’iØ√-JöÀ ´®√_© ¶µ«¢√-©†’ ØÌ°œpç-îËCí¬
ÖçC 鬕öÀd Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo EÊ≠-Cµç-î√®Ω’.
c) You offend me if you talk badly about my
favourite hero= Ø√ ÅGµ-´÷† †ô’úÕo í∫’Jç*
îÁúø’í¬ ´÷ö«x-úÕûË ††’o ØÌ°œp-ç-*-†-õ‰x.
8) tire= ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç, Å©-Ææô éπL-Tç-îªôç/ Å©-Æ œ-
§Ú-´ôç. Å®·ûË, bore éÌôdôç/ NÆœ-Tç-îªôç ÅØË
Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. ÉC É°æ¤púø’ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-éπ™
ÖçC.
a) The movie is tiring= Ç ÆœE´÷ NÆæ’-í∫-E-°œç-*çC.
b) I don't want to go to him. He tires me by talk-
ing of his greatness = ¢√úÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡}ôç
Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’. ¢√úÕ íÌ°æp-ûª†ç í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«xúÕ
NÆœ-T-≤ƒhúø’.
Now practise the following in English
Nimisha: Hi Lipta, àçöÀ éÌûªh-•-ôd™«? áçûª Çéπ-®Ω{-
ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ ÖØ√o¢Ó! áéπ\-úø-éÌ-Ø√o´¤?

I don't want to offend him

Pranav: I don't see why you think they aren't
good. They really suit you well.
(ÅN ¶«í¬™‰-´E †’´¤y áçü¿’-éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-
Ø√o¢Ó Ø√éπ®Ωnç鬴ô癉ü¿’. ÅN Fèπ◊ î√™«
¶«í¬ †§ƒp®·.)
Prabhat: Do they, really? Then I am happy.
(Eïç-í¬Ø√. Å®·ûË Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’)
Pranav: You are always well dressed. I don't
have the patience to choose what
clothes I wear.
(F¢Á-°æ¤púø÷ •ôd©’ ¶«í¬ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤.
•ôd© áç°œ-éπ-éπçûª ã°œéπ™‰ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊)
Prabhat: Still you look stylish. There is some
charm about you that makes your
appearance attractive.
(Å®·Ø√ †’´¤y é¬Ææh stylish í¬ØË éπE-°œ-
≤ƒh´¤. F™ àüÓ Çéπ-®Ω{ù ÖçC. ÅC E†’o
Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ îËÆæ’hçC)
Pranav: Enough. You are tiring. Let's talk of
something else.
(Ééπ î√©’. NÆœ-T-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. ÉçÍé N≠æ-ߪ’-
¢Á’iØ√ ´÷ö«x-úøü∆ç)
v v v v v
Look at the following sentences from the
dialogue above.
1) you look quite smart in your clothes
2) .... I'm afraid I don't look smarter than you, in
spite of my new clothes
3) Anyway I thank you for the compliment.
4) Mine are sincere compliments. They aren't
mere flattery
5) ... because I don't want to offend him.
6) I don't see why you think...
7) ... you are always well dressed
8) still you look stylish
9) Enough. You are tiring.
In the lesson, lets learn a few items of
vocabulary. Vocabulary
Åçõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆.
simpleí¬ ü∆†®Ωnç ´÷ô©’ °æü∆©’ ÅE éπü∆?
áçûª?
Lipta: F¢Á’-°æ¤pèπ◊ thanks. Eïçí¬ ¶«´¤çü∆ -Ñ
combination?
Nimisha: ´’†-Ææ÷p¥Jhí¬ îÁ°æ¤p-Ø√oØË. †´’t¢√?
Lipta: àüÓ §Òí∫-úøh-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o-†’™‰.
Smart èπ◊ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i† = Though/ Although/ Even though he has a Nimisha: Å®·ûË áéπ\úø, áçûª-éÌ\-Ø√o¢Ó îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.
Éûª®Ω °æü∆©’; Stylish, fever, he is able to walk. Lipta: é̆-™‰üË. ÅüÁ-™«íÓ ´*açC Ø√èπ◊. Åü¿çû√
trendy. Å®·ûË Ñ = He has a fever, but/ yet he is able to walk. îÁ°œp E†’o NÆœ-Tç-îªôç É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’.
È®çúø’ ´÷ô™x éÌClí¬ 4) Compliment = ¢Á’°æ¤p-´÷ô, ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿†/ ¢Á’a- Nimisha: Åçõ‰ ؈ ’ èπÿú≈ é̆’-èπ◊\ç-ö«-†E
fashion v°æ¶µ«´ç éÓ-´ôç, ÅGµ-†ç-Cç-îªôç. ÅÆæ÷ߪ÷?
áèπ◊\´. •ôd©’ neat í¬, Lipta:
á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ´’†ç ¢Á’aéÌØË ´÷ô-©’-í¬F, á´-J-ÈéjØ√ áçü¿’Íé Ç ´÷ô©’? †ØÁoç-ûª- ØÌ-°œp-Ææ’h-
Å´’-J-éπí¬ Öçúø-ôç-ûÓ- ´’†ç ûÁLÊ° ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†-©’-í¬F compliments. Ø√o¢Ó Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. Ø√éπ-üËüÓ gift í¬
§ƒô’, é¬Ææh fashion- á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç, ÅGµ-†ç-Cç-îªôç, to com-
M. SURESAN
able í¬ Öçõ‰ Å°æ¤p-úøN, pliment.
