Equipment for Engineering Education

Instruction Manual
HM150.07 Bernoullis Principle Demonstrator

G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH

P.O. Box 1125 D-22881 Barsbttel Germany Phone (040) 670854-0 Fax (040) 670854-42

HM150.07 Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration Apparatus

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Barsbttel

Instruction Manual

Puplication No. 917.00007A15012

10/95

HM150.07 Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration Apparatus

Contents

1 Unit description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 Performance of experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3 Assessment of experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

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3.1 3.2 3.3

Velocity Profile Venturi Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Pressure Distribution Venturi Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Determining the Flow Rate Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4 Technical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

HM150.07 Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration Apparatus

1 Unit description The HM150.07 is used to investigate Bernoullis law. The measurement object is a venturi tube with 6 pressure measurement points. The 6 static pressures are displayed on a board with 6 water pressure gauges. The overall pressure can also be measured at various locations in the venturi tube and indicated on a second water pressure gauge. Measurement is by way of a probe which can be moved axially with respect to the venturi tube. The probe is sealed by way of a compression gland. Water is supplied either from the HM150 Fluid Mechanics Basic Module or from the laboratory mains. The HM150 enables a closed water circuit to be constructed. Possible experiments: Demonstration of Bernoullis law Pressure measurements along venturi tube Determination of flow rate factor K

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Barsbttel

1 Unit description

HM150.07 Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration Apparatus

Components:
10

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3 9 5 6 4

1 Assembly board 2 Single water pressure gauge 3 Discharge pipe 4 Outlet ball cock 5 Venturi tube with 6 measurement points

6 Compression gland 7 Probe for measuring overall pressure (can be moved axially) 8 Hose connection, water supply 9 Ball cock at water inlet 10 6-fold water pressure gauge (pressure distribution in venturi tube)

1 Unit description

HM150.07 Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration Apparatus

2 Performance of experiment Arrange the experimentation set-up on the HM150 such that the discharge routes the water into the channel Make hose connection between HM150 and unit Open discharge of HM150 Set cap nut [1] of probe compression gland such that slight resistance is felt on moving probe Open inlet and outlet ball cock Close drain valve [2] at bottom of single water pressure gauge Switch on pump and slowly open main cock of HM150 Open vent valves [3] on water pressure gauges Carefully close outlet cock until pressure gauges are flushed By simultaneously setting inlet and outlet cock, regulate water level in pressure gauges such that neither upper nor lower range limit [4,5] is overshot or undershot Record pressures at all measurement points. Then move overall pressure probe to corresponding measurement level and note down overall pressure Determine volumetric flow rate. To do so, use stopwatch to establish time t required for raising the level in the volumetric tank of the HM150 from 20 to 30 litres

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1 3

2 Performance of experiment

HM150.07 Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration Apparatus

ATTENTION! The experimental set-up should be arranged absolutely plane to avoid falsification of measurement results (use of spirit level recommended). For taking pressure measurements, the volumetric tank of the HM150 must be empty and the outlet cock open, as otherwise the delivery head of the pump will change as the water level in the volumetric tank increases. This results in fluctuating pressure conditions. A constant pump delivery pressure is important with low flow rates to prevent biasing of the measurement results.

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Barsbttel

80 mm

The zero of the single pressure gauge is 80 mm below that of the 6-fold pressure gauge. Allowance is to be made for this fact when reading the pressure level and performing calculations.

Both ball cocks must be reset whenever the flow changes to ensure that the measured pressures are within the display ranges.

2 Performance of experiment

HM150.07 Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration Apparatus

3 Assessment of experiment The measured values are to be compared to Bernoullis equation. Bernoullis equation for constant head h:

p1 w12 p2 w22 . + 2 = + 2 = const Allowance for friction losses and conversion of the pressures p1 and p2 into static pressure heads h1 and h2 yields:

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w12 w22 h1 + 2g = h2 + 2g + hv p1: h1:

Condition 1 Condition 2

Pressure at cross-section A1 Pressure head at cross-section A1

w1: Flow velocity at cross-section A1 p2: h2: Pressure at cross-section A2 Pressure head at cross-section A2 Density of medium = constant for incompressible fluids such as water Pressure loss head

w2: Flow velocity at cross-section A2

:
hv

3 Assessment of experiment

HM150.07 Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration Apparatus

The mass flow is constant in closed systems. . . m1 = m2

Given
. m1 . m2

. . m =V

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. . V1 = V2

. . V1 = V2

Given

. V =Aw

. A1 w1 = A2 w2 = V = const.

