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Published by the Microgeneration Certification Scheme (MCS), 10 Fenchurch Street, London EC3M 3BE Website www.microgenerationcertification.org Hard copy distributed by the Electrical Contractors Association (ECA), ESCA House, 34 Palace Court, London W2 4HY Website www.eca.co.uk 2012 MCS as copyright owners assert their moral rights to be recognised as authors of this work with support and assistance from the MCS Solar PV Technical Working Group. Limited licence is given to reproduce images, text and graphics in any medium wholly or in part for information or research only on condition that the copyright is acknowledged and that reproduction is made without charge to any recipient. First published: 2012 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library: ISBN 978-0-9574827-0-8 Hard Copy ISBN 978-0-9574827-1-5 Electronic PDF Typeset, printed and bound in Great Britain by Reliance Press, Catton Road, Arnold, Nottingham. Disclaimer This publication is intended to provide general guidance only. It relates only to the laws of England and Wales and of Scotland but does not purport to be comprehensive or to give specific legal advice. Although MCS has endeavoured to ensure that the content of this publication is accurate and up to date, users should always seek specific advice before taking or refraining from any action including making use of any source materials quoted. All other trademarks, collective marks, certification marks or copyrighted items not owned by MCS that appear in this publication are the property of their respective owners, who may or may not be affiliated with, connected to, or sponsored by MCS. The ECA logo is a registered collective mark and owned by the Electrical Contractors Association. MCS does not accept any liability, including liability for negligence, for the content of this publication nor for the content of any websites or documents written by 3rd parties referenced in this publication.
The Microgeneration Certification Scheme (MCS) is an industry led certification scheme for microgeneration products and installation services. Supported by the Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC), MCS seeks to build consumer confidence and support the development of robust industry standards. It provides confidence in the marketplace and wholly supports government policy within the microgeneration sector. With support from industry and key stakeholders, MCS has established a number of installation standards and scheme documents for a range of microgeneration technologies. These standards and documents have helped to shape the microgeneration sector, and ensure best practice for the installation and quality of these renewable technology systems. MCS is pleased to have worked to develop this new guide for the installation of solar photovoltaic systems. We would like to thank the members of the MCS solar photovoltaic technical working group for their time and effort in the significant updates to this new solar photovoltaic installation guide. For further information about MCS, please visit www.microgenerationcertification.org.
MCS is grateful for the work from the Electrical Contractors Association (ECA). ECA is recognised as one of the leading trade associations for the electrotechnical sector, and has assisted with typesetting and distributing the hard copy of this co-branded guide, whilst also assisting with technical input throughout. The ECA has been a Trade Association for nearly 110 years and has been a contributor to a wide number of technical documents within the sector, the Guide to the installation of Photovoltaic Systems is just one of these. For further information about ECA please visit www.eca.co.uk
Further Acknowledgements
MCS would like to acknowledge the work undertaken by the members of the MCS solar photovoltaic technical working group to develop this guide with particular thanks to the following organisations: Sundog Energy Ltd. and GTEC Training Ltd. Special thanks are also given to the leaders of the editorial team, Martin Cotterell and Griff Thomas.
Martin Cotterell
Martin Cotterell is one of the UKs foremost experts in the installation of solar PV systems and has played a central role in establishing and improving industry standards in the UK and internationally. Martin was a major author of both previous versions of this guide, has worked on grid connection standards for renewable generators and, as well as sitting on various MCS and other UK technical committees, he co-chairs the international IEC solar PV installation standards working group. Martin has considerable practical experience of PV system installation he founded Sundog Energy in 1995, since when it has grown to be one of the UKs leading PV companies.
Griff Thomas
Griff Thomas has worked in the renewable technology sector for over 10 years. Formerly a mechanical and electrical contractor Griff brings a wealth of understanding as to how standards affect the everyday installation work of contractors. More recently Griff has worked in a number of roles across the industry on a variety of standards and technical documents. Griff also attends many technical committees in his role as the technical manager of ECA Certification for the Microgeneration Certification Scheme. Particular thanks also goes to Steve Pester, Principal Consultant in BRE, for his work in developing the performance calculation methodology.
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Design Part 3 a.c. System a.c. Cabling RCD Protection a.c. Isolation and Switching Inverters a.c. Cable Protection Metering Design Part 4 Design Approval DNO Approval (grid connected systems) Planning Permission Building Regulations SYSTEM PERFORMANCE Array Orientation and Inclination Shade Effects Geographical Location Temperature Effects Other Factors Daily and Annual Variation Photovoltaic Performance Estimation Site Evaluation Standard Estimation Method kWp of Array (kWp) Postcode Zone Orientation Inclination Shade Factor (SF) Documentation Additional Estimates INSTALLATION/SITEWORK General PV Specific Hazards d.c. Circuits - Installation Personnel Sequence of Works Live Working Shock Hazard (safe working practices) Array Mounting Load Calculations Fixing Calculations
44 44 44 47 47 49 49 50 50 51 51 55 55 55 55 57 57 57 58 58 59 59 59 62 62 62 66 66 67 67 67 68 68 68 69 69 70 70 71
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Building Structure Calculations PV Roofing and Cladding Works MCS Pitched Roof System Requirements Standing Seam and Other Metal Roofs SIGNS AND LABELS INSPECTION, TESTING AND COMMISSIONING REQUIREMENTS Inspection and Testing a.c. Side Inspection and Testing d.c. Side (PV Array) Engineering Recommendation (ER) G83 and G59 Requirements HANDOVER & DOCUMENTATION Annex A - Battery Systems A1 PV Array Charge Controller A2 Battery Over Current Protection A3 Battery Disconnection A4 Cables in Battery Systems A5 PV String Cable and Fuse Ratings A6 Battery Selection and Sizing A7 Battery Installation/Labelling Annex B - Simplified Method for Determining Peak Wind Loads Annex C PV Array Test Report Annex C Electrical Installation Certificate Annex C Schedule of Inspections Annex C Schedule of Test Results Annex D Abbreviated KWh/kWp (Kk) Tables Further Reading
71 73 75 76 76 78 78 78 79 80 81 81 82 82 83 83 83 84 86 90 91 93 94 95 121
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1.4 Safety
From the outset, the designer and installer of a PV system must consider the potential hazards carefully, and systematically devise methods to minimise the risks. This will include both mitigating potential hazards present during and after the installation phase. The long-term safety of the system can be achieved only by ensuring that the system and components are correctly designed and specified from the outset, followed by correct installation, operation and maintenance of the system. Consideration of operation under both normal and fault conditions is essential in the design stage to ensure the required level of safety. This aspect is covered in the DESIGN section of this guide. It is then important to ensure that the long-term safety of the system is not compromised by a poor installation or subsequent poor maintenance. Much of this comes down to the quality of the installation and system inspection and testing regime. This is covered in the installation section of this guide. Similarly, much can be done during the planning and design stage to ensure that the installation is safe for the installers. In some circumstances the application of the CDM regulations will be required. All key safety issues affecting the design and installation process are discussed in the guide. The main safety issues are: The supply from PV modules cannot be switched off, so special precautions should be made to ensure that live parts are either not accessible or cannot be touched during installation, use and maintenance. PV modules are current-limiting devices, which require a non-standard approach when designing fault protection systems, as fuses are not likely to operate under short-circuit conditions. PV systems include d.c. wiring, with which few electrical installers are familiar. The installation of PV systems presents a unique combination of hazards due to risk of electric shock, falling and simultaneous manual handling difficulty. All of these hazards are encountered as a matter of course on a building site, but rarely all at once. While roofers may be accustomed to minimising risks of falling or injury due to manual handling problems, they may not be used to dealing with the risk of electric shock. Similarly, electricians would be familiar with electric shock hazards but not with handling large objects at heights.
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G83 protection incorporated into the inverter d.c. isolator may be incorporated into the inverter
d.c. isolator
0 1
Inverter
a.c. isolator
Display unit
data
00123 kW 0123 kWh 0123 CO
Installation on roof
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0123kWh
Generation meter
Utility meter
DNO supply
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d.c. isolator
0 1
a.c. isolator
d.c. disconnect
0 1
Inverter
a.c. isolator
d.c. disconnect
0 1
Inverter
a.c. isolator
Installation on roof
data
Two PV strings for each inverter Three inverters (split across three-phase supply) Connected via G59/1 relay protection to 3 phase MCB in main distribution unit
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PV distribution board
LABEL + SCHEMATIC
Optional additional G59 protection / relay only required where stipulated by the D.N.O.
0123kWh
Generation meter
LABEL
LABEL + SCHEMATIC
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1.7 Definitions
a.c. Side Part of a PV installation from the a.c. terminals of the PV inverter to the point of connection of the PV supply cable to the electrical installation d.c. Side Part of a PV installation from a PV cell to the d.c. terminals of the PV inverter Distribution Network Operator (DNO) The organisation that owns or operates a Distribution Network and is responsible for confirming requirements for the connection of generating units to that Network Earthing Connection of the exposed-conductive-parts of an installation to the main earthing terminal of that installation Electricity Network An electrical system supplied by one or more sources of voltage and comprising all the conductors and other electrical and associated equipment used to conduct electricity for the purposes of conveying energy to one or more Customers installations, street electrical fixtures, or other Networks Equipotential Zone Where exposed-conductive parts and extraneous-conductive parts are maintained at substantially the same voltage Exposed-Conductive-Part Conductive part of equipment which can be touched and which is not normally live, but which can become live when basic insulation fails Extraneous-Conductive-Part A conductive part liable to introduce a potential, generally Earth potential, and not forming part of the electrical system Isc (stc) Short-Circuit Current Short-circuit current of a PV module, PV string, PV array or PV generator under standard test conditions
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Islanding Any situation where a section of electricity Network, containing generation, becomes physically disconnected from the DNOs distribution Network or Users distribution Network; and one or more generators maintains a supply of electrical energy to that isolated Network Isolating Transformer Transformer where the input & output windings are electrically separated by double or reinforced insulation Isolation A function intended to cut off for reasons of safety the supply from all, or a discrete section, of the installation by separating the installation or section from every source of electrical energy Isolator A mechanical switching device which, in the open position, complies with the requirements specified for the isolating function. An isolator is otherwise known as a disconnector Lightning Protection A means of applying protective measures to afford protection to persons, property and livestock against the effects of a lightning strike PME Protective Multiple Earthing An earthing arrangement, found in TN-C-S systems, in which the supply neutral conductor is used to connect the earthing conductor of an installation with Earth, in accordance with the Electrical Safety, Quality and Continuity Regulations 2002 Protective Equipotential Bonding - (also referred to as Equipotential Bonding) Electrical connection maintaining various exposed-conductive-parts and extraneous-conductiveparts at substantially the same potential PV a.c. Module Integrated module/convertor assembly where the electrical interface terminals are a.c. only. No access is provided to the d.c. side PV Array Mechanically and electrically integrated assembly of PV modules, and other necessary components, to form a d.c. power supply unit PV Array Cable Output cable of a PV array
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PV Array Junction Box Enclosure where all PV strings of any PV array are electrically connected and where protection devices can be located PV String A number of PV modules are connected in series to generate the required output voltage PV Cell Basic PV device which can generate electricity when exposed to light such as solar radiation PV Charge Controller A device that provides the interface between the PV array and a battery PV d.c. Main Cable Cable connecting the PV array junction box to the d.c. terminals of the PV convertor PV Grid-Connected System A PV generator operating in parallel with the existing electricity network PV Installation Erected equipment of a PV power supply system PV Inverter (also known a PV Convertor) Device which converts d.c. voltage and d.c. current into a.c. voltage and a.c. current PV Kilowatts Peak (kWp) Unit for defining the rating of a PV module where kWp = watts generated at stc PV Module Maximum Series Fuse A value provided by the module manufacturer on the module nameplate & datasheet (a requirement of IEC61730-2) PV Module Smallest completely environmentally protected assembly of interconnected PV cells PV MPP Tracker (MPPT) A component of the d.c. input side of an inverter designed to maximise the input from the array by tracking voltage and current
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PV Self-Cleaning The cleaning effect from rain, hail etc. on PV arrays which are sufficiently steeply inclined PV String Cable Cable connecting PV modules to form a PV string PV String Fuse A fuse for an individual PV string PV Supply Cable Cable connecting the AC terminals of the PV convertor to a distribution circuit of the electrical installation PV Standard Test Conditions (stc) Test conditions specified for PV cells and modules (25C, light intensity 1000W/m2, air mass 1.5) Voc Open circuit d.c. voltage
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2 DESIGN 2.1 Design Part 1 d.c. System 2.1.1 PV Modules 2.1.1.1 Standard Modules
Modules must comply with the following international standards: IEC 61215 in the case of crystalline types IEC 61646 in the case of thin film types IEC 61730 - Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification Modules must also carry a CE mark The use of Class II modules is generally recommended, and strongly recommended for array opencircuit voltages of greater than 120 V. For an installation to comply with the requirements of MCS - modules must be certificated and listed on the MCS product database
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Purpose designed PV cables are readily available and it is expected that all installations would use such cables. An IEC PV cable standard is under development and it is expected cables in compliance with this standard will be required once it is issued. In the interim, it is recommended that cables should comply with UL 4703, or TUV 2 Pfg 1169 08.2007. Cables routed behind a PV array must be rated for a temperature range of at least of -15C to 80C. Cables must be selected and installed so as to minimise the risk of earth faults and short-circuits. This can be achieved by reinforcing the protection of the wiring either through:
b) Single conductor cable suitably mechanically protected conduit/trunking. Alternatively a single core SWA cable may be a suitable mechanically robust solution.