´*açC ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈.
stylish, trendy. a) My compliments to you on your high marks in Nimisha: ÅüË îÁ§Òp--aí¬. Åçü¿’™ NÆœ-Tç-îË-
Smart Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç ûÁL-¢Áj†, ®Ω’-Èéj†. the exam= üË-´·çC?
a) The boy is smart. You can't cheat him= marks
°æK-éπ~™ F´¤ ûÁa-èπ◊†o íÌ°æp èπ◊ Ø√ Lipta: O.K.
(Clever).
Ç èπ◊v®√úø’ ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√úø’ †’´¤y ¢√úÕo ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’. ANSWER
compliment ûª®√yûª on ´Ææ’hçC. Nimisha: Hi Lipta, new dress? How smart you
¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’-™‰´¤.
b) It was smart of her to give such an answer b) He sent his compliments to the actor on his look in the dress! Where did you
Ç Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç Ç¢Á’ ûÁL-N-í¬ØË É*açC. action in the movie= Ç †ô’úÕ íÌ°æp †ô-†èπ◊ buy it and how much is it?
É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x smart Åçõ‰ î√™« ûÁL-Ní¬ Çߪ’† ûª† ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’ °æ秃úø’. Lipta: Thank you for your compliment. Is
ûªy®Ωí¬ Ç™-*ç-îª-í∫© ¨¡éÀh Ö†o ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. c) Everyone complimented Dhoni on his won-
the combination really good?
c) Don't try to be smart with me= derful play = üµÓE Çô†’ v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x ¢Á’a-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.
d) He complimented her on her taste in the Nimisha: I am sincere in my compliments.
Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω F ûÁLN îª÷°æèπ◊.
choice of her dress = Dress Don't you believe me?
A smart restaurant = a fashionable áç°œ-éπ™ Ç¢Á’
restaurant= ÅGµ-®Ω’-*E Åûª-úø’ éÌE-ߪ÷-ú≈úø’. Lipta: I thought you were flattering me/ I
Food prices are high at this smart restaurant. 5) Compliment èπ◊ é¬Ææh Ææç•çüµ¿ç Ö†o ´’®Ó-´÷ô thought it was flattery/ I took it for
(Ñ fashionable £æ«Ùô™x A†’-•ç-ú≈-®√© üµ¿®Ω áèπ◊\´). flattery. Flattery ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ ¢Á’Ê°p, é¬E flattery flattery.
2) I'm afraid= I am afraid. Afraid èπ◊ ´÷´‚©’ Åçõ‰ Éûª-®Ω’-©îË °æE-îË-®·ç--éÓ-´-ö«-EéÓ, ¢√∞¡x-´©x Nimisha: But you haven't told me where and
Å®Ωnç ´’†ç-ü¿-®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’– ¶µºßª’-°æ-úøôç/ ¶µºßª’çûÓ àüÁjØ√ v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç §Òçü¿-ö«-EéÓ îËÊÆ §Òí∫úøh. how much you bought it for.
Öçúøôç. é¬F Ñ Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç™ I'm afraid Åçõ‰ §Òí∫-úøh©’ flattery. Lipta: I didn't buy it. I got it some how. I
a) He flatters the minister to get his help.
؈’ *çA-Ææ’h-Ø√o-†ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. don't want to tire you by telling you
I'm afraid I am not smarter than you= ´’çvA Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç éÓÆæç, Çߪ’Eo §Òí∫-úø’-ûª’ç-ö«úø’. of it.
FéπØ√o ؈’ smart í¬ ™‰ØË-¢Á÷-†E *çA-Ææ’hØ√o. b) Everyone in the world falls for flattery =
Nimisha: (Are) you jealous that I too will buy
Åçõ‰ ´’†-éÀ≠dçæ ™‰E N≠æߪ’ç é¬Ææh ¶«üµ¿ûÓ îÁ°æp- v°æ°æç-îªç™ v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x §Òí∫-úøhèπ◊ ™ÔçÍí-¢√∞Ïx. it?
ö«-EéÀ I'm afraid ÅE ¢√úøû√ç/ I'm afraid ûÓ 6) sincere= ´’†-Ææ÷p¥JhßÁi’†, *ûªh-¨¡Ÿ-Cl¥-í∫©.
Lipta: Why such words? You don't know
v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. a) I am sincere in my wish to help you =
a) Nishant: Has Prashanth passed? how much you offend me. I got it as
Fèπ◊ ؈’ Eïç-í¬ØË (´’†-Ææ÷p¥-JhûÓ) Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç
pass a gift unexpectedly.
(v°æ¨»çû˝ Åߪ÷uú≈?) îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç--ô’-Ø√o.
Susanth: I'm afraid, no. b) No politician is sincere about servicing Nimisha: You could have told me so. What is
Pass
(v°æ¨»çû˝ Å´-™‰-ü¿E ¶«üµ¿í¬/ people. = politicians èπ◊ -v°ææñ«-ÊÆ-´™ *ûªh-¨¡Ÿ-Cl¥-™‰ü¿’. there in to tire me?
Å®·-≠dçæ í¬ îÁ°æpôç) c) She is sincere student= -Ç-¢Á’ *ûªh-¨¡Ÿ-Cl¥-í∫© Nü∆uJn-E Lipta: That's OK.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm