Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Method
Experiment One
Black Blue Green Red Grey
Experiment Two
High Frequent/Hyperlinked High Frequent/Unlinked Low Frequent/Hyperlinked Low Frequent/Unlinked
Results
Experiment One Experiment Two
Participants were less likely to skip a target word if it was any colour except black which suggests that the saliency of the colour draws attention to it (see Figure 7) The grey target word had significantly longer fixations across all eye movement measures due to its reduced contrast making it more difficult to process and read [2] (see Figure 8) The other coloured words were not fixated for longer than the black words, suggesting that colouring words does not either hinder or help the reading of those words
0.35 Skipping probability percentage First fixation duration (ms) 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 Black Blue Green Red Colour of target word Grey
260 250 240 230 220 210 200 190
Figure 6. Word Frequency x Hyperlinked/Unlinked interaction for Go-past times and Total Reading Time Figure 5. Scan path from a trial in Experiment Two
Black
Blue
Grey
Participants showed no difference in skipping probability There was a significant effect of word frequency across all eye movement measures, with the low frequency word being fixated for longer due to the increased difficulty [3] In the early eye movement measure (first fixation duration, single fixation duration and gaze duration) there was no difference in the fixation times whether the word was hyperlinked or not However, in the later measures (go-past times and total reading time) there was a significant interaction between whether the target word was hyperlinked or not, qualified by an interaction with frequency (see Figure 6) The low frequency hyperlinked words had significantly longer fixations than the other conditions suggesting that those words caused regressive eye movements due to difficulty processing. This means that participants are reaching the low frequency hyperlinked words and rereading the preceding content to re-evaluate it
Conclusion
Conclusions
Experiment One showed that a coloured word is skipped less often than a black word and that reduced contrast colours make reading more difficult [2] Experiment Two showed different effects of colour to Experiment One indicating that coloured words are processed differently to hyperlinked words Experiment Two also showed a difference between whether the target word was hyperlinked or not, qualified by an interaction with frequency. Low frequency hyperlinked words had significantly longer fixation times in the late measures of reading. Participants had difficulty with these words and would reread the preceding content to re-evaluate it Hyperlinks indicate that the word is important. When the hyperlinked word is a low frequency word the reader may wonder why that word is hyperlinked and want to re-evaluate the preceding content to make sure that they understood it, or try to decide why it is important
Future Research
By basing our future research on the vast amount of research already conducted on eye movements and reading we can build an understanding of how we read hyperlinked text In future research we aim to explore reading behaviour alongside the navigation and decision making elements that hyperlinked text entails
5. Nielsen, J. When bad design elements become the standard. Nielsen Norman Group (1999), http://www.nngroup.com/articles/when-bad-design-elements-become-thestandard/ 6. Nikolova, O. R. Effects of Visible and Invisible Hyperlinks on Vocabulary Acquisition and Reading Comprehension for High- and Average-Foreign. Apprentissage des langues et systmes dinformation et de communication, 07 (2004), 2953. 7. Rayner, K. Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological bulletin, 124, 3 (1998), 372422. 8. Rayner, K. Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search. Quarterly journal of experimental psychology, 62, 8 (2009), 1457506.
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