1.

It is used to represent digital information and has discrete sets [1 pts.] of values. Analog Information Analog Waveform Digital Information Digital Waveform 7.

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It adds redundancy to the binary sequence to overcome the effects of noise and interference it will encounter when transmitted over the channel or medium. Source coder

[1 pts.]

2.

It is the process of transmitting digital information to an intended recipient over a communications medium. Communications Analog communications Digital communications Any of the above

[1 pts.]

Channel coder Channel Digital modulator

8.

It is responsible in providing an interference between the channel and the transmitter Source coder

[1 pts.]

3.

The following are advantages of digital communications over analog communications except for Digital signals are more robust to noise and may be regenerated for long distance communications without accumulation of noise. It can provide better data security by encrypting the digital information prior to transmission. It occupies less bandwidth so more information may be transmitted. It can provide a mean of error detection and control, thus preserving the integrity of the data.

[1 pts.]

Channel coder Channel Digital modulator

9.

It provides physical link between the transmitter and the receiver Source coder Channel coder Channel Digital modulator

[1 pts.]

4.

Which of the following is not a source of information in a digital communications system? Voice Music Noise Video

[1 pts.]

10.

It maps received signals to a sequence of binary digits. Source decoder Channel decoder Demodulator Channel

[1 pts.]

5.

An element of a digital communications system that converts digital waveforms into a sequence of binary digits. Source coder Channel coder Channel Digital modulator

[1 pts.] 11. Which of the following is correct? The bit rate may be greater than the baud rate The baud rate may be greater than the bit rate The bit rate and the baud rates are always the same The bit and the baud rates are not related [1 pts.]

6.

It is also known as data compressor Multiplexer Source coder

[1 pts.] 12. Slow speed modem uses FSK [1 pts.]

BPSK QPSK QAM 18. A type of digital modulation where a sinusoidal wave is being modulated by a digital modulating signal Pulse Modulation Digital Modulation Continuous Wave Modulation 13. A carrier recovery circuit is not used in BPSK QPSK DPSK QAM Incorrect answer Feedback: 19. It is a digital modulation technique in which the frequency of the carrier wave is shifted between a higher and a lower frequency in accordance with the input signal. FSK PSK QAM 14. The basic modulator and demodulator circuits in PSK are PLLs Balanced Modulators Shift registers Line summers 20. The output frequency of a BFSK is labelled as 1 and 0 Mark and Space Modulated signals 15. Quadrature amplitude modulation is Amplitude modulation only QPSK only AM plus BPSK AM plus QPSK 21. Based on Nyquists what should be the minimum bandwidth of [1 pts.] at the output of a QPSK having a highest fundamental frequency of fb? fb/4 2fb 16. Compute for the attenuation in a cable having a loss of 15 dB/km at a length of 1000 ft. 9.3dB 49 dB 15dB 4.57dB Incorrect answer Feedback: 22. Which of the following statements about a constellation diagram is not true It is used to show the number of possible output of a PSK modulator Only the relative position of the peaks of the phasors are shown 17. It is a digital modulation technique where the phase angle of the carrier wave is changed by a digital modulating signal. FSK PSK QAM ASK 23. It describes the number of ways a symbol can be represented by a given number of bits Source encoding [1 pts.] [1 pts.] It is also called as or Signal State-Spaced Diagram It is a group of stars sometimes used in fortune telling [1 pts.] [1 pts.] fb/2 4fb [1 pts.] Both a and b [1 pts.] [1 pts.] ASK [1 pts.] [1 pts.] Analog Modulation [1 pts.]

PCM M-ary Encoding All of the above

3 4 Incorrect answer Feedback:

24.

How many possible outputs does a QPSK can have? 2 4 8 16

[1 pts.] 30. In M-ary encoding, how many bits are needed to represent one symbol if the modulator is to have 16 output symbols? 1 2 3 4 [1 pts.]

25.

A group of 2 bits is called Bits Dibits Nibbles Byte

[1 pts.] 31. If the modulator has 256 output symbols, how many bits are needed to represent one symbol? 2 4 6 8 [1 pts.]

26.

