A New Control Method of Wind Energy in Power System

Mostafa Kheshti*, Xiaoning Kang

*School of Electrical Engineering, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian 710049, Shaanxi Province, China

Keywords: Wind Turbine, Smart Grids, Power System, Battery storage, Modulation index.

Abstract
This paper addresses the new method of controlling wind turbine connected to the grid and presents the approach for implementing wind energy as a distributed generation in a power system. With the aid of a fuzzy controller that regulates the modulation index of PWM inverter in an ACDC-AC converter, and controllable battery storage connected to DC Bus, output of voltage even during changing wind speed or unbalanced load will remain stable. The control system uses the rule-base defined on the load voltage error of the point of common coupling to determine the instantaneous value of modulation index and battery amount. This technique can give a full flexibility to the grid to provide power from wind turbines, an extra control factor for smart grids and gives this ability to have more control on a system. As a power electronics technique, it also can be used in hybrid PV/Wind energy systems. Performance of the proposed method is illustrated by simulation results.

technology, development and global warming have resulted in a growth in the usage of distributed generation (DG) which most of the time connect to the grid [4-6]. In previous research [7] we implemented fuzzy control for using solar energy in a distribution system as a distributed generation (DG) unit. A nonlinear fuzzy controller tuned the modulation index of PWM inverter to feed the load in the grid via photovoltaic arrays. The controller also dispatched two dc sources to control the input of inverter. The proposed system controlled the voltage even during changing sunlight voltage condition or unbalanced load. Here, we investigate our method in a wind turbine to stabilize voltage through the inverter and connect the wind turbine to the grid. This paper utilizes the wind turbine driven doubly-fed induction generator using an AC/DC/AC converter as distributed generation to feed the load in the grid. The output voltage of DG will be remain stable and balanced via the controller even when the load or input is unbalanced and nonlinear, thus removing any unbalance and harmonic content of the load and hence increasing the power quality of the distribution system.

2 Wind Turbine Power System 1 Introduction

Increasing in load demand, the large distances between generation and consumption centers as well as the state of transport and distribution networks turns the power system operating close to its stability limit [1]. A blackout situation occurs when the system gets instable and it has tremendous impact on the social economics. Nowadays, environmental issues such as global warming is focused as an important problem to be solved and renewable energy sources (RES) are a solution to generate clean and sustainable energy. The wind energy from the sun is a renewable energy resource. As the fastest growing source of energy in the world, wind energy plays a very important role in the global energy mix [2]. Wind power is based on capturing the energy from natural phenomena and has none of the polluting effects associated with traditional fuels. The 120.8 GW of global wind capacity installed by the end of 2008 will generate 260 Twh of electricity and save 158 million tons of CO2 every year [3]. The increasing concerns over environmental problems and the depletion of fossil fuel demanded investigation for more renewable electrical sources. Since ancient times, humans have used wind power. The windmill has been used for water pumping for over 3000 years and the first roof use of wind power was in Persia in around 500-900 A.D. Restructuring in the electrical industry, Vertical axis and horizontal axis are two types of wind turbine that convert the wind dynamic energy into the electrical energy. The horizontal-axis wind turbine is popular, shown in figure 1 [8-9].

Figure 1: Horizontal-axis 3 blades wind turbine

The wind speed depends on the situations and changes from time to time. The probability distribution function (pdf) is:
2v (1) f (v ) e c c2 Where v indicates the wind speed and c denotes the scale parameter. Equation (1) is also called weibull pdf or Rayligh pdf which is shown in figure 2.
v
2

The DC capacitor coupling generation side and grid-side converters allows the storage of power from induction generator for further generation. To reach full control, the idea is to use a DC Bus and use flexible controllable battery sources with the aid of fuzzy control system. This method gives the ability to control effects of changing wind speed on output power and also can be used in hybrid systems and compatible with smart grids.

3 System Description
Wind energy and PV solar conversion systems have been widely used for electricity supply as Distributed Generation and it is favourable to combine energy storage into such hybrid power systems [11]. Therefore, fluctuation of wind energy and PV energy can be smooth out and also the reliability of the system is enhanced. When the power produced by WGs and PVs are bigger than the load demand, the extra power will be stored in the storage batteries for future use. On the other hand, when load demand is greater than power generated by renewable energy sources, the stored power will be used to supply the load. Figure 4 shows the system with DC Bus and battery sources under control of fuzzy system. Two dc sources are used in battery storage unit, where one is employed as a major dc supply and another as a secondary bank. In a normal state when the generation power is greater than load demand, surplus energy stored in batteries. Under unbalanced state, for example when an abrupt variation in wind speed or a sag/swell in voltage or frequency occurs, fuzzy controller distributes the secondary source to obtain a desirable power, thus balancing the output voltage. When load is unbalanced or fault appears in system, the magnitude of secondary voltage automatically changes through fuzzy controller and regulates DC Bus voltage. Another control technique is to control modulation index in converters as was studied in previous researches [7,12]. For instance, when a sudden sag/swell in point of common coupling occurs, the fuzzy controller uses the secondary sources to provide a desirable power. Fig. 5 shows this situation when the sun power is changing and the energy that comes to the DC Bus is unstable and it will be stable via the fuzzy controller.
DC Bus AC/DC DC Load
Wind Turbine

