GIAO TRINH Ban Sua Hoan Thien - Tap I - HRevised

ACADEMY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Dr. Nguyen Khac Hung, MA Nguyen Thi Van (Eds)
ENGLISH FOR
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATORS
Students book
Hanoi, 2009
INTRODUCTION
This book is aimed at university students at the Academy of Public
Administration and all those who might be interested in the subject to
understand and use of the English language for public administration. The book
was written with intermediate and advanced learners in mind, who ideally
already have a solid grounding in general grammar, vocabulary and language
skills.
Hopefully, this textbook will assist students in selecting, reading and using
original texts in English of any kind on public-administration related subjects.
Its topics have been carefully selected to outline a picture, though quite rough
one, of public administration theory and practice in Vietnam and other countries.
The books structure emphasizes the importance of reading, vocabulary and
language skills vital to the current and future needs of students using English for
public administration and can be used in conjunction with general English
course books.
Nevertheless, this is a stand-alone and activities-based textbook with certain
modules of relevant grammar and language production skills integrated into a
number of its 13 units. It is accompanied by a Teachers Guide containing keys
to exercises as well as assistance and advice on how best to exploit the material.
We wish you all the best in your studies!
TO THE STUDENTS
Globalisation, internet, and other modern sciences and technology really bring
people from different corners of the world increasingly closer to one other. The
English language, as it was in the past several hundred years, has been proving
its worldwide popularity in almost every field of international community,
ranging from politics, business, education, science, technology to even every
single pace of daily international communication. Learning English therefore
brings about advantages for everyone including public administrators and
managers.
While this textbook surely provides you with a large specialized vocabulary, a
wide variety of language skills and certain knowledge of public administration
will serve your future career, it mainly and hopefully lays the initial foundation
for your future use of English for Public Administration in your career.
Enjoy your studies at the Academy of Public Administration and enjoy this
book!
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to all people who have supported to make this book come true.
Our sincere thanks go to:
- Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Dang Thanh, Vice President of the Ho Chi Minh
National Academy of Politics and Public Administration - President of
Academy of Public Administration, and the Deans and Directors of
different departments of the Academy without whose great support this
textbook could not have been developed.
- The members of the Scientific Board of the Academy who contributed
their advice on the structure and contents of the textbook.
- The many people including our colleague and students whose ideas have
influenced our work.
- Dr. Nguyen Khac Hung, member of the editor group, for his great work,
comments, and support as well as his previous textbook on English for
Public Administration this book takes much inspiration and ideas from.
- Assoc. Prof. Dr. Le Hung Tien, member of the editor group, for his
immense contributions to the language, structure and contents of the
textbook.
- All the teachers of the Faculty of Foreign Languages of the Academy of
Public Administration for their hard work and assistance with this book.
CONTENTS
UNIT 1
Topic
Administration
Public Administration
Language
Introduction
Grammar:
Present simple
and Present
Continuous
Vocabulary and
pronunciation
General
language of
administration
Vocabulary
building
Skills work
Speaking: group
presentation/discussion
Reading: analyzing the
writers point of view.
Writing: Filling the
gaps/word formation
UNIT 2
Topic
The Socialist Republic

of Vietnam: An
overview
Language
Relative
clauses
The passive
voice
Vocabulary and
pronunciation
Terms used to
describe a
political
superstructure
Vocabulary
building
Pronunciation:
falling intonation
Skills work
Speaking: presenting
main ideas
Reading: skimming;
independent dictionary
use
Writing: Filling the
gaps/word formation
UNIT 3
Topic
The Legislature of the

Socialist Republic of
Vietnam
Language
Vocabulary and
pronunciation
Terms of legislation;
the system of
legislative bodies
Vocabulary building
Skills work
Independent
vocabulary study
Reading for gist;
scanning
UNIT 4
Topic
The Legislature of the

United Kingdom
Language
Past Continuous
Past Simple
Passive Voice
Vocabulary and
Skills work
pronunciation
Terms of legislation; Independent
the system of
vocabulary study
legislative bodies
Reading for gist;
Vocabulary building
scanning
UNIT 5
Topic
The Executive in the

Socialist Republic of
Vietnam
Language
Modal verbs
Vocabulary and
pronunciation
Government
vocabulary
Vocabulary building
Skills work
Speaking:
presentation in
pairs
Independent
vocabulary study
Reading:
true/false
UNIT 6
Topic
The Executive in the

United Kingdom
Language
Sentence structures
Vocabulary and
pronunciation
Government
vocabulary
Vocabulary
matching
Skills work
Speaking:
presentation in
pairs
Translation
Writing: Filling
in the gaps
UNIT 7
Topic
The judiciary in the

State machinery of
Vietnam
Language
Sentence structures
Future tenses
Vocabulary and
pronunciation
Legal and judicial
terms
Vocabulary
matching
Pronunciation:
reading words,
phrases aloud
Skills work
Speaking:
presentation in
pairs
Translation
Writing: Filling
in the gaps
Academy of Public Administration

English for Public Administrators
Unit 1
UNIT 1
ADMINISTRATION -
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
-1-

Unit 1
A. INTRODUCTORY ACTIVITIES
Activity 1. Do you know the word which carries the ideas that cover the main
point of our following lesson? Work in groups and complete the puzzle to find it
1
10
11
12
E
P
13
14
G
1. Dancing, painting and drawing are .
2. Something that you feel you have to do because it is your moral or legal
responsibility (the work that is your job).
3. A person who is in charge of running a business, a shop/store or a similar
organization.
4. The process of choosing a person or a group of people for a position,
especially a political position, by voting.
5. to move using your legs, going faster than when you walk.
6. a business whose work involves doing something for customers but not
producing goods.
7. systematic knowledge about, or study of the natural world.
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Unit 1
8. a person who works in an office dealing with letters and telephone calls,
typing, keeping records, arranging meetings with people.
9. a number of people or things that are together in the same place.
10. the whole system of rules that everyone in a country or society must obey
11. not for public use.
12. a type of job that needs special training or skill.
13. the ability to control people or things.
14. the group of people who are responsible for controlling a country or a
state.
Activity 2. Which word may be put in the middle of the chart? Delete any that
you think they do not belong to the key one
Teach
studen
tt
Public
servant
election
government
Arrange a
meeting
political
Run
a State
Typing
document
Health
service
Sell goods
in a market
Issue laws
-3-
Start a war

Unit 1
Activity 3. Match the terms in the box below with suitable pictures. Student
individually choose one of these picture and talk about its activities. Why do
you think the activities in these pictures belong to administration? Explain
basing your knowledge
health service
meeting of National Assembly
legal activity
The People Committees meeting
fire service
a meeting
typing document
activities in an office
running general election
-4-

B.
Unit 1
TEXTS AND PRACTICE
Activity 4. Pre-reading of Text 1

The bold words below are already explained. Give their meanings in Vietnamese
in column B
A
B
To coincide: Happen at the same time as
something else
Classical: Following the original
traditional standard for something
or
Apparent: Easy to see or understand

Distinct: Separate and different in a way
that is clear
Sense: Meaning
Subtle: Delicate and complicated in an
attractive way
Implication: Something that you suggest
without saying it directly
To coordinate: To organize the different
parts of a job or plan so that the people
involved work together effectively
Authority: (1) People with power
(2) Official permission
Notion: An idea or understanding of
something
Purpose: The aim that someone wants to
achieve
Goal: Something you hope to achieve
Execution: The act of performing an action
Accomplish: To succeed in doing
something, especially something that you
have been trying to do for a period of time
-5-

Unit 1
Activity 5. Reading of text 1

Read the following text about administration
Administration
1. The term administration has a long history. Some authors consider that the
term coincides with the formation of the state long ago. According to
Dunsire, A. (1973, p: 1) the classical Latin verb, as used by Cicero for
instance, had two apparently distinct senses: to help, assist, or serve; and
to manage, direct, or govern. We can see the hint of a combination of the
two principal senses, directing and assisting at the same time. The verb
administer in various contexts can be translated as minister which can
also mean serve or servant. Another meaning of the verb can be
understood as to run. For example, to run the state.
2. Although originally administer and manage had some similar meanings,
e.g. looking after things or taking charge of or getting things done,
administration has a subtler and more extended series of meanings. R. J. S.
Baker (1972, p: 13) wrote: It (administration) is more usually found in the
public sector than the private and, in general, carries an implication, not of
control, but of directing and coordinating things on behalf of other people or
authorities. It is often connected with some notion of service. This argument
clarifies further the meaning of administration as government or direction
in the implementation of a given purpose or end; or as direction or
execution in the interest of someone else. H. A. Simon et al (1970, p: 11)
wrote In its broadest sense, administration can be defined as the activities
of groups cooperating to accomplish common goals.
Answer the following questions
1. Is administration a newly-born term?
............................................................................................................................
2. What are the two distinct senses of the term administration?
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Unit 1
............................................................................................................................
2.
What are the two original meanings of to administer?
............................................................................................................................
3. Do administer and manage mean the same thing?
............................................................................................................................
Match the words in column B with their explanations in column C and write
their Vietnamese meanings in column A
Vietnamese meanings
1. Academics
a. Determining the basic

character of something
2. Public services
b. The way in which the

parts of something are
organized or arranged into
a whole
3. General election
c. People employed to work

for the state
4. Structure
d. Someone who teaches or

does
research
at
a
university
5.Regulatory power
e. Services provided by the

state
(certification,
licensing)
6. Institution
f. Someone who works in a

particular profession
7. Public employees g. An election in which

every adult in the country
can vote for the people who
will represent them in
parliament
-7-

Unit 1
8. Practitioners
h. - An important tradition
on which society is based
- A large organization such
as a bank, hospital,
university, or prison
9. Inherent
i. The part of state whose

duty is to translate laws into
reality (law enforcement)
10. Nevertheless
j. The power to issue bylaws

to
guide
the
implementation of the law
11. By-laws
k. The machinery of people

employed
to
run
government organizations
12. Bureaucracy
l. Legal documents to guide

the implementation of the
law
13. Executive
m. However
Activity 7. Reading of text 2

Read through the text. What do you think is the topic of this text? Write down the
topic once you have decided
.................................................................................................................................
Although the notion of public administration is as old as government,
understanding about it still differs among different academics and practitioners.
Debate is still going on about whether public administration is art or science.
There is no doubt that some people have a gift for administration and become
natural administrators. However, one may say that the artist is useless without
necessary tools without the technical skills (the science) that allow for the
understanding and transference of information. It is, therefore, pointless to argue
-8-

Unit 1
whether the practice of public administration is more art or science; it is

inherently both. In addition, there is a view that public administration is a
profession (Lawrence, 1997) which includes whatever the public employees of
the world do, ranging from typing documents to running general elections.
Although these people do not always think of themselves as public
administrators, identifying themselves in their specific professions, they
nevertheless provide public services.
Given the complexity of the function of public administration and also the
scope of government at the present time, the following description is used: (1)
Public administration is a power named administrative power, one component
of the executive power (which may be divided into administrative power that is
the power to organize, run and manage the administrative system itself, and
regulatory power that is the power to issue by-laws and regulatory documents to
implement laws). It is the power to organize and manage the state administrative
machinery to conduct the operation of the state; (2) A system of public bodies
including the government, various ministries and central agencies, local
authorities, and other public institutions which have the competence to organize
and regulate socio-economic processes and the actions of different organizations
and citizens; (3) A set of institutions namely administrative institutions
comprising of legal and regulatory documents and rules to govern the
organizations; and (4) The action of public servants in the bureaucracy.
Activity 8. True or false?
Now read the text again and say if the following statements are true or false.
Write T for true or F for false. The first sentence is done for you as an example
--T-- 1. The notion of public administration has a long history.
----- 2. There is a consensus about the scope of public administration.
----- 3. Public administration is both an art and a science.
-9-

Unit 1
----- 4. Public administration is also a profession.

----- 5. Public administration is a power, namely administrative power.
----- 6. Administrative power includes executive power and regulatory power
----- 7. Regulatory power is the power to make law
Activity 9. Answer the questions

Now look at text 2 again and answer the following questions
1. What do you understand about public administration as an art?
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
2. As a science?
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
3. Who considers public administration as a profession? .......................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
4. What does public administration include as a profession?
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
5. What are the components of the executive power?
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
3. What do you understand by administrative institutions?
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
- 10 -

Unit 1
C. EXTENSION
Activity 10. Rule for the use of Present Simple and Present Continuous
tenses
Study the following explanations and compare the examples
Present Simple
Present Continuous
a. Use the simple tense for things in a. Use the continuous tense for
general or things that happen
something that is happening at or
repeatedly.
around the time of speaking. The
action is not finished.
.................. I do .........................
past
now
I am doing
future past
Examples:
- They quarrel everyday.
- Some authors consider that the
term administration coincides
with the formation of the state
long ago.
b. Use the simple for a permanent
situation
Examples:
- Jane is hardworking. She works
very hard most of the time.
- My brothers family lives in Ho
Chi Minh City. They have lived
there for more than ten years.
now
future
Examples:
- Look! They are quarreling
- I'm going to school now.
- Goodbye.
b. Use the continuous for a

temporary situation
Examples:
- Youre working hard today.
Yes, Ive got a lot to do.
- He's living with some friends
until he finds a flat.
- 11 -

Unit 1
Note:
1. We use continuous tenses only for actions and happenings (they are
eating/ it is raining...).
Some verbs (for example, know, like...) are not action verbs. You cant say
I am knowing. You can only say: I know.
The following verbs are not usually used in continuous tenses:
Like-Love-Hate-Want-Need-Prefer-Know-Realize-Suppose-MeanUnderstand-Believe-Remember-Belong-Contain-Consist-Depend-Seem
I am hungry. I want something to eat (Not I am wanting to eat)
2. When THINK means believe, do not use the continuous
What do you think (believe) will happen?
But What are you thinking about? (=What is going on in you mind?)
Now put the verb in the correct form, present simple or present continuous
1. Water .............. at 100 degrees Celsius. (boil)
2. Look! the water is ............... (boil)
3. The river Nile ............... into the Mediterranean. (flow)
4. Look at the river. It .............. very fast today much faster than usual.
(flow)
5. Ron is in London at the moment. He ................... (stay) at Park Hotel. He
.................... (always/ stay) there when he is in London.
6. ............ you ............. to the radio? No, you can turn it off (listen)
7. .............. you ............. to the radio everyday? (listen)
8. We usually ................ (grow) vegetables in our garden but this year we
................. (not grow) any.
9. I used to admire politicians but at the moment I ............. that they are
tricky. (think)
- 12 -

Unit 1
10. I ................ of a position as a politician at the moment. (think)
Activity 11. Complete the following paragraph. Fill in each gap with the most
suitable word you can find
According to many authors, public administration is ................ (1) as the
executive in action. It is important to note that ..................... (2) administration
not only forms the largest part of government, it ..................... (3) at the heart of
the policy process. Public administration, at the same time, holds the
responsibility for the ....................... (4) of this policy. It can be distinguished
from ...................... (5) administration.
D. HOMEWORK
Exercise 1. Translation
a. Translate the following sentences into Vietnamese
1. Public administration relies on many prestablished disciplines such as
sociology, political science, administrative law and public finance
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
2. My parents work for government organizations. They are considered to be
public servants.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
3. Public administration is a science because knowledge is generated and
evaluated according to the scientific method.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
b. Translate the following sentences into English
- 13 -

Unit 1
1. Quyn hnh php bao gm quyn hnh chnh v quyn lp quy.

................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
2. Quyn lp quy l quyn ban hnh cc vn bn d-i lut (ngh nh, thng t-)
h-ng dn vic thc thi lut.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
3. Nn hnh chnh cng l ni thc thi cc chnh sch ca nh n-c.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
Exercise 2. Complementary reading
Read the following text and answer the questions that follow
Administration Public Administration
Administration:
There are different interpretations of the term administration according to
various approaches. Administration can be considered from economic, juridical
and social aspects and we can make a distinction between Public Administration
and Private Administration.
Public Administration:
The term is commonly used in countries where a market economy is developed
and the private sector plays an important role. It is used to distinguish it from
Private Administration. Public Administration can be seen in three aspects:
- 14 -

Unit 1
1 - It is a power named Administrative Power. This is an important component

of the Executive power, which consist of the Regulatory and Administrative
powers
Regulatory power is the power of executive bodies to issue regulatory acts under
the law to implement state management work according to the law. Only the
bodies in the executive system with the function of state management and on
behalf of the State have the power to issue regulatory acts to implement the law.
Administrative power is the power to organize and manage the States
administrative machinery to conduct the work of the State, the power to govern
all activities with lateral right, as the one on behalf of the State. In this case,
administration means the State management or ruling.
Generally speaking, while considering administration as a power, we can
understand that it is an entity organizations and operational statute of the
executive machinery responsible for day-to-day work of the State conducted by
the bodies which have the public power. This is the management of all areas of
socio-economic life to carry out the political task, keep the public order, protect
the rights of citizens and serve the daily needs of citizens. In this meaning,
administration is a functional system of the State which ensures the
implementation of the executive power and continuous operation of state
machinery.
2 - Public Administration is an institution formed by a system of public power
bodies including the Government, various ministries, peoples committees,
public institutions, which have the competence to organize and regulate all the
socio-economic processes and the actions of different organizations or citizens
by regulatory acts under the laws.
3 - Administration is action. It is the concrete day-to-day work to implement the
guidelines of the manager. The work consists of drafting, printing, keeping
documents etc. The meaning is very narrow.
- 15 -

Unit 1
Public Administration is a component of the state machinery, involved in the

political system and having the task to conduct state power.
Questions:
1. Are there many understandings of the terms "administration" and "public
administration"?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
2. From which aspects can administration be considered?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
3. Where is the term "public administration" commonly used? Explain why.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
4. What are the main contents of regulatory power?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
5. What can we say about administration as a power?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
Exercise 3. Choosing the right meaning
1. Power:
- 16 -

Unit 1
a - ability to do or act
b - particular faculty of the body or mind
c - control over others
2. Statute:
a - law passed by Parliament or a similar law-making body and written down
formally
b - any of the rules of an institution
3. Right:
a - what is good
b - authority to do something
c - legal authority
Exercise 4. Fill in the blanks with the right forms of the suggested words in
brackets
1. ........... entry is strictly prohibited. (AUTHORITY)
2. The ............ of this machine is very low. It produces fewer products but
consumes more fuel than others. (EFFICIENT)
3. The dictionary is not so big but it is very ............... (INFORMATION)
4. Burning coal is an ................ way of heating a house. Gas is much cheaper.

(ECONOMY)
5. There is a lot of ........................ this morning as work began on the new

supermarket. (ACT)
6. Dont worry about the volcano. It has been ..................... for years. (ACT)
7. The state has passed an ................... on environmental protection. (ACT)

- 17 -

Unit 1
8. The government is expected to take ..................... against the drug trafficking.

(ACT).
9. A successful business needs good ................................. (ORGANIZE)
10. Too many vehicles may ................................ the traffic. (ORGANIZE)
Exercise 5. Find words or phrases used in this unit to fill in the gaps in the
following sentences
Public administration is carried out by ...........................
Administration is more usually found in the ....................... sector than the
private.
Public administration is seen as an art, a ........................, and a profession.
Public administration can be used to denote the ......................... of public
servants.
The executive power may be divided into administrative power and
...................... power.
Exercise 6. Right or wrong?

Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct the verbs that are wrong.
1. My heart is belonging to him
................................................................................................................................
2. Look! That man tries to open the door of your car.
................................................................................................................................
3. The water boils. Can you turn the gas off?
................................................................................................................................
- 18 -
National Academy of Public Administration

UNIT 2
THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM:

AN OVERVIEW
- 20 -
Unit 2

A.
Unit 2
REVIEW OF UNIT 1
Activity 1. Review questions

1. Explain the verb "to administer".
2. Why do we say that public administration is both an art and a science?
Activity 2. Administration is a term which has a broad sense. Check you know
the meanings of the following words and then find them in the word search. You
can work in three directions only: left to right, top left to bottom right
diagonally, and top to bottom
Institution
Administer
Authority
Action
Executive
Administrator
Agency
Private
Implement
Coordination
Direction
Election
Power
Sense
Interest
- 21 -

B.
Unit 2
TEXTS AND PRACTICE

a. List any words or phrases you know that describes Vietnam. Fill in the box. A
first phrase is given as an example
South-east Asia
b. Read aloud the words you've put in the box. Make word stress clear
Activity 4. Text 1
Read the following text as fast as
you can. What can be the topic of
this text? Discuss with your teacher
and classmates and then write in
the dotted space given
below
Vietnam, officially the Socialist
Republic of Vietnam, is the
easternmost country on the
Indochina Peninsula in Southeast
Asia. It is bordered by China to the
north and the Gulf of Thailand to
the south, Laos and Cambodia to
the west, and the Pacific Ocean and
the East Sea to the east. Vietnam's
mainland territory is shaped like
the letter "S". Its total land area is
331,689 square kilometers and it
has territorial waters with an area approximetely three times larger than its
mainland territory. With a population of over 86 million, Vietnam is the 13th
- 22 -

Unit 2
most populous country in the world.

The people of Vietnam regained independence and broke away from Chinese
domination in AD 938 after their victory at the battle of Bch ng River.
Successive dynasties flourished along with geographic and political expansion
deeper into Southeast Asia, until it was colonized by the French in the mid-19th
century. Efforts to resist the French and later on the American eventually led to
their expulsion from the country around the mid-20th century, and Vietnam
achieved final victories in the two wars for national liberation and unification in
1975.
Emerging from this prolonged military engagement, the war-ravaged nation was
politically isolated. Added to this, the governments centrally planned economic
decisions hindered post-war reconstruction.
In a historic shift in 1986, the 6th Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam
implemented free-market reforms known as i Mi (renovation), which
carefully managed the transition from a command economy to a Socialistoriented market economy. With the authority of the state remaining
unchallenged, private ownership of farms and companies engaged in commodity
production, deregulation and foreign investment were encouraged while the state
maintained control over strategic industry. The economy of Vietnam has
achieved rapid growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction and
housing, exports and foreign investment. By 2000, it had established diplomatic
relations with most nations. Its economic growth had been among the highest in
the world in the past decade. These efforts culminated in Vietnam joining the
World Trade Organization in 2007 and its successful bid to become a nonpermanent member of the United Nations Security Council in 2008.
Its 1992 Constitution provides the development guidelines aiming at wealthy
people, a strong country, a civilized and equal society that will gradually
industrialize and modernize the country.
- 23 -

Unit 2
Activity 5. Comprehension questions

Find answers to these questions in the text
1. Where is Vietnam located?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2. What are Vietnams neighbouring countries? Can you name Vietnams
other near neighbours in the region?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
3. How large is its land mass?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
4. From paragraph 2, what can you say about the countrys history?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
5. When did the country start to change to a Socialist-oriented market
economy?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
6. According to the text, what is the basic principle of the i Mi?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
7. According to the text, what are the economic achievements of the freemarket reforms in Vietnam?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
- 24 -

Unit 2
8. What was the countrys diplomatic success in the year 2000?

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
9. Why does the author of the text mention the World Trade Organization
and the United Nations Security Council?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
10. What does the 1992 Constitution provide for the development of
Vietnam?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Activity 6. Vocabulary work
Pair off the words and phrases so that they make logical units according to the
text
1. mainland
a. waters
2. territorial
b. relations
3. national
c. reforms
4. war-ravaged
d. growth
5. economic
e. ownership
6. free-market
f. market economy
7. Socialist-oriented
g. industry
8. private
h. territory
9. strategic
i. unification
10. diplomatic
j. nation
Activity 7. Main ideas

Read the text again to find out the most important idea in each paragraph.
(While reading, ignore all new words). The first one is done as an example
- 25 -

Unit 2
Paragraph 1: The SRV is a country in Southeast Asia.

Paragraph2: .............................................................................................................
Paragraph 3: ............................................................................................................
Paragraph 4: ............................................................................................................
Paragraph 5: ............................................................................................................
Paragraph 6: ............................................................................................................
1. congress
a. the settled methods by which the government and

affairs of a nation are, or may be, administered; a system
of public or official administration, as designed to
promote the external or internal prosperity of a state.
2. direction
b. a public officer who is invested with authority

to hear and determine cases, and to administer
justice between parties in courts held for that
purpose
3. policies
c. the legislature or parliament of a country
4. supreme
d. to delay
5. approval
e. to mention by name; to name, to introduce
6.National Assembly f. one who manages another's affairs, either

generally or in a special matter;
7. to nominate
g. agreement
8. Procurator
h. guiding how to do something
9. Justice (Judge)
i. highest in authority; holding the highest place in
- 26 -

Unit 2
authority, government, or power

10. to suspend
j. a gathering or assembly; a conference
Activity 9. Text 2
Key central powers of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Vietnam is a socialist country under the leadership of the Communist Party of

Vietnam (CPV). The Party holds a national congress every five years to outline
the country's overall direction and future course as well as to formalize policies.
The National Assembly, which includes 498 elected members and is open to
non-Party members, is the supreme organ of state and the only body with
constitutional and legislative power. The President of the State and the Prime
Minister are elected by the National Assembly.
The President, who is the head of state, has the right to nominate candidates for
a number of key positions including the Chief Justice of the Supreme People's
Court and the Procurator-General of the People's Office of Supervision and
Control. Nominees are then approved by the National Assembly.
The Prime Minister, who is charged with the day-to-day handling of the
Government, has the right to nominate and dismiss the members of his cabinet,
though only with the approval of the National Assembly. He also has at his
disposal the power to cancel or suspend decisions or directives issued by the
ministries.
1. What can you say about Vietnam?

- 27 -

Unit 2
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2. What are the roles of the Communist Party of Vietnam?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
3. What is the National Assembly?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
4. How do Vietnamese people select their President of the State and the Prime
Minister?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
5. Who holds the right to appoint the Chief Justice of the Supreme People's
Court and the Procurator-General of the People's Office of Supervision and
Control?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
6. Who runs the everyday work of the Government?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
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Unit 2
Activity 11. Oral practice
Groupwork: Form groups of five or six students each. Use your own words to
introduce to your friends the governmental structure of the Socialist in Vietnam
Activity 12. Sentence structure

The State strives to build a rich and strong country in which social justice
prevails.
a. Language notes:
This is a complex sentence made of two simple sentences:
1. The State strives to build a rich and strong country.
2. Social justice prevails in this rich and strong country.
There are four steps necessary to merge these two sentences.
Step 1: replacement: replacing the repeated clause with (in this example) which
Step 2: which must stay next to the clause that it represents:

The State strives to build a rich and strong country which....
Step 3: When which (or another replacement word) moves, it requires other
subordinate clauses to follow it:
The State strives to build a rich and strong country in which social justice
prevails.
Step 4: completion. Attach the rest of the sentence. The sentence is now
complete.
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Unit 2
b. Now merge the following simple sentences into complex sentences (using
which, who or whom)
1.
Criminals violate the interests of the motherland.
Criminals are punished
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
2.
The CPV is the vanguard of the Vietnamese working class.
The CPV is faithful to the rights and interest of the people.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
3.
The Vietnamese live in the SRV
The Vietnamese have enough to eat and clothes to wear.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
Activity 13. Pronunciation practice

Read the following sentences with a falling intonation
1. 'All 'State 'power be'longs to the 'people.
2. The 'State pro'motes the 'people's 'mastery
3. The 'State 'strives to 'build a 'rich and 'strong 'country.
4. The 'Communist 'Party of Viet'nam 'acts u'pon 'Ho Chi 'Minh' s 'thought.
5. The 'CPV is the 'force 'leading the 'State and so'ciety.
- 30 -

C.
Unit 2
EXTENSION

Match the words or phrases on the left with their Vietnamese equivalents on the
right
1. equality
a. nghim cm; cm on
2. solidarity
b. s tin cy
3. mutual assistance
c. bnh ng
4. to forbid
d. tp trung dn ch
5. discrimination
e. c on
6. to preserve
f. on kt
7. material and spiritual
g. hch dch
8. democratic centralism
h. t-ng tr ln nhau
9. to be removed from office
i. bo tn
10. confidence
j. phn bit i x
11. bureaucratism
k. vt cht v tinh thn
12. arrogance
l. quan liu
13. arbitrariness
m. bi nhim
Activity 15. Text 3

Skim through Text 3 once as fast as you can to get a rough understanding of it
(the numbers are line numbers)
1. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is the unified state of all nationalities
living on the territory of Vietnam.
3 The State carries out a policy of equality, solidarity and mutual assistance
among all nationalities, and forbids all acts of national discrimination and
division.
6. Every ethnic group has the right to use its own language and system of
- 31 -

Unit 2
writing, to preserve its national identity, and to promote its fine customs,
habits, traditions and culture.
9. The State carries out a policy of comprehensive development and gradually
raises the material and spiritual living conditions of the national minorities.
11. The people make use of State power through the agency of the National
Assembly and the People's Councils, which represent the will and
aspirations of the people, are elected by them and responsible to them.
14. Democratic centralism is the principle governing the organization and
activity of the National Assembly, the People's Councils, and all other State
organs.
17. Elections to the National Assembly and the People's Councils are held in
accordance with the principles of universal, equal, direct, and secret
suffrage.
20. A member of the National Assembly shall be removed from office by the
electors of the National Assembly, a member of a People's Council by
electors of the People's Council, when this member is no longer worthy of
the confidence of the people.
24. All State organs, cadres and employees must show respect for the
people, devotedly serve them, maintain close links with them, listen to their
opinions and submit themselves to their control; all manifestations of
bureaucratism, arrogance, arbitrariness and corruption shall be vigorously
opposed.
Activity 16. Which line?

Read the text again to mark on which line(s) you find the answer to each
question below. The first answer is given as an example
Line
Question 1: 3-4 + 9-10
Question 2:
Question 4:
Question 5:
- 32 -
Question 3:
Question 6:

Unit 2
1. What policies does the State carry out?

.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
2. What linguistic rights do ethnic groups have?
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
3. Which organs represent the will and aspirations of the people?
................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
3. What principle governs State organs?
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
4. When is a member of the National Assembly removed from office?
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
5. What manifestations of behaviour by public administrators are opposed?
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
Activity 18. Oral practice
Summarize the text in 5-6 sentences and present your summary before the whole
class
Activity 19. The passive voice
a. Look at these examples
1. Elections to the National Assembly and the Peoples Councils are held in
accordance with the principles of universal, equal, direct, and secret suffrage.
- 33 -

Unit 2
2. A member of the National Assembly shall be removed from office by the

electors of the National Assembly.
3. At the beginning, administration was considered synonymous with
management.
b. Rules
1. The passive (or passive voice) is used with different tenses.
2. We use an active verb to say what the subject does. But when we use the
passive, who or what causes the action is often unknown or unimportant
(example 1).
3. Not all verbs can have passive forms. Intransitive verbs (like die, arrive, fit,
have, lack, suit etc.) cannot become passive; they have no objects, and so
there is nothing to become the subject of a passive sentence.
4. Active and passive verb-forms can often be confused because:
- Be is used to make both passive verb-forms and active progressive tenses
- past participles are used to make both passive verb-forms and active
perfect tenses
c. Put the verb into the correct form, active or passive

1. In its broadest sense, administration can .. (define) as the
activities of groups cooperating to accomplish common goals.
2. The photocopier (break) yesterday, but now its OK.
3. All manifestations of bureaucratism, arrogance, arbitrariness and corruption
. (oppose) vigorously.
4. There was a fight at the party but nobody (hurt).
5. The new employees (interest) in techniques of office
management.
- 34 -

Unit 2
6. A member of a Peoples Council shall (remove) by electors

of the Peoples Council, when this member is no longer worthy of the
confidence of the people.
7. Mr. President doesnt like .. (keep) waiting.
8. Administration .. (find) more usually in the public sector than
the private.
9. In the United States, Presidential elections .. (hold) every four
years.
10. The new office will (build) by this time next year.
D.
HOMEWORK
Exercise 1. Complementary reading

Read the following text carefully, then answer the questions that follow
1. The Vietnam Fatherland Front and its member organizations constitute the
political base of peoples power. The Front promotes the tradition of national
solidarity, strengthens the peoples unity of mind in political and spiritual
matters, participates in the building and consolidation of peoples power,
works together with the State for the care and protection of the peoples
legitimate interests, encourages the people to exercise their right to mastery,
ensures the strict observance of the Constitution and the law, and supervises
the activity of State organs, elected representatives, and State officials and
employees.
The State shall create favourable conditions for the effective functioning of
the Fatherland Front and its component organizations.
2. The trade union, being the socio-political organization of the working class
and the toiling people, joins State organs, economic and social bodies in
looking after and safeguarding the rights and interests of cadres, workers,
- 35 -

Unit 2
employees and other labouring people; it participates in State administration

and social management, in the control and supervision of the activity of State
organs and economic bodies; educates cadres, workers, employees and other
labouring people to work well for national construction and defense.
3. The citizen exercises his right to mastery at the grassroots by participating in
State and social affairs; he is duty-bound to help protect public property,
legitimate civic rights and interests, maintain national security and social order,
and organize public life.
Questions:
1. What are the Vietnam Fatherland Front and its member organizations?
................................................................................................................................
2. What are the main functions of the Front?
................................................................................................................................
3. What does the trade union do in the political system of Vietnam?
................................................................................................................................
4. What is the role of the citizen? What does he do to exercise his right of
mastery?
................................................................................................................................
Exercise 2.Translation
2.1 Translate into Vietnamese
Local Governments in Vietnam
1. The administrative units of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam are distributed

as follows:
- The country is divided into provinces and cities under direct central rule;
- 36 -

Unit 2
- The province is divided into districts, provincial cities, and towns; the city
under direct central rule is divided into urban districts, rural districts, and
towns;
- The district is divided into communes and townlets; the provincial city and
the town are divided into wards and communes; the urban district is divided
into wards.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
2. The establishment of People's Councils and People's Committees in
administrative units is determined by law.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
3. The People's Council is the local organ of State power; it represents the will,
aspirations, and mastery of the people; it is elected by the local people and is
accountable to them and to the superior State organs.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
- 37 -

Unit 2
4. The People's Committee elected by the People's Council is the latter's

executive organ, the organ of local State administration. It is its responsibility
to implement the Constitution, the law, the formal written orders of superior
State organs and the resolutions of the People's Council.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
2.2 Translate into English
1. Nc Cng ha X hi Ch ngha Vit Nam l mt nc c lp v c ch
quyn, thng nht v ton vn lnh th, bao gm c t lin, hi o, lnh hi
v khng phn.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
2. Nc Cng ha X hi Ch ngha Vit Nam l mt nh nc ca dn, do dn
v v dn. Mi quyn lc nh nc u thuc v nhn dn.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
3. Nh nc m bo v khng ngng nng cao quyn lm ch ca nhn dn
trn mi lnh vc, v trng tr nghim khc tt c cc hnh vi vi phm li ch
ca T quc v nhn dn.
- 38 -

Unit 2
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
4. H thng chnh tr ca Vit Nam bao gm ng Cng sn Vit Nam, Nh
nc v cc on th chnh tr x hi.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
5. Nhn dn ta thc hin quyn lm ch ca mnh thng qua cc c quan i
din do dn bu ra l Quc hi v Hi ng Nhn dn cc cp.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
- 39 -

UNIT 3
THE LEGISLATURE OF THE SRV
- 40 -
Unit 3

Unit 3
A. REVIEW OF UNIT 2
Activity 1: Help your teacher make a list on the board of Vietnamese state
bodies
Activity 2: Briefly, discuss and describe the role of the Communist Party of
Vietnam
B.
TEXTS AND PRACTICE
Activity 3: Pre-reading for Text 1

Match the following words to their definitions
1. Constitution
a. rule of action or procedure
2. legislation
b. formal opinion agreed by vote
3. law
c. action of making laws
4. motion
d. laws and principles used to govern a state
5. resolution
e. formal proposal to be voted on
Activity 4. Scanning for information

Read the following text and find the answer to this question
In Vietnam, who officially announces laws, decree-laws and changes to the
Constitution?
Text 1:
The Legislature of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
1. In the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, the only organ with constitutional and
legislative powers is the National Assembly. The National Assembly has the
obligation and power to make and to amend laws, to work out a program for
making laws and ordinances.
- 41 -

Unit 3
2. According to the 1992 Constitution, the countrys President, the Standing

Committee of the National Assembly, the Nationalities Council and
Committees of the National Assembly, the Government, the Supreme
Peoples Court, the Supreme Peoples Office of Supervision and Control, the
Vietnam Fatherland Front and its member organizations may present draft
laws to the National Assembly. Members of the National Assembly may
present motions concerning laws and draft laws to the National Assembly.
3. Laws and resolutions of the National Assembly must be approved by more
than half of the total membership of the National Assembly; but decisions
taken by the National Assembly to amend the Constitution as stated in
Article 147 must be approved by at least two-thirds of its total membership.
4. The Permanent Committee of the National Assembly is its Standing
Committee, which has the power to interpret the Constitution, the law, and
ordinances.
5. Laws, decree-laws and changes to the Constitution are announced officially
by the countrys President.
1. How many organs in the SRV have constitutional and legislative powers?
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
2. Who may present draft laws to the National Assembly?
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
3. How many members of the National Assembly must approve decisions to
amend the Constitution?
.................................................................................................................................
- 42 -

Unit 3
.................................................................................................................................
4. What is the role of the Permanent Committee of the National Assembly?
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
Activity 6. The names of the Commitees of the National Assembly of the SRV
in Vietnamese
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Council on Ethnic Minority

Committee on Law
Committee on Foreign Affairs
Committee on Economy and Budget
Committee on National Defence and Security
Committee on Culture, Education, Youth and Teenager
Committee on Science, Technology and Environment
ORGANIZATION CHART OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM
- 43 -

Unit 3
Activity 7. Trong cc quyn c bn ca cng dn nu di y, quyn no c

Hin php 1992 ca Vit Nam?
1. Freedom of religion
T do tn ngng
2. Freedom of speech
T do ngn lun
3. Freedom of the press
T do bo ch
4. Freedom from illegal detention
T do thn th
5. Freedom of suffrage
T do bu c
6. Right against deprivation of

property
Bt kh xm phm ti sn
7. Right to the equal protection of the

laws
Quyn c bo v bnh ng
bi php lut
8. Right against unreasonable

searches and seizures
Quyn bt kh khm xt v
tch thu thiu chng c
9. Liberty of abode and of changing it T do c tr v thay i ni c

tr
10. Right to privacy of communication Quyn b mt th tn v lien
and correspondence
lc
Quyn gia nhp hip hi
11. Right to join association