_ + _ +
Fig 3b
c) Multi core Steel Wire Armoured SWA. Typically only suitable for main d.c. cable between a PV array junction box and inverter position, due to termination difficulties between SWA and the plug and socket arrangements pre-fitted to modules.
_ +
Fig 3c
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External cables should be UV stable and water resistant. Where cables are likely to be subjected external movement, i.e. those mounted immediately behind the array, it is recommended that they be flexible (multi-stranded) to allow for thermal/wind movement of arrays/modules. Because PV array cables almost exclusively rely on double or reinforced insulation as their means of shock protection they should not be buried in walls or otherwise hidden in the building structure as mechanical damage would be very difficult to detect and may lead to increase instances of shock and fire risk. Where this cannot be avoided conductors should be suitably protected from mechanical damage, suitable methods may include the use of metallic trunking or conduit or the use of steel wire armoured cable in accordance with BS 7671. Exterior cable colour coding is not required for PV systems. Consideration must be given to the UV resistance of all cables installed outside or in a location that may be subject to UV exposure, PV cables are therefore commonly black in colour to assist in UV resistance.
Where long cable runs are necessary (e.g. over 20m), labels should be fixed along the d.c. cables as follows: Fig 4
DANGER
SOLAR PV ARRAY CABLE High Voltage DC - Live During Daylight
Labelling fixed every 5 to 10m is considered sufficient to identify the cable on straight runs where a clear view is possible between labels. Where multiple PV sub-arrays and or string conductors enter a junction box they should be grouped or identified in pairs so that positive and negative conductors of the same circuit may easily be clearly distinguished from other pairs.
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overloaded cables. See also section 2.1.10 - string fuses. For an array of N parallel connected strings, with each string formed of M series connected modules: String cables must be rated as a minimum as follows: Voltage > Voc(stc) x M x 1.15 Current > Isc(stc) x (N-1) x 1.25 The cable Current Carrying Capacity (Iz) must be calculated according to the requirements of BS 7671. This shall include factors taking into account installation conditions such as cable installation method, solar gains and grouping etc. Where a system includes string fuses, the cable size may be reduced, but in all cases the Iz after de-rating factors have been applied must exceed the string fuse rating and must exceed the Isc(stc) x 1.25.
Fig 5
String cables
String cables
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Connectors used in a PV string circuit must comply with the minimum voltage and current ratings as detailed in string cable section above (section 2.1.5). Connectors used in a d.c. main cable circuit must comply with the minimum voltage and current ratings as detailed in the main d.c. cable section above (section 2.1.6) Connectors should have a UV, IP and temperature rating suitable for their intended location and should be compatible with the cable to which they are connected. Connectors readily accessible to ordinary persons shall be of the locking type, requiring a tool or two separate actions to separate and shall have sign attached that reads: Do not disconnect d.c. plugs
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and sockets under load Cable connectors must not be used as the means for d.c. switching or isolation under load (see 2.1.12) as d.c. arcing can cause permanent damage to some connectors. Plug and socket Y connectors can also be used to replace a junction box. It is good practice to keep Y connectors in accessible locations and where possible note their location on layout drawings, to ease troubleshooting in future. Where required by the connectors special tooling shall be used to ensure that connections are adequately made off and secure. Failure to use the correct tooling will result in connections that are not mechanically or electrically sound and can lead to overheating and fires.
Fig 7
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DANGER
PV ARRAY DC JUNCTION BOX Contains live parts during daylight
Fig 8
Note: A PV system cannot be turned off terminals will remain live at all times during daylight hours. It is important to ensure that anyone opening an enclosure is fully aware of this. The short-circuit protection afforded by the cable installation throughout the rest of the d.c. circuit needs to be maintained in the construction and makeup of the d.c. junction box. (See IEC 60536 and IEC 61140). It is recommended that short-circuit protection shall be achieved by: Fabrication of the enclosure from non-conductive material Positive and negative busbars and terminals adequately separated and segregated within the enclosure and/or by a suitably sized insulating plate, or separate positive and negative junction boxes. Cable and terminal layout such that short-circuits during installation and subsequent maintenance are extremely unlikely.
32
33
Fig 9
90V 6A Blocking Diode
30V 6A
34
In most cases the specification of string fuses can provide sufficient reverse current protection without the problems and power losses associated with a blocking diode. If blocking diodes are used, they should be supplemented by string fuses. If specified, a blocking diode must have: A reverse voltage rating > 2 x maximum system voltage (as calculated in section 2.1.2) A current rating > 1.4 x Isc (where Isc is the relevant short circuit current for the string / sub array / array) Have adequate cooling (heatsinks) if required Note that blocking diodes should not be confused with bypass diodes. Bypass diodes are normally encapsulated into the module junction box at the back of the PV module and are intended to allow current(s) to bypass cells and / or modules that have a high resistance (usually caused by shading).
An additional d.c. switch or isolating device may be specified for systems with long d.c. cable runs (typically at the point of cable entry into the building) so as to provide a means of isolating the cable for safety reasons or maintenance works.
2.1.12.1 Isolation
Isolation is defined as a function intended to cut off for reasons of safety the supply from all, or a discrete section, of the installation by separating the installation or section from every source of electrical energy (from BS 7671). Isolation shall be provided in both positive and negative cables and all isolation measures shall be readily accessible String isolation This can be achieved by any suitable means such as appropriately located plug and socket connectors or removable string fuses. Sub array isolation This can be achieved by any suitable means such as a removable sub array fuse or by the use of a switch disconnector. Array isolation This shall be provided by the Array Switch Disconnector (see next page)
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2.2 Design Part 2 Earthing, Protective Equipotential Bonding and Lightning Protection 2.2.1 Lightning Protection
Whilst this installation guide does not cover specific guidance on selection, or application of lightning protection, it was felt that a brief overview was required as given below. Where further information is required, this can be referenced from BS EN 62305. In most cases the ceraunic value (number of thunderstorm days per year for a given installation location in the UK) does not reach a level at which particular protective measures need to be applied. However where buildings or structures are considered to be at greater risk, for example very tall, or in an exposed location, the designer of the a.c. electrical system may have chosen to design or apply protective measures such as installation of conductive air rods or tapes. If the building or dwelling is fitted with a lightning protection system (LPS), a suitably qualified person should be consulted as to whether, in this particular case, the array frame should be connected to the LPS, and if so what size conductor should be used. Where an LPS is fitted, PV system components should be mounted away from lightning rods and associated conductors (see BS EN 62305). For example, an inverter should not be mounted on an inside wall that has a lightning protection system down conductor running just the other side of the brickwork on the outside of the building. Where there is a perceived increase in risk of direct lightning strike as a consequence of the installation of the PV system, specialists in lightning protection should be consulted with a view to installing a separate lightning protection system in accordance with BS EN 62305. Note: It is generally accepted that the installation of a typical roof-mounted PV system presents a very small increased risk of a direct lightning strike. However, this may not necessarily be the case where the PV system is particularly large, where the PV system is installed on the top of a tall building, where the PV system becomes the tallest structure in the vicinity, or where the PV system is installed in an open area such as a field.
2.2.2 Earthing
Earthing is a means of connecting the exposed conductive parts to the main earthing terminal, typically this definition means the connection of metallic casings of fixtures and fittings to the main earthing terminal via a circuit protective conductor (cpc). Importantly, it must be noted that we only make this connection when the accessory or appliance requires it. This connection is required when it is considered to be a class I appliance or accessory and is reliant on a connection with earth for safety using automatic disconnection of supply (ADS) as the fault protective measure.
38
As the d.c. side of PV systems is a current limiting generating set, the protective measure ADS is almost never used and is outside of the scope of this guidance. In these circumstances, where the d.c. side of the installation is constructed to meet the requirements of an installation using double or reinforced insulation, no connection to earth between the PV Modules or frame and main earthing terminal would be required. Earthing of the inverter at the a.c. terminations will still be necessary where the inverter is a Class I piece of equipment and must be applied where necessary. Where class I inverters are used externally (ie field mount systems) careful consideration must be given to the requirements for earthing.
39
Is the d.c. side of the installation constructed to meet the requirements for an installation using double or reinforced insulation as a protective measure? 1
YES
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
40
41
The manufacturers instructions for both the PV modules and the equipment to which the PV array is connected must be taken into account in determining the most appropriate earthing arrangement. A connection to earth of any of the current carrying d.c. conductors is not recommended. However, earthing of one of the live conductors of the d.c. side is permitted, if there is at least simple separation between the a.c. and the d.c. side. Where a functional earth is required, it is preferable that where possible this be done through high impedance (rather than directly). The designer must confirm whether the inverter is suitable for earthing of a d.c. conductor. Transformerless inverters will not be suitable, and an earthed conductor may interfere with the inverters built-in d.c. insulation monitoring. Hence, if an earthed d.c. conductor is required, this is ideally done in the inverter in accordance with guidance from the inverter manufacturer. NOTE: In the case of PV systems connected to an inverter, IEC62109-2 (Safety of Power convertors for use in photovoltaic power systems Part 2: Particular requirements for inverters), includes requirements according to the type of earthing arrangement (and inverter topology). These include minimum inverter isolation requirements, array ground insulation resistance measurement requirements and array residual current detection and earth fault alarm requirements.
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Overcurrent rating 1A 3A 5A
The earth fault alarm shall be of a form that ensures that the system operator or owner of the system becomes immediately aware of the fault. For example, the alarm system may be a visible or audible signal placed in an area where operational staff or system owners will be aware of the signal or another form of fault communication like Email, SMS or similar NOTE: In grid connected systems, an earth fault alarm may be a feature of the inverter. In such systems and where the inverter is located in a remote location, the system should be configured so that a secondary alarm is triggered that will be immediately seen by the system operator. For systems in accordance with BS 7671 conductors used for earth fault detection are usually cream in colour.
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Types of RCD
The selection of RCDs in respect of load d.c. components is an issue that is often overlooked by designers. RCDs are classified according to their response to d.c.signals as follows: Type A.C. This class of device generally only detect sinusoidal alternating residual currents. They may not detect non-sinusoidal, non-alternating residual components. These non-sinusoidal currents are present in many items of equipment for example, virtually all equipment with a switched mode power supply will have a d.c. component. Type A This class of device will detect residual current of both a.c. and pulsating d.c. and are known as a d.c. sensitive RCDs. They cannot be used on steady d.c. loads. Type B This type will detect a.c., pulsating d.c. and steady d.c. residual currents. RCDs are required to be marked with their type and the following table shows the markings and provides selection criteria. Fig 11
Supply Form of Residual Current Recommended type of symbol AC B A
Sinusoidal A. C.
Suddenly applied
Slowly rising
Pulsating D.C.
Suddenly applied
Slowly rising
Smooth D.C.
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The following decision tree can be used to determine the correct selection of the type of RCD in accordance with Regulation 712.411.3.2.1.2 of BS 7671.
NO
YES
If an RCD is required then it does not have to be type B
NO
An RCD is not required to be installed as a default for systems where an inverter is fitted
YES
Is the inverter by its construction able to prevent d.c. fault currents from entering the a.c. side of the electrical installation ?
