Dimensions of paternal involvement of

Selected teenage fathers on their child:

Implications to Adolescent Counseling

Paulito V. Hilario, M.A.

Eva A. Castronuevo, M.S.
Judy Ann Sanchez
San Beda College, Alabang

Abstract
Generally, the efforts aimed at reducing teen pregnancy in most countries have
been confined largely to teen mothers. Consequently, the etiology of young fatherhood is
not well understood. Popularly held notions that a pregnancy during adolescence
adversely affects the subsequent development of teenage fathers and that these males are
poor husbands and inadequate fathers are premature.

This research explored the various unique experiences of young fathers (n=3) in
Southern Manila by the analysis of their paternal involvement in child rearing. The
research employed the “pakikipagkwentuhan” as specific source of gathering data
through an in-depth interview session. Implications for adolescent counseling,
interventions in preventing teenage pregnancy and parenting are discussed.
 Until you have a son of your own... you will never know the joy, the love beyond
feeling that resonates in the heart of a father as he looks upon his son. You will never
know the sense of honor that makes a man want to be more than he is and to pass
something good and hopeful into the hands of his son. And you will never know the
heartbreak of the fathers who are haunted by the personal demons that keep them from
being the men they want their sons to be.~ Kent Nerburn

Parenthood is hard work at the best of times, but being a young parent is one of
the most difficult situations to be in. For sure this is one of the toughest jobs anyone can
take on. Not counting the socio-economic impact of raising a family, the increasing
number of young men and teenagers becoming father at a very early age is deeply
disturbing. Schwarts (1999) emphasized that being a father at a young age is a difficult
proposition. Because teenage fathers almost never plan pregnancies, their initial reactions
may be denial, fear, and a desire to escape.

A young father’s involvement with his family particularly his children is made
complex by several factors. The studies of Batten & Stowell (1996) and Knitzer &
Bernardin (1997) noted that young fathers frequently face family rejection, barriers to
contact with child and mother, a lack of ways to contribute financially, and an inability to
envision future achievements enabling them to function effectively as a father. They also
may believe that they are simply unwelcome and inadequate as parents. Their emotional
state is further complicated by the need to reconcile the contradictory roles of adolescent
and father and assume the responsibilities of adulthood before they are sufficiently
mature (Kahn & Bolton, 1986).

An increasing amount of research throughout the world (Argys, Peters, Brooks-

Gunn, & Smith, 1998; Lerman & Sorenson, 2000; Rhein et al., 1997) has shown that lack
of paternal involvement can increase the likelihood of poverty, crime, school problems,
and cycles of repeat pregnancy. The negative impact of father absence upon children has
brought father involvement to the forefront in social policy and research.

According to Nord, Brimhall, & Westin (1997) there are compelling reasons to
promote the involvement of fathers in their children's lives: the value of their positive
influence, their effectiveness in increasing children's academic achievement, and the
importance of their financial support. Teenage and young adult males may need extra
help to assume the full fatherhood role, but most, if aided, will work hard to be successful
parents. Public interest in fostering fathers' involvement is increasing because of the
recognized benefits of fathers' contributions to their families

Though this study does not advocate for all young teenage fathers to assume their
parenting role, (there are instances when this is not desirable), the study aims to present
the different factors that positively impacts the involvement of young fathers with their
child. Specifically, the study attempts to explore and describe the different psychological
dimensions (cognitive, behavioral and affective) experienced by teen fathers in dealing
with their transition to fatherhood. Likewise, the study aims to enumerate and describe
practical dimensions in family interactions and support structures that lead to healthier
ways of dealing with teenage pregnancy.

Review of Related Literature

Literature about teenage pregnancy has been devoted mainly on the adolescent
mother. The etiology of teenage fatherhood is largely on the sidelight though its importance
to the formation of stable families and society has long been acknowledged.

Teenage Father Involvement

The literature on paternal involvement on their children is not definite. Some studies
reveal that contrary to common belief, teenage fathers are not always keen to avoiding their
responsibilities. Instead, they were “often very enthusiastic about the prospect of becoming
an involved parent, wanting to learn how to do the job properly” (Speak 1997, Rivara 1986).
These same studies however qualify that “as the subjects of these studies were often the
teenage fathers that cared enough to go to prenatal clinics, the findings obviously do not
apply to all teenage fathers.” Similarly, Speak et al (1997) qualifies that “it is important to
acknowledge that not all fathers – whatever their age - want to be involved with their
children and that not all children would benefit from their father’s involvement. Fathers are
no more homogenous as a group than mothers are."