12. Right to peaceable assembly and
petition
Quyn t hp v kin ngh mt

cch ha bnh
13. Right against involuntary servitude Quyn khng b cng bc

hu h
Quyn khng b buc bo lnh
qu mc
14. Right against excessive bail

15. Freedom from excessive fines or
cruel and unusual punishment
16. Freedom of access to the courts
- 44 -
Quyn khng b pht qu mc

hoc b p dng cc hnh pht
tn bo v qui g
Quyn n cc ta n

Unit 3
Activity 8. Reading comprehension of text 2

Something about the USA
The USA - the United States of America - is a federation of fifty states. Fortyeight of these states are in the same general area, between Canada in the north
and Mexico in the south. The other two states are geographically separate:
Alaska is in the extreme north-west of the American continent and Hawaii is in
the middle of the Pacific Ocean. The federal capital is Washington, D.C, south
of New York near the east coast.
Washington is the center of federal government, but each state has its own
capital and its own government. State governments have a large amount of
power and independence: they make their own laws, and they are also
responsible for education, for the state police force, for the prison system, for
road-building and many other things.
Federal laws are made by Congress, which is equivalent of the British
Parliament. There are two houses: the House of Representatives and the
Senate. Each state sends representatives and senators to Congress. Elections to
the House of Representatives are held every two years, while Senators are
selected for a six-year period.
The President is elected separately, together with the Vice-President. They serve
for a term of four years. The President chooses the people who will form the
Cabinet. These do not have to be elected members of Congress - they can be
brought from outside Congress - but the Senate must approve their appointment.
Power is shared between the President and Congress, and if the President
belongs to the minority party in Congress, it can cause problems.
There are two main politician parties in the United States: the Democrats and the
Republicans. The Democrats are slightly more to the left than the Republicans,
but the differences between their policies are not usually very great.
The United States does not have a separate ceremonial Head of State.
- 45 -

Unit 3

Give complete answers to these questions about Text 2
1. What state is the USA?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
2. What is the capital of the USA?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
3. What is the legislature of the USA?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
4. How many houses are there in the Congress? What are their names?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
5. How are the members of the houses called and what is the duration of their
service?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
6. Who is the Head of the Government?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
7. Is the Head of the Government separately elected?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
- 46 -

Unit 3
................................................................................................................................
8. Do local or regional government bodies have any power?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
9. How many large political parties are there?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
10. Does the United States have a separate ceremonial Head of State?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
Activity 10. Base on the Text 1 in Unit 4, Text 2 in this unit and use your own
knowledge, complete the chart below
Questions
The USA
Consist of
Is governed from
Laws are made by
Which consists of
Members are called
They are elected (time)
Head of Government
Is
the
Head
of
Government
separately
elected?
- 47 -
Vietnam

Unit 3
Real power is held by

Do local or regional
government bodies have
any power?
How many large political
parties are there?
Ceremonial Head of State
C.
HOMEWORK
Exercise 1. Vocabulary work

Check that you understand the meanings of the words below. Try to explain their
meanings in English
1. The courts
2. Rights
3. Legislature
4. A law
5. The Constitution
6. Executive
7. Legislation
8. A judge
9. Enact
10. Judicial precedent
11. Custom
12. Jurist
13. Parliament
14. A code
15. Interpret (legal term)
Exercise 2. Matching exercise

Study the following words / phrases and match each one from column A to the
correct definition from column B
Column A
Column B
1. Come into operation.......
a. Making law; laws or written rule

made/passed by Parliament
2. Pass (v)...........................
b. Legislative body of a State, lawmaking body
3. Decide cases...................
c. Start working, start having an

- 48 -

Unit 3
effect
4. Legislation (n).................
d. Make into legislative act
5. Incorporate (v)................
e. Vote to approve or vote to make

law
6. Legislature(n).................
f. Inference
particular
7. Supplementary (adj)........
g. Set forth in detail; explain
8. Enact (v).........................
h. Provided in addition to sth else in

order to improve or complete it.
9. Cease (v).......................
i. Make an official or legal judgment
10. Expound (v)..................
j. End, stop, come or bring to an end.
11. Deduction (n)...............
k. Explain, represent
12. Interpret (v)....................
l. Include as part or ingredient,

constitute as legal corporation;
combine into one substance or
whole (with, in, into)
from
general
to
Exercise 3. Practice
Check that you can use the new vocabulary correctly by choosing the best
word/phrase to fill in the blanks in the following sentences. Use each
word/phrase ONCE only, and make any changes when necessary
Come into operation
legislation (n)
deduction (n)
pass (v)
decide a case
Incorporate (v) Enact (v)
legislatture (n) cease (v)
interpret (v)
supplementary (adj)
expound (v)
1.
In the UK, Parliament is the highest ......................................
2.
...................................... is one of the principal sources of law.
- 49 -

3.
Unit 3
The expression written law signifies any law that is formally

......................................, whether reduced to writing or not.
4.
In common law systems, the courts ...................................... the law
5.
The US. Constitution vests in Congress the power..............................

legislation.
6.
Although both the US Constitution and statutory law ........................

common law, courts continue to apply unwritten common law principles
the fill the gaps.
7.
In ......................................, under common law, the judge looks at what

other judges have decided in similar cases in the past.
8.
When a law ......................................, everybody must follow it.
9.
Sometimes it is very difficult ...................................... a point of law.
10.
Today some customary rules are ............................. in rules of laws.
a. Translate the following sentences into Vietnamese
1. The National Assembly is the highest representative organ of the people and
the highest organ of State power of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
2. The National Assembly has three main functions: legislative, deciding the
important issues of the country and carrying out the supreme supervision power
of all activities of the State.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
3. The duration of each National Assembly is five years.
................................................................................................................................
- 50 -

Unit 3
................................................................................................................................
4. The National Assembly shall hold two sessions each year, to be convened by
its Standing Committee.
................................................................................................................................ .
.................................................................................................................................
5. Laws and resolutions can only come into force in Vietnam if they have been
approved by more than half the total membership of the National Assembly.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
b. Translate the following sentences into English
1. Nhng vn bn chnh thc ghi nhn ch ca nhn dn l hin php, lut,
php lnh v cc ngh nh.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
2. Cc o lut l hnh thc vn bn php lut cao nht ca h thng php lut.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
3. Php lut phi c tn trng v thc hin. Nhng ngi vi phm php lut
s b trng pht.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
4. Quc hi ca nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam thng qua Lut
u t nc ngoi ti Vit Nam.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
5. Cc t chc x hi c php ban hnh cc iu l, quy ch. Cc vn bn ny
tuy khng c gi tr nh nhng vn bn php lut ca nh nc song vn rng
buc cc thnh vin ca cc t chc .
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
- 51 -

Unit 3
................................................................................................................................
- 52 -

UNIT 4
THE LEGISLATURE OF THE UK
- 52 -
Unit 4

Unit 4
A. REVIEW OF UNIT 3
Activity 1: Briefly, discuss and describe the legislature of the SRV?
B. TEXTS AND PRACTICE

Activity 2. Pre reading for text 1
The text below is about the legislature of the United Kingdom. See how much
you know already about it
a. Which word does not belong with the others?
1. King
2. Queen
3. Royal
4. Cabinet
5. Monarchy
b. Match the words or phrases on the left with their Vietnamese equivalents on
the right
1. Parliament
2. enactment
3. legislation
4. written constitution
5. convention
6. overturn
7. elected chamber
8. procedure
9. institution
10. authorize
a. bi b
b. th tc
c. th ch
d. vic ban hnh
e. Ngh vin
f. y quyn
g. hip c
h. hin php thnh vn
i. o lut
k. vin c bu
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Unit 4
c. Pair off the words and phrases so that they make logical units
legislative
formal
constitutional
written
exclusive
unnecessary
representative
Prime
control
monarchy
constitution
Minister
procedure
authorities
body
head
Activity 3. Text 1 - Reading comprehension

Read the text once without stopping or looking up any words and answer these
questions
1. What can you say about the British legislature?
2. Is it the same as the Vietnamese legislature?
Parliament House in Edinburgh, the former home of the Estates of Scotland
- 54 -

Text 1:
Unit 4
The Legislature of the United Kingdom
The main legislative body in Britain is the Parliament. It is one of the oldest
representative authorities in the world. Historically, Parliament developed
from the councils that in early times were appointed to advise the King.
The main functions of Parliament are:
- to pass laws;
- to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of
the Government;
- to scrutinize policy and administration, including proposals for
expenditure;
- to debate the major issue of the day.
The three elements which make up Parliament are the Monarch, the House
of Commons and the House of Lords.
- The Queen is the formal head of Parliament. The Queen possesses the
power to dissolve Parliament on the advice of the Prime Minister. As the
Queen normally acts only on the advice of her ministers, the requirement
of obtaining her approval may seem like an unnecessary procedure.
However, the existence of the monarch has provided Britain some of the
protection against the improper use of government power that a written
constitution might otherwise provide.
- The House of Commons is an elected chamber and has more power than
the House of Lords. Its main functions are representation of the people,
control of finance, policy and legislation. The role of the House of
Commons is very important. When people talk of Parliament they
usually mean the House of Commons. A general election to the House of
Commons is not simply the way of choosing the people who will conduct
debates in one of the Houses of Parliament, it is the institution that
determines which political party will govern the country. The party that
wins a majority of seats in the House of Commons has the right to have its
leaders form the government.
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Unit 4
- The House of Lords has no real power at all. Its main parliamentary
functions are debate on matters of public interest and legislation It is
restricted to revising the legislation passed by the Commons and it can
only delay the enactment of some bills.
Britain is a constitutional monarchy without a written constitution. In this
respect, the United Kingdom is unique among nations as constitutions are
usually written documents. But this doesnt mean that Britain lacks a body of
constitutional laws. Some parts of the governmental system are written down
in Acts of Parliament, which are also called laws or statutes. Others are
regulated by conventions, which are commonly accepted assumptions about
the way things should be done, mostly based on precedents.
Parliament has direct and exclusive control over legislation. It can make new
laws, replace any of the laws already in force with other laws, turn
conventions into laws, or even overturn established conventions. Other lawmaking bodies in the country (such as local councils) exercise their powers
only so long as Parliament authorizes them to do so.

Give complete answers to these questions
1. What is the name of the main legislative body in the United Kingdom?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
2. What are the historical origins of the British Parliament?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
3. What is the role of the House of Lords?
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Unit 4
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
4. Who has the power to make laws in the UK?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
5. Why is Britains constitution unique?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
6. Why are conventions important in the British governmental system, and what
are they based on?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
7. What are the main functions of the Parliament?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
Write T for true or F for false. The first one is done for you as an example
--T--1. The British Parliament is one of the oldest representative authorities in
the world.
----- 2. The Queen chooses the members of the House of Commons.
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Unit 4
----- 3. The UK legislature is made up of the House of Commons and the House
of Lords..
----- 4. The House of Lords has more power than the House of Commons.
----- 5. Only the Queen can give Royal Assent.
----- 6. Britain does not have a constitution.
----- 7. Local councils exercise their powers independently of Parliament.
----- 8. Britain lacks a body of constitutional laws.
------9. Two houses of Parliament have the same power.
------10. The House of Lords can delay the enactment of any Bill.
Activity 6. Filling in the gaps

Here is a list of important words in Text 2. Use them to fill in the gaps left in the
short passage that follows
Body
Government
Cabinet
Monarchy
Minister
Laws
Chambers
House of Lords
There are two .................................... (1) in the British Parliament. They are
called the House of Commons and ............................... (2) Parliament is the
legislative .............................. (3) of Britain, which means that it makes new
.............................. (4) and revises existing ones. Britain is a constitutional
..............................., (5) so the Queen is the formal head of Parliament, but she
does not have any real power; it is the .................................., (6) usually formed
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Unit 4
by the political party in the House of Commons with the most seats, that runs the
country. Each department is headed by a ..................................., (7) and the most
important of these are together called the ...................................... (8)
C. Grammar
Activity 7. Past Continuous or Past Simple?
a)
The past continuous tense is very often used in a sentence together with
the past simple. When this happens, the past continuous usually refers to a
longer background action or situation; the past simple usually refers to a
shorter action or event that happened in the middle of a longer one, or
interrupted it.
Examples:
The Queen was talking, but when she saw me, she stopped.
My mobile phone rang while I was eating in a restaurant, as usual.
I was talking to the Prime Minister the other day, and she said...
b)
Now compare these sentences
When she arrived I was phoning the Prime Minister. (= She arrived during my
telephone call).
When she arrived I phoned the Prime Minister. (= I phoned after her arrival).
c) But what about actions and situations that are more temporary or more
permanent, or repeated? Complete the following activity to check you know
which tense to use
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Unit 4
Activity 8. Choose the correct verb form

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form, past continuous or past simple
1. It................ (happen) while I ......................... (live) in London.
2. Just I .......................... (get) into the bath all the lights...................(go) off.
3. I ........................... (run) to catch a train when I............(slip) on a banana skin.
4. I........................(hope)
to
go
away
this
weekend,
but
my
boss...................(give) me some work that I have to finish by Monday..
5. Anna ......................... (drop) her bag while she..................(get) into her car.
6. When he ......................... (live) in Paris, he...................(spend) three hours a

day trevelling to and from work.
7. I ........................... (play) badminton four times a week before I .....................

(break) my ankle.
8. My boss.....................(come) into the office just as I....................(show)
everyone my holiday photos.
9. A friendly American couple..............................(start) chatting to him as he

........................... (check in) at the hotel reception.
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Unit 4
10. The smoke alarm ................................... (go off) when he...................(light) a

cigarette underneath it.
The House of Commons
The House of Lords
Activity 9. Text 2 - Reading comprehension

Read the text once without stopping or looking up any words and answer these
questions
1.What do you know about the procedure to make bills turn into law?
2. Is it the same as the procedure in Vietnam?
Text 2. Bills turn into Law
Laws, in draft form known as bills, may be introduced by any member of either
House, but usually a bill is introduced by a Minister of the Crown.
Each Bill goes through several stages in each House. The first stage, called the
first reading, is a formality. At the second reading, the general principles of the
bill are debated, and the House may vote to reject the bill, by not passing the
motion "That the Bill be now read a second time". Defeats of Government Bills
are extremely rare, the last being in 2005.
Following the second reading, the bill is sent to a committee. In the House of
Lords, the Committee of the Whole House or the Grand Committee are used. In
the House of Commons, the bill is usually committed to a Public Bill
Committee, consisting of between 16 and 50 members, but the Committee of the
Whole House is used for important legislation. Several other types of
committees, including Select Committees, may be used, but rarely.
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Unit 4
Once the House has considered the bill, the third reading follows. In the House
of Commons, no further amendments may be made, and the passage of the
motion "That the Bill be now read a third time" is passage of the whole bill. In
the House of Lords further amendments to the bill may be moved. After the
passage of the third reading motion, the House of Lords must vote on the motion
"That the Bill do now pass." Following its passage in one House, the bill is sent
to the other House. If passed in identical form by both Houses, it may be
presented for the Royal Assent. If one House passes amendments that the other
will not agree to, and the two Houses cannot resolve their disagreements, the bill
fails.
The last stage of a bill involves the granting of the Royal Assent. Theoretically,
the Monarch may either grant the Royal Assent (that is, make the bill a law) or
withhold it (that is, veto the bill). Under modern conventions the Monarch
always grants the Royal Assent. The last refusal to grant the Assent was in 1708,
when Queen Anne withheld her Assent from a bill "for the settling of Militia in
Scotland".
Write T for true or F for false. The first one is done for you as an example
--T--1. The the first reading is just a formality.
----- 2. Government Bills havent been defeated until 2005
----- 3. A bill becomes law immediately after its third reading.
----- 4. Only the Queen can give Royal Assent.
----- 5. After the passage of the third reading motion, both Houses must vote on
the motion "That the Bill do now pass
----- 6. Withhold the bill means veto the bill.
----- 7. Bills only pass when it receive agreement from both houses.
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Unit 4
----- 8. The Royal Assent was last refused in 1708.

------9.A bill is only introduced by a Minister of the Crown.
------10. Queen Anne veto the a bill "for the settling of Militia in Scotland
Activity 11. Passive voice (continued)

After some verbs, the direct object can be followed by an 'object complement' a noun or adjective which describes the object.
For example: The late Prime Minister Pham Van Dong considered him a
genius.
This sentence can also be put into the passive:
He was considered a genius by the late Prime Minister Pham Van Dong.
Now put the following active sentences into the passive
1. They elected him president.
................................................................................................................................
2. We regard him as an expert in public administration.
................................................................................................................................
3. Most people saw him as a sort of advisor.
................................................................................................................................
4. The other trainees called him stupid.
................................................................................................................................
5. Yesterday I tidied up the office.
................................................................................................................................
6. The Speaker presides over debates in the House of Commons
................................................................................................................................
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Unit 4
7. A candidate for a constituency must submit nomination papers before the

deadline.
................................................................................................................................
8. The House of Commons technically retains the power to impeach Ministers of
the Crown for their crimes.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
Note: Not all verbs can have passive forms. Intransitive verbs (like die, arrive)
cannot become passive; they have no objects, and so there is nothing to become
the subject of a passive sentence.
Activity 12. Filling in the gaps
Here is a list of important words . Use them to fill in the gaps left in the short
passage that follows
Part 1
House of Commons
upper house
form
lower house
Parliament
House of Lords
The House of Lords (also known as House of Peers for ceremonial purposes) is
the ................1................. of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is also
commonly referred to as "the Lords". ..............2.................. comprises the
Sovereign, the House of Commons (which is the....................3.................. of
Parliament and referred to as "the Commons"), and the Lords. Membership of
the House of Lords was once a right of birth to hereditary peers, but following a
series of reforms these now only .............4................ a portion of the
membership. As of July 2009 the.............5.................... has 740 members, 94
- 64 -

Unit 4
more than the 646-seat House of Commons. The House of Lords, like
the.........6......................., assembles in the Palace of Westminster.
Part 2
Government ministers
practice
evolved
powerful
legislative bills
legislative
to
office
A House of Commons .............1.............at some point in England during the

14th century and, in.........2 ....................., has been in continuous existence
since, becoming the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
after the political union with Scotland, and also, during the nineteenth century,
of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the political union with
Ireland. The House of Commons was originally far less ............3.....................
than the House of Lords, but today its ............4................ powers exceed those
of the Lords. Under the Parliament Act 1911, the Lords' power to reject
most.................5................ was reduced to a delaying power. Moreover, the
Government is primarily responsible ..................6................the House of
Commons; the Prime Minister stays in..............7........................... only as long as
he or she retains its support. Almost all..............8........................are drawn from
the House of Commons and, with one brief exception, all Prime Ministers since
1902.
D. HOMEWORK
c. Translate the following sentences into Vietnamese
1. By convention, all ministers must be members of the House of Commons or
House of Lords.
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Unit 4
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
2. The supremacy of the Commons in legislative matters is assured by the
Parliament Acts, under which certain types of bills may be presented for the
Royal Assent without the consent of the House of Lords.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
3. Laws and resolutions can only come into force in Vietnam if they have been
approved by more than half the total membership of the National Assembly.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
4. Bills of great constitutional importance, as well as some important financial
measures, are usually sent to the "Committee of the Whole House", a body
that includes all members of the Commons.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
5. The Lords may not delay most other public bills for more than two
parliamentary sessions, or one calendar year.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
6. The House of Commons elects a presiding officer, known as the Speaker, at
the beginning of each new parliamentary term.
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Unit 4
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
7. The Cabinet is collectively responsible to Parliament for the policy of the
Government as a whole, not only individually for the work of each minister
in his own department.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
8. The term "Member of Parliament" is normally used only to refer to Members
of the House of Commons, even though the House of Lords is also a part of
Parliament.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
9. In 1918, women over 30 were given the right to vote, quickly followed by the
passage of a law enabling women to be eligible for election as Members of
Parliament at the younger age of 21.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
10. General elections occur whenever Parliament is dissolved by the Sovereign.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
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Unit 4
Translate the following sentences into English

1. Ngh vin Anh l c quan lp php v l c quan quyn lc ti cao.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2. H Ngh vin gm 659 ngh vin -c bu trc tip t 659 n v c tri.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
3. Ngh vin c cc chc nng l: (a) ban hnh hay bi b lut; (b) b phiu v
vn thu; v (c) tranh lun v chnh sch v vic iu hnh ca chnh ph v
cc vn ch yu khc.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
4. Th-ng Ngh vin t c nh h-ng i vi cc o lut lin quan ti thu thu
v chi tiu.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
5. Tt c cc o lut u phi -c N hong chnh thc thng qua, mc d trn
thc t th k t nm 1707 ch-a c o lut no b t chi.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
Exercise 2: Rewrite the following sentences keeping their meaning unchanged
1. The English courts interpret Acts of Parliament according to fixed rules of

precedent.
Acts of Parliament ............................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
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Unit 4
2. It is possible that Parliament will eventually codify much English law.