YES
NO
The type of RCD to be selected need not take into account d.c. fault currents in relation to the inverter
A Type B RCD should be selected in accordance with IEC 60755, consideration must also be given to ensure that any d.c. currents do not impair the effectiveness of any other RCDS installed througout the a.c. system
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Isolates line and neutral conductors Be securable in the OFF position Located in an accessible location This switch shall clearly show the ON and OFF positions and be labelled as PV system main a.c. isolator
PV Array d.c. isolator. Danger contains live parts during daylight.
Fig 13
Isolation and Switching of the a.c. side of the installation shall also comply with the requirements of BS 7671. This is to include the provision of an isolator adjacent to the inverter to disconnect the inverter from the source of supply (AC). In its simplest form, for a single phase inverter, an unswitched fused connection unit mounted adjacent to the inverter may be used to fulfil this requirement, see figures 1 and 2 for a typical layout. It is however suggested that for the purposes of routine maintenance a switched fused connection unit offers a better degree of control and therefore should be used as a minimum. Note: At the point of installation of any a.c. switch-disconnector, the public supply should be considered the source and the PV installation the load.
2.3.4 Inverters
Inverters must carry a Type Test certificate to the requirements of Engineering Recommendation G83 or G59 (as applicable see section 2.4.1) unless specifically agreed by an engineer employed by or appointed by the DNO for this purpose, and in writing. Note: A key safety consideration is that the PV system will disconnect when the distribution system is not energised. This is to prevent the hazardous situation of the photovoltaic system feeding the network or local distribution system during a planned or unscheduled loss of mains. Such an event is termed islanding and presents a potential danger to those working on the network/distribution system. Engineering recommendations G83 and G59 ensure that a PV system is properly prevented from such islanding operation. Other considerations addressed by these Engineering Recommendations include the prevention of harmonics, EMC compatibility and d.c. injection. Fig 14
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Fig 15
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specified by the manufacturer (e.g to a heatsink) should also be observed. Inverter locations such as Plant or Boiler rooms, or roof spaces prone to high temperatures, should be carefully considered to avoid overheating. Failure to follow this can cause a loss in system performance as the inverter will de-rate when it reaches its maximum operating temperature. This should be highlighted within the operation and use manual, left with the customer and ideally with a label not to block ventilation placed next to the inverter. NOTE: It is recommended that Inverters carry a sign Inverter - isolate a.c. and d.c. before carrying out work.
2.3.6 Metering
Inverter output meter: As a minimum, metering at the inverter output should be installed to display/record energy delivered by the PV system (kWh). In addition it is highly recommended for instantaneous power output (kW) to be displayed. This will not only add to customer satisfaction it should lead to more effective fault detection. An approved kWh meter as detailed in the Metering Guidance document issued by MCS, connected to measure generation, will be required to facilitate payments of any financial incentives (e.g. Feed in Tariff payments). The meter should be located where the consumer can readily observe it. Building Export meter: Although not directly part of the PV system, where required in order to enable payment on exported electricity, an approved kWh export meter with appropriate reading capabilities may be required. The appropriate Energy Supplier should be contacted to find out any particular requirements and to arrange for its fitting. Fig 16
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2.4 Design Part 4 Design Approval 2.4.1 DNO Approval (Grid Connected Systems)
Engineering Recommendations issued by the Electricity Network Association, govern key aspects concerning the grid interface of a solar PV system. Systems up to 16A, AC output per phase, come under Engineering Recommendation G83. This would correspond to 3.68kW single phase (230v Nominal) and 11.04kW three phase (400v nominal). Systems over 16A per phase come under Engineering Recommendation G59. Installers are required to gain approval and inform the relevant distribution Network Operator (DNO) of the installation of a grid connected PV system in the following manner: a) Single installation 16A/phase using G83 type tested inverter(s) Notification using G83 commissioning form within 28 days following commissioning of the installation, to the DNO's designated contact details. b) Multiple installations in close geographical proximity less than 16A/phase using G83 type tested inverter(s) Application to connect submitted to DNO - using G83 multiple system application form Approval for connection to be received prior to installation. Notification within 28 days of commissioning using G83 commissioning form c) Systems up to 50kW (AC) 3-phase or 17kW single phase using G59 type approved inverters(s) Application to connect submitted to DNO using G59 application form Approval for connection to be received prior to installation Commissioning to be performed to the requirements of the DNO (witness testing not typically required) Notification within 28 days of commissioning using G59 Appendix A13.2 commissioning form d) All other systems Application to connect submitted to DNO using G59 application form Approval for connection to be received prior to installation. Additional interface protection measures to be approved by DNO Commissioning to be performed to the requirements of the DNO Notification within 28 days of commissioning using G59 Appendix A13.3 commissioning form
50
51
In all cases notification has to be made to the local area building control (LABC) that the work has taken place. Notification can take place several ways but the two principle methods are: 1. Submitting a building notice to the LABC (has to be prior to work commencing) 2. Notifying the work through a competent persons scheme this can be done after the work has been completed Note: Where it is determined that structural work is required to alter or strengthen a roof prior to the installation of the PV system such works will always require a building notice to be submitted. Where it has been determined that the structure can accept the loads concerned, either a building notice or notification via a competent persons scheme is deemed to meet the requirements of the building regulations. Generally those involved with PV installation work will want to use method 2 or employ contractors who use method 2 as method 1 can be expensive and time consuming. When registering with a competent persons scheme, an installer can register for one or more categories of work. PV system installers will typically register under a scheme that offers notification of Microgeneration and part P work categories (to cover both of the key aspects). Successful registration will mean that an installer will be able to install and then notify the work after completion (within 30 days). It is important to note that although registered under a key category of work the registrant is also responsible for ensuring compliance with all other categories of work. The registrant should also be aware that these other categories are also covered by the certificate of compliance that the householder receives from the competent persons scheme. This is especially important factor to PV installers as it means that not only are they specifically notifying that the electrical and microgeneration work is compliant, but it also covers all other applicable aspects of the building regulations including part A (structure).
52
The following table summarises the routes for registering an installation: Activities that require notification Installer status
MCS Only MCS and CPS for renewables only MCS, CPS for renewables & Part P PV array notification Row 17 of schedule 3 of the building regulations (microgeneration) Notification must be done direct to LABC New a.c. circuit / installation of a generator notification Row 12 of schedule 3 of the building regulations (electrical) Notification done direct to LABC unless installer uses a Part P registered subcontractor Notification done direct to LABC unless installer uses a Part P registered subcontractor Notification made through competent persons scheme for row 12
Notification made through competent persons scheme for row 17 (microgeneration) Notification made through competent persons scheme for row 17 (microgeneration)
Notes: 1. A full list of Competent Person Scheme (CPS) providers can be found on the CLG website at: http://www.communities.gov.uk/planningandbuilding/buildingregulations/competentpersonsschemes/ existingcompetentperson/
2.4.3.2 Scotland
All solar PV systems installed on a building must comply with the requirements of the Building (Scotland) Regulations 2004 as amended. Guidance on complying with the Building (Scotland) Regulations 2004 as amended is given in the two Scottish Building Standards (SBS) Technical handbooks (Domestic and Non-domestic) Each handbook has seven sections: Section1 Structure Section 2 Fire Section 3 Environment Section 4 Safety Section 5 Noise Section 6 Energy Section 7 Sustainability (Mechanical resistance and stability) (Safety in fire) (Hygiene, health and the environment) (Safety in use) (Protection against noise) (Energy, economy and heat retention) (Sustainable use of natural resources)
Each of the seven sections consists of an introduction and guidance on the individual standards within each Section. Where any building contains both domestic and non-domestic use, it is a general principle that the more stringent of the two sets of recommendations should be used.
53
New Buildings - For a new building (domestic or non-domestic) which includes the installation of a solar PV system the installation of the system will be covered by a building warrant and therefore must comply with the relevant functional standards. Existing Buildings - For an existing one or two storey dwelling which is capable of supporting the solar PV equipment without structural alterations a building warrant is not required, however if the existing structure of the dwelling requires strengthening a building warrant will be necessary. For an existing building, guidance issued by the Scottish Governments Building Standards Division states that before installing PV panels on an existing roof, a structural appraisal should be undertaken by a competent person.(see section 4.4.2). Further information on this can be found at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Built-Environment/Building/Building-standards/publications/ pubverletts/lettdommicrogen Further advice on specific projects can also be obtained by contacting the relevant local authoritys Building Standards office. Information on which is the relevant local authority for any given location can be obtained from the website of the Scottish Association of building Standards Managers (SABSM) http://www.sabsm.co.uk/ system performance
54
Orientation
North West
o o o o
West
o o
South West
o o o o
South
o o
South East
o o o
East
75o
o
North East
105 o 120
o o o
North
165o 180o
-90
-75
-60
-45
-30
-15
15
30
45
60
90
135
150
90
o
25 27 32 37 40 44 50 57 60 66 70 70 70 70 70 66 60 57 50 44 40 37 32 27 25 28 29 34 38 45 50 56 61 68 73 78 79 78 79 78 73 68 61 56 50 45 38 34 29 28 32 34 37 42 48 55 66 69 75 80 85 87 87 87 85 80 75 69 66 55 48 42 37 34 32 37 38 41 48 54 62 69 75 80 85 91 92 93 92 91 85 80 75 69 62 54 48 41 38 37
80
o
70
o
60
Inclination
50
o
42 45 48 52 59 68 72 78 85 91 95 96 97 96 95 91 85 78 72 68 59 52 48 45 42 46 49 52 56 62 70 74 80 87 92 95 97 98 97 95 92 87 80 74 70 62 56 52 49 46 50 52 55 60 65 73 76 82 88 93 96 98 99 98 96 93 88 82 76 73 65 60 55 52 50 55 57 59 65 67 75 79 85 90 94 97 99 100 99 97 94 90 85 79 75 67 65 59 57 55 60 60 61 67 70 78 80 85 91 94 96 98 98 98 96 94 91 85 80 78 70 67 61 60 60 70 70 71 73 75 72 84 86 91 92 95 96 96 96 95 92 91 86 84 72 75 73 71 70 70
45
o
40
o
35
o
30
o
20
o
10
o
78 78 79 80 82 85 85 88 90 91 92 92 93 92 92 91 90 88 85 85 82 80 79 78 78 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85
55
722 - 800 801 - 850 851 - 900 901 - 950 951 - 1000 1001 - 1050 1051 - 1100 1101 - 1150 1151 - 1202
56
W/m2 600
500 400 300 200 100 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Hours of day
57
Fig 20
KWh/month, Average KWh/season
120
100
80
60
40
20
Aug
Oct
May
June
Sep
Feb
Nov
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Winter
58
Dec
Mar
Jan
Apr
Jul
If the adjusted performance estimate is worse than originally predicted, the client shall be given the same cooling off period and cancellation rights (to include any right to cancel without financial penalties) that applied to the original quote. This shall apply from the date of issue of the updated performance estimate.