3 Assessment of experiment

HM150.07 Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration Apparatus

3.1 Velocity profile in venturi tube The venturi tube used has 6 measurement points. The table below shows the standardised refer_ _ ence velocity w . This parameter is derived from the geometry of the venturi tube. _ _ A wi = A1 i

2 3

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Point i 1 2 3 4 5 6

Di [mm] 28,4 22,5 14,0 17,2 24,2 28,4

A [m 10 ] 6,33 3,97 1,54 2,32 4,60 6,33

2 4

reference _ _ velocity w 1 1,59 4,11 2,72 1,37 1

Multiplying the reference velocity values with a starting value, the student can calculate the theoretical velocity values wcalc at the 6 measuring points of the venturi tube. At constant flow rate, the starting value for calculating the theoretical velocity is found as: . V w1 = A
1

The results for the calculated velocity wcalc can be found in the following table.

3 Assessment of experiment

HM150.07 Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration Apparatus

The following values were determined for various flow rates:
. V [l/s]

i hstat. htotal hdyn. wmes. wcalc. hstat. htotal hdyn.

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h1 [mmWS] 280 369 9 0,420 0,435 205 293 8 0,396 0,404 195 276 1 0,140 0,262

h2 [mmWS] 269 369 20 0,626 0,692 196 294 18 0,594 0,644 191 275 4 0,280 0,418

h3 [mmWS] 120 370 170 1,826 1,785 62 292 150 1,715 1,662 130 273 57 1,057 1,073

h4 [mmWS] 195 364 89 1,320 1,185 128 288 80 1,250 1,100 158 271 33 0,800 0,715

h5 [mmWS] 242 359 37 0,852 0,592 166 280 34 0,816 0,556 173 268 15 0,520 0,362

h6 [mmWS] 250 352 22 0,594 0,4355 173 276 23 0,671 0,404 176 264 8 0,396 0,262

t fr 10 l

36,29

0,275

39,0

0,256

wmes. wcalc. hstat. htotal hdyn. wmes. wcalc.

60,0

0,166

The table makes allowance for the following relationships. Calculation of dynamic pressure head: hdyn. = htot. 80mm hstat. 80 mm must be subtracted, as there is a zero-point difference of 80 mm between the pressure gauges. The velocity wmeas was calculated from the dynamic pressure wmeas. = . 2 g hdyn

3 Assessment of experiment

HM150.07 Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration Apparatus

Graphical representation The graph below illustrates the measured and calculated velocity profile along the venturi tube at a flow rate of 0,275 l/s. The deviations can be attributed to inexact measurements.

w [m/s]

Flow velocity

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1,8

Measured 1,4

1,0

0,6 Calculated 0,2

Measurement points i on venturi tube

3 Assessment of experiment

10

HM150.07 Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration Apparatus

3.2 Pressure Distribution Venturi Tube Graphical representation The pressure changes in the venturi tube can be represented in a graph directly:
Pressure Distribution Venturi Tube
400 350 300
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htotal

250

hstat

hdyn in mm WC

200 150 100

hdyn
50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Measuring Point

The graph shows, that the equation hdyn. = htot. 80mm hstat. is fullfilled at every point in the venturi tube. Furthermore, it becomes clear, that there is a slight overall pressure loss in the venturi tube.

3 Assessment of experiment

11

HM150.07 Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration Apparatus

3.3 Determination of Flow Rate Factor A venturi tube can be used for flow rate measurements. In comparison with orifice or nozzle, there is a far more smaller pressure loss during measurements of flow rate. The pressure loss p between largest and smallest diameter of the tube is used as measure for the flow rate: . V = K p The flow rate factor K is generally made available for the user by the manufacturer of a venturi tube. If the flow rate factor is unknown, it can be determined from the pressure loss p:: . V K = p

p::

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The following table shows the pressure loss for various flow rates as well as the flow rate factor K.
. V =0,275 l/s Measuring p K l Point [mm WC] [ 1 3 160 2,1 . V =0,256 l/s p K
] [mm WC]

. V =0,166 l/s p [mm WC] K [ 65 l ] s bar

s bar

l ] s bar

143

2,1

2,1

The pressure loss is read off from the six -tube manometer in mm water column and set in the equation as bar. The flow rate can be used with unit l/s.

3 Assessment of experiment

12

HM150.07 Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration Apparatus

4 Technical Data Water multi tube manometer 6-fold: 300 mm H2O Total pressure tube manometer 1-fold: Venturi meter nom. diameter: min. diameter:
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530 mm H2O

28.4 mm 14 mm

Overall dimension (L x W x H): Weight:

1100 x 640 x 900 mm 40 kg

4 Technical Data

13