It is .........................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
3. Roman law has influenced many modern European legal systems.
Many modern European legal systems .................................................................
................................................................................................................................
4. Special courts can administer ecclesiastical law.
Ecclesiastical law ..................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
5.
The Treaty and Acts of Union of 1706 and 1707 established one
parliament for Great Britain.

One parliament for Great Britain .........................................................................
................................................................................................................................
6. Ministers make delegated legislation under powers given to them by an Act.
Delegated legislation .............................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
7. A local authority or a public or a nationalized body drafts a by law and
central government has to approve it.
A by-law .................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
8. The House takes actual decisions as a whole.
Actual decisions .....................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
9. Local legislatures enact laws on island affairs.
Laws on island affairs ...........................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
10. Both Houses must normally pass Public Bills.
Public Bills ............................................................................................................
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UNIT 5
THE EXECUTIVE
IN THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM
- 70 -
Unit 5

Unit 5
REVIEW OF UNIT 4
Activity 1. Complete the chart with words that relate to the legislature of the
United Kingdom
Activity 2. From the list below, CICLE the right functions of the National
Assembly of the SRV, then present before your groups as
From my understanding, the National Assembly functions as

Firstly,
Secondly,
a. Interpret Constitution, Laws and Ordinances.

b. Issue policies on ethnic matters, national security, defense and foreign
affairs.
c. Expanding external relations with all countries in the world in the pursuit
of peace, friendship, cooperation and development.
d. Deal with minor offences and disputes among the people.
e. Participate in the building and consolidation of peoples power.
f. Work out a program for making laws and ordinances.
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Unit 5
g. Exercise the supreme supervisory power over the implementation of the

constitution and laws.
h. Determine the State Budget and contribute to the development of the
economy, society, culture and education.
B. TEXT AND PRACTICE

Activity 3. Choose suitable forms of the words to fill in the blank to complete
the following sentences
Execute
Execution
Executive
1. Laws are by a body named the National Assembly.

2. The plans were finally put into .
3. The head of an .. department has a Title of Secretary.
Promote
Promotion
1. Next month, students in most universities are going to conduct a

campaign to .. awareness of environmental issues.
2. Her to Sales Manager took everyone by surprise.
Implement
Implementation
1. Ministries and ministerial level agencies have duties to

the policies issued by the National Assembly.
2. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), one of the most important
government organizations, deals with the of
standards for clean air and water.
- 72 -

Assist
Assistant
Unit 5
Assistance
1. We are looking for people who would be willing to in the

groups work.
2. He company provides advice and in finding work.
3. My .. will now demonstrate the machine in action.
Activity 4. Make sure you understand the words in the box below and pair them
off to make meaningful noun phrases
1. National
2. Constitutional
3. Prime
4. Ministerial level
5. Standing
6. Administrative
7. External
8. National
9. State
10. Material and spiritual
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Minister
Assembly
Defense
Committee
Law
Body
President
Life
Relations
Agency
Activity 5. Reading comprehension

Read the following text about the executive power in the SRV and say if
the statements that follow are true (T) or false (F)
The Government is the executive organ of the National Assembly, and the
supreme state administrative agency of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
The Government is in charge of tasks assigned by the State in the fields of
politics, socio-economy, national defense, security and external relations;
- 73 -

Unit 5
maintains effective operation of the State apparatus from the central to

grassroots levels; ensures the respect for, and implementation of the Constitution
and laws; promotes the peoples sense of mastery in national defense and
construction; ensures stability and improves the peoples material and spiritual
life.
The Government is accountable to the National Assembly, the National
Assemblys Standing Committee and the President of State.
Components of the Government are: Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Ministers,
and Ministers and Heads of ministerial-level agencies.
The Prime Minister is elected, released from office or dismissed by the National
Assembly at the State Presidents request.
The Deputy Prime Ministers are approved by the National Assembly at the
Prime Ministers request. They function as the assistants to the Prime Minister
and may be authorized by the Prime Minister in the case of the latters absence.
Ministers and heads of the ministerial-level agencies are approved by the
National Assembly at the Prime Ministers proposal. They are in charge of State
management over their assigned branches or affairs.
True/ False
. 1. The Prime Minister and Vice-Prime Minister are appointed by the
National Assembly.
. 2. The National Assembly is the highest state administrative body of the
SRV.
. 3. One of the major task of the Government is the stabilization of the
economy in the transition to the market economy.
. 4. The Government tries to promote the right to mastery of the people in
the national construction and defense.
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Unit 5
. 5. The Government consists of the President of the State, Ministries, and

ministerial level agencies.
.. 6. The Government appoints the Ministers, Vice-Prime Ministers and
Heads of ministerial level agencies.
.. 7. No one can dismiss the Prime Minister, except the National Assembly
at the State Presidents request.
Activity 6. Read the text again carefully, then answer the following questions
1. What is the Government of the SRV?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
2. What are the main functions of the Government of the SRV?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
3. Who is the Government accountable to?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
4. Who can dismiss the Prime Mister at the request of the President of the State?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
5. What are the roles of Vice-Prime Ministers?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
6. In what way is the Ministers and Heads of Ministerial-level agency appointed?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
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Unit 5
................................................................................................................................
Activity 7: Multiple choice
Choose the phrase that best completes the meaning of the sentence
1. The Government is the
(a) highest state administrative body of the National Assembly;
(b) highest state organ;
(c) executive body of the National Assembly;
(d) cabinet of ministers.
2. The Government
(a) assumes the unified administration of the implementation of all political,
economic, cultural, social, national defense, security and external
activities of the State;
(b) promotes peoples right to mastery;
(c) ensures the stabilization and improvement of the material and cultural
life of the people;
(d) all the above.
3. Ministers and heads of ministerial level agencies are appointed by
(a) the CPV;
(b) the Prime Minister;
(c) the National Assembly;
(d) the President of the State.
C. FURTHER READING
Activity 8. The text below is about the executive in Canada. Read the text and
have some comparisons with the executive in Vietnam
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Unit 5
The Canadian Government

Canada is a constitutional monarchy, a federation and a parliamentary
democracy. In Canada, as in most democratic countries, federal power is shared
by the governments legislative, executive and judicial branches. As a
constitutional monarchy, all three powers flow from the Crown.
Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the
Queen of Canada and our constitutional head of state. She deligates her duties,
which are mainly ceremonial to her representatives in Canada: the Governor
General and the provincial lieutenant-governors. Formally, the Prime Minister
and Cabinet advise the Queen. Practically, however, Cabinet holds the power
and the Governor General usually acts on Cabinets advice. By convention, the
Governor General and the lieutenant-governors have mainly formal and
ceremonial roles.
The legislatures elected representatives adopt laws and vote on taxes and other
administrative matters. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet ministers, who are
members of Parliament, exercise the Crowns executive powers by proposing
legislation, presenting budgets to the legislature and implementating laws. The
independent judiciary is the final interpreter of these laws.
The Canadian government is a federation, meaning that the broad powers of
government are distributed between a central (federal) government and 10
provincial governments. Each exercises its own powers, as outlined in the
Constitution. The Northwest Territories and Yukon however, are governed
under federal legislative jurisdiction. The territories exercise deligated power,
not constitutionally granted power.
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Unit 5
The Canadian Government
SOVEREIGN
Governor
General
Senate
Prime Minister
House of
Commons
Ministry (Cabinet)
Ministries
Departments
Agencies
Boards
Commissions
Secretaries of State
Territories
- 78 -
Lieutenant
Governor
Judiciary
Premier
Ministries
Departments
Agencies
Boards
Commissions
Public hospitals
Universities
Municipalities
Boards
Commissions

Unit 5
The Executive Branch of government of Canada consists of the Cabinet under

the direction of the Prime Minister. (The formal executive authority, the
Governor General usually acts on the Cabinets advice). The Prime Minister and
each member of the Cabinet (who is referred to as a Minister) are all Members
of the Parliament. In other worlds, they have all been elected to the House of
Commons.
The Prime Minister and the Cabinet
The Prime Minister possesses major powers. He selects the Cabinet and related
committee members and makes decisions regarding the removal of ministers.
All cabinet members must consult him on important decisions. Individual
ministers are in charge of their specific government departments (for example,
the Ministry of Defense), and are all answerable to Parliament for their actions.
The role of the Cabinet in general is to develop government policy. It is also
responsible for the implementation of these policies and programs. Other
important elements in the structure of the Cabinet are the Cabinet committees,
the main responsibility of which is to make recommendations on the content of
public policies. Coordination and control over the administration of government
policies and programs are achieved by the departments with the help of central
agencies.
In the Canadian political system, the Prime Minister exercises both executive
and legislative authority and possesses extensive powers. The Prime Minister
leads the governing political party, and chairs the Cabinet and key Cabinet
committees. It is the Prime Minister who appoints the Cabinet members
(ministers) from among the governing partys members of Parliament, and he
can also ask any of them to resign. If the minister refuses, the Prime Minister
could advise the Governor General to remove that minister and his advice would
be followed. The Prime Minister is much more powerful than any of his Cabinet
colleagues. He sets the policy of the government and even if the other ministers
are opposed, they have agree with the Prime Ministers decision unless they are
prepared to resign.
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Unit 5
The role of the Cabinet is to make public policy. It provides the general
framework of policies which public servants are to implement and for which
resources must be allocated among many departments and agencies. The
Cabinet consists of approximately 23 ministers. (Provincial Cabinets have from
10 to 26 ministers). Most of the Ministers are responsible for specific
government departments, such as Finance, Environment, Justice, Health and
Welfare. There are some ministers, however, who are not in charge of a whole
department, but of a particular section of a ministry, e.g. Ministry of State for
Fitness and Amateur Sport.
D. EXTENSION
Modal verbs
The following group of verbs are called Modal verbs: can/ could, may/ might,
shall/ should, will/ would. Modal verbs can be part of a Verb group and express
particular meanings, such as ability, possibility, permission, advice,
recommendations, necessity and obligation.
Modal verbs are followed by the infinitive form of the main verb.
E.g. I would like a weekly bus ticket please.
You should have a rest you have been studying all weekend.
May I borrow two books at a time from the library?
You must be home and in bed by midnight.
At the end of the semester I will return to my country.
MODAL VERBS
Present
can
Past
could
MEANING
EXAMPLE
Of course I can swim! Im an
Australian!
I could do that when I was young
ability,
possibility
- 80 -

may
Unit 5
permission
May I start now? Yes, you may (I

permit you)
possibility
I may go to the concert tonight. I

am not sure
I might go to the concert tonight. I
am really not sure
should
advice,
recommendation
s, suggestion
You look unwell. You should see

a doctor
must
obligation
Drivers must obey the road rules.
future
I promise I will return the book

when I get to the library
He told me he would not go out
because he was studying
may
might
will
would
shall
should
They shall be sitting the IELTS

test next week
The students knew they should sit
the IELTS test soon after the
course
Activity 9. Choose the best selection to fill in the blank

1. In most countries of the world students .. pay university fees. There
is simply no choice.
a. must
b. need
c. can
2. However, in Britain and some other countries, including China, students
........ borrow money from banks to cover compulsory fees. Banks are now
making it possible for students to borrow money to cover fees.
a. can
b. may
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Unit 5
c. shall
3. When I was going to the university, I find a part-time job to earn
some pocket money, because my family was not rich.
a. had to
b. must
c. should
4. There are not many jobs a student . do part-time. Most students
find jobs as waiters, serving in restaurants, or working in kitchens and so on.
a. can
b. may
c. should
5. I really believe that all students get a casual job, chiefly
because it is good experience. This was the advice my father gave me and
helped me enormously.
a. would
b. should
c. must
6. I told you I . get a Distinction, and I did!
a. will
b. would
c. shall
7. For post- graduate study in the United States of America it be
possible to get scholarship to cover the tuition costs of the degree.
a. will
b. can
c. might
8. However, I am not so sure you .. have to check.
a. can
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Unit 5
b. will
c. should
9. Australians love the beach. It is important to remember that exposure to the
Australian sun, especially in summer is dangerous. So, you .
wear a hat.
a. can
b. may
c. should
10.
Of course you really to apply lots of sunscreen on
exposed skin.
a. ought
b. can
c. should
Activity 10. Write a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first.
Use the word in brackets
1. We should be careful. (ought)

................................................................................................................................
2. I managed to finish all my work. (able)
................................................................................................................................
3. I realize that it was a terrible experience for you. (must)
................................................................................................................................
4. Its against the rules for players to have a drink. (allowed)
................................................................................................................................
5. The best thing for you to do is sit down. (better)

................................................................................................................................
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Unit 5
6. The report must be on my desk tomorrow morning. (has)

................................................................................................................................
7. It is possible that Joanne did not receive my message. (might)
................................................................................................................................
8. It is impossible for Martin to be jogging in this weather. (cant)
................................................................................................................................
9. Tessa wants a cup of coffee. (like)
................................................................................................................................
10. It was not necessary for Nancy to clean the flat. (didnt)
................................................................................................................................
Activity 11. Say what the speaker is doing. After each sentence write one of the
phrases from the box
asking for advice
asking permission
expressing a wish
refusing permission
giving an order
inviting
making a request
making a suggestion
offering food
offering a help
1. Will you have a piece of cake? ...................................................................

2. May I sit down? ..........................................................................................
3. You must report to me everyday. ................................................................
4. What jobs should I apply for? .....................................................................
5. Would you like to spend the day with us? ..................................................
6. Shall I do the washing up? ..........................................................................
7. Shall we sit outside? ....................................................................................
8. Im sorry. You cant park here. ...................................................................
9. Could you fill in this form, please? .............................................................
10. We really must have a nice big party. ........................................................
Activity 12. Translate the following sentences into English or Vietnamese
- 84 -

Unit 5
1. Ci cch hnh chnh l iu bt buc i vi Thnh ph H Ch Minh t

tng trng bn vng.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
2. Chnh ph nn dnh nhiu ngn sch cho vic ci tin cc loi phng tin
giao thng cng cng nh xe but, xe in ngm v xe la.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
3. Cc nc pht trin v ang pht trin phi hp tc cng nhau thit lp mt
m hnh pht trin kinh t mi.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
4. gim nhim mi trng, Chnh ph cc nc cn thng qua v ban hnh
cc b lut yu cu cc doanh nghip v cc c nhn phi ngng hoc hn ch
cc hot ng gy nhim.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
5. nc M, khng c mt o lut no bt ph n phi i h sau khi lp gia
nh, nhng l truyn thng h lm hng trm nm nay.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
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Unit 5
6. The 10th Party Congress selects a new leadership that will steer Vietnam on its
next five years of reform. (Saigon Time Number 18, April 29, 2006, cover
page).
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
7. The government has taken steps to liberalize the civil aviation market to allow
more private participation.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
8. One of the three tasks of the House of Lords is revising the details of bills sent
to it by the Commons, particularly if the Commons did not have time for closer
examination of the details of proposed legislation.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
9. The 450 member National Assembly - also open to non-party members - is
the supreme organ of state, and the only body with constitutional and legislative
power.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
10. Under the special circumstances of the country, the National Assembly,
together with the Government, established the people's democratic regime and
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Unit 5
initiated guidelines and policies to mobilize and organize the entire people in the
"Resistance and Construction of the country".
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
- 87 -

Unit 6
UNIT 6
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM
- 88 -

Unit 6
Lead-in
1. Odd- one- out
A. ______________
B. ______________
C. ______________
D. ______________
2- Name the above people. Share what you know about them with your partner
- 89 -

Unit 6
Text
THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT
The system of government
Britain is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch, Queen
Elizabeth II, as head of the State. The British constitution, unlike those of most
countries, is not set out in a single document. Instead it is made up of a
combination of laws and practices which are not legally enforceable, but which
are regarded as vital to the working of government.
The Monarchy
The stablility of the British government owes much to the monarchy. Its
continuity has been interrupted only once (the republic of 1649-60) in over a
thousand years.
Today the Queen is not only the head of State, but also an important symbol of
national unity. Her complete official royal title is 'Elizabeth the Second, by the
Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and
of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth,
Defender of the Faith', but she is usually referred to as Her Royal Highness or
Queen Elizabeth.
According to the law the Queen is head of the executive branch of the
government, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the
commander-in-chief of all the armed forces of the Crown and the 'supreme
governor' of the established Church of England. While that sounds like a lot of
responsibility, the real power of the monarchy has been steadily reduced over
the years to the point where the Queen is uninvolved in the day-to-day operation
of the government. She is impartial and acts only on the advice of her ministers.
- 90 -

Unit 6
The Queen, the Queen Mother, Prince Charles and the other members of the
royal family take part in traditional ceremonies, visit different parts of Britain
and many other countries and are closely involved in the work of many charities.
Political Party System
The political party system is essential to the working of the constitution.
Although the parties are not registered or formally recognized in law, most
candidates for election belong to one of the main parties. Since 1945 eight
general elections have been won by the Conservative Party and six by the
Labour Party. A number of smaller parties have national and local organizations
outside Parliament, and are also represented in local government.
The Government is formed by the party with majority support in the Commons.
The Queen appoints its leader as Prime Minister. As head of the Government the
Prime Minister appoints about 100 ministers. About 20 ministers make up the
Cabinet, the senior group making the major policy decisions. Ministers are
collectively responsible for government decisions and individually responsible
for their own departments. The second largest party forms the official
Opposition, with its own leader and 'shadow cabinet'. The Opposition has a duty
to challenge government policies and to present an alternative program.
Policies are carried out by government departments and executive agencies
staffed by politically neutral civil servants. Over half the Civil Service, about
295,000 civil servants, work in over 75 executive agencies. Agencies perform
many of the executive functions of the government, such as the payment of
social security benefits and the issuing of passports and drivers' licences.
Agencies are headed by chief executives responsible for their performance and
who enjoy considerable freedom on financial, pay and personnel matters.
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Unit 6
Comprehension check
Read the text carefully and decide whether these statements are true (T), false
(F), or not mentioned (N)
a. In most of the countries, the constitution comes from a number of different
sources.
b. Although the monarch appears to have a great deal of power, in reality she
has very little.
c. The monarchy nowadays is more involved in social activities than
governmental operation.
d. The Queen gives the job of Prime Minister to the leader of the party
commanding a majority in the House of Commons.
e. Leading politicians in the governing party become members of the Cabinet.
f. The Prime Minister appears not to have much power but in practice has a
very great deal indeed.
g. The day-to-day running of the government and the implementation of its
policies continue in the hand of civil servants.
h. Every minister shares the responsibility for every policy made by the
government.
i. In the United Kingdom, all members of the government belong to the same
political party.
j. The role of the Opposition is to criticize the present government and offer the
electorate the choice of a different government.
Vocabulary check
1. Matching
Match the words with their meanings
A. democracy
B. constitutional
D. royal
E. executive
G. impartial
H. unity
J. territory
- 92 -
C. monarchy
F. integral
I. parliamentary