59
Fig 21
Shetland
19
Orkney Kirkwall
20
Lerwick
18
Western Isles Wick Stornoway
17
Inverness
16
Aberdeen
15 14
Glasgow
Dundee
Edinburgh
9S
Ayr
Regions 1 Thames 2 South East England 3 Southern England 4 South West England 5 Severn 6 Midlands 7 West Pennines 8 NW England/ SW Scotland 9 Borders 10 North East England 11 East Pennines 12 East Anglia 13 Wales 14 West Scotland 15 East Scotland 16 North East Scotland 17 Highland 18 Western Isles 19 Orkney 20 Shetland 21 Northern Ireland
Londonderry
21
Stranraer Belfast
8S
Carlisle
9E
Newcastle upon Tyne Middlesbrough
8E 10
York Leeds Blackpool
7E
Manchester Sheffield
Hull
Anglesey
11
13
Aberystwyth Swansea
Norwich
12
Cambridge Colchester
5W
5E 3
Portsmouth Canterbury
Salisbury
2
Brighton
Dover
4
Plymouth Isles of Scilly
Bournemouth Exeter
60
Zone 16 1 6 5E 7E 11 10 3 7E 2 2 5E 21 8E 12 5W 7E 7W 12 1 12 1 2 6 7E 2 15 6 8S 10 9E 10 11 3 6 1 1 15 9S 1 12 4 14 7E
Postcode G GL GU GU11-12 GU14 GU28-29 GU30-35 GU46 GU51-52 HA HD HG HP HR HS HU HX IG IP IV IV30-32 IV36 KA KT KW KW15-17 KY L LA LA7-23 LD LE LL LL23-27 LL30-78 LN LS LS24 LU M ME MK ML
Zone 14 5E 1 3 3 2 3 3 3 1 11 10 1 6 18 11 11 12 12 17 16 16 14 1 17 19 15 7E 7E 8E 13 6 7W 13 13 11 11 10 1 7E 2 1 14
Postcode N NE NG NN NP NPS NR NW OL OX PA PE PE9-12 PE20-25 PH PH19-25 PH26 PH30-44 PH49 PH50 PL PO PO18-22 PR RG RG21-29 RH RH10-20 RH77 RM S S18 S32-33 S40-45 S49 SA SA14-20 SA31-48 SA61-73 SE SG
Zone 1 9E 11 6 5W 13 12 1 7E 1 14 12 11 11 15 17 16 17 14 14 4 3 2 7E 1 3 1 2 2 12 11 6 6 6 6 5W 13 13 13 1 1
Postcode SK SK13 SK17 SK22-23 SL SM SN SN7 SO SP SP6-11 SR SR7-8 SS ST SW SY SY14 SY15-25 TA TD TD12 TD15 TF TN TQ TR TS TW UB W WA WC WD WF WN WR WS WV YO YO15-16 YO25 ZE
Zone 7E 6 6 6 1 1 5E 1 3 5E 3 9E 10 12 6 1 6 7E 13 5E 9S 9E 9E 6 2 4 4 10 1 1 1 7E 1 1 11 7E 6 6 6 10 11 11 20
61
3.7.5 Orientation
The orientation of the array is to be measured or determined from plan. The required value is the azimuth angle of the PV modules relative to due South. Hence, an array facing due south has an azimuth value of 0; an array facing either SW or SE has an azimuth value of 45; and an array facing either East or West has an azimuth value of 90. The azimuth value is to be rounded to the nearest 5.
3.7.6 Inclination
The Inclination (or pitch) of the array is to be measured or determined from plan. The required value is the degrees from horizontal. Hence, an inclination of 0 represents a horizontal array; 90 represents a vertical array. The inclination value is to be rounded to the nearest 1.
3.7.7.1 Determining shading factor as a result of objects further than 10m from the centre and midpoint of the array
Where there is an obvious clear horizon and no near or far shading, the assessment of SF can be omitted and an SF value of 1 used in all related calculations. Where there is potential for shading, it shall always be analysed and the reading shall be taken from a location that represents the section of the potential array that is most affected by any shade. For systems with near shading this will typically be just to the North of the near shading object. It is intended that this assessment provides an indicative estimate of the potential shading on the solar array. This is done by indicating how much of the potential irradiance could be blocked by objects on the horizon at differing times of the day and of the year (as indicated by the different arcs).
62
The sunpath diagram below shall be used to produce a shading analysis for all estimates produced.
Fig 22
60
o
Midday
h in summer Sunpat
15
or ni ng
The diagram shown has a total of 84 segments, each segment has a value of 0.01
45
30
Ev en
th in winter Sunpa
Do not count Do not count
45
o
in g
135
90 East
0 South
45
90 West
135
The potential shading is analysed as follows: Stand as near as possible to the base and centre of the proposed array, e.g. through an upstairs window, unless there is shading from objects within 10m (e.g. aerials, chimneys, etc.), in which case the assessment of shading must be taken from a position more representative of the centre and base of the potentially affected array position. Looking due south (irrespective of the orientation of the array), draw a line showing the uppermost edge of any objects that are visible on the horizon (either near or far) onto the sunpath diagram Fig 23
Midday
o
60
h in summer Sunpat
This line is called the horizon line, an example of which is shown here:
45
Angle above horizon
30
or
15
ng
Ev
ni
en
th in winter Sunpa
Do not count Do not count
45
o
in g
135
90 East
0 South
45
90 West
135
Note: There are purpose made instruments for undertaking sunpath assessments; the use of such instruments is optional
63
Once the horizon line has been drawn, the number of segments that have been touched by the line, or that fall under the horizon line shall be counted, in the following example you can see there are 11 segments covered or touched by the horizon line. Fig 24
60
o
Midday
h in summer Sunpat
45
Angle above horizon
30
6
7
or
15
ni ng
8
10
en Ev
th in winter Sunpa
Do not count
11
g in
135
90 East
0 South
45 5
90 West
135
The total number of segments are multiplied by their value (0.01) and the total value shall be deducted from 1 to arrive at the shading factor. The result will be the shading factor for the proposed installation, in our example the shading factor is calculated as follows: 1 - (11*0.01) = 1 0.11 = 0.89 For systems connected to multiple inverters, or a single inverter with more than one MPP, it is acceptable to do a separate calculation of SF for each sub array (each array connected to a dedicated MPP tracker. Note: installing a system will any significant near shading will have a considerable effect on array performance. Where possible any near shading on the array should be avoided. IMPORTANT NOTE This shade assessment procedure has been designed to provide a simplified and standardised approach for MCS installers to use when estimating the impact of shade on system performance. It is not intended to be as accurate as more sophisticated methods such as, for example, those included in proprietary software packages. It is estimated that this shade assessment method will yield results within 10% of the actual annual energy yield for most systems. Unusual systems or environments may produce different results. Where the shading factor is less than 1 (i.e. any shading is present) the following disclaimer shall accompany the quotation: This shade assessment has been undertaken using the standard MCS procedure - it is estimated that this method will yield results within 10% of the actual annual energy yield for most systems.
64
3.7.7.2 Determining shading factor as a result of objects at, or less than, 10m from the centre midpoint of the array
As noted previously, shading from objects adjacent to the array (for example: vent pipes, chimneys, and satellite dishes) can have a very significant impact on the system performance. Where such shading is apparent, either the array should be repositioned out of the shade zone, or where possible the object casting the shade should be relocated. Where some near shade remains, the following additional shade analysis procedure shall be undertaken in addition to the method described in 3.7.7.1: a. A standard horizon line, as described previously, shall be drawn - to represent the worst case (drawn from the array location most affected by shade) b. In addition, any objects on the horizon diagram that are 10m or closer to any part of the array, shall have a shade circle added to the diagram to reflect the severe impact that these items may have on the array performance. Where there are multiple objects within 10m, then multiple circles shall be drawn one for each object. The shade circle shall have a radius equal to the height of the object. The shade circle should be located so that the apex of the circle sits on the highest point of the shade object. All segments touched by or within the shade circle should be counted as part of the overall shade analysis.
Fig 25
60
o
Midday
Circle apex on top of shade object Circle radius = height of shade object
h in summer Sunpat
45
Angle above horizon
1 9 10 11 12 13
4 5
14
30
21 20
22
23
24
15 16 17 28 36
25
26 27
6 7 18 29 19 8
Ev en in
32
M or ni
33 38 39
34 35 40
15
ng
31 30 37
th in winter Sunpa
Do not count
o
Do not count
45
o
135
90 East
0 South
45 5
90 West
135
Note: The above diagram uses the same shade object as the worked example in section 3.7.7. Assuming the object is near shade results in a shade factor of 0.6 (compared with 0.89 in the previous calculation).
65
3.7.8 Documentation
For systems under the MCS scheme, a performance estimate that determines the total annual a.c. energy output of a given system shall be communicated with the client before the point that the contract is awarded. Along with the performance estimate, the client shall be provided with the sun path diagram and the information used to calculate the performance estimate as illustrated in the following table. A. Installation data Installed capacity of PV system - kWp (stc) Orientation of the PV system degrees from South Inclination of system degrees from horizontal Postcode region B. Calculations kWh/kWp (Kk) from table Shade factor (SF) Estimated annual output (kWp x Kk x SF) kWh kWh/kWp kWp
All quotations and / or estimates to customers shall be accompanied by one or more of the following disclaimers where applicable: For all quotations and / or estimates: The performance of solar PV systems is impossible to predict with certainty due to the variability in the amount of solar radiation (sunlight) from location to location and from year to year. This estimate is based upon the standard MCS procedure is given as guidance only. It should not be considered as a guarantee of performance. Additionally where data has been estimated or taken remotely (clause 3.7.1): This system performance calculation has been undertaken using estimated values for array orientation, inclination or shading. Actual performance may be significantly lower or higher if the characteristics of the installed system vary from the estimated values. Additionally where the shade factor is less than 1 (clause 3.7.7): This shade assessment has been undertaken using the standard MCS procedure - it is estimated that this method will yield results within 10% of the actual annual energy yield for most systems.
66
67
68
69
70
Calculating a safety factor for the derived load As described within Eurocode-1 tables A1.1 and A1.2, safety factors need to be applied to the calculated loads. Taken in isolation, a safety factor of 1.5 should be applied to the derived wind and snow loads and a factor of 1.0 to the dead load (self-weight). However, in normal use solar panels may be designated with a lower consequence of failure than for the supporting building structure, in accordance with Table B1 of EN 1990: 2002 + A1:2005 Consequence Class CC1. As a result the partial factor for design wind and snow loads may be multiplied by 0.9 (Factor KFI for Reliability Class RC1 from Table B3 of EN 1990: 2002 +A1 : 2005). Hence a safety factor of 1.35 should be applied to the derived wind and snow loads. Load calculations shall be undertaken by a suitably competent person.
71
The roof design has increased potential for snow build-up (e.g. dormers, valleys, parapets etc) The type of construction is not detailed in the table or if there is any doubt whatsoever then a qualified structural engineer shall be consulted. For installations on flat roofs, special consideration shall be given to the load of the PV system and any associated ballast. Structural calculations shall be carried out by a suitably competent person. Fig 26
Diagram Construction Type of Roof Typical Methodologies
Method 1: Method 1: Assuming a typical design dead load of Assuming a typical design dead load of 0.785kN/ 0.785kN/m 2 , deduct the load of the existing m2, deduct the load of the existing roof covering to roof covering to give the maximum allowable give the maximum allowable residual load available residual load available for the solar array. for the solar array.
Method (not generally applicable where the Method 22 (not generally applicable where the roof o roof exceeds pitch exceeds pitch 60o): 60 ): Assuming typical design imposed load of Assuming aa typical design imposed load of 0.75kN/ 2 0.75kN/m , deduct the likely snow for m2, deduct the likely snow load for theload location the location taken from (BS EN taken from Eurocode-1 (BS Eurocode-1 EN 1991-1) to give the 1991-1) to give the maximum maximum allowable residual loadallowable available for the residual load available for the solar array. solar array.
Calculate the maximum dead load for the Calculate the purlins maximum dead load for the rafters rafters and using the timber research and purlins using the TRADA Span tables (2nd or and development association (TRADA) Span 3rd Edition), deduct load the existing roof tables; deduct thethe load of of the existing roof covering to give the maximum allowable residual covering to give the maximum allowable load available for the solar array. residual load available for the solar array.
Traditional cut roofs constructed from timber rafters/purlins with hips and/or valleys
72
Fig 27
Tiles or slates removed for fixing a mounting bracket should be re-attached to include a means of mechanical fixing. Historically, some mounting systems on slate or tile roofs have relied on a simple through bolt approach. However, this fixing method has the potential for the fixing bolts or sealing washer cracking the slates/tiles beneath them. It can also present difficulties with ensuring the long term weather tightness and durability of the roof penetration.
73
Through bolts shall only be used on tile or slate roofs where the following requirements are met: 1. The bolt or flashing shall not transfer any load on the slates / tiles beneath 2. The system shall not rely on silicone or other mastic sealant to provide a weather-tight seal 3. The system must durably seal every layer of roof covering that is perforated by the bolt system 4. The system shall not rely on a sealing washer or plate that presses down on the slate/tile to ensure a weather tight seal 5. The bolt fixings shall not be into battens Fig 28
The roof underlay should be inspected for damage during installation works. Any damage should be repaired or the underlay replaced as necessary. Damaged underlay will not provide an effective weather and air barrier and can affect weather tightness and the wind loads imposed on the roof cladding. Unless specifically designed to do so, systems should be kept away from the roof perimeter. For a domestic roof, a suitable minimum clearance zone is around 40-50cm. The requirement to keep an arrays away from a the edge of a roof is suggested because: wind loads are higher in the edge zones; keeping edge zones clear facilitates better access for maintenance and fire services; taking arrays close to the roof edge may adversely affect rain drainage routes; and when retrofitting systems, there is the potential for damage to ridge, hip, valley or eaves details. Note on many roofs a 50cm gap from the edge will still mean that PV modules are fitted in the Edge Zone as defined in BS EN 1991-1 where higher pressure coefficients need to be implemented due to the higher imposed wind loads.
