CEE 5614 and CEE 4674 Aircraft Classications Dr. Antonio A.

Trani Professor Civil and Environmental Engineering Spring 2011

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Material Presented

The aircraft and the airport Aircraft classications Aircraft characteristics and their relation to
airport planning

New large capacity aircraft (NLA) impacts

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Relevance of Aircraft Characteristics

Aircraft classications are useful in airport engineering work (including terminal gate sizing, apron and taxiway planning, etc.) and in air trafc analyses Most of the airport design standards are related to aircraft size (i.e., wingspan, aircraft length, aircraft wheelbase, aircraft seating capacity, etc.) Airport eet compositions vary over time and thus is imperative that we learn how to forecast expected vehicle sizes over long periods of time The Next Generation (NextGen) air transportation system will cater to a more diverse pool of aircraft
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 Imperative to know the performance aspects of

Airport Engineering and Aircraft Characteristics

the aircraft on the ground (low taxiing speeds) as well as on takeoff and landing

Boeing 757-200 winglets rotates at LAX runway 25R (A.A. Trani)

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Geometric Design Classication (ICAO)

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Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Geometric Design Classication

Design Group I II III IV V VI Tail Height (Feet) <20 20 to <30 30 to <45 45 to < 60 60 to < 66 66 to <80 Wingspan (feet) <49 49 to < 79 79 to < 118 118 to < 171 171 to < 214 214 to < 262 Representative Aircraft Types Cessna 172, Beech 36, Cessna 421, Learjet 35 Beech B300, Cessna 550 Falcon 50, Challenger 605 Boeing 737, Airbus A320 CRJ-900, EMB-190 Boeing 767, Boeing 757, Airbus A300, Douglas DC-10 Boeing 747, Airbus A340, Boeing 777 Airbus A380, Antonov 124*

* The Antonov 225 has a wingspan of 290 feet (in a class by itself). Only one aircraft produced.
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FAA Approach Speed Classication

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Source to Find Aircraft Approach Speed and Aircraft Mass (weight) Data

FAA Advisory Circular AC/150 5300-13

Airport Design (available at our web site)

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FAA Wake Vortex Classication

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 Every aircraft generates wakes behind the

Wake Vortex

wing due to the strong circulation required to generate lift

Circulation Strength Boundary

Wake vortices depend on aircraft mass, wingspan and atmospheric conditions

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International Air Transport Association (IATA) Classication

Used in the forecast of aircraft movements at an airport based on the IATA forecast methodology

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Other Classications that You Will Hear in Trade Magazines

Aircraft classication based on the aircraft use General aviation aircraft (GA) Corporate aircraft (CA) Commuter aircraft (COM) Transport aircraft (TA)

Short-range Medium-range Long-range

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General Aviation Aircraft

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Corporate Aircraft

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Commuter Aircraft

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Short-Range Transport Aircraft

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Medium-Range Transport Aircraft

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Long-Range Transport Aircraft

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New Trends

New large capacity aircraft (NLA or VLCA) Airbus A380 and Boeing 747-8 New generation long-range transport Boeing 787 and Airbus A350 New generation short range aircraft Bombardier C-Series, Comac 919 and
Yakovlev MC-21
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New Large Capacity Aircraft (NLA/VLCA)

Airbus A380 was introduced into service in 2008 Boeing 747-8 will be introduced in late 2011

A380-800 at LAX Airport (A. Trani)

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Tradeoffs in the Design of Aircraft

Aircraft designed purely on aerodynamic principles would be costly to the airport operator yet have low Direct Operating Cost (DOC) Aircraft heavily constrained by current airport design standards might not be very efcient to operate Adaptations of aircraft to t airports can be costly Some impact on aerodynamic performance Weight considerations (i.e., landing gear design) Tradeoffs are needed to address all these issues
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Impacts of New Large Capacity Aircraft

Large capacity aircraft requirements Airside infrastructure impacts (taxiways and

runways)

Runway capacity impacts Airport terminal impacts (gates and aprons) Pavement design considerations Noise considerations Systems approach is needed to study these
impacts
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Very Large Capacity Aircraft: Airbus A380-800

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Comparative Size of Airbus A380 and Other Heavy Aircraft

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Aircraft Wing Aspect Ratio (AR)

AR = b / S
2

AR 2 b S

wing aspect ratio (dimensionless) wingspan (ft2 or m2) wing area (ft2 or m2)
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Evolution of Aircraft Wing Aspect Ratios

Long range aircraft require very long and

thin wings to be aerodynamically efcient

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Very Large Capacity Aircraft Runway and Taxiway Requirements

NLA aircraft require (in principle) wider

runways and wider taxiways

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Large Capacity Aircraft Require Larger Maneuvering Envelopes

source: Airbus and the author

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 Large capacity aircraft require more

Airport Terminal Impacts

complex gate interfaces to expedite the enplaning/deplaning of passengers

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In-trail Separation Requirements (per Trani and Venturini, 2001)

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Capacity Impacts of NLA Operations

Runway capacity is inuenced by larger intrail separations (i.e., reduction in runway capacity)

Airport terminal volume requirements

could increase due to the larger size of the aircraft (up to 850 passengers in a single class conguration)

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 The diagram shows that large capacity

aircraft can reduce the runway hourly capacity of the airport

Runway Capacity Impact Analysis

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Airport Pavement Design Impacts

Very large capacity aircraft have complex

landing gear congurations that require careful analysis to understand their impacts on airport pavements

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