Unit 6
_______
land that is owned or controlled by a particular country, ruler,

or military force
_______
the state of being in agreement and working together; the state

of being joined together to form one unit
_______
a country that has a government which has been elected by

the people of the country
_______
officially allowed or limited by the system of rules of a

country
_______ forming a necessary part of something

_______ connected with a parliament; having a parliament
_______
not involved in a particular situation, and therefore able to

give a fair opinion or piece of advice
_______
relating to or belonging to a king or queen
_______
the part of a government responsible for putting laws into

effect
_______ the king or queen of a country, and his or her family

2. Fill in each blank with ONE of the above words to complete the following
sentences
a. Examples of _________ monarchies are United Kingdom, Sweden, Spain,
Netherlands, Thailand and Japan.
b. People are going to be questioning the role of the _________ more and more.
c. Hong Kong became Chinese _________ in 1997.
d. After 16 years of military rules, the country has been returned to _________.
e. Vegetables are an _________ part of our diets.
f. The party is calling for greater political and economic _________ in Europe.
g. Queen Elizabeth, died in 2002, remained the most consistently popular
member of the _________ family until her death.
h. The _________ is in charge of making sure decisions and laws work well.
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Unit 6
i. In the United Kingdom, the _________ day in the House of Commons is

from Monday to Thursday.
j. We offered _________ advice on tax and insurance.
FURTHER READING
Use of language
Read the following passage and fill in each numbered blank with ONE suitable
word
I think, historically, the term
Thatcherism will be seen as a
compliment
Margaret Thatcher
Thatcher, Margaret Hilda, (1925- ) is the (1) ________woman to hold the office
of prime minister of the United Kingdom (1979-1990). She was born Margaret
Hilda Roberts in Grantham and educated at the (2) ________ of Oxford, where
she earned degrees in (3) _______. From 1947 to 1951 she worked as a research
chemist. She married Denis Thatcher in 1951. In 1953, having studied for the
bar, she became a tax lawyer. Joining the Conservative party, Thatcher was (4)
________ to the House of Common in 1959. (5) ________ minister of education
and science from 1970 to 1974 under Edward Heath, she provoked a storm of
protest by abolishing free milk in the schools. After the Conservative defeat in
1974, she challenged Heath for the leadership of the party and (6) ________ the
post in 1975. Four years later she led the party to victory, vowing to reserve
Britains economic declining and to reduce the role of government. In 1982
- 94 -

Unit 6
Argentine forces occupied the nearby Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), which
were claimed by (7) ________ Argentine and the United Kingdom. Thatchers
government sent a task force to the Falklands (8) ________ defeated the
Argentines. Bolstered by the (9) ________ of her Falkland policy, Thatcher led
the Conservatives to a sweeping victory in the parliamentary elections of June
1983. Victorious in the June 1983 elections, she became the first British prime
minister in the 20th century to serve (10) ________ consecutive terms. During
Thatchers years as prime minister, unemployment rose, almost doubling in her
first (11) ________. Thatcher opposed the socialist programs of the Labour
party and worked to decrease the role of the government in the economy. She
(12) ________ some nationalized industries and social programs, including
education, housing, and health care. In 1990 controversy over Thatchers tax
(13) ________ and over her reluctance to commit the United Kingdom to full
economic integration with Europe inspired a strong challenged to her leadership.
She (14) ________ in November and was (15) ________ as party leader and
prime minister by her strong protg, John Major.
Translation practice
1- Translate the following sentences into Vietnamese
a. The Cabinet is the nucleus of the Government; its members consist of a small
group of the most important ministers who are selected by the Prime Minister.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
b. The Speaker of the House of Commons is an impartial arbiter over the
Parliamentary procedure and the traditional guardian of the right and privileges
of the House of Commons.
................................................................................................................................
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Unit 6
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
c. As the fountain of justice, it is only the Monarch who is able to remit all or
part of the penalties imposed upon person convicted of crimes through the
exercise of the prerogative of mercy on the advice of the appropriate minister.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
d. The House of Lords is the highest appeal court in the English legal system.
Its decisions are binding on all other courts.

................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
e. Parliament, Britain's legislature is made up of the House of Commons, the
House of Lords and the Queen in her constitutional role. They meet together
only on occasions of symbolic importance such as the state opening of
parliament, when the Commons are summoned by the Queen to the House of
Lords.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
2- Translate the following passage into English

a. ng Lao ng ginh c a s gh trong H vin ti cuc tng tuyn c
gn y nht ca Vng quc Anh.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
- 96 -

Unit 6
b. Chnh quyn a phng Anh bao gm ba cp: ht (tnh - county), qun,

huyn (district, borough), v x (parish). Ti mi cp ny u c hi ng dn
c c bu 4 nm 1 ln theo phng php bu c trn gi (en bloc) vo ngy
th nm u tin ca thng 5.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
c. Tt c cc cng dn t 18 tui c quyn bu c, tuy nhin cc ng c vin
vo hi ng a phng phi p ng iu kin trn 21 tui, sinh sng ti a
phng t 12 thng tr ln v c t nht 10 c tri gii thiu.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
d. Chnh quyn a phng Anh c kim sot cht ch bi chnh quyn
trung ng.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
e. S 10 ph Downing c l l a im ni ting nht ti Vng quc Anh.
y l ni v lm vic chnh thc ca Th tng Anh.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
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Unit 6
Follow-up (Optional) QUIZ

A variety of questions about British politics and
government
1. Every four years there is a general election in which the public vote for a
person to represent their local area in Parliament. What is this person called?
a. Senator
b. Spokesperson
c. Councilor
d. M.P
2. Which of the following is able to choose the date of the General Election?
a. The electorate
b. The Lord Chancellor
c. The Duke of Edinburgh
d. The Prime Minister
3. How often does an election have to be held in the UK?
a.
At least once every 5 years
b.
At least once every 3 years
c.
Every 4 years
d.
Every 2 years
4. What is the name given to the place where people go to vote?
a.
Primary school
b.
Voting station
c.
Polling station
d.
The hustings
- 98 -

Unit 6
5. If you are eligible to vote, your name will appear on the Electoral Register in
your area. Where can you find copies of this register?

a.
Supermarkets
b.
Schools and colleges
c.
Most large pubs
d.
Local authority offices
6. The electoral system used for General Elections requires voters to put a
_____ next to the candidate of their choice. What word is missing?

a.
Number
b.
Star
c.
Tick
d.
Cross
7. Which of the following are British political parties?
a.
The Scottish National Party
b.
The Liberal Democrats
c.
The Green Party
d.
All of them
8. Do MPs work in the House of Commons or the House of Lords?
a. Yes
b. No
9. What was special about the person who became Prime Minister in 1979?
a. The youngest PM ever

b. The PM was black.
c. The PM was a woman
d. The PM had been in prison.
10. In Westminster and the Houses of Parliament, what is another name for the
place referred to as the Second Chamber?

a.
House of Commons
- 99 -

b.
House of Lords
c.
House of Kings
d.
Privy Council
Unit 6
COMPLEMENTARY READING
Read the following text about the Federal Executive of the United States. Five
sentences have been removed from the text. Choose from the sentences which
follow the text from A to G - the one which best fills the blank in each
paragraph. There are two extra sentences which you do not need to use.
The United State Federal Executive
1. The Executive Branch of the U.S. Federal Government is rather fragmented.
It includes the President and his assistants, his department secretaries, fourteen
executive departments, various agencies about three million employees in all.
The departments were established at different times, and only four of them the
State, Treasury, Defense, and Justice date back to Washingtons presidency.
___________. The other six, the Departments of Health and Human Services,
Housing and Urban Development, Transportation, Energy, and Education, have
been established since 1950.
2. The President appoints chief executives of the departments the heads, each
of whom has the title of secretary, and their principal deputies. The Senate votes
on the presidents choices for the Secretary of Defense and the Secretaries of
State; traditionally, however, it gives the president complete freedom in the
selection of people he wants for these posts. If the president is not satisfied with
a secretarys performance, he can dismiss him/ her without congressional
consent.
3. Collectively, the secretaries form the presidents cabinet, and the departments
they head are of cabinet rank. ___________. The President can work in close
conjunction with individual cabinet members but very seldom with the whole
- 100 -

Unit 6
cabinet. Basically the cabinet symbolizes the executive hierarchy. Being called a
department of cabinet rank indicates that a department is national in scope and
responsibility.
4. In fact, most of the executive departments are a collection of bureaus.
Bureaus are basic units of federal administration which operate the programs of
the executive departments. ___________. Congress has the authority to create
new bureaus, its committees legislate the content of their programs and control
their budgets. Standing committees of Congress supervise the staff and
membership of different bureaus. The chairman of a committee under whose
jurisdiction the bureau falls pays much attention to its work because it is a way
for him to gain power. The main federal bureaus are the hub of interactions
between administrative leadership, congressional leadership, inside group
interests and outside interests. The strength of any of these interests depends on
the program area and may shift over time.
5. In addition to the executive departments, there are numerous agencies which
perform specific functions. These are independent regulatory commissions,
independent agencies, public corporation, foundations, and institutes.
___________. Independent regulatory commissions are bipartisan agencies
created by Congress. These independent regulatory commissions are headed by
boards of commissioners. The President appoints commissioners and may
dismiss them only for unsatisfactory performance. The commissions deal with
various aspects of American economic life. For example, at present, independent
agencies regulate railroads (the Interstate Commerce Commission), radio and
television (the Federal Communications Commissions), the stock market (the
Securities and Exchange Commission), labour relations (The National Labour
Relations Board).
6. Independent agencies are executive organizations that are independent of
cabinet departments but structured like them with a single head who is appointed
by the President. Congress, however, supervises their budgets and programs.
- 101 -

Unit 6
Among the most important government organizations are the Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA) which deals with the implementation of standards for
clean air and water, the General Services Administration (GSA), which manages
the governments buildings, and the National Aeronautic and Space
Administration (NASA).
7. The U.S. bureaucracy today is the product of political conflicts over the past
two centuries. ___________.
A.
However, in the American system the cabinet does not play any governing
role.
B. Sometimes similar types of administrative units are called an office or an
administration.
C. At present, the Executive Branch of the US federal government consists of
fourteen executive departments and various agencies.
D. Four other departments Interior, Agriculture, Labour and Commerce
were set up in the late nineteenth or early twentieth centuries.
E. At present, the system of executive power in the U.S is a mixture of status
considerations, historical experience and political reality.
F. The Cabinet members are nor part of, nor responsible to Congress, and the
government cant fail as the result of a non-confident vote in the president.
G. The term independent means that they are not controlled by existing
cabinet departments.
- 102 -

Unit 6
Fun corner
Try to find out names of eight reputed American presidents in the square
below as quickly as possible.
W
- 103 -

Unit 7
UNIT 7
THE JUDICIARY IN THE STATE

MACHINERY OF VIETNAM
- 104 -

A.
Unit 7
REVIEW OF UNIT 6

1. What is the composition of the UK Government?
2. Who presides over the meetings of the Cabinet?
Activity 2. Vocabulary revision

Take 5 minutes to fill the boxes with as many words or phrases as possible
relating to the Governments of SRV and of the UK. The first ones are given as
examples. Then compare with your deskmate
The SRV
Government
President of the State
The UK
Cabinet
Crown
Government
B.
TEXTS AND PRACTICE

a. Match the synonyms of the following words and phrases in two columns
1. machinery
2. protect
3. judicial organ
4. Military courts
5. The term of office
6. obey the rules
7. Faithfulness
a. loyalty
b. defend
c. deal with
d. prevent
e. adjudicating body
f. Military Tribunals
g. task
- 105 -

8. settle
9. function
10. avoid
Unit 7
h. conform to
i. The tenure of office
k. Apparatus
b. Oral practice: Read the words aloud

Activity 4. What do you know about the judiciary of the SRV?
Read the following statements mark them with T (if you think the statement is
true) or F (if you think the statement is false)
_____ 1. The Supreme Peoples Court is the highest judicial organ of the
Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
_____ 2. Court trials in Vietnam are generally open to the public and the
official language used is Vietnamese
_____ 3. One of the most important criteria of a Vietnamese citizen to be a
judge is having good morality, not be corrupt and be truthful.
_____ 4. In trials, judges and peoples assessors are dependent from each other.
_____ 5. The courts try the cases collectively and make decisions by majority.
_____ 6. The total number of members of the Committee of Judge of the
provincial/municipal Peoples Court shall not exceed ten persons.
_____ 7. The courts conduct trials according to the principle that all citizens are
equal before law, regardless of their sex, nationality, belief, religion, social
class, and social position
_____ 8. The courts shall not ensure the right to defense of the defendants as
well as the legitimate rights and interests of the involved parties.
_____ 9. The courts shall ensure that the defendants have the right to use their
own language and system of writing before courts.
_____ 10. At present, the President of the Supreme Peoples Court of Vietnam
is Mr. Truong Hoa Binh.
- 106 -

Unit 7

TEXT 1: THE PEOPLES COURT
Skim through the text 1. Then answer this question
What types of courts are there in the judiciary of the SRV?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
The Supreme Peoples Court in Vietnam

1. It is the duty of the Peoples Court to protect socialist legality, the
socialist regime and the peoples mastery, the property of the State and
the collectives, the lives, property, freedom, honour and dignity of
citizens.
The Supreme Peoples Court, the local Peoples Court, the Military
Tribunals and other tribunals established by law are the judicial organs
of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Under special circumstances, the
National Assembly may decide to set up a Special Tribunal. At
grassroots level, appropriate popular organizations shall be set up to deal
- 107 -

Unit 7
with minor offences and disputes among the people.

2. The tenure of office of the President of the Supreme Peoples Court
shall be the same as that of the National Assembly. The regime of the
appointment, release from the duty, dismissal and the term of office of
judges and peoples assessors in Peoples Court at every level shall be
determined by law. Peoples assessors participating in Peoples Courts
and military assessors participating in Military Tribunals shall be on an
equal footing with the judges. During a trial, judges and assessors are
independent and shall only obey the law. The Peoples Court shall hold
its hearings in public, except in cases determined by law.
3. The Peoples Courts shall try their cases collegially and their decisions
shall conform to the will of the majority. The right of the defendant to
be defended is guaranteed. The Peoples Court shall also guarantee that
citizens of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam who are members of
various ethnic minorities can use their own respective languages and
systems of writing in court.

1. What are the duties of the Peoples Court in the SRV?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
2. Why shall appropriate popular organizations be set up?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
3. What is the tenure of office of the President of the Supreme Peoples Court?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
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Unit 7
................................................................................................................................
4. How do the rights of defendants in the ethnic minorities to be guaranteed?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
Activity 6. Word formation
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete sentences
1. One / duties / judiciary / the SRV / protect / the people's mastery.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
2. Vietnamese citizens / right / enjoy / equality / freedom / happiness.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
3. The Supreme Peoples Court / high / judicial organ / the SRV.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
4. The President / the Supreme Peoples Court / accountable / National
Assembly.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
5. Vietnamese citizens / participate / national construction / defense.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
6. Vietnamese people / obligation / obey / law / our country.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
7. Most / the Peoples Court / hold / hearings / public.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
8. Ethnic minorities / Vietnam / right / use / language / system of writing /
courts.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
- 109 -

Unit 7
9. The defendant / can / conduct / own / defense / or / ask / someone else / do /

it.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
10. An organization of barristers / shall / set up / help / defendant.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
Activity 7. Summary
Summarize the text in 5-6 sentences
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
Activity 8. Pre-reading of text 2
Match the words or phrases in Column A with their Vietnamese equivalents in
Column B
Column A
1. the Supreme Peoples Office of
Supervision and Control
Column B
a. Cc Vin kim st qun s
2. peoples armed units
b. Vin trng
3. public prosecutions
c. min nhim
4. will of the majority
d. y ban thng v
5. Military Offices of Supervision and

Control
e. cc n v v trang nhn dn
6. Head
f. cch chc
- 110 -

Unit 7
7. The Heads of Inferior Offices
g. cc n v v trang nhn dn
8. tenure
h. quyn cng t
9. obedience
i. nhim k
10. release from duty
j. s tun th
11. dismiss
k. chp hnh lut php
12. To be in session
l. U ban kim st
13. Standing Committee
m. ch ca a s
14. Peoples Councils
n. hp
15. interpellations
o. Hi ng nhn dn
16. the Committee of Supervision and

Control
p. Vin kim st nhn dn ti

cao
17. law enforcement
q. cht vn
TEXT 2: THE PEOPLES OFFICE OF SUPERVISION AND CONTROL
The Supreme Peoples Office of Supervision and Control

in Vietnam
- 111 -

Unit 7
1. The Supreme Peoples Office of Supervision and Control supervises and

controls obedience to the law by Ministries, organs of ministerial rank, other
organs under the Government, local organs of power, economic bodies, social
organizations, peoples armed units and citizens; it exercises the right to initiate
public prosecutions, ensures a serious and uniform implementation of the law.
Similarly, local Offices of Supervision and Control and the Military Offices of
Supervision and Control supervise and control obedience to the law and exercise
the right to initiate public prosecutions within the bounds of their responsibilities
as prescribed by law.
2. The Peoples Offices of Supervision and Control is directed by its Head. The
Heads of Inferior Offices are subject to the leadership of the Heads of Superior
Offices. The Heads of Local Offices of Supervision and Control and the Heads
of Military Offices of Supervision and Control are subject to the overall
leadership of the Head of the Supreme Peoples Office of Supervision and
Control. The establishment of the Committee of Supervision and Control, the
problems to be settled by the Head of the Peoples Office of Supervision and
Control, the major issues to be discussed and settled by the Committee of
Supervision and Control in conformity with the will of the majority, are to be
prescribed by law.
3. The tenure of the Head of the Supreme Peoples Office of Supervision and
Control is the same as that of the National Assembly. The Heads, Deputy Heads
and members of Local Peoples Offices of Supervision and Control and of
Military Offices of Supervision and Control in military zones and areas shall be
appointed, released from duty, or dismissed by the Head of the Supreme
Peoples Office of Supervision and Control.
4. The Head of the Supreme Peoples Office of Supervision and Control shall be
responsible and shall make his reports to the National Assembly and, when the
latter is not in session, to its Standing Committee and to the State President.
Regarding the Heads of local Peoples Offices of Supervision and Control, they
are responsible for reporting to the Peoples Councils on the situation in law
enforcement in the respective localities, and shall answer the interpellations of
the deputies to the Peoples Councils.
- 112 -

Unit 7

1. What is the role of the Supreme Peoples Office of Supervision and Control?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
2. Who are the Heads of Local Offices of Supervision and Control and the
Heads of Military Offices of Supervision and Control under the leadership of?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
3. Who decides the dismissal of the Heads, Deputy Heads and members of
Local Peoples Offices of Supervision and Control?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
4. Who should the Head of the Supreme Peoples Office of Supervision and
Control report to if the National Assembly is not in session?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
5. What must the Heads of local Peoples Offices of Supervision and Control
report to the Peoples Councils?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
Activity 10. Now read the text again and decide whether the following
statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false
_____ 1. Local Offices of Supervision and Control and the Military Offices of
Supervision and Control supervise and control obedience to the law by
Ministries and organs of ministerial rank.
_____ 2. The Heads of Inferior Offices must be under the guidance of the Heads
of Superior Offices.
- 113 -

Unit 7
_____ 3. The tenure of the Head of the Supreme Peoples Office of Supervision
and Control is in accordance with that of the National Assembly.
_____ 4. The National Assembly has the rights to appoint the Heads of Local
Peoples Offices of Supervision and Control.
_____ 5. The Head of the Supreme Peoples Office of Supervision and Control
should report to the State President first.
Activity 11. Language study
Some important phrasal verbs in the reading texts to remember
a. to deal with sth: to solve a problem, perform a task, etc.

b. to be on an equal footing with sb: to be on the same position or
status with others
c. to conform to: to follow
d. to be subject to: depending on sth
e. to make reports to sb on sth: to tell sb about sth
f. to be responsible for
Choose one of the above phrasal verbs to fill in each gap in the following
sentences. You may need to make some changes to the form of the verb if
necessary
1. The
pilots
must
be
careful
during
the
flight
as
they
. their passengers safety.