74
Cable penetrations through the roof should not affect the weather tightness of the roof and should be durably sealed to accommodate the movement and temperatures expected. The use of a purpose-made product is an example of a durable means to achieve this. Cable penetrations through underlay should be achieved using purpose-made products or, if taken through a lap in the underlay, the cable should be carefully routed, clipped and tensioned so as to leave a minimal residual gap in the underlay lap joint. Thermal expansion should be considered when installing larger arrays. The module and mounting system manufacturer should be consulted to determine the maximum array width and continuous rail length that can be permitted without the need for an expansion gap.
75
76
In addition to the labels described elsewhere in this document, the following labels are also to be to be In fitted: addition to the labels described elsewhere in this document, the following labels are also to be to be Fig 30
fitted:
Dual supply label Dual supply labelling should be provided at the service termination, meter position and all points of isolation between the PV system and supplier terminals to indicate the presence of on-site generation and indicating the position of the main a.c. switch disconnector. Circuit diagram & system information At the point of interconnection, the following information is to be displayed (typically all displayed on the circuit diagram):
Do not work on this equipment until its Isolated from both mains and on-site generation supplies
WARNING
dual supply
Insert here one of the diagrams used at the start once it has been redrawn
G83 protection incorporated into the inverter d.c. isolator may be incorporated into the inverter d.c. isolator
0 1
Circuit diagram showing the relationship between the inverter equipment and supply. A summary of the protection settings incorporated within the equipment. A contact telephone number for the supplier/installer/maintainer of the equipment. It is also good practice for shutdown and start-up procedures to be detailed on this diagram.
Inverter
a.c. isolator
Display unit
data
00123 kW 0123 kWh 0123 CO
0123kWh 0123kWh 0123kWh Main consumer unit Utility meter Utility meter meter Main Main consumer consumer unit unit Utility LABEL + SCHEMATIC
LABEL LABEL ++ SCHEMATIC SCHEMATIC
Installation on roof
Existing house a.c. installation Existing Existing house house a.c. a.c. installation installation
Fire and Rescue Notification To ensure the Fire and Rescue Service are aware that a PV system is installed on the roof, the following sign shall also be fitted
Location: next to the suppliers cut-out in the building Size: This label shall measure at least 100mm x 100mm Only required for PV systems fitted on roofs
Solar PV on roof
77
6 Inspection, Testing and Commissioning Requirements 6.1 Inspection and Testing a.c. Side
Inspection and testing of the completed system to the requirements of BS 7671 must be carried out and documented The inspection and testing of a.c. circuits is comprehensively covered within BS 7671 and supporting technical guides, specifically Guidance Note 3. The forms required for the a.c. side (the BS 7671 model test certificates) are reproduced in annex C and are also available to download free of charge from the IETs website. Inspection and testing documentation for the a.c. side typically comprises 3 documents: Electrical installation certificate, Schedule of items inspected Schedule of test results
78
79
Warranty documentation for PV modules and inverters - to include starting date of warranty and period of warranty. Documentation on any applicable workmanship or weather-tightness warranties. Test results and commissioning data
80
Battery
LABEL
LABEL
LABEL
81
A3 Battery Disconnection
A means of manual isolation must be provided between the charge controller and the battery, either combined with the over current device or as a separate unit. The isolator must be double pole, d.c. rated and load break, and the length of the cable between it and the battery must be as short as practicable. In positioning this device, the requirements of section A7 of this guide are also to be observed. Note: In order to keep the cable run as short as practicable and to keep the device away from battery gasses isolation devices will typically be located immediately to the side of the battery bank (rather than directly above). Isolation is to be installed and the system designed so that the PV array cannot directly feed the loads when the battery has been disconnected. Combined fault protection and isolation: A circuit-breaker provided for battery fault current protection may be used to provide isolation, if it is rated as an isolation device. A fuse assembly provided for fault current protection may be used to provide isolation if it has readily removable fuses (e.g. fuse unit with disconnect mechanism)
82
83
+ + + +
Fig 32
84
The following warning signs are to be displayed: No Smoking or Naked Flames Batteries contain acid avoid contact with skin or eyes Electric shock risk (xxx) V d.c. Note: Circuit protection and all points of isolation should also be labelled with d.c. Supply {insert voltage} V d.c. All labels should be clear, easily visible and should be constructed and fixed so as to remain legible and in place throughout the design life of the system. Protective equipment, including appropriate gloves and goggles together with an eye wash and neutralising agent should be stored adjacent to the battery installation.
85
2-20km
from work Urbanundertaken terrain Distance sea by the NHBC to Foundation, contribution is 2km 2-20km 20km 20km their gratefully acknowledged.
718 872 977 1017 1072 854 1038 1163 1210 1276 1003 1218 1364 1420 1498 1163 1413 1582 1647 1737 1407 1710 1915 1993 2102 688 883 1012 1066 1137 819 1050 1204 1268 1353 961 1233 1413 1489 1588 1115 1430 1639 1726 1842 1349 1730 1983 2089 2229 620 569 763 904 966 1045 677 908 1075 1149 1244 794 1066 1262 1349 1460 921 1236 1464 1565 1694 1115 1496 1771 1893 2049 836 982 1052 1137 738 994 1169 1253 1353 866 1167 1372 1470 1588 1004 1353 1591 1705 1842 1215 1638 1925 2063 2229
HV
HW
HX
HY
30
HZ
JV
JW
783 955 1062 1108 1166 931 1136 1264 1318 1388 1093 1334 1483 1547 1629 1268 1547 1720 1795 1889 1534 1872 2081 2171 2286
NA
NB
NC
ND
NE
OA
28
NJ NK OF
NL
30
NM
NN
NO
NP
26
Zone 1 22 m/s
OR
NQ
28NR
NT
NU
OO
NV
NW
26
NX
NY
NZ
24
OV
OW
SA
SB
SC
SD
SE
TA
TB
24
SJ
SH
SK
TF
TG
SM
SN
SP
TL
TM
SR
ST
SU
TQ
TR
SV
SW
SY
SZ
TV
22
86
a. With reference to the site wind zone, site type (rural / urban), the ridge height of the building and the distance of the site from the sea - derive the peak velocity pressure (qp) from the following table: Fig 34
Peak velocity pressures (q p ) in pascals Wind Ridge zone height (m) 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25 Country terrain Distance to sea 2km 2-20km 20km 869 1009 1094 1122 1166 1034 1201 1302 1335 1388 1213 1409 1527 1567 1629 1407 1634 1772 1817 1889 1703 1977 2144 2199 2286 783 955 1062 1108 1166 931 1136 1264 1318 1388 1093 1334 1483 1547 1629 1268 1547 1720 1795 1889 1534 1872 2081 2171 2286 718 872 977 1017 1072 854 1038 1163 1210 1276 1003 1218 1364 1420 1498 1163 1413 1582 1647 1737 1407 1710 1915 1993 2102 Urban terrain Distance to sea 2km 688 883 1012 1066 1137 819 1050 1204 1268 1353 961 1233 1413 1489 1588 1115 1430 1639 1726 1842 1349 1730 1983 2089 2229
2-20km
HQ HR HS
20km 569 763 904 966 1045 677 908 1075 1149 1244 794 1066 1262 1349 1460 921 1236 1464 1565 1694 1115 1496 1771 1893 2049
HV
HW
HX
620 836 982 1052 1137 738 994 1169 1253 1353 866 1167 1372 1470 1588 1004 1353 1591 1705 1842 1215 1638 1925 2063 2229
NA
NB
NC
NL
30
NM
NN
NQ
28NR
NV
NW
26
NX
SA
SB
SC
SH
SM
SN
SR
SV
SW
87
b) Apply correction factors for site altitude (h) in metres: Height above sea level 0-100m >100m Correction factor None
Note: the altitude correction formula for sites over 100m above sea level calculates a 20% increase for each 100m above the initial 100m. Hence a site at 180m above sea level would have a correction factor of 1.16. c) Apply correction factor for topography Fig 35 Sites more than half way Sites up amore hill than half way up a hill Site classification Slope = 10% Slope = 20% Slope 30% Correction factor 1.2 1.45
L L Zone A
Es Zone A
1.7
0.5L 0.5L
0.5L
Slope 30%
0.5L
0.5L
Where a site is selected that does not match exactly the slope % quoted, then factor can be derived by either rounding up to the next highest value, or by interpolation.
88
Where: w qp cp
is the wind pressure in Pascals is the peak velocity pressure derived in steps a-c is the pressure coefficient for the particular installation
w = qp x cp
Note: the pressure coefficient cp will depend upon the type of system and the array location on the building. The procedure for selecting the appropriate pressure coefficient is covered in clause 4.3.6. Note: A safety factor will also need to be applied to the derived load see clause 4.3.6 for more details
Example Calculation #1
Above roof PV array, mounted away from edges in central zone of roof (Cp uplift = -1.3) Site located in central London (more than 2km from edge of town) Site more than 20km from the sea Building height = 10m Site altitude = 20m Topography = not significant a. b. c. d. Site in zone 1 (22 m/s) Table gives value for qp = 763Pa Altitude correction factor = none Topography correction factor = none Wuplift = 763 x -1.3 = -992Pa (value excludes safety factor)
Example Calculation #2
Above roof PV array, mounted away from edges in central zone of roof (Cp uplift = -1.3) Site located in rural Yorkshire near the top of a hill of 8% slope Site more than 20km from the sea Building height = 10m Site altitude = 150m a. b. c. d. Site in zone 2 (24 m/s) Table gives value for qp = 1038P Altitude correction factor = 1 + (150-100/100)*0.2 = 1.1 Topography correction factor = 1.2 Wuplift = 1038 x 1.1 x 1.2 x -1.3 = -1781Pa (value excludes safety factor)
89
Array
Wiring
String test
Earth continuity (where fitted) Switchgear functioning correctly Inverter make/ model Inverter serial number Inverter function correctly Loss of mains test Comments
90
THREE SIGNATURE
DETAILS OF THE CLIENT
Certificate number:
Registration number:
(optional)
Sheet
of
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
INSTALLATION ADDRESS
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Description of installation: ............................................................................................................................................. ....................................................................................................................................................................................... Extent of installation covered by this Certificate: .......................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................................... (Use continuation sheet if necessary) See continuation sheet no. ............................
FOR DESIGN
I/We being the person(s) responsible for the design of the electrical installation (as indicated by my/our signatures below), particulars of which are described above, having exercised reasonable skill and care when carrying out the design, hereby CERTIFY that the design work of which I/we have been responsible is, to the best of my/our knowledge and belief, in accordance with BS 7671:2008 amended to ...................... (date) except for departures, if any, detailed as follows: Details of departures from BS 7671 (regulation 120.3 and 133.5) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ The extent of liability of the signatory or signatories is limited to the work described above as the subject of this Certificate. For the DESIGN of the installation: Signature ........................................................... Signature ........................................................... Date .......................... Date ..........................
**Where there is mutual responsibility for the design
FOR CONSTRUCTION
I/We being the person(s) responsible for the construction of the electrical installation (as indicated by my/our signatures below), particulars of which are described above, having exercised reasonable skill and care when carrying out the construction, hereby CERTIFY that the construction work of which I/we have been responsible is, to the best of my/our knowledge and belief, in accordance with BS 7671:2008 amended to ...................... (date) except for departures, if any, detailed as follows: Details of departures from BS 7671 (regulation 120.3 and 133.5) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ The extent of liability of the signatory or signatories is limited to the work described above as the subject of this Certificate. For the CONSTRUCTION of the installation: Signature ........................................................... Date .......................... Name (CAPITALS) ................................................ Constructor
I/We being the person(s) responsible for the inspection & testing of the electrical installation (as indicated by my/our signatures below), particulars of which are described above, having exercised reasonable skill and care when carrying out the inspection & testing, hereby CERTIFY that the work of which I/we have been responsible is, to the best of my/our knowledge and belief, in accordance with BS 7671:2008 amended to ...................... (date) except for departures, if any, detailed as follows: Details of departures from BS 7671 (regulation 120.3 and 133.5) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ The extent of liability of the signatory or signatories is limited to the work described above as the subject of this Certificate. For the INSPECTION & TESTING of the installation: Signature ........................................................... Date .......................... Name (CAPITALS) ................................................ Constructor
NEXT INSPECTION
I/We the designer(s), recommend that this installation is further inspected and tested after an interval of not more than ...................... years / months
C-EICE4 REV V1 Aug 2011
91
of
Nominal voltage, U / Uo(1) ......................... V BS (EN) ................................... Nominal frequency, f(1) ............................. Hz Prospective fault current, Ipf(2) .................. kA Type ......................................... External loop impedance, Ze(2) ................. Rated current ........................ A Note: (1) by enquiry. (2) by enquiry or measurement
Maximum demand Maximum demand (load) ........................................ kVA / Amps (delete as appropriate) Details of installation earth electrode (where applicable) Type (e.g. rod(s), tape, etc.) Location Electrode resistance to earth ........................................ ........................................ ........................................