In the study of Rivara et al (1986) found that “teenage fathers who lived with the
mother and child were in the minority, and the percentage decreased further with time.

Eighteen months after the birth, thirty seven percent of the teenage parents studied
lived together or had daily contact. Although at thirty six months only one father had no
contact with his child, only twelve percent still lived with the child and twenty five percent
still saw the child daily.”

The most common reasons given for not living with the child were that the baby was
too young, finances, and problems in the relationship with the woman. Speak et al (1997)
found that “there were various external factors that were barriers to the fathers' contact with
their children, such as the mothers' or her parents' attitudes, lack of support and
encouragement from health professionals, the fathers' accommodation, and his financial
situation”.

The Effect of the Teenage Father on Mother and Child.

Some teenage father’s report that the teenage mothers are reluctant to let them
become involved The inexperience and immaturity of a young father was found to be a
factor in his relationship with the child and the mother Dallas (2000).
 Jaffee et al (2001) found that background and behavioral problems were a factor in
teenagers becomes uninvolved fathers, and that they would need serious help before their
involvement with their child should even be encouraged.

Furthermore, Dallas et al (2000) believe “the lack of developmental knowledge and

unrealistic expectations for their children’s behavior shown by the subjects they studied
might lead some young parents to mistake their children’s developmental immaturity for
deliberate misbehaviors, which could then lead to inappropriate discipline”. The teenage
fathers thought physical discipline appropriate for children under three, even under one year
old. The children of adolescent parents experience higher rates of physical abuse and infant
homicides, but this is also statistically true for children of single parents overall
(Overpeck,1998).

Previous study like Speak et al 1997 “believed that simply encouraging young
absent fathers to be more involved in their children's lives is not necessarily in the best
interests of the children unless significant help can be given to the fathers: “Otherwise they
may simply exacerbate the difficulties already faced by single mothers and their children.”
However, the researcher emphasis that many of the young fathers in their sample study were
highly involved parents who were have a good relationship with their in laws, and
supportive of the mothers of their children, and that their “data clearly demonstrates that it is
not early fatherhood that marks a young man as an uninvolved father, but rather the
combination of individual and family-of-origin risk factors that situate him on a path ending
in under-involved.

Effects on the Father

Having a child is a life changing event for a teenage mother, but the teenage father
may be little affected physically, if he is out of the picture for whatever reason. Emotionally,
however, the birth of his child can have a big impact on the teenage father. Fifty five percent
of the ninety five adolescent fathers interviewed by Hendricks (1983) “were unhappy with
not being able to see the child as much as they wanted. Less than ten percent said they were
having a problem coping with being a father. Fourteen percent said they had not yet faced
any problems as an unmarried adolescent father”.

Nevertheless, Rivara (1986) established “there was no difference in the employment

status of teenage fathers compared to non-fathers of a similar age, although the teenage
fathers left school earlier than non fathers. Teenage fathers, regardless of their marital status
at conception or age at first birth, were much more likely to have been high school dropouts
than were other male teenagers. Those with a maritally conceived child had a particularly
high drop-out rate - almost sixty two percent. (Marsiglio 1987).”

However,Rhein.(1997) found “that lack of employment was one of the factors That
contributed to the absent teenage fathers disinterest in his child.”

Stouthamer-Loeber (1998) “also investigated what effect fatherhood had on the

behaviour of teenage males. Although they found out that fatherhood did not reduce
delinquent behaviour in teenagers, fathers were more than twice as likely to be delinquent
than non-fathers, but being a father didn't necessarily cause the delinquency, rather, the
factors related to young fatherhood were a subset of those for delinquency.”

The Mother Factor

The most common reason given by the fathers for not having more contact with their
children was the mothers' reluctance to let them, or problems in their relationship
(Rivara,1986 et al).