2. They were demanding to be treated . as the rest
of the teachers.
3. The article is your approval to be published.
- 114 -

Unit 7
4. The monitor is in charge of . the teacher on the

overall situation of the class.
5. We all know its hard for him to that tricky situation.
6. He refused to .the local customs.
Activity 12. Future tenses

These are the three most common structures used to talk about the future
a. the shall/will future;
b. the going to structure;
c. the Present Progressive tense.
Note the following general rules:
When we say what we think will happen (pure future), we use the shall/will
future or the going to structure, but not usually the Present Progressive:
The court will have to decide whether the word dogs is to be taken to embrace
hounds; whichever way it decides, it will influence the practical application of
the Kings command.
Im going to enjoy this class: public administration reform is my favourite
subject.
When we mention conditions (for example with if), we can use the shall/will
structure to say what we think will happen but not usually the going to structure:
If you reorganize your staff, your department will be more efficient.
- 115 -

Unit 7
When we talk about things that have already been decided (present-future),
we use the going to structure or the Present Progressive, but not usually the
shall/will future:
According to the timetable, Im going to teach a course in Lao Cai this summer.
(Or: According to the timetable, Im teaching a course in Lao Cai this summer.)
E.g. Im sending him to Vinh for the conference on family law.
(Or: Im going to send him to Vinh for the conference on family law.)
When we talk about things which we can see now are certain to happen, we
usually use going to:
The Peoples Court is going to find him guilty, because he has already confessed
to his crimes.
If we talk about a future action at the moment when we decide to do it, we use
will (usually in the short form ll):
Im tired. I think Ill have a rest.
Come and have lunch with us OK, thanks, Ill bring a bottle.
Exercises
Complete these sentences with the correct future form of the verb in brackets
1. Do you think the economy (to speed up) later
this year?
- 116 -

Unit 7
2. John is lucky: he (to get) his new secretary

in a few days.
3. Your marriage.. (to succeed) if you keep
buying flowers for your wife.
4. I (to go) back to work this evening.
5. If I give you money, you.. (to spend) it on drink.
6. Italy. (to beat) France at football the next
time they play together.
7. She (to come) to sing some karaoke with us.
8. The phones ringing. I.. it.
9. .. we go out tonight, my darling?
10. I think he (be) the next President of the United
States.
C. EXTENTION
TEXT 3: THE NATURE OF LAW
The term law is used in many senses: we may speak to the laws of physics,
mathematics, science, or the laws of football or health. When we speak the law
of a state we use the term law in a special and strict sense, and in that sense
law may be defined as a rule of human conduct, imposed upon and enforced
among, the members of a given state. Man is by nature a social animal desiring
the companionship of his fellows, and in primitive times he tended to form
tribes, groups, or societies. If a group or a society is to continue, some forms of
social order is necessary. Rules or laws are, therefore, draw up to ensure that
members of the society may live and work together in an orderly and peaceable
manner. The larger the community (or group or state), the more complex and
numerous will be the rules.
If the rules or law are broken, compulsion is used to enforce obedience. We may
say, then, that two ideas underlie the concept of the law: (a) order, in the sense
- 117 -

Unit 7
of method or system; and (b) compulsion i.e the enforcement of obedience to

the rules or laws lay down.
Activity 13. Complementary reading
Read the above text carefully and translate into Vietnamese
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
- 118 -

D.
Unit 7
CONSOLIDATION
Exercise 1.Translation
a. Translate the following sentences into English
1. Quc hi c th quyt nh thnh lp mt hi ng xt x c bit.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
2. Chnh n Ta n nhn dn ti cao chu trch nhim v bo co cng tc trc
Quc hi.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
3. Thm phn, Hi thm phi tn trng nhn dn v chu s gim st ca nhn
dn.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
4. Quyt nh ca To n nhn dn bao gi cng theo ch ca a s.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
5. Cng dn thuc cc dn tc trn t Vit nam c quyn dng ngn ng ca h
trong cc phin to.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
b. Translate the following sentences into Vietnamese:
1. The courts conduct trials according to the principle that all citizens are equal
before law.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
- 119 -

Unit 7
2. In trials, judges and jurors are independent from each other and only abide by
laws.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
3. The courts shall conduct public trials, except for case of necessity to conduct
secret trials in order to keep the State secrets, preserve the nations fine
traditions and customs
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
4. The Supreme Peoples Court shall organizationally manage the local Peoples
Courts in close coordination with the local Peoples Councils.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
5. The Supreme Peoples Court shall have the chief judge, deputy-chief judges,
judges and court clerk.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
6. The courts adjudicate criminal, civil, marriage and family, labor, economic
and administrative cases and settle other matters as prescribed by law.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
7. Within the scope of functions, the courts have the task to protect the socialist
legality; to protect the socialist regime and the peoples mastery.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
8. The courts shall contribute to educating citizens in the loyalty to the
Fatherland, the strict observance of law, the respect for social conducts.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
- 120 -

Unit 7
9. The Peoples Offices of Supervision and Control exercise the right of public
prosecution and supervision of judicial activities.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
10. The Chief Prosecutors, Deputy Chief Prosecutors and members of the
Peoples Offices of Supervision and Control shall be appointed by the Chief
Prosecutors of the Supreme Peoples Offices of Supervision and Control.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
Exercise 2: Gap-filling:
Complete the following passage with the correct word/phrase from the box
protect
keep
provisions
appointed
ensure
judges
law
violations
loyal
honest
JUDGES AND JURORS

Vietnamese citizens who are (1) to the Fatherland and the
Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, have good qualities and
virtue, are incorrupt and (2) .. , have the legal knowledge, have
the spirit to resolutely (3) .. the socialist legality and have good
health to (4) the fulfillment of assigned tasks may be elected or
(5) .. to be judges and jurors.
The (6) . and jurors shall take responsibility before (7) .
for the performance of their tasks and the exercise of their powers and must (8)
work secrets according to law (9) .; if
committing law offenses, they shall, depending on the nature and seriousness of
their (10) , be disciplined or examined for penal liability
according to law provisions.
- 121 -

REFERENCES
- 122 -
References

References
1. Azar, B.S. & Azar, D.A; Understanding and using English grammar,
Second edition. Prentice Hall Regents, 1990.
2. Anh Dao, V. (2009): New Public Management ideas and lessons learnt
for Vietnam Public Administration Reform, Foundation of Public
Management, Potsdam University, Germany.
3. Barker, D. & Padfield. C; Law; Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, 1993
4. Borins, S. (2000): New Public Management, North American Style in
McLaughlin, Osborne, and Ferlie, eds The New Public Management:
Current Trends and Future Prospects. University of Toronto.
5. Bee, L.P; Communication in the Legal Environment; Temasek
Polytechnic, Singapore; 2008.
6. Brieger, N; Test your professional English-law; Pearson Education
Limited; 2002.
7. Brieger. N & Sweeney. S; The Language of Business English; Grammar
& Functions. Prentice Hall; 1994.
8. Brown, G.D & Rice S; Professional English in use; Cambridge University
Press; 2007.
9. Collin, P.H; Dictionary of law, Second edition; Peter Collin Publishing
Ltd.; England; 1994.
10. Denning, L; The Independence of the Judiciary; Haldsworth Club Lecture
reported in The Lawyer and Justice in Sweet and Maxwell (1978); 1950.
11. Eastwood, J; Oxford guide to English grammar; Oxford University Press;
1994.
12. Eastwood. J; Oxford Practice Grammar, 2nd edition; Oxford University
Press; 1999.
13. Garner, B.A; Blacks Law Dictionary; West Group. St. Paul, Minn; 2001.
14. Hogan, Seago and Bennett; A Level Law in Sweet and Maxwell; 1988.
- 123 -

References
15. Hornby, A.S.; Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of current English;

Cambridge University Press, China; 2000.
16. Jackson. A & A.; Intermediate Grammar Worksheets. Phoenix ELT;
1995.
17. Johnson & Pannet, SWOT; A Level law; Blackstone Press; 1988.
18. Kay, S. & Jones, V. & Hird, J. & Kerr, P; Inside out-Upper intermediate;
Macmillan; 2001.
19. King, K.B.; Taking sides A speaking Text for Advanced and
Intermediate students; The University of Michigan Press; 2000.
20. Krois-Linder, A.; International Legal English A course for classroom or
self-study use; Cambridge University Press; 2006.
21. Law school, Melbourne University; Families of law, Sources of ivil law
and common law; 1997.
22. Le Hong Hanh & Duong Thi Hien; Improving your understanding law in
English; Judicial Publishing House, Hanoi; 2004.
23. Le Huy Truong, Dang Dinh Thien & Tran Huy Phuong; A grammar of the
English Language; Education Publishing House, Vietnam; 1998.
24. Macquarie Library Pty Ltd.; The CCH Macquarie Dictionary of Law;
Revised Edition. CCH Australia Limited, Australia; 1996.
25. Nguyen Khac Hung and Stedman N.G.; English for Public
Administration; National Academy of Public Administration; 2001.
26. Office for National Statistics. Britain; The Official Yearbook of the United
Kingdom; 50th Anniversary Edition. National Statistics, London, the
Stationery Office; 1999.
27. Oscar van Heffen, Walter J.M. Kickert, Jacques J.A. Thomassen. (2000):
Governance in Modern Society: Effects, Change and Formation of
Government Institutions. Library of Public Policy and Public Administration,
Issue No. 4. Dordrecht, Netherlands.
- 124 -

References
27. Oshima, A. & Hogue, A.; Writing Academic English; Addison Wesley
Publishing Company; (_______).
28. Powell. R; Law Today; Longman Group PE Ltd.; 1993.
29. Quirk, R. & Greenbaum, S.; A University Grammar of English; Longman
Group Ltd.; England; 1987.
30. Redman, S & Shaw, E; English vocabulary in use Intermediate;
Cambridge University Press; 1999.
31. Rilley, A.; English for Law; Macmillan Publishers Limited; 1991.
32. Rousham, W.E. & Keith, R.; Legal studies dictionary for Australian
school; (________).
33. Russell, F. & Locke, C.; English Law and Language; Prentice Hall
International (UK) Ltd.; 1992.
34. Shearer, I.A.; Starkes International Law; 11th edition. Butterworth & Co
(Publishers) Ltd.. UK.; 1994.
35. Thomson, A.J. & Martinet, A.V; A practical English Grammar Exercises,
Fourth Edition; Oxford University Pressl; 1989.
36. Walker, Walker and Walker; The English legal System; Butterworth;
1985.
The Internet:
1. K.M. Tafzal Haque (2009): Principles of Management: Leadership.
University of Chittagong, at:
http://www.scribd.com/doc/16224419/Principles-of-ManagementLeadership
2. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Civil_law/
3. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Common_law/
4.http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States_of_Amer
ica
5. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/English_law
- 125 -

Names of Ministries
and ministerial level agencies of Vietnam
- 126 -
References

References
18 ministries and 4 ministerial level agencies of Vietnam

Ministry of National Defense
Ministry of Public Security
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Ministry of Justice
Ministry of Finance
Ministry of Transport
Ministry of Construction
Ministry of Education and Training
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
Ministry of Industry and Trade
Ministry of Planning and Investment
Ministry of Health
Ministry of Science and Technology
Ministry Natural Resources and Environment
Ministry of Information and Communications
Ministry of Home Affairs
Ministry of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs
Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism
Government Inspectorate
State Bank of Viet Nam
Committee on Ethnic Minority Affairs
Government Office
Governmental agencies
Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics and Public Administration
Viet Nam Social Security
Viet Nam News Agency
- 127 -

Voice of Viet Nam
Viet Nam Television Station
Viet Nam Academy of Science and Technology
Viet Nam Academy of Social Sciences
Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum Management
General Statistics Office
National Reserve Department
Government Committee on Borders
Government Committee on Religion
- 128 -
References

NEW WORDS
FOR PUBLIC ADMINISTRATORS
- 129 -
New words


New words
New words
Academics (n)
Meaning
[,k'demik]
Hc gi
Accomplish (v)
['kmpli]
Hon thnh (finish) to accomplish

one's task
hon thnh nhim v
Act (n)
[kt]
o lut (statute), hnh ng
Administrative
power
[d'ministrtiv] Quyn hnh chnh
Apparent (a)
['prnt]
R rng, hin nhin, minh bch
Approach (n)
['prout]
Cch tip cn
Argue (v)
Argument (n)
[':gju:]
Tranh lun
Cuc tranh lun
Authority (n)
[:'riti]
Chnh quyn, nh chc trch
Body (n)
['bdi]
C quan
Broad (a)
['br:d]
Rng ln (Vast)
Bureaucracy (n)
[bju'rkrsi]
B my quan liu
By-law (n)
['bail:]
Lut l a ph-ng
Pronunciation
['pau]
[':gjumnt]
- 130 -

New words
Carry out (v)
['kri'aut]
Thc hin
Category (n)
['ktigri]
Phm tr, loi
Civil servant (n)
['sivl's:vnt]
Cng chc
Coincide (v)
[,kouin'said]
Trng hp
Competence (n)
['kmpitns]
Thm quyn
Component (n)
[km'pounnt]
Cu thnh, thnh phn
Comprise (of)v
[km'praiz]
Bao gm (include)
Consensus (n)
[kn'senss]
S thng nht, nht tr (agreement)
Concrete (a)
['kkri:t]
C th
Conduct (v)
['kndkt]
Tin hnh, iu hnh
Context (n)
['kntekst]
Bi cnh
Coordination (n)
Coordinate (v)
kou,:di'nein] S iu phi
iu phi
[kou':dineit]
Debate (v)
[di'beit]
Tranh ci
Cuc tranh ci
['dekeid]
Thp k
(n)
Decade (*n)
- 131 -

New words
nh ngha
Define (v0
Definition (n)
[di'fain]
Denote (v)
[di'nout]
Biu hin, biu th, hm
Deploy (v)
[di'pli]
Trin khai
Digestion (n)
[di'destn]
S thu hiu
Distinct (a)
[dis'tikt]
Distinction (n)
[dis'tikn]
Khu bit, khc bit

S khu bit, khc bin
Distinguish (v)
[dis'tigwi]
Phn bit
Draft (v)
[drft]
Phc tho, d tho
Encompass (v)
[in'kmps]
Cha ng
Entity (n)
['entiti]
Thc th
Execute (v)
Execution(n)
['eksikju:t]
Thc thi, thi hnh

S thc thi, s thi hnh
Executive (a)
Executive body (n)
[ig'zekjutiv]
Thuc v hnh php, chp hnh

C quan hnh php
For instance
['instns]
Ly v d
Formation (n)
[f:'mein]
S thnh lp, s hnh thnh
[,defi'nin]
[,eksi'kju:n]
Ni chung
Generally speaking
- 132 -

New words
Goal(n)
[goul]
Mc ch (purpose, aim)
Govern (v)
['gvn]
Cai tr
Guideline (n)
['gaidlain]
S h-ng dn, -ng li
Hint (n)
[hint]
S m ch, hm
Implication (n)
[,impli'kein]
S m ch, hm
Inherent (a)
[in'hirnt]
C hu
Institution (n)
[,insti'tju:n]
Th ch
T chc
Interest (n)
['intrst]
Li ch, S thch th, Li sut
Interpretation (n)
[in,t:pri'tein] Cch hiu
Juridical (a)
[du'ridikl]
C tnh php l
Lateral (a)
['ltrl]
n phng
Machinery (n)
[m'i:nri]
B my
Notion (n)
['noun]
Khi nim
Objective (a)
[b'dektiv]
Khch quan
[,kj'pein]
Ngh nghip
Thuc ngh nghip
Occupation (n)
Occupational (n)
[,kju'peinl]
- 133 -

New words
Omit (v)
[o'mit]
B st
Pattern (n)
['pt()n]
Kiu, mu
Pointless (a)
['pintlis]
V cn c, khng c c s
Practitioner (n)
[prk'tin]
Ng-i thc hin, ng-i hnh ngh,
Pre-eminent (a)
[,pri:'eminnt]
u vit, hn hn
Principal (a)
['prinspl]
Chnh, ch yu (main, crucial)
Public (private)
sector (n)
['pblik]
Khu vc cng (t-)
/['praivit]
['sekt]
Regulate (v)
['regjuleit]
iu tit
Regulatory power
(n)
['regjultri]
Quyn lp qui
iu hnh mt cng ty
Run a company (v)

Scope (n)
[skoup]
Phm vi, qui m
Sense (n)
[sens]
ngha
Statuten (a)
['sttu:t]
Qui ch
Subtle (a)
['stl]
Tinh t, t nh
m -ng, chu trch nhim
Take charge of (v)

- 134 -

New words
Act (n)
[kt]
Hnh ng
o lut
Advanced (a)
[d'v:nst]
Tin tin, tin b
Agency (n)
['eidnsi]
C quan
Alliance (n)
['lains]
Lin minh
Arbitrary (a)
Arbitrariness (n)
[':bitrri]
Chuyn quyn, c on
S c on
Aspiration (n)
[,sp'rein]
[':bitrrinis]
Nguyn vng
T quan liu
Bureaucratism (n(
[bju'rkrtizm]
Cadre
Cn b
['k:d(r);
'kdri]
danh t
Thuc cng dn
Quyn cng dn
Civic (a)
Civic right
['sivik]
Communist Party
(n)
['kmjunist]
[rait]
ng Cng sn
['p:ti]
Ton din
Comprehensive (a)
[,kmpri'hensiv]
- 135 -

New words
Confidence (n)
['knfidns]
S tin t-ng
Constitute (v)
['knstitju:t]
To thnh, hnh thnh
Constitution (n)
Constitutional (a)
[,knsti'tju:n]
Hin php
Lp hin
Corruption (n)
[k'rpn]
S tham nhng
Council (n)
Peoples council (n)
['kaunsl]
Hi ng
Hi ng nhn dn
Criminal (a)
['kriminl]
K phm ti
C ti, phm ti
Defend (v)
Defense (n)
[di'fend]
Bo v (safeguard)
S bo v
Democracy (n)
Democratic(a)
[di'mkrsi]
Democratic
centralism (n)
[,dem'krtik]
Devoted(a)
[,knsti'tju:nl]
[di'fens]
Dn ch
[,dem'krtik]
Tp trung dn ch
['sentrlizm]
Ht lng, tm tm, tn tnh, tn tu,
st sng, nhit tnh
[di'voutid]
Phn bit i x
Discrimination (n)
[dis,krimi'nein
]
Division (n)
S chia r
[di'vin]
- 136 -

New words
Doctrine (n)
['dktrin]
Hc thuyt
Duty-bound
['dju:tibaund]
C trch nhim, buc phi
Elector (n)
[i'lekt]
C tri
Electorate (n)
[i'lektrit]
Ton b c tri
Enable (v)
[i'neibl]
To iu kin
Equal (a)
Equality (n)
['i:kwl]
Bnh ng
S bnh ng
Exercise the right to

mastery (v)
['ekssaiz]
Faithful (a)
['feiful]
Trung thnh, chung thu
Framework (n)
['freimw:k]
Khun kh
Front (n)
Fatherland Front
[frnt]
Mt trn
Mt trn T quc
Fund (n)
To raise fund (v)
[fnd]
Qu
To qu, lp qu
Gradually (a)dv
['grduli]
Dn dn, tng b-c
Grassroot (n)
['gra:sru:ts]
C s
Guarantee (v)
[,grn'ti:]
m bo
[i:'kwliti]
Thc hin quyn lm ch
['m:stri]
['f:lnd]
H vin Anh
House of Commons
(n)
- 137 -