Rated residual operating current In ........................ mA, and operating time of ........................ ms (at In) COMMENTS ON EXISTING INSTALLATION
SCHEDULES
The attached Schedules are part of this document and this Certificate is valid only when they are attached to it. ........................ Schedules of Inspections and ........................ Schedules of Test Results are attached.
(Enter quantities of Schedules attached.) C-EICE4 REV V1 Aug 2011
92
Sheet
Prevention of mutual detrimental influence
(a) (b) (c)
of
Proximity of non-electrical services and other influences Segregation of Band I and Band II circuits or use of Band II insulation Segregation of safety circuits
Identification
(a) (b) (c) (d) Presence of diagrams, instructions, circuit charts and similar information Presence of danger notices and other warning notices Labelling of protective devices, switches and terminals Identification of conductors
Basic protection: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Insulation of live parts Barriers or enclosures Obstacles Placing out of reach
Fault protection: (i) Automatic disconnection of supply: Presence of earthing conductor Presence of circuit protective conductors Presence of protective bonding conductors Presence of supplementary bonding conductors Presence of earthing arrangements for combined protective and functional purposes Presence of adequate arrangements for other sources, where applicable FELV Choice and setting of protective and monitoring devices (for fault and/or overcurrent protection) (ii) Non-conducting location: Absence of protective conductors (iii) Earth-free local equipotential bonding: Presence of earth-free local equipotential bonding (iv) Electrical separation: Provided for one item of current-using equipment Provided for more than one item of current-using equipment Additional protection: Presence of residual current device(s) Presence of supplementary bonding conductors
General
Presence and correct location of appropriate devices for isolation and switching Adequacy of access to switchgear and other equipment Particular protective measures for special installations and locations Connection of single-pole devices for protection or switching in line conductors only Correct connection of accessories and equipment Presence of undervoltage protective devices Selection of equipment and protective measures appropriate to external influences Selection of appropriate functional switching devices
Inspected by ..............................................................................................
Date ............................................................................................................
NOTES
to indicate an inspection has been carried out and the result is satisfactory NA to indicate that the inspection is not applicable to a particular item An entry must be made in every box.
C-EICE4 REV V1 Aug 2011
93
Circuit details
Overcurrent device Conductor details
Type
@In
r1 (line)
r2 (cpc)
BS (EN)
Rating (A)
Reference method
cpc (mm2)
Live (mm2)
rn (neutral)
(R1+ R2) *
Live Live
Live E
@5In
Circuit number
Circuit description R2
94
Fig 39
Sheet of Details of circuits and/or installed equipment vulnerable to damage when testing ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. Details of test instruments used (state serial and/or asset numbers) Continuity ...................................................................................................... Insulation resistance ..................................................................................... Earth fault loop impedance ........................................................................... RCD .............................................................................................................. Earth electrode resistance ............................................................................
DB Reference no. ....................................................................................... Location ...................................................................................................... Zs at DB () ............................................................................................... Ipf at DB (kA) ............................................................................................... Correct polarity of supply confirmed YES / NO Phase sequence confirmed (where appropriate)
Tested by: Name (CAPITALS)............................................................................................................................... Signature........................................................................ Date .......................................................... Ring final circuit continuity () Continuity () (R1+ R2) or R2
Test results
RCD (ms) Remarks (continue on a separate sheet if necessary)
* Where there are no spurs connected to a ring final circuit this value is also the (R1+ R2) of the circuit.
C-STR REV Aug 2011 V1
For ease of reference the tables have been shaded to indicate optimum and minimum potential outputs Dark Green Dark Red = Optimum = Minimum
95
Zone 1 Orientation (variation from south) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 0 828 835 843 850 857 864 871 878 884 890 896 902 908 914 919 924 929 934 938 943 947 951 954 958 961 964 967 970 972 975 977 979 980 982 983 984 984 985 985 985 985 984 984 983 982 980 5 828 835 843 850 857 864 871 877 884 890 896 902 908 913 919 924 929 933 938 942 946 950 954 957 961 964 967 969 972 974 976 978 979 981 982 983 984 984 984 984 984 984 983 982 981 980 10 828 835 843 850 857 864 870 877 883 889 895 901 907 912 917 922 927 932 936 941 945 949 952 956 959 962 965 968 970 972 974 976 977 979 980 981 981 982 982 982 982 981 981 980 979 977 15 828 835 842 849 856 863 869 876 882 888 894 900 905 910 916 920 925 930 934 938 942 946 950 953 956 959 962 965 967 969 971 973 974 975 976 977 978 978 978 978 978 977 977 976 975 973 20 828 835 842 849 855 862 868 874 880 886 892 898 903 908 913 918 922 927 931 935 939 943 946 949 952 955 958 960 962 964 966 968 969 970 971 972 973 973 973 973 973 972 971 970 969 967 25 828 835 841 848 854 861 867 873 879 884 890 895 900 905 910 914 919 923 927 931 935 938 941 944 947 950 953 955 957 959 960 962 963 964 965 966 966 966 966 966 966 965 964 963 962 960 30 828 834 841 847 853 859 865 871 876 882 887 892 897 901 906 910 914 918 922 926 929 933 936 939 941 944 946 948 950 952 953 955 956 957 957 958 958 958 958 958 957 956 955 954 953 951 35 828 834 840 846 852 857 863 868 873 878 883 888 893 897 901 905 909 913 917 920 923 926 929 932 934 937 939 941 942 944 945 946 947 948 948 949 949 949 949 948 947 946 945 944 943 941 40 828 833 839 845 850 855 861 866 870 875 880 884 888 892 896 900 903 907 910 913 916 919 922 924 926 928 930 932 933 935 936 937 937 938 938 938 938 938 938 937 936 935 934 932 931 929 45 828 833 838 843 848 853 858 862 867 871 875 879 883 887 890 894 897 900 903 906 908 911 913 915 917 919 921 922 923 924 925 926 926 927 927 927 927 926 925 925 924 922 921 919 918 916
96
Zone 2
Orientation (variation East or West from South) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 0 938 947 956 965 974 982 990 999 1006 1014 1022 1029 1036 1043 1049 1056 1062 1068 1073 1078 1084 1088 1093 1097 1102 1105 1109 1112 1115 1118 1121 1123 1125 1127 1128 1130 1131 1131 1132 1132 1132 1131 1131 1130 1128 1127 5 938 947 956 965 973 982 990 998 1006 1014 1021 1029 1035 1042 1049 1055 1061 1067 1073 1078 1083 1088 1092 1097 1101 1105 1108 1112 1115 1118 1120 1122 1124 1126 1128 1129 1130 1130 1131 1131 1131 1130 1130 1129 1127 1126 10 938 947 956 964 973 981 990 998 1005 1013 1020 1027 1034 1041 1047 1054 1060 1065 1071 1076 1081 1086 1090 1095 1099 1103 1106 1109 1112 1115 1118 1120 1122 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1128 1128 1128 1128 1127 1126 1125 1123 15 938 946 955 964 972 981 989 996 1004 1011 1019 1026 1032 1039 1045 1051 1057 1063 1068 1073 1078 1083 1087 1091 1095 1099 1103 1106 1109 1111 1114 1116 1118 1119 1121 1122 1123 1123 1124 1124 1123 1123 1122 1121 1120 1118 20 938 946 955 963 971 979 987 995 1002 1009 1016 1023 1030 1036 1042 1048 1054 1059 1064 1069 1074 1079 1083 1087 1091 1094 1097 1101 1103 1106 1108 1110 1112 1114 1115 1116 1117 1117 1117 1117 1117 1116 1116 1114 1113 1111 25 938 946 954 962 970 978 985 993 1000 1007 1013 1020 1026 1032 1038 1044 1049 1054 1059 1064 1069 1073 1077 1081 1084 1088 1091 1094 1096 1099 1101 1103 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1109 1109 1109 1109 1108 1107 1106 1104 1103 30 938 945 953 961 969 976 983 990 997 1003 1010 1016 1022 1028 1033 1039 1044 1049 1053 1058 1062 1066 1070 1074 1077 1080 1083 1086 1088 1090 1092 1094 1096 1097 1098 1098 1099 1099 1099 1099 1099 1098 1097 1095 1094 1092 35 938 945 952 960 967 974 980 987 993 1000 1006 1011 1017 1022 1028 1033 1037 1042 1046 1051 1055 1058 1062 1065 1068 1071 1074 1076 1078 1081 1082 1084 1085 1086 1087 1087 1088 1088 1088 1087 1087 1086 1085 1083 1081 1080 40 938 944 951 958 965 971 978 984 989 995 1001 1006 1011 1016 1021 1026 1030 1035 1038 1042 1046 1049 1053 1056 1058 1061 1063 1066 1067 1069 1071 1072 1073 1074 1074 1075 1075 1075 1074 1074 1073 1072 1070 1069 1067 1065 45 938 944 950 957 963 969 974 980 985 990 996 1000 1005 1010 1014 1018 1022 1026 1030 1033 1036 1039 1042 1045 1047 1050 1052 1053 1055 1057 1058 1059 1060 1060 1060 1060 1061 1060 1059 1059 1058 1057 1055 1053 1051 1049
97
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
98
Zone 4
Orientation (variation East or West from South) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 0 907 916 924 933 941 949 957 965 973 980 987 994 1001 1007 1014 1020 1025 1031 1036 1041 1046 1051 1055 1060 1064 1067 1071 1074 1077 1080 1082 1084 1086 1088 1089 1091 1091 1092 1093 1093 1093 1092 1092 1091 1089 1088 5 907 916 924 933 941 949 957 965 972 980 987 994 1000 1007 1013 1019 1025 1031 1036 1041 1046 1050 1055 1059 1063 1067 1070 1073 1076 1079 1081 1084 1086 1087 1089 1090 1091 1091 1092 1092 1092 1091 1091 1090 1089 1087 10 907 916 924 933 941 949 957 964 972 979 986 993 999 1006 1012 1018 1024 1029 1034 1039 1044 1049 1053 1057 1061 1065 1068 1071 1074 1077 1079 1081 1083 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 1089 1089 1089 1089 1088 1087 1086 1085 15 907 915 924 932 940 948 956 963 970 977 984 991 998 1004 1010 1016 1021 1027 1032 1037 1041 1046 1050 1054 1058 1062 1065 1068 1071 1073 1076 1078 1080 1081 1082 1084 1084 1085 1085 1085 1085 1085 1084 1083 1082 1080 20 907 915 923 931 939 947 954 962 969 976 982 989 995 1001 1007 1013 1018 1023 1028 1033 1038 1042 1046 1050 1054 1057 1060 1063 1066 1068 1071 1073 1074 1076 1077 1078 1079 1079 1080 1080 1079 1079 1078 1077 1076 1074 25 907 915 923 930 938 945 953 960 966 973 979 986 992 998 1003 1009 1014 1019 1024 1028 1033 1037 1041 1044 1048 1051 1054 1057 1060 1062 1064 1066 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1072 1072 1072 1072 1071 1070 1069 1068 1066 30 907 914 922 929 937 944 950 957 964 970 976 982 988 993 999 1004 1009 1014 1018 1023 1027 1031 1034 1038 1041 1044 1047 1050 1052 1054 1056 1058 1059 1061 1062 1062 1063 1063 1063 1063 1063 1062 1061 1060 1058 1057 35 907 914 921 928 935 942 948 954 961 966 972 978 983 988 994 998 1003 1007 1012 1016 1020 1023 1027 1030 1033 1036 1039 1041 1043 1045 1047 1048 1050 1051 1052 1052 1053 1053 1053 1052 1052 1051 1050 1049 1047 1045 40 907 914 920 927 933 939 945 951 957 962 968 973 978 983 988 992 996 1001 1004 1008 1012 1015 1018 1021 1024 1027 1029 1031 1033 1035 1036 1038 1039 1040 1040 1041 1041 1041 1041 1040 1039 1038 1037 1036 1034 1032 45 907 913 919 925 931 937 942 948 953 958 963 968 972 977 981 985 989 993 996 1000 1003 1006 1009 1011 1014 1016 1018 1020 1022 1023 1025 1026 1027 1027 1027 1028 1028 1027 1027 1026 1025 1024 1023 1021 1020 1018