In an M-ary encoding, how many bits are used to represent 4 symbols? 2 4 8 16

[1 pts.] 32. In M-ary encoding, if N is greater than 1, The baud rate is equal to the bit rate. The bit rate is less than the baud rate. The baud rate is less than the bit rate The baud rate is greater than the bit rate. [1 pts.]

27.

What should be the minimum bandwidth of an 8-QAM? fb/4 2fb fb/2 4fb

[1 pts.] 33. What is the output of a continuous wave modulator? An analog signal A digital signal Either a or b None of the above [1 pts.]

28.

What should be the minimum bandwidth of a BPSK? fb/4 fb fb/2 4fb

[1 pts.] 34. In a QPSK modulator, the input bits are divided into 2 channels [1 pts.] called? I and Q channels A and B channels L and R channels It passes only to one channel

29.

How many bits are used to represent an output symbol for 8QAM? 1 2

[1 pts.] 35. What is the baud rate of a QPSK? [1 pts.]

It is equal to the input bit rate It is equal to twice the input bit rate It is equal to of the input bit rate It is equal to half of the input bit rate

41.

A type of distortion where there is a relative phase shift in the received signal or to its harmonics. Phase delay distortion Attenuation distortion Envelope delay distortion Both a and c Incorrect answer Feedback:

[1 pts.]

36.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a transmission [1 pts.] media? Bandwidth Distortion Distraction None of the above 42.

Generally, distortions are caused by Delays in the arrival of the transmitted signals Delays of some components of the transmitted signals Attenuation of some components of the transmitted signals

[1 pts.]

37.

A type of noise that is characterized by its short duration of time. White noise Impulse noise Gaussian noise Thermal noise

[1 pts.]

Both b and c Incorrect answer Feedback:

43.

Which of the following statements about a coaxial cable is not [1 pts.] correct? Coaxial cables are categorized as unbalanced transmission line.

38.

It refers to the loss of power that a signal suffers as it travels through the medium Distortion Distraction Attenuation Amplification

[1 pts.]

The information passes only through the inner conductor. The inner conductor is isolated from the outer conductor by an inductive material. The outer conductor severs as a shield against electromagnetic interferences coming from outside the cable.

44. 39. It is usually defined by extraneous signals which appears on the line Distraction Distortion Attenuation Noise [1 pts.]

These are hollow tubes that are used as transmission medium, [1 pts.] over microwave frequencies Fiber optic cables Wave guides Microwave tubes None of the above

45. 40. A crosstalk is an example of Distraction Distortion Attenuation Amplification [1 pts.]

The following statements are advantages of a fiber optic cable [1 pts.] over other communications media, except for FOC offers wider bandwidth and higher information capacity It is immune to crosstalk and other static interference It is more durable and reliable It is immune to environmental factors such as operating temperature and corrosion

1. 46. A type of wireless propagation where transmitted signal are reflected to the ionosphere Ground wave propagation Sky wave propagation Line of sight propagation Extra-terrestrial propagation [1 pts.]

What is the minimum number of samples needed for a given analog input signal twice the signal bandwidth twice the lowest frequency in the signal bandwidth equal to the signal bandwidth equal to the highest frequency in the signal bandwidth

[1 pts.]

2. 47. Line of sight propagation is used to transmit signals at this frequency band LF MF HF VHF [1 pts.]

it means that the sampling rate is higher than what is required by Nyquist criterion Oversampling Undersampling Hypersampling Extended sampling

[1 pts.]

48.

A type of communication medium or channel where the information is stored until it is ready to be used Guided medium Unguided medium Wireless channels Storage channels

[1 pts.]

3.

Anti-aliasing filter is basically a low-pass filter high-pass filter bandpass filter Notch filter

[1 pts.]

49.

It is the simplest and predominant communications channel model Additive noise channel model Linear filter channel Linear time variant channel Ideal channel model

[1 pts.]

4.

if the input signal has a bandwidth of 15 kHz, which of the following sampling rate must be used? 15,000 samples/sec 7,500 samples/sec 3,000 samples/sec 30,000 samples/sec

[1 pts.]

50.