New words
['hausv'kmn
z]
House of Lords (n)
['hausv'l:dz]
Th-ng vin Anh
Identity (n)
[ai'dentti]
Bn sc, c tr-ng
In accordance with
['k:dns]
Theo, th theo,
Integrity (n)
[in'tegriti]
S ton vn
Gii tr thc
Intelligentsia (n)
[in,teli'dentsi]
Legitimate (a)
[li'ditimit]
Hp php
Linguistic (a)
[li'gwistik]
Thuc ngn ng
Link(n)
[lik]
Mi lin h, lin kt
Mainland (n)
['mein'lnd]
t lin
Tn dng
Make use of (v)
Manifestation (n)
[,mnifes'tein
S biu hin
]
Mastery (n)
['m:stri]
Quyn lm ch
Minority (n)
[mai'nriti]
Dn tc thiu s
- 138 -

New words
Motherland (n)
['mlnd]
T quc
Mutual assistance
(n)
['mju:tjul]
Gip ln nhau
National Assembly
(n)
['sistns]
Quc hi (Vit Nam)
['nnl]
['sembli]
Tn trng, quan st
Observe (v)
['bz:v]
Observance (n)
[b'zvns]
Peasantry (n)
['pezntri]
Giai cp nng dn
Prevail (v)
[pri'veil]
Chim -u th, thnh hnh
Principle(n)
['prinspl]
Nguyn tc, nguyn l
Property (n)
['prpti]
Ti sn, thuc tnh
Raise (v)
[reiz]
Gi, nui
Republic (n)
[ri'pblik]
N-c cng ho, nn cng ho
Right (n)
[rait]
Quyn
Safeguard (v)
['seifg:d]
Bo v
Security (n)
[si'kjurti]
An ninh, an ton
Socialist (a)
['soulist]
X hi ch ngha
- 139 -

New words
Solidarity (n)
[,sli'drti]
S on kt, tnh on kt
Sovereign (a)
['svrin]
C ch quyn
Strict (a)
[strikt]
Nghim, nghim tc
Strive (v)
[straiv]
N lc, phn u
Suffrage (n)
['sfrid]
S b phiu, bu
Supervise (v)
['su:pvaiz]
Gim st, theo di
Synonymous (a)
[si'nnims]
ng ngha
Territory (n)
Territorial (a)
['tertri]
Lnh th
Thuc lnh th
[,ter't:ril]
B bi nhim
To be removed
from office
Toiling people (n)
['tili] ['pi:pl]
Ng-i lao ng, giai cp cn lao
Trade Union (n)
['treid'ju:nin]
Cng on
Unceasing (a0
[,n'si:si]
Lin tc, khng ngng
Unity (n)
['ju:nti]
S thng nht
Vanguard (n)
['vng:d]
Ng-i tin phong
Vigorous (a)
['vigrs]
Mnh m
- 140 -

Will (n)
New words
ch
[wil]
Lp php, lm lut
Legislate (v)
['ledisleit]
Accountability (n)
[,kaunt'biliti] Trch nhim
Adoption (n)
['dpn]
S chp thun, thng qua

(approval)
Amend (v)
['mend]
Sa i b sung
Assent (n)
['sent]
S chun y, ph chun
Assumption (n)
['smpn]
Gi nh
Authorize (v)
[':raiz]
U quyn
Bill (n)
[bil]
D lut
Cabinet (n)
['kbinit]
Ni cc
Chamber (n)
['teimb]
Phng
C hiu lc
Come into force

Constituency (n)
[kn'stitjunsi]
Khu vc bu c
Lp hin
Constitutional (a)
[,knsti'tju:nl
]
- 141 -

New words
Contravene
[,kntr'vi:n]
Mu thun vi
Convention
[kn'venn]
Qui -c
Court
[k:t]
To n
Decree
[di'kri:]
Ngh nh, sc lnh, chiu ch
Dissolve
[di'zlv]
Gii tn
Enact
[i'nkt]
Ban hnh
Entrust
[in'trst]
Giao ph
Exclusive
[iks'klu:siv]
c quyn, c chim
Genius
['di:nis]
Thin ti
Improper
[im'prp]
Bt hp l
Late
[leit]
Cu, nguyn
Legislation
[,ledis'lein]
S ban hnh lut php, s lm lut
Legislative
['ledisltiv]
Thuc lp php
Legislature
['ledisleit]
C quan lp php
Majority
[m'driti]
a s
- 142 -

New words
Monarch
['mnk]
Quc v-ng (King, Queen)
Monarchy
['mnki]
Nn qun ch
Motion
['moun]
Bn kin ngh, s ngh
Nationalities
Council
[,n'nliti]
Hi ng Dn tc
Obligation
[,bli'gein]
Bn phn
Overturn
['ouvt:n]
Lt , hu b (ngha trong bi)
Parliament
Permanent
Committee
['kaunsl]
['p:lmnt]
['p:lmnt]
Ngh vin (Anh)

UB th-ng v
[k'miti]
Possess (v)
[p'zes]
S hu
Precedent (n)
['presidnt]
Tin l
Preside over (v)
[pri'zaid]
Ch to
Resign (v)
[,ri:'zain]
T chc
Resolution (n)
[,rez'lu:n]
Ngh quyt
Restraint (n)
[ri'streint]
S hn ch, rng buc
Restrict
[ri'strikt]
Hn ch
- 143 -

New words
So long as
Chng no m
Standing
Committee
UB th-ng v
['stndik'miti
]
Subject to
Ph thuc vo
['sbdikt]
S hu b
Hu b
Abolition
Abolish
[,b'lin]
Accountable
Accountability
['kauntbl]
Agency
['eidnsi]
C quan
Apparatus
[,p'reits]
B my (machinery)
Area
['eri]
Lnh vc, vng
Assume
['sju:m]
Mang (tnh cht, trch nhim ...)
Bipartisan
[,baip:ti'zn]
Thuc hai ng, l-ng ng
Bureau
[bju'rou]
Cc, nha, v
Colleague
[k'li:g]
ng nghip
['bli]
C trch nhim
[,kaunt'biliti]
- 144 -

New words
Commission
[k'min]
Hi ng
U ban
Commissioner
[k'min]
U vin hi ng
Commune
['kmju:n]
Confer
[kn'f:]
Phong, ban
Consent
[kn'sent]
S nht tr (agreement,
consensus, unanimity)
Crown
[kraun]
N hong, vua
Deliberation
Deliberate
[di,lib'rein]
S suy ngh cn nhc k
Designate
['dezigneit]
Ch nh, b nhim
Diplomat
['diplmt]
Nh ngoi giao
Fragmented
['frgmntid]
Ri rc, tn mn, t on
Hierarchy
['hair:ki]
H thng th bc (trong chnh

quyn)
Hub
[hb]
Trung tm
Interior
[in'tiri]
Ni v
Jurisdiction
[,duris'dikn]
Phm vi quyn hn
Nucleus
['nju:klis]
Ht nhn
[di'librit]
- 145 -

Royal Prerogative
New words
c quyn hong tc
['ril]
[pri'rgtiv]
Senate
['senit]
Th-ng vin (M)
Spokeman
['spouksmn]
Ng-i pht ngn
Stabilization
[,steiblai'zein] S n nh
Stabilize
['steibilalz]
Lm n nh, bnh n
Submission
Submit
[sb'min]
S trnh
trnh
Tenure
['tenju]
[sb'mit]
Nhim k
mc no
To some extent
Township
['taunip]
Th trn
Treasury
['treri]
Kho bc, ngn kh, b Ti chnh
Unanimity
[,ju:'nimti]
S nht tr (agreement,
consensus, consent)
Ward
[w:d]
Ph-ng
Supremacy
[su:'premsi]
Quyn lc ti cao
Supreme
[su:'pri:m]
Ti cao
- 146 -

New words
Unique
[ju:'ni:k]
c nht v nh, duy nht
Vote of no
confidence
[vout]
S b phiu bt tn nhim
Work out
['w:k'aut]
procedure
scrutinize (v)
['knfidns]
Vch ra
[pr'si:d]
thu tuc (trong kinh doanh,

(chinh tri), (phap ly)
th thc
nhn chm ch, nhn k; xem xt
k lng.
['skru:tinaiz]
Allege(v)
['led]
Vin c
Appealn (v)
['pi:l]
S chng n, s khng co
Chng n, khng co
Appellate
jurisdiction (n)
Quyn chng n
['pelit][,duri
s'dik
Assessor (n)
['ses]
Hi thm
Assizes (n)
['saiziz]
To i hnh
- 147 -

New words
Chancery (n)
['t:nsri]
To i php
Civil (a)
['sivl]
Dn s
Codify (v)
['kdifai]
H thng ho, son thnh lut
Common Sergeant
(n)
['s:dnt]
Nhn vin to n Lun n
Comprise (v)
Bao gm
Confess (v)
[kn'fes]
Th nhn
Convict (v)
['knvikt]
Kt ti
County (n)
['kaunti]
Ht, tnh (n v hnh chnh ln

nht Anh)
Defendant (n)
[di'fendnt]
B co
Derive (from) (v)
[di'raiv]
Bt ngun t
Despot (n)
['despt]
K chuyn quyn, bo cha
Dignity (n)
['digniti]
Chn gi tr
Doctrine (n)
['dktrin]
Hc thuyt
Embrace (v)
[im'breis]
Bao gm
To be enacted
Enactment (n)
[i'nktmnt]
-c ban hnh (lut)

S ban hnh
- 148 -

Ethnic minority (n)
New words
Dn tc thiu s
['enik]
[mai'nriti]
Evident (a)
['evidnt]
Hin nhin
Guarantee (v)
[,grn'ti:]
m bo
Guilty (a)
['gilti]
C ti
Hearing (n)
Phin to
Hence (avd)
[hens]
Do
Illustrate (a)
['ilstreit]
Minh ho
Indictable (a)
[in'daitbl]
C th b truy t
Indictment (n)
[in'daitmnt]
Bn co trng
Inferior (a)
[in'firi]
H ng
Judiciary (n)
B my t- php
Jury (n)
['duri]
Ban hi thm, ban bi thm
Lord Chancellor (n)
['l:d
i php quan
'ta:nsl]
Magistrates Court
(n)
To s thm thm quyn hp
Mislead (v)
[mis'li:d]
Sai lch
Partnership (n)
['p:tnip]
Hip hi, cng ty
- 149 -

New words
Peer (n)
[pi]
Hun t-c
Predominant (a)
[pri'dminnt]
Ni tri
Prevail (v)
[pri'veil]
Ph bin, thnh hnh
Realm (n)
Regime (n)
Lnh vc, a ht
[relm]
Ch
[rei'i:m;
'rei:m]
Rival (n)
['raivl]
ch th, i ph-ng
Siesta (n)
[si'est]
Gic ng tr-a
Solemnity (n)
[s'lemnti]
S trng th, long trng, trang

nghim
Sovereignty (n)
['svrnti]
Ch quyn
Sphere (n)
[sfi]
Lnh vc
Superior (a)
[su:'piri]
Th-ng ng
To be vested
-c phong cho, -c ban cho
Tribunal (n)
[trai'bju:nl]
To n (court)
Ultimate (a)
['ltimt]
Cui cng
Wolfhound (n)
Ch sn
- 150 -

New words

Democracy (n)
/di'mkrsi/
a system of government in which all

the people of a country can vote to
elect their representative
dn ch
parliamentary democracy
nn dn ch ngh vin
Constitutional
(adj)
/,knsti'tjunl/ connected with the constitution of a

country
thuc v hin php
constitutional monarch
nn qun ch lp hin
Monarchy (n)
/'mnki/
a. the King or Queen of a country and

their family
a. hong tc
b. a system of government by a King
or Queen
b. ch qun ch
Continuity (n)
/,knti'nju:iti/
the fact of not stopping or not

changing
tnh lin tc
Unity (n)
/'ju:niti/
the state of being joined together to

form one unit
s thng nht
day-to-day (adj)
/'deit'dei/
daily
thng nht
- 151 -

impartial (adj)
/im'p:l/
New words
not supporting one person or group
more than another
cng bng, trung lp
ceremony (n)
/'serimni/
public or religious occasion that

includes a series
of
formal or
traditional actions
l k nim
candidate (n)
/'kndidt/
a person who is trying to be elected or

is applying for a job
ng c vin, th sinh
election (n)
[i'lekn]
the process of choosing a person or a

group of people for a position
especially the political position by
voting
bu c, cuc bu c
conservative
(adj)
[kn's:vtiv]
opposed
to great or sudden social
change; showing that you prefer

traditional style and value
bo th; th cu
Conservative Party
ng Bo th
labour (n)
['leib]
work, especially physical work

lao ng; s lao ng
Labour Party
ng Lao ng
- 152 -

Majority (n)
[m'driti]
New words
largest part of a group of people or
things
i a s
The Commons
['kmn]
The Cabinet (n)
['kbinit]
a group of chosen members of a

government, which is responsible for
advising and deciding on government
policies
ni cc chnh ph
senior (adj)
['si:ni]
high in rank or status; higher in rank

or status than others
cao cp; cp cao
The opposition
(n)
[,p'zin]
the people you are competing against

in business, a competition or a game
phe i lp; i th
passport (n)
['p:sp:t]
an official document that identifies

you as a citizen of a particular country
and that you may have to show when
you enter or leave a country
h chiu
license (n)
['laisns]
giy php
integral (adj)
['intigrl]
being an essential part of something

quan trng, thit yu
territory (n)
['tertri]
land that is under the control of a

particular country or ruler
lnh th
leadership (n)
['li:dip]
a. the state or position of being a

- 153 -

New words
leader
a. vai tr lnh o
b. the ability to be a leader or the

qualities a good leader should have
b. kh nng lnh
unemployment
(n)
[,nim'plimnt] a. the fact of a number of people not

having a job
a. nn tht nghip
b. the state of not having a job
b. s tht nghip
socialist (n)
['soulist]
a person who believes in or support

socialism
ngi theo ch ngha x hi
controversy (n)
['kntrv:si]
public discussion and argument about

something that many people strongly
disagree about, disapprove of, or are
shocked by
s tranh ci, tranh lun
reluctance (n)
[ri'lktns]
hesitance before doing something

because you do not want to do it or
because you are not sure that it is the
right thing to do
s lng l
protg (n)???
['prtiei]
a young person who is helped in their

career and personal development by a
more experienced person
- 154 -

New words
ngi c bo tr
federal (adj)
['fedrl]
having a system of government in

which the individual states of a
country have control over their own
affairs but are controlled by a central
government for national decisions
(thuc) lin bang
fragment (n)
['frgmnt]
a small part of something that has

broken off or comes from something
larger
mnh v
to break or make something into
small pieces or parts
p v
deputy (n)
['depjuti]
a person who is next most important

person below a business manager, a
head of a school, a political leader,
etc. and who does the persons jobs
when he/she is away
cp ph
congressional
(adj)
[k'grenl]
related to or belonging to a congress

or the Congress in the United States
Thuc v Quc hi (M)
budget (n)
['bdit]
the money that is available to a person

or an organization and a plan how it
will be spent over a period of time
ngn sch
- 155 -

dismiss (v)
[dis'mis]
New words
officially remove somebody from

their job
sa thi
bureau (n)
[bju'rou]
(in the US) a government department

or a part of a government department
cc, nha, v
committee (n)
[k'miti]
a group of people who are chosen to

make decisions or to deal with a
particular subject
y ban
standing committee
y ban thng v

Judiciary (n)
[du:'diri]
c quan t php
Judicial (a)
[du:'dil]
thuc v t php
judicial organ =
adjudicating body
[du:'dil] [':gn]
c quan xt x
The Supreme
Peoples Court
The Peoples
Court
the Peoples
Office of
Supervision and
Control
the Supreme
['du:dikeit] ['bdi]
/ / [su:'pri:m]
Ta n nhn dn ti cao
['pi:pl] [k:t]
/ /['pi:pl][k:t]
/ / ['pi:pl] ['fis] [v]
Ta n nhn dn
Vin kim st nhn dn
[,su:p'vin]
[nd][kn'troul]
[su:'pri:m]['pi:pl]
- 156 -
Vin kim st nhn dn ti

New words
Peoples Office of ['fis][v][,su:p'vin]

cao
Supervision and
[nd] [kn'troul]
Control
Military Offices of ['militri]
cc vin kim st qun s
Supervision and
['fis][v][,su:p'vin]
Control
[nd] [kn'troul]
the Committee of / /
y ban kim st
Supervision and
[k'miti]][v][,su:p'vin]
Control
[nd] [kn'troul]
machinery =
apparatus
[m'i:nri]
b my
[,p'reits]
protect = defend
[pr'tekt] [di'fend]
bo v
Military Tribunals
['militri] [trai'bju:nl]
the term of office

= the tenure of
office
/ / [t:m][v] ['fis]
Ta n qun s, Ta n
binh
nhim k
/ /['tenju]
To obey the rules
['bei]/ /['ru:l]
tun th php lut
Faithful (a)
/faithfulness (n):
['feifuli]
trung thnh
settle = deal with
['setl]
['feifulnis]
gii quyt
[di:l][wi]
socialist legality
['soulist] [li:'gliti]
php ch x hi ch ngha
socialist regime
['soulist] [rei'i:m;
ch x hi ch ngha
'rei:m]
collective
[k'lektiv]
tp th
dignity
['digniti]
chn gi tr, nhn phm
- 157 -

New words
observance
[b'zvns]
s tun th
Defendant
[di'fendnt]
b co
Offence
['fens]
vi phm
Dispute
[dis'pju:t]
tranh chp
Judge
['dd]
thm phn
peoples assessor
hi thm nhn dn
['pi:pl] ['ses]
xt x cng khai
to hold its
hearings in public
[hould] [its] ['hiri]
Collegially (adv)
[k'li:djnli]
thuc cc cp
the will of the

majority
[m'driti]
ch ca a s
ethnic minorities
['enik] [mai'nriti]
dn tc thiu s
systems of writing
['sistm] [v, v]
h thng ch vit
[in] ['pblik]
['raiti]
['ju:nit] cc n v v trang nhn
dn
peoples armed
units
['pi:pl] [:md]
public prosecution
['pblik][,prsi'kju:n]
The Heads of
Inferior Offices
/ / [hed][v]
The Heads of
Superior Offices
/ / [hed][v]
To release from
duty
[in'firi] ['fis]
[su:'piri]['fis]
[ri'li:s] [frm]['dju:ti]
- 158 -
cng t
Vin trng Vin Kim st
cp di
Vin trng Vin Kim st
cp trn
min nhim

New words
Dismiss (v)
[dis'mis]
cch chc, sa thi
To be in session
['sen]
ang trong k hp
Interpellation
[in,t:pe'lein]
cht vn
law enforcement
[l:] [in'f:smnt]
chp hnh lut php
to be on an equal
footing with sb
to conform to
['i:kwl] ['futi]
c v tr tng ng vi ai
[kn'f:m] [tu:, tu, t]
ph hp vi
to be subject to
['sbdikt]
ty thuc vo, ph thuc

vo
to make reports to
sb on sth
[meik] [ri'p:t]
bo co cho ai v vn
g
to be responsible
for
[ri'spnsbl]
chu trch nhim v
adjudicate (v)
['du:dikeit]
xt x
criminal case
['kriminl][keis]
n hnh s
civil case
['sivl] [keis]
n dn s
o c x hi
social conduct
['soul] ['kndkt]
hi thm
juror (n)
['dur]
thuc hnh s
penal (a)
['pi:nl]
trch nhim php l
Liability (n)
[,lai'biliti]
iu khon lut
law provision
- 159 -

New words
[l:] [pr'vin]

regardless (adv)
[ri'g:dlis]
bt chp, khng m xa ti,

khng ch ti
aptitude (n)
['ptitju:d]
kh nng hoc k nng t nhin;

nng khiu
hunch (n)
['hnt]
linh cm
marshal (v)
['m:l]
sp t vo hng ng; sp xp
theo th t, a dn
subordinate (n)
[s'b:dint]
ngi cp di; ngi di

quyn; thuc cp
well-rounded (adj)
['wel'raundid]
trn tra, trn trnh mt cch d

thng; rng v a dng
impersonal (adj)
[im'p:snl]
khng lin quan n ring ai,

khng ni v ring ai, khng m
ch ring ai; bng qu
impersonality
v nhn xng
- 160 -

entrepreneur (n)
[,ntrpr'n:]
New words
- ngi ch hng bun; nh
doanh nghip
- ngi trung gian trong cc cng
vic kinh doanh ca ngi khc;
ngi thu khon
alert (adj)
cnh gic; lanh li
['l:t]
( alert to something)
unconventional (adj)
[,nkn'vennl khng theo quy c, tri vi

thng l, tri vi thi thng, c
stem (n-v)
[stem]
- thn cy
- xut pht t, ny sinh t, bt
( + from something)
ngun t, l ngun gc ca, l

nguyn nhn ca
thc th, s tn ti
entity (n)
['entiti]
psychology (n)
[sai'kldi]
- 161 -
tm l (ca mt ngi..),

New words
tm l hc
proponent (adj - n)
[pr'pounnt]
- ngh, xut, xng

- ngi ngh, ngi xut,
ngi xng
philosophy (n)
[fi'lsfi]
trit hc; trit l
scalar (adj - n)
['skeil]
(ton hc) v hng
illumination (n)
[i,lu:mi'nein]
s chiu sng, s ri sng, s soi

sng
anthropology (n)
[,nr'pldi
nhn chng hc
]
universal (adj)
[,ju:ni'v:sl]
(thuc) v tr/th gii/vn vt;

ph thng; ph qut; ph bin;
chung
evolution (n)
,i:v'lu:n]
- s tin trin (tnh hnh...)