99
100
Zone 5E
Orientation (variation East or West from South) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 0 820 827 834 841 848 855 861 868 874 880 886 892 898 903 908 913 918 923 927 931 935 939 943 946 949 952 955 958 960 962 964 966 967 969 970 971 971 972 972 972 971 971 970 969 968 967 5 820 827 834 841 848 855 861 868 874 880 886 892 897 903 908 913 918 922 927 931 935 939 942 946 949 952 955 957 959 962 964 965 967 968 969 970 970 971 971 971 971 970 969 968 967 966 10 820 826 834 841 848 854 861 867 873 879 885 891 896 902 907 912 916 921 925 930 933 937 941 944 947 950 953 955 958 960 962 963 965 966 967 968 968 969 969 969 968 968 967 966 965 964 15 820 826 833 840 847 854 860 866 872 878 884 889 895 900 905 910 915 919 923 927 931 935 938 941 944 947 950 952 955 957 959 960 961 963 964 964 965 965 965 965 965 964 963 962 961 960 20 820 826 833 840 846 853 859 865 871 877 882 888 893 898 903 907 912 916 920 924 928 931 935 938 941 943 946 948 950 952 954 956 957 958 959 959 960 960 960 960 960 959 958 957 956 954 25 820 826 832 839 845 851 857 863 869 874 880 885 890 895 899 904 908 912 916 920 924 927 930 933 936 939 941 943 945 947 948 950 951 952 953 953 954 954 954 954 953 952 951 950 949 947 30 820 826 832 838 844 850 856 861 867 872 877 882 887 891 896 900 904 908 912 915 918 922 925 927 930 932 935 937 939 940 942 943 944 945 945 946 946 946 946 945 945 944 943 942 940 939 35 820 825 831 837 843 848 854 859 864 869 874 878 883 887 891 895 899 903 906 909 912 915 918 921 923 925 927 929 931 932 934 935 936 936 937 937 937 937 937 936 935 934 933 932 930 929 40 820 825 830 836 841 846 851 856 861 865 870 874 878 882 886 890 893 897 900 903 906 908 911 913 915 917 919 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 927 927 927 927 926 926 925 923 922 921 919 917 45 820 824 830 835 839 844 849 853 857 862 866 870 873 877 880 884 887 890 893 896 898 900 903 905 907 908 910 911 912 914 914 915 915 916 916 916 915 915 914 913 912 911 910 908 906 905
101
102
Zone 7W
Orientation (variation from south) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 0 779 786 793 800 807 814 820 827 833 839 845 850 856 861 866 871 876 881 885 890 894 898 901 905 908 911 914 917 919 921 924 925 927 929 930 931 932 932 933 933 933 933 932 932 931 930 5 779 786 793 800 807 814 820 826 833 839 844 850 856 861 866 871 876 881 885 889 893 897 901 904 907 911 913 916 919 921 923 925 926 928 929 930 931 932 932 932 932 932 932 931 930 929 10 779 786 793 800 807 813 820 826 832 838 844 849 855 860 865 870 875 879 884 888 892 896 899 903 906 909 912 914 917 919 921 923 925 926 927 928 929 930 930 930 930 930 929 929 928 927 15 779 786 793 799 806 812 819 825 831 837 842 848 853 858 863 868 873 877 882 886 889 893 897 900 903 906 909 912 914 916 918 920 921 923 924 925 926 926 926 927 926 926 926 925 924 923 20 779 786 792 799 805 812 818 824 829 835 841 846 851 856 861 866 870 874 879 882 886 890 893 897 900 902 905 908 910 912 914 915 917 918 919 920 921 921 922 922 921 921 920 920 919 918 25 779 785 792 798 804 810 816 822 828 833 838 843 848 853 858 862 867 871 875 879 882 886 889 892 895 898 900 902 905 907 908 910 911 912 913 914 915 915 915 915 915 915 914 913 912 911 30 779 785 791 797 803 809 815 820 825 831 836 841 845 850 854 858 863 867 870 874 877 881 884 887 889 892 894 896 898 900 902 903 904 905 906 907 907 908 908 907 907 907 906 905 904 902 35 779 785 791 796 802 807 813 818 823 828 832 837 842 846 850 854 858 861 865 868 872 875 877 880 883 885 887 889 891 893 894 895 896 897 898 898 899 899 899 898 898 897 896 895 894 893 40 779 784 790 795 800 805 810 815 820 824 829 833 837 841 845 849 852 856 859 862 865 868 870 873 875 877 879 881 883 884 885 886 887 888 888 889 889 889 888 888 888 887 886 885 883 882 45 779 784 789 794 799 803 808 812 817 821 825 829 833 836 840 843 846 849 852 855 858 860 862 865 867 869 870 872 873 874 875 876 877 877 878 878 878 878 877 877 876 875 874 872 871 869
103
104
Zone 8S
Orientation (variation East or West from South) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 0 722 728 735 741 748 754 760 766 772 778 783 788 794 799 804 808 813 817 822 826 829 833 837 840 843 846 849 852 854 856 858 860 862 863 865 866 867 867 868 868 868 868 868 867 867 866 5 722 728 735 741 748 754 760 766 772 777 783 788 793 798 803 808 813 817 821 825 829 833 836 840 843 846 848 851 854 856 858 860 861 863 864 865 866 867 867 867 868 868 867 867 866 865 10 722 728 735 741 747 753 760 765 771 777 782 787 793 798 802 807 812 816 820 824 828 831 835 838 841 844 847 849 852 854 856 858 859 861 862 863 864 865 865 865 866 865 865 865 864 863 15 722 728 734 741 747 753 759 765 770 776 781 786 791 796 801 805 810 814 818 822 826 829 833 836 839 842 844 847 849 851 853 855 856 858 859 860 861 861 862 862 862 862 862 861 860 859 20 722 728 734 740 746 752 758 763 769 774 779 784 789 794 799 803 807 811 815 819 823 826 829 832 835 838 841 843 845 847 849 851 852 854 855 856 856 857 857 857 857 857 857 856 855 854 25 722 728 734 739 745 751 756 762 767 772 777 782 787 791 796 800 804 808 812 815 819 822 825 828 831 834 836 838 840 842 844 846 847 848 849 850 851 851 851 851 851 851 850 850 849 848 30 722 727 733 739 744 750 755 760 765 770 775 779 784 788 792 796 800 804 807 811 814 817 820 823 826 828 830 833 834 836 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 844 844 844 844 843 843 842 841 840 35 722 727 732 738 743 748 753 758 763 767 772 776 780 784 788 792 796 799 802 806 809 812 814 817 819 822 824 826 827 829 831 832 833 834 834 835 835 836 836 835 835 835 834 833 832 831 40 722 727 732 737 742 746 751 755 760 764 768 772 776 780 784 787 791 794 797 800 803 805 808 810 812 814 816 818 820 821 822 823 824 825 825 826 826 826 826 826 825 825 824 823 822 820 45 722 726 731 735 740 744 749 753 757 761 765 768 772 775 779 782 785 788 791 793 796 798 800 802 805 806 808 809 811 812 813 814 814 815 815 816 816 816 815 815 814 813 812 811 810 809
105
106
Zone 9S
Orientation (variation East or West from South) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 0 738 745 752 759 766 773 780 787 793 799 806 812 817 823 829 834 839 844 849 854 858 862 866 870 874 877 881 884 887 889 892 894 896 898 900 902 903 904 905 905 906 906 906 906 906 905 5 738 745 752 759 766 773 780 786 793 799 805 811 817 823 828 834 839 844 848 853 858 862 866 870 873 877 880 883 886 889 891 894 896 898 899 901 902 903 904 905 905 905 905 905 905 904 10 738 745 752 759 766 773 779 786 792 798 805 810 816 822 827 832 838 843 847 852 856 860 864 868 872 875 878 881 884 887 889 892 894 896 897 899 900 901 902 903 903 903 903 903 903 902 15 738 744 751 758 765 772 778 785 791 797 803 809 815 820 825 831 836 840 845 850 854 858 862 865 869 872 876 879 881 884 886 888 891 892 894 895 897 897 898 899 899 899 899 899 899 898 20 738 744 751 758 764 771 777 784 790 796 801 807 813 818 823 828 833 838 842 846 850 855 858 862 865 869 872 874 877 880 882 884 886 888 889 890 892 892 893 894 894 894 894 894 893 893 25 738 744 751 757 763 770 776 782 788 794 799 805 810 815 820 825 829 834 838 842 846 850 854 857 860 864 867 869 872 874 876 878 880 882 883 884 885 886 887 887 887 887 887 887 886 885 30 738 744 750 756 762 768 774 780 785 791 796 801 806 811 816 821 825 829 834 837 841 845 848 852 855 858 860 863 865 867 870 871 873 874 876 877 878 878 879 879 879 879 879 878 878 877 35 738 743 749 755 761 767 772 778 783 788 793 798 803 807 812 816 820 824 828 832 835 839 842 845 848 851 853 855 858 860 862 863 865 866 867 868 869 869 870 870 870 870 869 869 868 867 40 738 743 748 754 759 765 770 775 780 785 789 794 798 803 807 811 815 818 822 825 829 832 835 837 840 843 845 847 849 851 852 854 855 856 857 858 859 859 859 859 859 859 858 857 856 855 45 738 742 748 753 758 763 767 772 776 781 785 789 793 797 801 805 808 812 815 818 821 824 827 829 832 834 836 838 839 841 842 844 845 846 846 847 847 847 847 847 847 846 846 845 844 843
107
108
Zone 10
Orientation (variation East or West from South) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 0 750 757 765 772 779 786 793 799 806 812 818 825 830 836 842 847 852 857 862 866 871 875 879 883 887 890 893 896 899 902 904 907 909 911 912 914 915 916 917 917 918 918 918 918 917 916 5 750 757 765 772 779 786 793 799 806 812 818 824 830 836 841 847 852 857 861 866 870 875 879 882 886 890 893 896 899 901 904 906 908 910 912 913 914 915 916 917 917 917 917 917 916 916 10 750 757 764 772 779 785 792 799 805 811 817 823 829 835 840 845 850 855 860 865 869 873 877 881 884 888 891 894 897 899 902 904 906 908 909 911 912 913 914 914 915 915 915 914 914 913 15 750 757 764 771 778 785 791 798 804 810 816 822 828 833 838 843 848 853 858 862 867 871 874 878 882 885 888 891 894 896 899 901 903 904 906 907 908 909 910 911 911 911 911 910 910 909 20 750 757 764 771 777 784 790 796 803 808 814 820 825 831 836 841 846 850 855 859 863 867 871 874 878 881 884 887 890 892 894 896 898 900 901 902 903 904 905 905 906 906 905 905 904 904 25 750 757 763 770 776 783 789 795 801 806 812 817 823 828 833 838 842 847 851 855 859 863 866 870 873 876 879 882 884 886 888 890 892 894 895 896 897 898 898 899 899 899 898 898 897 896 30 750 756 763 769 775 781 787 793 798 804 809 814 819 824 829 833 838 842 846 850 854 857 861 864 867 870 873 875 877 880 882 883 885 886 887 888 889 890 890 890 890 890 890 889 889 888 35 750 756 762 768 774 779 785 790 796 801 806 811 815 820 824 829 833 837 841 844 848 851 854 857 860 863 865 868 870 872 873 875 876 878 879 879 880 881 881 881 881 880 880 879 878 877 40 750 756 761 767 772 777 783 788 793 797 802 807 811 815 819 823 827 831 834 838 841 844 847 850 852 855 857 859 861 863 864 866 867 868 869 869 870 870 870 870 870 869 869 868 867 866 45 750 755 760 765 770 775 780 785 789 794 798 802 806 810 814 817 821 824 827 831 833 836 839 841 844 846 848 850 851 853 854 855 856 857 858 858 858 858 858 858 858 857 856 855 854 853
