Chapter 1

1.1 Introduction The main task of School is to provide education which involves series of programmes and activities .The successful conduct of these programme and activities depends mainly upon the availability of proper infrastructure in the school. Infrastructure is basic physical and organizational structure needed for the operation of a society or enterprise .It can be generally defined as The set of interconnected structural elements that provide framework supporting an entire structure of development. Schools with buildings reported in good shape, including an adequate number of well ventilated classrooms (sufficient blackboards, tables, desks, chairs and per class).An adequate number of sanitation facilities, access to adequate clean drinking water, electricity, ventilation and light, fire-exits and first aid kits, medical assistance, canteens, recreational facilities, sufficient recreational ground, library, computer facility and information technology. Infrastructure facilitate the production of goods and services and also the distribution of finished products of markets as well as basic social services such as schools. Infrastructure is anything that is needed everyday, an everyday item.

1.2 Need of study

Infrastructure is the basic structure and facilities needed for the operation of society or organization. School infrastructure is important factor for the successful conduct of various programmes and activities. The goal of infrastructure development in school education is to increase the strength of the students, to motivate them and to improve their academic performance. In the recent years stress have been given to improve infrastructure of the school keeping in view the safety of the students. Hence students should be aware of the school infrastructure and its role in academic programme.

1.3 Definition of study

Study: A detailed investigation and analysis of a subject or situation. Infrastructure: The basic structure and facilities needed for the operation of a society or organization. Problem: Something difficult to deal with or understand. Student: A person studying at a university, college, or school.

1.4 Aim of Study

Aim: The study of infrastructure problem faced by students of IES school of std VIII.

1.5 Objectives of the study

1. The study of infrastructure problem in IES School, Vashi. 2. To study the problem faced by student of std VIII. 3. To study the awareness among class VIII students regarding infrastructure of their school. 4. To analyse the extent of awareness regarding infrastructure among students.

1.6 Scope of study

1. This research studies attitude towards school infrastructure of students in IES school. 2. This research will examine the effect of school infrastructure on students achievement. 3. Extent of awareness of the importance of school infrastructure on the well being of students. 4. Extent of awareness of hygiene and sanitation in school infrastructure. 5. This research will high light the use of available resources in school.

1.7 Delimitation of the study 1. This study is limited to students of VIII standard. 2. This study limited only to group of 25 students. 3. This study is restricted about the problem of infrastructure. 4. This study is based only on students of IES school , Vashi.

2.1 Research Design

The research design is a conceptual structure within which a research is conducted. According to Clave Selltiz " A research design is the arrangement of condition for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose together with economy in procedure". It explains the design of the study in details. The size and selection of the sample, the variables and the controls employed, the sources of data, the tolls, and methods of gathering data, the reliability of instruments selected or constructed and the statistical procedures used in the analysis are carefully described. All research is an advance on existing frontiers of knowledge. It takes us beyond the frontiers of present knowledge. It adds to the existing information in an orderly way. This orderliness is to be particularly emphasized. Mere aimless and confused grouping for new knowledge does not stand for research. 2.2 SAMPLING Sampling is the process by which a relatively small number of individuals or measures of individual objects or events is selected and analyzed in order to find out something about the entire population form, which it was selected. It is often desirable in order to reduce expenditure save time energy permit measurement of greater scope or produce greater precision generalizations on the basis of a relatively small proportion of the population.

Methods of Sampling:
Sampling methods can be classified into two categories. Non-Probability Sampling

 Probability Sampling In probability sampling the units of the population are not selected at the discretion of the researcher but by the means of certain procedures, which ensure that ever y unit of population has one fixed probability of being included in the sample. Such a method is called random sampling.

The different types of sampling are: Random Sampling. Systematic Sampling. Stratified Sampling. Multiple or double Sampling. Multistage Sampling. Cluster Sampling.

In sampling technique, the researcher has used the random sampling technique for evaluation.