Figure 2: Rayligh probability distribution function [10] By development of a generation of variable speed wind turbines that are connected to the grid through Voltage Source Converters (VSC) to make variable speed operation possible, DFIG wind turbines are largely deployed due to their variable speed feature and hence influencing system dynamics. In wind turbines, a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) comprising of a wound rotor induction generator and a converter is used. The stator winding is coupled directly to the 60 Hz grid while the rotor is fed at variable frequency by means of the converter through slip rings to allow DIFG to operate at a variety of speeds in response to changing wind speed. Figure 3 illustrates the diagram of the DFIG wind turbine connected to the grid, where Vr is the voltage of rotor and Vgc indicates the grid side voltage. The AC/DC/AC converter includes generation side converter and grid side converter, which basically uses sinusoidal PWM technique to eliminate the harmonics present in the wind turbine driven DFIG system. For controlling the wind turbine speed, gear boxes and electronic control systems can be employed.
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Figure 4: Controllable Battery sources in Hybrid Unit

Figure 3: basic diagram of wind power generation with DFIG

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Figure 5: Fuzzy dispatching of batteries to stabilize voltage in the system under unbalanced situation. In smart grids, energy also transfers from load to generation unit. Therefore, here the energy from the load unit can be stored in these controllable battery storages and use this energy during peak demand periods or when the local network is stressed.

Figure 7: Vab inverter without implementing control and battery storage.

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4 Simulation Results
In this section, simulation of the system with and without the controller is illustrated. We use a model of MATLAB software and apply our method to this model. It is assumed that a three phase fault occurs in load side. The 600V, 60 Hz voltage provided at secondary of a Wye/Delta transformer is first rectified by a six pulse diode bridge. The filtered DC voltage is transferred to an IGBT two-level inverter generating 50 Hz. Carrier frequency for Pulse Width Modulation IGBT inverter is set 2 kHz. Fuzzy controller uses the three triangular membership function as input and the same for output. Fig. 6 shows the DC Bus voltage during the fault without using the battery storage system and it indicates that system without controller and battery storage is unstable. Fig. 7 indicates the voltage in inverter between DC Bus and AC Bus without using the battery storage system. In Fig. 8 voltage of the load is illustrated. Fig. 9 demonstrates modulation index trend during the fault time. Figs. 10, 11 show current passes through IGBT and diodes in converters respectively. Figs 12-15 show the performance of the system with battery storage and controller.
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Figure 9: Modulation index without implementing control and battery storage.

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Figure 10: current of IGBT no. 1,3 without battery storage bank and control.
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Figure 11: current of diodes no. 1,2 without battery storage and control.

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control energy during system operation work. A fuzzy controller regulates modulation index of PWM inverter in an AC/DC/AC converter and distributes the storage bank by controlling power. Therefore, voltage output even during changing wind speed or unbalanced load will remain stable. This technique provides a full flexibility to the grid to obtain power from wind turbines, an extra control factor for smart grids and gives this ability to have a more control and management on the system. By implementing this method in a hybrid PV/Wind energy system, fluctuation of wind energy and PV energy can be smoothed out and also the reliability of the system is increased. When the power produced by WGs and PVs are larger than the load demand, the extra power will be stored in the storage batteries for future use. However, when load demand is bigger than power generated by renewable energy sources, the stored power will be used to supply the load. Using this energy during peak demand periods or when the local network is stressed can avoid false operation of relays and increase reliability of the grid.

Figure 13: Vab inverter with implementing control and battery storage.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to appreciate the School of Electrical Engineering of Xian Jiaotong University for the financial support.

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References
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Figure 14: Vab load with implementing control and battery storage.
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Figure 15: Modulation index with implementing control and battery storage.

5 Conclusion
The smart grid is a new idea for electricity grids around the world. The main objectives of smart power grids are to increase the efficiency and to maintain safety and reliability of the electricity networks by transforming the current electricity grids into an interactive service network and to eliminate the technical obstacles to the large-scale installation and full integration of RES. In this paper, wind energy has been used as DG that connected to the grid. A controllable battery storage bank is connected to DC Bus to save and

[10] Larry Caretto. Wind Probability Distributions, California State University Nothridge, feburary (2010). [11] Majid Nayeripour, Mostafa Kheshti. Renewable Energy-Trends and Applications, INTECH Publication, (2011). [12] M. Kheshti, M. Nayeripour, A. Zare. A Novel Method to Control Volt/Var in the Grids via Fuzzy Controller, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(12), pp. 6031-6040, (2010).