Similarly, in a study of 173 teen fathers, 167 teen mothers, 76 paternal grandmothers
and 79 maternal grandmothers the teenage fathers interviewed were more likely to attribute
their lack of involvement to resistance from mothers and maternal grandmothers than to
other factors. With the Information derived from the other interviewees, however, the
researcher concluded that it was the young fathers' own disinterest in child rearing that most
consistently predicted uninvolvement. Of those fathers who cited disinterest, there was an
with association lack of money and lack of knowledge of child care. (Rhein 1997)

The National Network of Health found in their study based on research from1976 to
1997 that teenage fathers were less likely than the mothers to care about their education: less
likely to have wanted a child or to have considered abortion, but that most teenage fathers
planned on being involved with the life of their child, including wanting to take part in
childcare training. Factors found that contributed to teenage fathers not becoming involved
or losing contact were parental disapproval (both sets of parents), the teen mother's rejection
of the father's involvement, and the failure of health care professionals to encourage paternal
involvement.

As presented in the Review of Related Literature there were different factors that
affect the involvement of the young fathers with their child such as Speak et al (1997) found
out that the mothers' or her parents' attitudes, lack of support and encouragement from health
professionals, the fathers' accommodation, and his financial situation. While Jaffee et al
(2001) emphasized out that the background and behavioral problems were factors in
teenagers becomes uninvolved fathers, and that they would need serious help before their
involvement with their child should even be encouraged. On the other hand based on the
data gathered by the researcher it was found out that either the own mother or the mother of
the partner was very supportive with their role as a young father, either emotional or
financial, some of them even praised their in laws for being understanding and supportive.

Another factor given in the Literature was that As

Rhein (1997) established that lack of employment was one of the factors that contributed to
the absent teenage fathers disinterest in his child, differed from the result of the case study
done by the researcher one of the respondent said that their being unemployed give them a
chance to have more time to spend with their child since he was staying at home all day.
Some of them even confessed that it was the parents of his partner who gives financial
support for their child.
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

FINANCIAL
STABILLITY

PARENTAL UNEMPLOYMEN
DISSAPROVA T
L

PATERNAL
INVOLVEMENT

PROBLEMS IN THE
LACK OF
RELATIONSHIP
MATURITY
WITH THE
MOTHER

BEHAVIORAL
PROBLEMS

Factors that could affect the involvement of the young fathers with their child
Figure 1.
 CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND

Previous studies on young fathers indicate that it is common for them to

experience multiple barriers to paternal involvement. These include lack of maturity due
to lack of developmental knowledge and unrealistic expectations for their children’s
behavior shown by the subjects they studied might lead some young parents to mistake
their children’s developmental immaturity for deliberate misbehaviors, which could then
lead to inappropriate discipline.

Due to lack of economic support, young fathers also experience resistance from
maternal and paternal grandparents, as well as from the mothers, therefore, providing
economic support to their children becomes a monumental challenge for young
fathers(Rhein, 1997). Despite the barriers these fathers face, it has been found that many
desire to be involved with their children (Barret & Robinson, 1985; Glikman, 2004).

The unemployment, and low educational attainment found by Rivara et al (1986)

is one of the given factor for the young father being uninvolved parent. Few studies
among low-income fathers indicated that these fathers still tend to view the provider role
as their primary duty. For example, some low-income fathers, who are unable to provide
for their families due to poverty or job loss, seem to have negative or decreased
interactions with their children (Harold-Goldsmith, Radin, & Eccles, 1988; LaRossa &
Reitzes, 1993).

Paternal involvement of middle-class young fathers has been in the forefront;

much less is known about paternal involvement among low-income fathers (Summers et
al., 1999) or young fathers (Johnson, 2001; Miller, 1994). Few studies among low-
income fathers indicated that these fathers still tend to view the provider role as their
primary duty. For example, some low-income fathers, who are unable to provide for their
families due to poverty or job loss, seem to have negative or decreased interactions with
their children (Harold-Goldsmith, Radin, & Eccles, 1988; LaRossa & Reitzes, 1993). ).

