The ____________________ is a nucleotide carrying a genetic blueprint. Buidling block of proteins is called __________________.

The DNA molecule undergoes a series of processes through the genetic materials are duplicated. DNA showed that is composed of four different kinds of molecules called _____________. Each nucleotide consists of one of the bases _____________, ______________, ___________, or _____________ and the _________________ and a _________________. __________________, an American biologist and ________________, a British biophysicist, discovered the structured of DNA. They concluded that DNA molecule was _______________ in structure resembling a ______________ or staircase. They determined that the sides of the ladder were composed of alternating phosphate groups and sugar molecules. The rungs on the staircase contained the pairs of nitrogen-carrying bases. These two bases that made up each ring were joined to one another by weak hydrogen bond. ___________________ is the making of identical copy of DNA that is passed on from one generation of organisms to another. ___________________ makes the passing of traits possible. Thus, the proliferation of species of similar characteristics continues alongside variations. Variations are made possible through mutation. ___________________ are permanent changes in the genetic material. They are classified according to where the process takes place. __________________ is a chemical change in the DNA structure. The change alters the nucleotide sequence, that changes the information and the protein produced to express the trait. _______________ are drugs that may be chemical agents that interact with DNA structure and cause mutation. ________________ is a change in the whole chromosome structure or a part of it. ______________ involves the loss of a piece of chromosome. __________________ or cat-cry syndrome chromosome part (deletion) in humans. disorders associated with a lost

_____________ no genes are added or lost, but a change in the sequence of genes occurs. ______________ happens when an extra identical piece of chromosome is added to the original strand which may be advantage at times. ______________ is the failure of chromosome pairs to separate during meiosis.

_______________ are the abnormalities involving the presence of an extra chromosome or the absence of a chromosome are much more common situations in humans. _______________ is when a disease causes multiple symptoms. _______________ is when this sex cell (22 chromosome) combines with a normal sex cell (23 chromosomes), the resulting zygote has only 45 chromosomes instead of 46. _______________ another sex chromosome abnormality, have only X chromosome (45, XO). ________________ is a condition in which the total number of chromosomes is 47 instead of 46. This is due to the combination of a normal gamete (23 chromosomes) and a gamete with an extra chromosome (24 chromosomes). _________________ have 47autosomes, the sex chromosomes are XXY. ________________ or Triple X Syndrome have three to four X chromosomes (47, XXX or 48, XXXX). ________________ or Double Y Syndrome (Jacobs Syndrome) individuals with XY chromosomes (47, XYY). _________________ is an abnormal condition which occurs because they are trisomic for chromosome 21. _________________ is another abnormality, involves an extra chromosome 18 and severely mentally retarded. ________________ is an individual with the extra chromosome 13 suffers from Pataus syndrome. __________________ is a process by which proteins are made from amino acids. The process is essential since proteins make up the structural components of an organism and enzymes necessary for chemical reactions in the body.