109
110
Zone 12
Orientation (variation East or West from South) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 0 805 812 819 826 833 840 847 853 860 866 872 878 884 889 894 900 905 909 914 918 922 926 930 934 937 940 943 946 949 951 953 955 957 958 959 961 961 962 962 963 962 962 962 961 960 959 5 805 812 819 826 833 840 847 853 860 866 872 878 883 889 894 899 904 909 913 918 922 926 930 933 937 940 943 945 948 950 952 954 956 958 959 960 961 961 962 962 962 961 961 960 959 958 10 805 811 819 826 833 839 846 853 859 865 871 877 882 888 893 898 903 908 912 916 921 924 928 932 935 938 941 944 946 948 951 952 954 955 957 958 959 959 959 960 959 959 959 958 957 956 15 805 811 818 825 832 839 845 852 858 864 870 875 881 886 891 896 901 906 910 914 918 922 926 929 932 935 938 941 943 945 947 949 951 952 953 954 955 956 956 956 956 955 955 954 953 952 20 805 811 818 825 831 838 844 850 856 862 868 873 879 884 889 894 898 903 907 911 915 919 922 925 928 931 934 937 939 941 943 945 946 947 948 949 950 950 951 951 951 950 949 949 948 946 25 805 811 817 824 830 837 843 849 854 860 865 871 876 881 886 890 895 899 903 907 911 914 918 921 924 926 929 931 934 935 937 939 940 941 942 943 944 944 944 944 944 943 943 942 941 939 30 805 811 817 823 829 835 841 847 852 857 863 868 873 877 882 886 890 894 898 902 906 909 912 915 918 920 923 925 927 929 930 932 933 934 935 936 936 936 936 936 936 935 934 933 932 931 35 805 810 816 822 828 833 839 844 849 854 859 864 869 873 877 881 885 889 893 896 900 903 906 908 911 913 915 917 919 921 922 924 925 926 926 927 927 927 927 927 926 925 925 923 922 921 40 805 810 815 821 826 831 837 842 846 851 856 860 864 868 872 876 880 883 887 890 893 896 898 901 903 905 907 909 911 912 913 914 915 916 916 917 917 917 916 916 915 914 913 912 911 909 45 805 809 814 820 824 829 834 839 843 847 851 855 859 863 867 870 873 877 880 882 885 888 890 892 894 896 898 899 901 902 903 904 905 905 905 905 905 905 905 904 903 902 901 899 898 896
111
112
Zone 14
Orientation (variation East or West from South) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 0 701 707 713 719 725 730 736 742 747 752 758 762 767 772 776 781 785 789 793 797 800 804 807 810 813 815 818 820 823 825 826 828 829 831 832 833 833 834 834 835 835 834 834 833 833 832 5 701 706 713 719 725 730 736 741 747 752 757 762 767 772 776 781 785 789 793 796 800 803 806 809 812 815 818 820 822 824 826 827 829 830 831 832 833 833 834 834 834 834 833 833 832 831 10 701 706 712 718 724 730 736 741 746 752 757 761 766 771 775 780 784 788 792 795 799 802 805 808 811 814 816 818 821 822 824 826 827 828 830 830 831 832 832 832 832 832 831 831 830 829 15 701 706 712 718 724 729 735 740 745 751 755 760 765 769 774 778 782 786 790 793 797 800 803 806 809 811 814 816 818 820 822 823 825 826 827 828 828 829 829 829 829 829 828 828 827 826 20 701 706 712 718 723 729 734 739 744 749 754 759 763 768 772 776 780 784 787 791 794 797 800 803 806 808 810 813 815 816 818 819 821 822 823 824 824 824 825 825 825 824 824 823 822 821 25 701 706 711 717 722 728 733 738 743 747 752 756 761 765 769 773 777 780 784 787 790 793 796 799 802 804 806 808 810 812 813 815 816 817 818 818 819 819 819 819 819 819 818 817 816 815 30 701 706 711 716 721 726 731 736 741 745 750 754 758 762 766 770 773 777 780 783 786 789 792 794 797 799 801 803 805 806 808 809 810 811 812 812 812 813 813 813 812 812 811 810 809 808 35 701 705 710 715 720 725 730 734 738 743 747 751 755 759 762 766 769 772 775 778 781 784 786 789 791 793 795 797 798 800 801 802 803 804 804 805 805 805 805 805 804 804 803 802 801 800 40 701 705 710 714 719 723 728 732 736 740 744 747 751 755 758 761 764 767 770 773 775 778 780 782 784 786 788 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 796 796 796 796 796 796 795 795 794 793 792 790 45 701 705 709 713 717 722 725 729 733 737 740 744 747 750 753 756 759 762 764 767 769 771 773 775 777 779 780 782 783 784 785 785 786 787 787 787 787 787 786 786 785 784 783 782 781 779
113
114
Zone 16
Orientation (variation East or West from South) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 0 712 718 725 732 739 746 752 759 765 771 777 783 789 795 800 805 810 815 820 824 829 833 837 841 844 848 851 854 857 860 862 865 867 869 871 872 873 875 876 876 877 877 877 877 877 877 5 712 718 725 732 739 746 752 759 765 771 777 783 789 794 800 805 810 815 819 824 828 833 837 840 844 847 851 854 857 859 862 864 866 868 870 871 873 874 875 876 876 876 877 877 876 876 10 712 718 725 732 739 745 752 758 764 771 776 782 788 793 799 804 809 814 818 823 827 831 835 839 842 846 849 852 855 858 860 862 864 866 868 869 871 872 873 873 874 874 874 874 874 874 15 712 718 725 732 738 745 751 757 763 769 775 781 786 792 797 802 807 812 816 820 825 829 833 836 840 843 846 849 852 855 857 859 861 863 865 866 867 868 869 870 870 871 871 871 870 870 20 712 718 725 731 737 744 750 756 762 768 773 779 784 789 795 799 804 809 813 818 822 826 829 833 836 839 843 845 848 851 853 855 857 859 860 862 863 864 865 865 866 866 866 866 865 865 25 712 718 724 730 737 743 749 754 760 766 771 777 782 787 792 796 801 805 810 814 818 821 825 828 832 835 838 840 843 845 848 850 851 853 854 856 857 858 858 859 859 859 859 859 859 858 30 712 717 724 730 735 741 747 753 758 763 769 774 779 783 788 792 797 801 805 809 813 816 820 823 826 829 832 834 837 839 841 843 845 846 847 849 850 850 851 851 851 852 851 851 850 850 35 712 717 723 729 734 740 745 750 755 761 765 770 775 779 784 788 792 796 800 804 807 811 814 817 820 822 825 827 830 832 834 835 837 838 839 840 841 842 842 842 843 842 842 842 841 840 40 712 717 722 727 733 738 743 748 753 757 762 766 771 775 779 783 787 791 794 798 801 804 807 810 812 815 817 819 821 823 825 826 828 829 830 831 831 832 832 832 832 832 832 831 830 829 45 712 716 721 726 731 736 740 745 749 754 758 762 766 770 774 777 781 784 788 791 794 797 799 802 804 806 808 810 812 814 815 817 818 819 820 820 821 821 821 821 821 821 820 819 818 817
115
116
Zone 18
Orientation (variation East or West from South) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 0 645 650 656 661 667 672 677 682 687 692 697 701 706 710 714 718 722 726 730 733 736 740 742 745 748 751 753 755 757 759 761 762 764 765 766 767 767 768 768 768 768 768 768 767 767 766 5 645 650 656 661 667 672 677 682 687 692 697 701 706 710 714 718 722 726 729 733 736 739 742 745 748 750 752 755 757 758 760 762 763 764 765 766 767 767 768 768 768 768 767 767 766 765 10 645 650 655 661 666 671 677 682 687 691 696 701 705 709 713 717 721 725 728 732 735 738 741 744 746 749 751 753 755 757 759 760 762 763 764 765 765 766 766 766 766 766 766 765 764 763 15 645 650 655 661 666 671 676 681 686 691 695 699 704 708 712 716 720 723 727 730 733 736 739 742 744 747 749 751 753 755 756 758 759 760 761 762 763 763 763 764 763 763 763 762 762 761 20 645 650 655 660 665 670 675 680 685 689 694 698 702 706 710 714 718 721 724 728 731 734 736 739 742 744 746 748 750 752 753 755 756 757 758 758 759 759 760 760 760 759 759 758 758 757 25 645 649 655 660 664 669 674 679 683 688 692 696 700 704 708 711 715 718 721 725 728 730 733 736 738 740 742 744 746 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 754 755 755 755 755 754 754 753 752 751 30 645 649 654 659 664 668 673 677 681 686 690 694 698 701 705 708 712 715 718 721 724 726 729 731 734 736 738 739 741 743 744 745 746 747 748 748 749 749 749 749 749 748 748 747 746 745 35 645 649 654 658 663 667 671 675 679 683 687 691 695 698 702 705 708 711 714 717 719 722 724 726 729 730 732 734 735 737 738 739 740 741 741 742 742 742 742 742 742 741 741 740 739 738 40 645 649 653 657 661 665 669 673 677 681 684 688 691 695 698 701 704 706 709 712 714 717 719 721 723 724 726 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 734 734 735 735 735 734 734 733 733 732 731 729 45 645 648 652 656 660 664 667 671 675 678 681 684 687 691 693 696 699 701 704 706 709 711 713 714 716 718 719 720 722 723 724 724 725 726 726 726 726 726 726 725 725 724 723 722 721 720
117
118
Zone 20
Orientation (variation East or West from South) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 0 599 604 609 614 619 624 629 633 638 642 647 651 655 659 663 667 671 674 677 681 684 687 689 692 695 697 699 701 703 705 706 708 709 710 711 712 713 713 714 714 714 714 714 713 713 712 5 599 604 609 614 619 624 629 633 638 642 647 651 655 659 663 667 670 674 677 680 683 686 689 692 694 697 699 701 703 704 706 708 709 710 711 712 712 713 713 714 714 713 713 713 712 711 10 599 603 609 614 619 623 628 633 637 642 646 650 654 658 662 666 669 673 676 679 682 685 688 691 693 695 698 700 701 703 705 706 707 709 710 710 711 711 712 712 712 712 712 711 711 710 15 599 603 608 613 618 623 628 632 637 641 645 649 653 657 661 665 668 672 675 678 681 684 686 689 691 694 696 698 699 701 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 709 709 710 710 709 709 709 708 707 20 599 603 608 613 618 622 627 631 636 640 644 648 652 656 659 663 666 670 673 676 679 681 684 686 689 691 693 695 697 698 700 701 702 703 704 705 705 706 706 706 706 706 706 705 704 703 25 599 603 608 612 617 621 626 630 634 638 642 646 650 654 657 661 664 667 670 673 676 678 681 683 685 688 689 691 693 694 696 697 698 699 700 701 701 701 702 702 702 701 701 700 700 699 30 599 603 607 612 616 620 625 629 633 637 640 644 648 651 654 658 661 664 667 670 672 675 677 679 681 683 685 687 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 696 696 696 696 696 696 695 695 694 693 35 599 603 607 611 615 619 623 627 631 634 638 642 645 648 651 655 657 660 663 666 668 670 673 675 677 679 680 682 683 685 686 687 688 688 689 690 690 690 690 690 690 689 689 688 687 686 40 599 602 606 610 614 618 622 625 629 632 635 639 642 645 648 651 654 656 659 661 663 666 668 670 671 673 675 676 677 678 680 680 681 682 682 683 683 683 683 683 682 682 681 681 680 679 45 599 602 606 609 613 616 620 623 626 630 633 636 638 641 644 647 649 652 654 656 658 660 662 664 665 667 668 670 671 672 673 673 674 675 675 675 675 675 675 675 674 674 673 672 671 670
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Further Reading
In addition to the standards already mentioned in the text (eg BS 7671) the following documents may be of relevance to the PV system designer / installer: Electricity Network Association Distributed Generation Connection Guides (Free downloads from the ENA Website) BRE Digest 489 Wind loads on roof-based photovoltaic systems BRE Digest 495 Mechanical installation of roof-mounted photovoltaic systems BS 5534 Code of practice for slating and tiling (including shingles) BS EN 50272-1 2010, Safety requirements for secondary batteries and battery installations. General safety information Note: This includes guidance on design, operation & maintenance of battery systems.
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ESCA House, 34 Palace Court London. W2 4HY T: 020 7313 4888 F: 020 7221 7344