This model is used when filters are used to ensure that the transmitted signals do not exceed the specified bandwidth in order to avoid interference from adjacent channels. Additive noise channel model Linear filter channel Linear time variant channel Ideal channel model

[1 pts.] 5. A type of sampling where the tops of the sample pulses retain their natural shape during the sample interval Natural Sampling Flat-top Sampling Linear Sampling Non-linear Sampling [1 pts.]

6.

An error at which the amplitude of the sampled signal changes during the sample pulse time Quantizing error Pulse detect error Aperture error Sampling error

[1 pts.]

Incorrect answer Feedback:

11. It is the process of converting continuous flat-top PAM signals to [1 pts.] discrete PAM signals Sampling Quantizing Encoding

7.

the time at which the FET, of a sample and hold circuit, is at the [1 pts.] ON state is called Acquisition time Conversion time Rise time Fall time

Regeneration

12. The magnitude difference between quantizing levels is called Quantizing levels Quantizing intervals Resolution

[1 pts.]

8.

A type of distortion that may occur if the input to the ADC is changing while it is still performing conversion Aperture error Aperture distortion Envelop delay distortion

[1 pts.]

Quantizing noise Incorrect answer Feedback:

13. Typical error in quantizing that is a result from rounding off the [1 pts.] amplitude of the pulse to the closest possible quantizing level Pulse detect error

9.

The gradual discharge of a capacitor during conversion time Leakage

[1 pts.] Quantizing error Quantizing noise

Droop either b or c Aperture error Conversion error 14. The highest quantizing error is equal to Quantizing interval 10. The cut-off frequency of the anti-aliasing filter should be equal to The lowest frequency of the input signal The highest frequency of the input signal Twice the highest frequency of the input signal twice the lowest frequency of the input signal [1 pts.] Resolution half of the quantizing interval 1 Incorrect answer Feedback: [1 pts.]

15. It is the ratio of the largest possible magnitude to the smallest possible magnitude or resolution Dynamic range Signal to noise ratio Signal to Quantization noise ratio Qunatization noise

[1 pts.] 20. Which of the following statements is true about the signal-toquantization noise ratio? SQR is not constant as the difference between the PAM waveform and the analog input waveform varies in amplitude SQR is generally expressed as an average signal-to-average noise power ratio The worst-case SQR is equal to the ratio of resolution to the quantization error All statements are true [1 pts.]

16. How many quantization levels are possible for a dynamic range [1 pts.] of 12dB? 2 4 8 16

21. A type of coding that compares the PAM signal to a ramp [1 pts.] waveform while a binary counter is being advanced at a uniform rate Level-at-a-time coding Digit-at-a-time coding

17. Compute for the quantization noise, if the resolution is 0.5V 1V

[1 pts.] Word-at-a-time coding Bit-at-a-time conding

0.5 V 0.25 V 0.125 V 22. A type of coding in which each each digit of the PCM code is determined sequentially Level-at-a-time coding 18. If the resolution is increased, the quantization noise will increase decrease remains the same becomes sero 23. A type of coding that flashes encoder, are more complex, and, thus, used for high speed applications Level-at-a-time coding 19. The term used to describe the presence of the thermal noise in [1 pts.] the absence of an input signal to the ADC Thermal noise White noise Statics Idle channel noise 24. A type of line encoding method where one is represented by a positive voltage level and zero is represented by having no [1 pts.] Digit-at-a-time coding Word-at-a-time coding Biphase coding [1 pts.] [1 pts.] Digit-at-a-time coding Word-at-a-time coding Sequential coding [1 pts.]

output at the encoder Unipolar Non-return to zero Polar Non-return to zero Unipolar Return to zero Alternate Mark Inversion

Bandwidth compression All of the above

29. In differential coding, a transition between a high output voltage [1 pts.] level to a low output voltage level happens when zeroes are encountered ones are encountered

25. Return to Zero (RZ) encoding are using half bits

[1 pts.] the input changes from 0 to 1 the input changes from 1 to 0

dibits three level pulses two level pulses 30. It is an encoding parameter that describes the ability of an encoded symbol to provide a means of synchronization at the receiver Bandwidth compression A positive going step to represent 1 Self-clocking transitions to reprent 0 Error Detection A negative going step to represent 0 Noise Immunity Half bits to represent 1 Incorrect answer Feedback: [1 pts.] Incorrect answer Feedback:

26. Manchester encoding, or bi-phase level encoding, is characterized by

[1 pts.]