However, the roles and levels of involvement of middle-class fathers in the family
have expanded since the 1970s. Fathers are no longer seen only as breadwinners, but may
take on other roles as caretakers and nurturers. This could include feeding the child,
playing with the child or other caretaking activities. It does not include merely being in
the same house as the child. Availability is a father's presence with the child which
provides opportunities for other types of interactions. This dimension does not require
face-to-face interaction and an example includes a father cooking while a child plays at
his feet or is in the same room. Responsibility is defined as arranging for resources and
meeting the needs of the child. Ensuring that the child has clothes to wear, and that the
child visits the pediatrician when she is sick are examples of responsibility. It is important
to note that the authors do not define responsibility as a breadwinner/provider role, rather
they characterize it as responsibility for everyday caretaking. (Cabrera, Tamis-Lemonda,
Bradley, Hofferet, & Lamb, 2000; Pleck, 1997; Pleck & Pleck, 1997; )

The last factor is the problems in the relationship with the mother, that Although both
parents thought the father should be involved in the child’s life, they differed in what form
that involvement should take. The male providing financial support and the woman caring
for the child at home, the females felt the father should provide emotional support for the
child and mother share basic childcare tasks with the mother. In contrast the fathers saw
their relationship to the mother as separate to their relationship to the child.

Method

Research Design

Qualitative research method was used in the study. Qualitative interviewing is a

versatile approach to doing research. Every step of the interview gives information and
opens windows into the experiences of the people you meet. It can understand
experiences and reconstruct events in which the researcher did not participate. (Rubin,
1995).

Participants

Participants were 3 single young male adults and not living with their partner, whose age
range falls between seventeen to twenty one (17-21) years old at the time they became
father, the said age range represent the young adults stage, and a Filipino citizen. The
entry criterion for the interview was for the participant to have had his first child at age
21 or younger, from a middle-class family, the status of his relationship with the mother
of the child or with the child himself did not matter.

Sampling Procedures

Purposive Sampling was used for the purpose of selecting the individuals that will
provide the information for the study and often used in qualitative research. Initially the
researcher aimed to have 5 participants However, to complete the case study in a
reasonable amount of time only 3 young adults were interviewed. The dimensions or
factors according to which the sample is drawn up are analytically and theoretically
linked to the research question(s) being addressed.

Instruments

The instrument used is the interview guide made by the researcher. The questionnaire has
3 parts; first part is the demographic profile which includes the respondents’ age, civil
status and the socio economic status. The second part of the questionnaire is the kind of
relationships the father have with his child, wife or live in partner and to his in laws. And
the third part would be the questions regarding his experiences concerning his social life
before and after he had a child, the problems he encountered during the pregnancy of his
wife/live in partner. To validate the answers of the three respondents the researcher did an
added interview with the mother of the child and with the parents of the mother.

Data Gathering Procedures

Participants were approached by the interviewer and were asked for consent to
participate in this research, and they were informed that they could stop the interview at
any time or refuse to answer specific questions without repercussions. The participants
were interviewed confidentially at a place of their own choice, which often was their
home. A video camera was used to record the interview to enable the researcher to
observe closely all the verbal and non-verbal communications and actions of the
respondents. The first phase of the interview was the rapport building, to establish trust
with the researcher.

The second phase of the interview was the structured interview. An interview
guide was used to gather information regarding the relationship and involvement of the
respondents with his child, partner, in laws and the different factors that would affect
their involvement with his child. As the interviews progressed most of the young men
needed only little encouragement to extend on specific points. Interviewer generally
allowed the young men to talk about the questions at length or deviate from the actual
question, and the questions were not necessarily asked in the order they appeared on the
interview guide, as the interviewer considered it more important to let the respondents
voice their issues than stick to the structure of the interview. The interviewers encouraged
the participants to elaborate on points that seemed important to them, and sometimes
asked about their stories and their lives. Some questions and concepts were explained by
the interviewer if the respondent did not seem to understand them, and the wording of the
question was often deviated from during the interviews to make the meaning of the
questions clearer. The interview lasted approximately 10 to 20 min. for every respondent.

After all the data has been gathered, the researcher transcribe the interview,
prepared a table representation and the analysis of the data.

