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Introduction
In Lecture 2, we have emphasised molecular diffusion in stagnant fluids or fluids in laminar flow (fluids flow in streamlines).
In many cases the rate of diffusion is slow, and more rapid transfer is desired. Thus the fluid velocity is increased until turbulent / convective mass transfer occurs.
Mass transfer occurring under the influence of motion in a fluid medium is called convective mass transfer.
Since our understanding of turbulent flow is incomplete, we attempt to write the equations similar to that for molecular diffusion.
J
Molecular diffusivity (m2/s) Mass eddy diffusivity (m2/s)
dc A = (DAB + M ) dz
(1)
DAB + M (c A1 c A2 ) J A1 = z 2 z1
M where
M is used since
is a variable
J * A1 = k 'c (c A1 c A2 )
dx A N A = c(DAB + M ) + x A (N A + N B ) dz
N A = k 'c (c A1 c A 2 )
where
DAB + M k 'c = z 2 z1
( with = z2 z1 ; pBM =
The experimental data for mass transfer coefficients obtained using various kinds of fluids, different velocities, and different geometries are correlated using dimensionless numbers.
Dynamically similar systems will have equal dimensionless numbers. This dynamic similarity is an important requirement in the scaleup of chemical process equipment and in the design of ships and airplanes.
Colburn factor, jD
Grashof number, Gr
Lewis number, Le
For many years mass transfer coefficients which were based primarily on empirical correlations, have been used in the design of process equipment.
Some theories of convective mass transfer will be presented next to see how they can be used to extend empirical correlations.
Film Theory
Penetration Theory
Boundary-layer Theory
Surface-renewal Theories
Basic assumptions:
Time of exposure is too short and constant for all the eddies; No possibility of formation of concentration gradient; Liquid particle is subjected to unsteady state diffusion; hence,
N A , ave = 2 (C Ai
D AB C A0 ) t
DAB kL,av = t
kL,av is proportional to (DAB)0.5 for different solutes under the same circumstances. The range of exponents on D varies from 0 to 0.8 or 0.9
In reality, all eddies are exposed for varying lengths of time. If S is the fractional rate of replacement of the elements, then
N A , ave = ( C Ai C A 0 ) D AB S
kl is proportional to (DAB)0.5
for all
k l ,ave =
D AB S coth
SZ b2 D AB
Case i) For rapid penetration & rate of surface renewal is small, k follows Film Theory Case ii) For slow penetration & rapid surface renewal, k follows surface renewal Theory
In turbulent flow
Three transport laws to relate heat transfer coefficient and the mass transfer coefficient to the friction factor:
End of Lecture 3