Random Sampling: At times a random sample particularly a small one,

may by chance have an undue proportion of one type of units in it and, therefore to is necessary to make certain that the units included in the sample are selected in proportion to their occurrence in the population.

2.3 Methods
Methods of Research can be classified from many points of view - according to the fields to which the study is applicable, for the purpose the research is undertaken, place and application of the study, it also depends on the data gathering devices and the character of the data collected. The classification of methods may be presented to advantage in tabular form, with the source of data, type of control, approach, typical purposes for each research method, and typical forms of stating results as the sub headings. The chief sources of data are direct and indirect observation with the aid of various measuring instruments, data gathering devices and documents. The most common and popular means of research methods are : The Historical method. The Normative method. The descriptive method. The Case method. The Statistical method. The Experimental method. Combination of the above.

. These various popular methods are adopted to study the current status of phenomena according to the nature of the study. No attempt can be made to characterize one method as more important than the other, since the purpose to be served and the conditions to be met must determine the value of research method in a given situation. These are various methods and techniques of data collection.

Descriptive Research: Descriptive Research studies are designed to obtain pertinent and precise information concerning the current status of phenomena and whenever possible to draw valid general conclusion from the facts discovered. They are restricted not only to fact finding but may often result in the formulation of important principle of knowledge and solution of significant problems concerning local, state, national and international issues. Descriptive studies are more than just a collection of data. They involve measurement, classification, analysis, comparison and interpretation. Descriptive methods can tell us about what exists at present by determining the nature and degree of existing conditions. The descriptive research method has undoubtedly been the most popular and most widely used research method in education. Descriptive studies has been classified by various writers. Some have classified them on the basis of the purposes they achieve, some on the basis of geographical areas the cover and some on the basis of the techniques they employ. These classifications mostly range from the survey, which describe the status quo of educational variable to the relation study, which investigates the relationship between variables. For the sake of convenience, descriptive studies may be classified into the following three categories: Survey Studies. Interrelationship Studies. Development Studies.

Although the classification is arbitrary, yet it seems to have merit from an operation as well as an organizational point of view.

can be of two types. Participant Observation and Non Participant Observation. Survey studies can be of three types: Data concerning existing status. Comparison of established status. Means of improving the existing status, while others are limited to one or two of these types. Survey studies may take different forms depending upon the scope, nature and purpose of the problem under investigation. They may be broad or narrow in scope. Some surveys

encompass several countries, states or regions or may be limited to one country, region, state, district, city, school system or some other unit. Survey data may be collected from every unit of a population or from a representative sample. The information gathered may be concerning a large number of related factors or may be confined to a few selected items. The researcher has used Survey method in this research

2.4 TOOLS
A researcher will require many data gathering tools or techniques which may vary in complexity, design, administration or interpretation. Each tool is appropriate for the collection of certain type of evidence or information. The researcher has to select from the available tools which will provide data. In some situation he may find that the existing research tools do not suit the purpose and so he may have to modify them or construct his own. For this purpose, the researcher should familiarize himself with the construction and use of the research tools. The tools most frequently used in research are: Questionnaire: They are widely used to obtain facts about past, present and anticipated event or condition. The two forms of questionnaire are open and closed form. Interview: It is a type of questionnaire where the required information is required orally and face to face. Observation Schedule: The researcher makes use of observation to observe behaviour of person in special situations, sometimes under condition of normal living and at other times with special sets of factors operating. Observation Rating scale: It refers to a scale with a set of points which describe various degrees of the dimension of an attribute being observed. The attitude scale: The enquiry form that attempts to measure attitude or belief of an individual is known as the attitude scale. Continuum extending from favourableness various scaling techniques have led to the development of different types or attitude scale which prides quick and proven type of measure of attitude. The researcher has used Questionnaire for this study.

2.5 Data Collection

Data collection is essentially an important part of the research processes to that the inference, hypothesis or generalization tentatively held may be identified as valid, verified as correct or rejected as untenable. In order to collect the requisite data for any research problem, the researcher has to sample the population concerned.