Data Analysis

Data was interpreted by reading each transcript of interview responses. Each

answer was categorized according to the most common factors that could affect their
involvement with their child up to the very least answers.
 Results and Discussions

1.1 Demographic Profile

Name Respondent A Respondent B Respondent C

Age 21 20 21
Civil Status Single Single Single
Socio economic Middle-class Middle-class Middle-class
status
Occupation Food Service Student Unemployed
Assistant
No. of Children 1 1 2

3 single male young fathers were participated in this study, of these 2 of them aged and
the 21 and the other is 20. All of them are in the middle-class family. One of the
respondents is presently a college student with a 1 and half year old son, another is
already working with a 3 year old daughter and the last respondent is unemployed with 2
children, a boy and a girl ages 3 and 1 and a half

1.2 Relationship with the mother of the child and in laws

Questions Respondent A Respondent B Respondent C

Is your relationship Yes, bec. If you No
with your in laws don’t have a good
plays an important relationship w/ your
role in fulfilling n laws, it’s awkward
your duty as a that they meet you
father to your child? in angry manners
bec. He get scared.
What kind of Since the parents of I have a good
relationship do you my girlfriend are relationship w/ my
have with regard to abroad, she stays in laws. Bec. The
your in laws? with her parents of my
grandparents, we girlfriend were both
have a good nice.
relationship and in
their own way I can
see that they have
accepted me.
Yes, when it’s my Sometimes when its
Do you spend time day off at work, Sunday the 4 of us
for your family? sometimes we go to go to church & and
the mall, we bond sometimes we also
 we watch tv. go out
How’s your It’s nice, happy We’re ok, I love her
relationship with although sometimes so much
your wife? we fight but it’s ok
its normal.

Those in a relationship with the mother at the time of the interview consistently
answered the mother of the child amongst the most important factors, and often elaborated
that she was his most important support person, with regards with their relationship all of
them said that they have a good relationship although respondent A admitted that sometimes
they were having problems, contrary to what Rivara,(1986), Speak (1997), Cohen (1993)
said that the mothers' of the child were reluctant to let them become involved, or they were
having problems in their relationship.

Mothers were often highly praised: either the own mother or the mother of the
partner. Some young men related the story of how the mothers of their then-partners had
received the news of their daughters' pregnancies as a complete shock, but had gradually
accepted the fathers into the family, and sometimes supported them even in their financial
situation. Opposite to what Speak (1997) found out that the mothers or her parent’s lack
of support could be one of the external factors that were barriers to the fathers' contact
with their children.

Only 1 out of 3 respondent said that the parents of the mother of the child could
be one of the factor that could affect his involvement with their child, since the parents of
her partner are both abroad during the pregnancy happened,

1.3 Parenting

Questions Respondent A Respondent B Respondent C

What are your We played every
involvements in now & then, we’re
rearing the child? happy

How would you Given that the We are the same

compare your mother is more
involvement with responsible and
the mother in terms closer to the child
of rearing the child? bec. There always
together.
What are positive I’m happy when I
and negative effects see my children, my
of having a child? exhaustion
disappear.
Sometimes the kids
 are naughty and out
of control
What are some of We watch tv, play
the activities that computer games,
you do together? and bond together.

Most fathers wanted more input, although most of them were hands-on in handling their
child, as respondent A said

When asked, however, what is the positive and negative effect of having a child?
Respondent C said that one of the negative effect of having a child is that the impact on
social life, such as going out or staying late at night with friends, While Respondent A

1.4 Support
Questions Respondent A Respondent B Respondent C
What is your mean Financially, its your Sometimes I can
to support the child? responsibility to buy support my family
the milk and diapers but if there’s nothing
and other necessity to give my in laws
of the child. are always there for
fall back.
Do you think this is I believe its not
sufficient? sufficient, but there
will come a time
that my means of
support that my
mean of support will
be enough for my
family.
What are the I am welcome In
paternal privileges their house.
that you enjoy?
How much time do I’m with them the
you spend with your whole day since I
child? don’t have work, but
before I only see
them in the morning
before I go to work.
What do you do to I will prove to them
strengthen your that I’ll love them,
bond with your and I will do
child? anything for my
children so that our
bond gets stronger.
Respondent C confessed that he is unemployed during the interview happened and
acknowledged that his in laws is their major source of financial support, while respondent
B a college student also said that his parents are the one who gives financial support to
his child and only respondent A is employed and gives financial support to his child
though he also said that it is still not sufficient because he wanted to give more such as
seeing his child go to a exclusive school in the future. Differed from what Rhein (1997)
found that lack of employment was one of the factors That contributed to the absent
teenage fathers disinterest in his child, such as respondent C have told the interviewer
that he has much more time to spend with his children because he stayed all day in the
house rather than before when he used to have a worked.