31. The effects of noise and distortion to the transmitted PCM signal [1 pts.] may be controlled by using Repeaters

27. A line encoding method where ones are represented by equal amplitude alternating pulses for each of its occurrences, and zeroes are represented by the absence of the pulse Unipolar non-return to zero

[1 pts.] Regenerative Repeaters Regeneration circuits Pulse detectors

Alternate mark inversion Unipolar return to zero Manchester 32. Which part of a regenerative repeater decides that the distorted [1 pts.] input is 1 or 0 bit? 28. Which of the following parameters may be used to compare performances of the line encoding methods? DC component Self-clocking [1 pts.] Amplifier-equalizer Timing circuits Decision making block Incorrect answer Feedback:

Decision box

Reconstruction filter

33. It provides synchronization to the decision making block input waveform

[1 pts.]

38. It is used to convert the quantized values of the received signal back to its analog form decoder

[1 pts.]

amplifier equalizer reconstruction filter timing circuits DAC decision making block ADC Incorrect answer Feedback:

34. Which of the following are considered to be limitations of regenerative repeaters? Too much distortion on the received signal Distance between repeaters is too far input signal is severly affected by noise all of the above

[1 pts.]

39. The cut-off frequency of the reconstruction filter should be equal to the bandwidth of the received signal twice highest frequency of the reveived signal twice the bandwidth of hte received signal

[1 pts.]

35. Regenerative repeaters should be Spaced as far as possible Spaced as near as possible Spaced for every 1 km Limited to only a maximum of 5 for every transmission

[1 pts.]

bandwidth of the transmitted signal Incorrect answer Feedback:

40. It is the method of determining the effects of the degradation introduced into the pulses as it travel to the regenerator Eye pattern diagrams thresholding Waveform diagrams Regeneration mapping Incorrect answer Feedback:

[1 pts.]

36. The first step in decoding a PCM signal is to Regenerate the received signal Amplify the received signal Reduce the signal to its quantized signal Decode the signal

[1 pts.]

37. It maps the signal back to its quantized values Repeater Amplifier-equilizer Decoder

[1 pts.]

41. A PCM modulation where the difference in the amplitude of two [1 successive samples is transmitted rather than the actual sample pts.] Delta PCM Differential PCM Adaptive Delta PCM

Differential Encoding

46. Which of the following factors can affect the ruggedness of PCM [1 to interference such as crosstalk? pts.] [1 pts.] Error threshold Eb/No Noise Margin BER Incorrect answer Feedback:

42. Intersymbol Interference (ISI) is an important consideration in Limited bandwidth circuits Linear phase response of the circuit Noisy transmission lines wideband transmissions Incorrect answer Feedback:

47. Increasing the Eb/No will cause the BER to 43. It is defined as the probability that the reconstructed symbol at [1 the receiver differs from the transmitted binary symbol pts.] Bit error rate Drop to zero Energy per bit to noise density ratio Eb/No has no effect on BER Error threshold Bit errors 48. Channel noise are usually modelled as White noise 44. Which of the following statements about optimizing the performance of a PCM transmission over a noisy channel is correct? Signal energy-to-noise density ration should be maintained at an acceptable level Distance between regenerative repeaters should be as short as possible In an optimized PCM transmission, its performance is affected by quantization noise acting alone All statements are correct [1 pts.] Additive noise Gaussian noise all of the above Increase Decrease

[1 pts.]

[1 pts.]

49. In delta modulation, if the current sample is smaller than the previous sample, 0 is transmitted 1 is transmitted Half bit is transmitted

[1 pts.]

45. What would be the effect on the BER if the energy-per-bit-tonoise density ratio exceeds the error threshold? Channel noise will virtually have no effect on the PCM transmission There will be a sharp increase in error rate Eb/No has no effect on BER The message will have to be retransmitted due to a number of errors at the receiver Incorrect answer Feedback:

[1 pts.]

Nothing is transmitted

50. It is a PCM modulation where the step size of a DAC is [1 pts.] automatically varied, depending on the amplitude characteristics of the analog input signal. Delta PCM Differential PCM Adaptive delta PCM Differential Encoding