- s tin ho, s pht trin
movement (n)
['mu:vmnt]
s vn ng; s c ng;
phong tro
- 162 -

confront (n-v) ( to
[kn'frnt]
New words
lm cho ai phi ng u hoc
confront somebody
coi ai/ci g l khng d chu, kh
with somebody /
khn; ng u
something)
time and motion study
'taimn'moun' s nghin cu cc thao tc (

tng nng sut)
stdi]
['taim,stdi]
emerge (v)
[i'm:d]
ni ln, hin ra, li ra

(ngha bng) ni bt ln, r nt
ln; ni ln, ny ra (vn ...)
failure (n
s khng thc hin, s thiu kh
['feilj]
nng, s tht bi, c gng khng

thnh cng
era (n)
['ir]
thi i, k nguyn
evolve (v)
[i'vlv]
m ra, tin trin; tin ho

v mt; di dng
in term of (idm)
- 163 -

New words
fatigue (n)
f'ti:g]
s mt mi, s mt nhc
layout (n)
'leiaut]
cch b tr, cch trnh by; s sp

t, s b tr, maket
impetus (n)
['impits]
sc x ti, sc y ti, s thc

y
command (v-n
[k'm:nd]
lnh, mnh lnh, ch huy, iu

khin
comprise
[km'praiz]
gm c, bao gm
geologist (n)
[di'ldist]
nh a cht
proponent (n)
pr'pounnt]
ngh, xut, xng, ngi

ngh, ngi xut, ngi
xng
proper atmosphere
bu khng kh thch ng
academic community
Cng ng gii hc gi
isolated (adj)
['aisleitid]
ring bit,c nht, c n, bit

lp
output (n)
lng hng ho do mt ci my
['autput]
hoc mt cng nhn... sn xut ra;
- 164 -

New words
sn lng
u ra
quantitative (adj)
['kwntittiv]
s lng,bin i v lng
nh lng
khong s lng,bin i v
nonquantitative (adj)
lng,nh lng
approach (n)
['prout]
cch tip cn, phng php
observe (v)
['bz:v]
quan st, theo d i
['verifai]
thm tra, kim li, xc minh, xc
observable (adj)
verify (v)
nhn (s ng vc..)
verifiable (adj)
norm (n)
quy tc, quy phm, tiu chun
[n:m]
ch tiu
motivation (n)
[,mouti'vein]
s thc y, ng c thc y
manner (n)
['mn]
cch, li, thi, kiu
- 165 -

premonition (n)
New words
s bo trc, s cm thy trc;
[,pri:m'nin]
linh cm, im bo trc
subjective (adj)
[sb'dektiv]
ch quan
objective (adj)
[b'dektiv]
khch quan
application (n)
[,pli'kein]
s gn vo, s dng, s p dng,

s ng dng
interaction (n)
s nh hng ln nhau, s tng
,intr'kn]
tc

governor (n)
/'gvn/
k thng tr
Thng c
governing
bodies
civil
(n)
/'bodi/
Cng chc
servant
expertise (n)
Cc c quan cai tr
/,eksp'ti:z/
s thnh tho, s tinh thng

ti chuyn mn; kin v mt chuyn mn
administrative
structure (n)
/'strkt/
c cu hnh chnh
- 166 -

disciplines (n)
/'disiplin/
New words
mn hc, ngnh hc
thuc x hi
societal (a)
reform (n)
[ri'f:m]
s sa i, s ci cch
classic (a)
['klsik]
kinh in, c in
medieval (a)
[,medi'i:vl]
(thuc) thi Trung c
enlightened (a)
[in'laitnd]
scholar (n)
['skl]
c khai sng
ngi nghin cu su mt ti hc thut;
nh nghin cu; hc gi
subsequent (a)
['sbsikwnt]
n sau, theo sau, xy ra sau
generation (n)
[,den'rein]
th h, i
tribal (a)
['traibl]
thuc v b lc
imperial (a)
[im'piril]
(thuc) hong
(thuc) quc
colonial (a)
[k'lounjl]
thuc a; thc dn
debate (n, v)
[di'beit]
cuc tranh lun, cuc tho lun, cuc tranh

ci
dichotomy (n)
[di'ktmi]
s tch thnh hai hoc gia hai nhm hoc

vt khc nhau v i lp nhau, s lng phn
planning (n)
['plni]
s lp k hoch (cho ci g)
organizing (n)
[':gnaizi]
vic t chc
staffing (n)
[st:fi]
nh bin, xc nh nhn s
directing (n)
[di'rekti
vic ch o
- 167 -

New words
dai'rekti]
[kou':dineiti]
vic phi hp
reporting (n)
[ri'p:ti]
bo co
budgeting (n)
['bditi]
vic lp ngn sch
contender (n)
[kn'tend]
i th, ch th
discretion (n)
[dis'kren]
s t do lm theo mnh
coordinating
(n)
s thn trng; s suy xt chn chn

interaction (n)
[,intr'kn]
s nh hng ln nhau, s tc ng vi nhau,

s tng tc
predecessor (n)
['pri:dises(r)]
ngi gi mt chc v hoc cng v trc

ngi no khc; ngi tin nhim
ineffective (a)
[,ini'fektiv]
khng c hiu qu
inefficient (a)
[,ini'fint]
thiu kh nng, , bt ti
khng c hiu qu
Agreement
(n)
Autonomy (n)
['gri:mnt]
Tha thun, giao ko
[:'tnmi]
S t ch
Achieve
['ti:v] (v)
Dnh c
Allocate (v)
['lkeit]
Phn phi, cp cho

- 168 -

New words
Anonymity (n) [,n'nimiti]
Tnh trng nc danh
Approach (n,v) ['prout]
n gn
Component (n,
adj)
Contrast n,v)
[km'pounnt]
Hp thnh
['kntrst](
Tng phn
Contractualism [kn'trktjulizam]
(adj)
Convergence
[kn'v:dns]
(n)
Deal (n, v)
[di:l]
Ch ngha giao ko
S hi t
Tha thun
Emerge (v)
[i'm:d]
Hin ra, ni ln
Enforce (v)
[in'f:s]
Buc tun theo
Executive (adj,
n)
Explicitly
(adv)
Entrepreneur
(n)
Equilibrium (n)
[ig'zekjutiv]
Hnh php
[iks'plisit]
R rng, dt khot
[,ntrpr'n:]
Doanh nghip
[,i:kwi'librim]
Thng bng, trng thi cn bng
Generic (adj)
[di'nerik]
C c im chung
Haulage (n)
['h:lid]
S ko, s chuyn ch
Imply (v)
[im'plai]
Ng
Interventionist [,int'vennist]
(n, adj)
Municipal (adj) [mju:'nisipl]
Ngi can thip
Mechanism (n) ['meknizm]
C ch, my mc
Observe (v)
['bz:v]
Outcome (n)
['autkm]
Thuc a phng
Quan st
Hiu qu
- 169 -

Output (n)
New words
Kt qu (sn lng)
['autput]
Orthodoxy (n) [':dksi]
Tnh cht chnh thng
Purchase (n,v)
['p:ts]
Mua sm
Privatization
(n)
Paradigm (n)
[,praivitai'zein]
T nhn ha
['prdaim]
M hnh
Punish (v)
['pni]
Pht
Responsibility
(n)
[ri,spns'bilti]
Trch nhim
Robust (adj)
[rou'bst]
C sc mnh
Recession (n)
[ri'sen]
Suy thoi
Reward (n,v)
[ri'w:d]
Thng
Revolt (n, v)
[ri'voult]
Ni lon
Receptiveness
(n)
Representative
(adj)
Tenure (n)
[ri'septivnis]
Tip thu
[,repri'zenttiv]
i din
['tenju]
Chim gi
Spread (v)
[spred]
Ph bin, truyn b
Unbiased (adj)
[,n'baist]
Khng thin v

Appropriate
(adj)
Ascribe (v)
['prouprit]
Thch hp
[s'kraib]
Gn cho
- 170 -

New words
Attempt (n,v)
['tempt]
C gng
Authority n)
[:'riti]
Uy quyn
Articulate(adj,v)
[:'tikjulit]
n ni lu lot
Bipolar (adj)
[bai'poul]
Lng cc
Challenge (v,n)
['tlind]
Thch thc
Consider (v)
[kn'sid]
Cn nhc
Derive (v)
[di'raiv]
Xut pht t, chuyn ha t
Demonstrate (v) ['demnstreit]
Chng minh, chng t
Distinction (n)
[dis'tikn]
Nt c do, khc bit
Discipline (n,v)
[dis'tikn]
K lut, rn luyn
Emulate (v)
['emjuleit]
Ganh ua
Goodwill (n)
[gud'wil]
Thin ch
Influence (v)
['influns]
nh hng
Imitate (v)
['imiteit]
Bt chc
Intrinsic (adj)
[in'trinsik]
Thc cht
Innovate (v)
['inouveit]
i mi
Inspire (v)
[in'spai]
Truyn cm hng
Interchangeable
(adj)
[,int'teindbl]
C th thay th
Manifest
(n,adj,v)
['mnifest]
R rng, hin nhin
Morale (n)
[m'r:l
Tinh thn, nhu kh

- 171 -

New words
Niche (n,v)
[nit]
Ch thch hp
Leadership (n)
['li:dip]
Lnh o
Occur (v)
['k:(r)]
Xut hin
Originate (v)
['ridineit]
To ra, sng ch
Paramount
(adj,n)
['prmaunt]
Ti cao
nh cao
Perspective
(adj,n)
[p'spektiv]
Vin cnh, phi cnh
Phenomenon
(n)
[f'nminn]
Hin tng
Possess (v)
[p'zes]
Chim hu
Prove (v)
[pru:v]
Chng t
Purely (adv)
['pjuli]
Hon ton
Reciprocal (adj) [ri'siprkl]
Tng h
Revenue (n)
['revnju:]
Thu nhp
Synonymous
(adj)
Sustain (v)
[si'nnims]
ng ngha
[s'stein]
Ko di, bn vng
Subordinate (n)
[s'b:dint]
Cp di
Vice-versa
(adv)
[,vais'v:s]
Ngc li

- 172 -

decentralisation
[di:,sentrlai'zein]
(n)
personnel (n)
[,p:s'nel]
New words
(chnh tr) s phn quyn; phi

tp trung ha
(dng vi ng t s nhiu)
ngi c tuyn dng vo
mt trong cc lc lng v
trang, mt cng ty hay mt
cng s; cn b nhn vin
trong mt bin ch, nhn vin,
cng chc
nhn s
regulatory (a)
['regjuleitri]
quy nh
lp quy
realm (n)
[relm]
vng quc
(ngha bng) lnh vc, a ht
agent (n)
['eidnt]
ngi hot ng cho mt

doanh nghip hoc qun l
cng vic ca ngi khc
trong mt doanh nghip; i l
access (n)
['kses]
( access to something) phng

tin n gn hoc i vo ni
no ; ng vo
( access to something /
somebody) c hi/quyn s
dng ci g; s n gn ai
(tin hc) s truy cp (thng
tin)
ngoi ng t
(tin hc) truy cp
capacity (n)
[k'psiti]
nng lc
kh nng cha ng ci g;
sc cha
- 173 -

New words
kh nng sn xut ci g; cng
sut
( capacity for something) kh
nng to ra, tri qua, hiu, hc
ci g
blueprint (n)
['blu:print]
bn thit k nh, c nhng

ng v mu trng trn nn
giy xanh
k hoch chi tit
revenue (n)
['revnju:]
thu nhp (nht l tng s thu

nhp hng nm ca Nha nc
t thu)
( (thng) s nhiu) li tc,
hoa li (ca c nhn)
( s nhiu) tng thu nhp
expenditure (n)
[iks'pendit]
s tiu dng
s lng tiu dng; mn tin
tiu i; ph tn
chi ph
paradigm (n)
['prdaim]
feedback (n)
['fi:dbk]
thng tin phn hi; kin

phn hi
responsive (a)
[ri'spnsiv]
p ng nhit tnh;
mu, m hnh, kiu
phn ng nhanh
privatisation (n)
[,praivitai'zein]
s t nhn ho, s t hu
ho
adhere to
do
something
[d'hi]
dnh cht vo, bm cht vo
embark (v)
[im'b:k]
tn trng trit ; trung thnh

vi, gn b vi; gi vng
( in, upon) lao vo, dn
mnh vo, bt tay vo (cng
vic g...)
- 174 -

accomplish (v)
New words
['kmpli]
hon thnh, lm xong, lm

trn
to accomplish one's task
hon thnh nhim v
to accomplish one's promise
lm trn li ha
thc hin, t ti (mc ch...)
pursue (v)
[p'sju:]
ui theo, ui bt, truy n,

truy kch
(tip tc) bn rn vi ci g;
tip tc; eo ui
pursuit (n)
[p'sju:t]
( pursuit of something) hnh

ng tip tc theo ui
ci m ngi ta dnh thi gi,
ngh lc cho n; ngh nghip
hoc hot ng
objective (n)
[b'dektiv]
deliver (v)
mc tiu, mc ch
( to deliver something to
somebody / something) phn pht;
giao
[di'liv]
thc hin (mt mc thnh tu

no )
(thuc s) sng; cn cho s sng
( vital to / for something) sng
cn, quan trng (cn thit cho s
tn ti, s thnh cng.
vital (a)
['vaitl]
orderly (a)
[':dli]
th t, ngn np, gn gng

phc tng k lut
- 175 -

foster (v)
['fst]
New words
gip cho s trng thnh hoc
s pht trin ca ci g; khuyn
khch hoc tng cng; thc y;
c v
chm sc v nui dng (mt a
b khng phi l con ca
mnh); nhn lm con nui
participation (n)
performance (n)
eradicate (v)
[p:,tisi'pein]
[p'f:mns]
[i'rdikeit]
( participation in something) s
tham gia, s tham d
s lm; s thc hin; s thi hnh
(lnh...); s c hnh (l...)
nh r
tr tit
marginalized (a)
prominent (a)
['ma:dinlaiz]
['prminnt]
cch ly ra khi nhp iu pht trin

x hi
li ln; nh ln
d thy; ni bt
xut chng; li lc
s minh bch
transparency (n)
[trns'prnsi]
guarantee (n)
[,grn'ti:]
(php l) s bo m, s cam
oan; s bo lnh, s bo hnh
ngoi ng t
ha chc chn, cam oan, bo
m
stakeholder (n)
['steik,hould]
integrate (v)
['intigreit]
bn lin quan
( to integrate something into
something, to integrate A and B /
A with B) kt hp ci g n
hon ton tr thnh mt b phn
ca mt ci khc; hp nht; ho
- 176 -

New words
nhp
( to integrate somebody into
something / with something) lm
cho ai hon ton tr thnh mt
thnh vin ca cng ng no ,
ch khng trong mt nhm tch
bit na (nht l v chng tc);
ho nhp; hi nhp
ho nhp; hi nhp (vo mt
cng ng, x hi...)
embrace (n)
[im'breis]
s m, ci m
ngoi ng t
m, m cht, gh cht
nm ly (thi c...)
i theo (ng li, ng phi, s
nghip...)
drawback (n)
['dr:bk]
iu tr ngi, mt hn ch, mt
khng thun li
initiative (n)
[i'nitiv]
hnh ng nhm gii quyt mt

kh khn; sng kin
oversight (n)
['ouvsait]
s gim st, s gim th
component (a)
[km'pounnt]
hp thnh, cu thnh
thnh phn, phn hp thnh
bc chn i
footstep
['futstep]
ting chn i
du chn, vt chn
to follow in somebody's footsteps
lm theo ai, theo gng ai
- 177 -

New words
bureaucrat
['bjurkrt]
quan chc lm vic trong c quan

nh nc, nht l ngi theo d i
cng vic hnh chnh thng ngy
v cc quy tc ca c quan mt
cch cht ch; vin chc; ngi
quan liu
gateway
['geitwei]
cng ra vo
ca ng
- 178 -

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ACADEMY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Dr. Nguyen Khac Hung, MA Nguyen Thi Van (Eds)

The Socialist Republic

The Legislature of the

The Legislature of the

The Executive in the

The Executive in the

The judiciary in the

Academy of Public Administration

Academy of Public Administration

Academy of Public Administration

Academy of Public Administration

meeting of National Assembly

The People Committees meeting

running general election

Academy of Public Administration

TEXTS AND PRACTICE

Activity 4. Pre-reading of Text 1

Apparent: Easy to see or understand

Academy of Public Administration

Activity 5. Reading of text 1

Academy of Public Administration

What are the two original meanings of to administer?

a. Determining the basic

b. The way in which the

c. People employed to work

d. Someone who teaches or

e. Services provided by the

f. Someone who works in a

7. Public employees g. An election in which

Academy of Public Administration

i. The part of state whose

j. The power to issue bylaws

k. The machinery of people

l. Legal documents to guide

Activity 7. Reading of text 2

Academy of Public Administration

whether the practice of public administration is more art or science; it is

Academy of Public Administration

----- 4. Public administration is also a profession.

Activity 9. Answer the questions

Academy of Public Administration

b. Use the continuous for a

Academy of Public Administration

Academy of Public Administration

10. I ................ of a position as a politician at the moment. (think)

Academy of Public Administration

1. Quyn hnh php bao gm quyn hnh chnh v quyn lp quy.

Academy of Public Administration

1 - It is a power named Administrative Power. This is an important component

Academy of Public Administration

Public Administration is a component of the state machinery, involved in the

Academy of Public Administration

3. The dictionary is not so big but it is very ............... (INFORMATION)

4. Burning coal is an ................ way of heating a house. Gas is much cheaper.

5. There is a lot of ........................ this morning as work began on the new

7. The state has passed an ................... on environmental protection. (ACT)

Academy of Public Administration

8. The government is expected to take ..................... against the drug trafficking.

9. A successful business needs good ................................. (ORGANIZE)

10. Too many vehicles may ................................ the traffic. (ORGANIZE)

Exercise 6. Right or wrong?

National Academy of Public Administration