1.5 Outside Factors

Questions Respondent A Respondent B Respondent C

What are the factors My in laws were
that could affect never a bother in
your involvement fact they help us
with your child? through hard
times.Yes

"Work/School" was amongst the given factors impacting on time and bond with baby for
the young fathers. 2 out 3 respondent said that work is one of the factors that affect their
involvement with their child as respondent C said, while respondent B said that his
studies is one of his given factor that could affect his involvement with his child. Only
respondent A said that work could not affect his involvement with his.

“Friends” was one of the given factors by respondent B because he could not refuse to go
along with his friends sometimes and stay with them until late at night.

Conclusions

Contrary to the theories and studies of Rivara (1986), Speak (1997) and Cohen (1993)
that young fathers involvement decreases over time, the researcher has proven with the
course of this study that it is otherwise and that young father become more involved with
the life of their child regardless of their civil status. The interviews with young fathers
suggested that fathers feel appreciated and supported in their role, and their increasing
involvement over time may have something to do with the feeling of usefulness and self
worth.

Virtually, all of the young fathers acknowledge the fact that the mother of the child is
indeed a major key person for their own bonding and strengthening of relationship. If
they are together in a relationship, they expect their partners to be their main source of
support in their new role as a father. Most commonly, it is the mother’s prerogative to
make or break a father’s relationship with the child, thus enabling the safety and welfare
of the child and not for personal gain. Both parents should be aware that their
involvement has a deep impact in the lives of their children. Certain actions and
circumstances during this period can instil an irreparable damage to the relationship to
both parents. There are theories stating that most of the relationship of young fathers with
the mother of the child did not work (Rivara 1986, Speak 1997) but with the findings in
this case study all of the relationship of the three respondents did work out.

Although at present the fathers acknowledge that they are in no position to support the
child alone and the mother, most of them say that having a child is a major change in this
lifestyle, goals and everyday living. Setbacks are usually not allowed and a more
promising future should be planned ahead for their family’s sake. The actions taken upon
very rampantly were to find fulltime and long-term jobs. Save up money for the family to
repay reward. Quit addictive vices like alcohol and cigarettes. They had personal reasons
why they wanted to change but more so because of the child that is now giving them a
sense of direction to do it right and well with their lives. This symbolized their eagerness
to live up to stereotypes of a proper, responsible father.

Implications

Adolescent counselling

In counseling adolescent fathers, the findings suggest the use of systemic

approach in coaching the adolescent to positively deal with his new responsibilities as a
father. The family presents a very potent vehicle for guiding the teenage father to learn
healthy and positive behaviors that would inevitably impact the development of his child.
From the narrations of the respondents, family members played a significant role in
fostering self confidence, persistence and sense of responsibility of the teenage father
through his increased paternal involvement.

Given the situations similar to the respondents, counselors can utilize the
experience of paternal involvement as an opportunity for the teenage father to see
themselves from a more mature perspective, hence improve self-concept. The counselor
however should be cautious in encouraging or pushing for more paternal involvement in
cases where the teenager clearly demonstrates destructive behaviors.

Interventions in preventing teenage pregnancy

The campaign for preventing teenage pregnancy has traditionally focused on the
female vulnerability to be coerced. Advocacies could focus on educating male teenagers
of the value of restraint and patience.

Parenting
 Counselors can further empower the parents to maintain a stance of a tough but
unconditional love of assisting but not totally taking over the parenting responsibility
from the teenage parents.

The implications of this study are that young fathers can live up to be mature individuals
when the going gets tough. They acknowledge their new responsibilities and change for
the better. They plan ahead of time for the welfare of their family. They put aside their
personal likings and prioritize the child or the family first ahead of everything. They
secure the relationships with the key persons involve and are highly present for the
growth of the child.

The researcher has therefore stated with this study that young fathers involvement
increase over time due to their specific and personal perspectives.

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